Consistent images. Painting and Art Book Collection Visual Serial Imaging

16.06.2019

Characteristics of the hero from the comedy "Minor" D

Pyotr Andreevich Grinev, the main character of the story

The image and characteristics of svidrigailov in the novel crime and punishment dostoevsky composition

The image and characteristics of Mitrofanushka in Fonvizin's "The Minor": the description of Mitrofan Prostakov

4.3. Consistent images. Consistent color contrast

Visual sensations do not arise simultaneously with the onset of the stimulus (stimulus) action and do not disappear instantly with the termination of its action. In order for excitation to arise under the influence of light, certain processes must take place in the retina and in the nervous system, which require some, albeit very short, time. When the light intensity exceeds the threshold intensity by 400 times, the sensation occurs 0.1 s after exposure to light. Sometimes the time interval, which lags behind the moment of sensation from the moment of exposure to the stimulus, lengthens to 25 s or more. After the termination of the action of the stimulus, its visual sensation persists for some time.

In a consistent manner is called a visual sensation that persists in the visual analyzer for some time after the termination of the direct action of the stimulus (color). The decay of a sequential image lasts a long time (15 - 20 s) and depends on the brightness of the stimulus in relation to the brightness of the background, on the time of its action and the angular size. The sequential image is called positive if it matches the preliminary stimulus in lightness and color tone, and negative- in the absence of compliance.

After observing a chromatically colored object, a consistent image of the opposite color can sometimes be observed. So, if, after observing a green figure for 15 - 20 s, you turn your gaze to the achromatic background, a consistent image of a pink figure appears on the background. After exposure to green, everything appears pink. The colors of successive images when looking at the white surface are close to the colors that are complementary to the stimulus, but do not coincide with it (Table 4.5).

Sequential images cause visual-nervous fatigue and can interfere with the perception of signals of a different color.

The change in the colors of the observed objects as a result of the preliminary action on the eye of some other color stimuli (from successive images) is called consistent color contrast... Consistent contrast can be light(when the lightness of the observed colors changes) and chromatic(when the hue or color purity changes). The idea of consistent contrast can be obtained by looking closely at the green shade of a burning table lamp, and then looking at the white paper. A similar phenomenon can also be easily observed at metro stations illuminated by warm white fluorescent lamps with a pink emission. If a train approaches the station, the carriages of which are illuminated by incandescent lamps, the light of the latter is perceived as greenish. The phenomenon of sequential contrasts must be taken into account in the color design and development of the light signaling system, especially when installing and using light signals in transport - on distribution and other boards (boards, mnemonic diagrams, etc.), which have signal lamps.

In such cases, it seems advisable to color the background of the signal lamp in the low-saturated color of the consistent image. Under these conditions, the sequential image disappears most rapidly and its harmful effects are thus minimized. In practice, in the presence of several lamps of similar color, the background should be painted in a color close to the color of the consistent image from the main (brightest) lamp. In the presence of lamps that are completely different in color (red, blue, yellow), the most acceptable solution is to paint in a light achromatic color with a tint of the color of the consistent image from the main lamp.

The color of the consistent contrast changes depending on which color surface the gaze is directed to after the action of the signal lamp. In the case when immediately after the signal is perceived it is necessary to see the color control button, read the inscriptions of the instrument readings, etc., and the latter turn out to be close to the color of the sequential image appearing against the background of this object, reading will be difficult for the entire duration of the image decay. Therefore, the color of the object should be sharply different from the color of the consistent image on a given background. Table 4.6 indicates the change in colors as a result of consistent contrast.

Consistent contrast is influenced by both color sources and painted surfaces. However, in the latter case, it is much weaker, disappears faster, and its role in color design is insignificant.

The colors of consistent contrast are explained by the Lomonosov-Jung-Helmholtz three-component theory, according to which the retina contains three types of color-perceiving elements corresponding to the primary colors (red, green, blue). Each type of element is excited mainly by one of the colors. However, to some extent, it can also react to other rays, and therefore the sensitivity curves of individual types of color-sensing cones partially overlap each other. Isolated excitement of one type of elements causes a sensation of the main color; with equal irritation of all three elements, a white color is felt. The colors of consistent contrast appear as a consequence of the reduced excitability of those color-sensing elements of the retina, which predominantly reacted at the previous moment.

Deviations of contrasting colors from complementary ones are explained by the fact that the excitability of the three main color-sensing elements of the retina does not decrease at the same rate as the stimulation proceeds. As a result of the appearance of successive images, the color of which is, as it were, mixed with the observed colors, the latter change accordingly.

Color irritations are mainly due to physiological and psychological phenomena. In this regard, it is advisable to mention the theory of mutual induction of nervous processes, which I.P. Pavlov considered one of the basic laws of higher nervous activity. The essence of this theory lies in the fact that in the circumference (on the periphery) of the point of stimulation, contrasting phenomena appear, which are also observed at the point of stimulation after the termination of the action of the stimulus (stimulus). The first group of phenomena is called simultaneous contrast, and the second is called sequential contrast.

The most elementary form of sensory memory is represented by the so-called sequential images. They manifest themselves both in the visual and in the auditory and general sensory spheres and are well studied in psychology.

The phenomenon of a sequential image (often denoted by the symbol NB according to the German term "Nachbild") is as follows: if a simple stimulus is presented to the subject for a while, for example, by asking him to look at a bright red square for 10-15 seconds, and then removing this square, then the subject continues to see an imprint of the same shape in place of the removed red square, but usually blue - green (in addition to red) color. This imprint sometimes appears immediately, sometimes after a few seconds and lasts a certain period (from 10-15 seconds to 45-60 seconds), then gradually begins to fade, lose its clear contours, as if spreads, then disappears; sometimes he reappears in order to completely disappear. For different subjects, both the brightness and the clarity and duration of successive images may be different.

The phenomenon of sequential images is explained by the fact that irritation of the retina has its aftereffect: it depletes that fraction of visual purple (the color-sensitive component of the cone), which provides the perception of red, therefore, when looking at a white sheet, an imprint of an additional blue-green color appears. This kind of sequential image is called in a negative sequential manner. It can be regarded as the most elementary form of preservation of sensory traces or the most elementary form of sensitive memory.

In addition to negative sequential images, there are also positive sequential images. They can be observed by placing an object (for example, a hand) in front of the eyes in complete darkness, and then for a very short time (0.5 sec) illuminate the field with a bright light (for example, the flash of an electric bulb). In this case, after the light goes out, the person for a certain period will continue to see a bright image of an object located in front of his eyes, this time in natural colors; this image persists for some time and then disappears.

The phenomenon of a positive sequential image is the result of a direct aftereffect of short-term visual perception. The fact that it does not change its color is explained by the fact that in the coming darkness the background does not cause excitation of the retina, and a person can observe the direct aftereffect of sensory excitement caused for one moment.

The phenomenon of sequential images has always interested psychophysiologists, who saw in this phenomenon an opportunity to directly observe the processes of those traces that are preserved in the nervous system from the action of sensory stimuli, and to trace the dynamics of these traces.

Sequential images reflect primarily the phenomena of excitement that occur on retina of the eye. This is proved by simple experience. If you present for a while a red square on a gray screen and, removing this square, obtain its sequential image, and then gradually move the screen away, you can see that the magnitude of the sequential image gradually increases, and this increase in the sequential image is directly proportional to the removal of the screen ("Emmert's law ").

This is because as the screen moves away, the angle that its reflection on the retina begins to occupy gradually decreases, and the sequential image begins to occupy more and more space on this decreasing area of the retinal image of the moving away screen. The described phenomenon serves as clear evidence that in this case we really observe the aftereffect of those excitation processes that occur on the retina, and the sequential image is the most basic form of short-term sensory memory.

It is characteristic that the sequential image is an example of the most elementary trace processes that cannot be regulated by conscious effort: it can neither be prolonged at will, nor voluntarily called up again. This is the difference between sequential images and more complex types of memory images.

Sequential images can be observed in the auditory sphere and in the sphere of skin sensations, however, there they are less pronounced and last for a shorter time.

Despite the fact that sequential images are a reflection of the processes taking place on the retina, their brightness and sequence significantly depend on the state of the visual cortex. So, in cases of tumors of the occipital region of the brain, sequential images can appear in a weakened form and persist for a shorter time, and sometimes they are not caused at all. (N.N. Zislina). On the contrary, with the introduction of some stimulating substances, they may become brighter and longer.

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Color vision- the ability of the visual analyzer to respond to changes in the wavelength of light with the formation of a sense of color. A certain wavelength of electromagnetic radiation corresponds to the sensation of a certain color. So, the sensation of red corresponds to the action of light with a wavelength of 620 - 760 nm, and violet - 390 - 450 nm, the rest of the spectrum colors have intermediate parameters. Mixing all colors gives the impression of white. As a result of mixing the three primary colors of the spectrum - red, green, blue-violet - in different ratios, you can also get the perception of any other colors. The sensation of colors is related to light. As it decreases, first the red colors cease to be distinguished, and later of all - the blue ones. The perception of color is mainly due to the processes taking place in the photoreceptors. The most widely recognized is the three-component theory of color perception by Lomonosov-Jung-Helmholtz-Lazarev, according to which there are three types of photoreceptors in the retina - cones that separately perceive red, green and blue-violet colors. Combinations of stimulation of different cones result in the sensation of different colors and shades. The uniform excitation of the three types of cones gives a white sensation. The three-component theory of color vision was confirmed in the electrophysiological studies of R. Granita (1947). Three types of color-sensitive cones have been named modulators, cones that were excited by a change in the brightness of light (fourth type) were named dominators. Subsequently, using microspectrophotometry, it was possible to establish that even a single cone can absorb rays of different wavelengths. This is due to the presence in each cone of different pigments that are sensitive to light waves of different lengths.

Despite the convincing arguments of the three-component theory in the physiology of color vision, facts are described that cannot be explained from these positions. This made it possible to put forward a theory of opposite, or contrasting, colors, i.e. to create the so-called opponent theory of color vision by Ewald Goering.

According to this theory, there are three opposing processes in the eye and / or in the brain: one is for sensing red and green, the second is for sensing yellow and blue, and the third is qualitatively different from the first two processes for black and white. This theory is applicable to explain the transmission of information about color in subsequent parts of the visual system: retinal ganglion cells, external geniculate bodies, cortical centers of vision, where color-opposing RPs with their center and periphery function.

Thus, on the basis of the data obtained, it can be assumed that the processes in the cones are more consistent with the three-component theory of color perception, while Hering's theory of contrasting colors is suitable for the neural networks of the retina and overlying visual centers.

In the perception of color, a certain role is played by the processes occurring in neurons different levels of the visual analyzer (including the retina), which are called color-opposing neurons. When radiation from one part of the spectrum acts on the eye, they are excited, while the other is decelerated. These neurons are involved in coding color information.

Color vision abnormalities are observed, which can manifest as partial or complete color blindness. People who cannot distinguish colors at all are called achromats. Partial color blindness occurs in 8-10% of men and 0.5% of women. It is believed that color blindness is associated with the absence in men of certain genes in the genital unpaired NS- chromosome. There are three types of partial color blindness: protanopia (color blindness) - blindness is mainly red. This type of color blindness was first described in 1794 by physicist J. Dalton, who observed this type of anomaly. People with this kind of anomaly are called "red-blind"; deuteranopia – decreased perception of green. Such people are called "green-blind"; tritanopia - a rare anomaly. At the same time, people do not perceive blue and violet colors, they are called "violet-blind".

From the point of view of the three-component theory of color vision, each type of anomaly is the result of the absence of one of the three cone color-sensing substrates. To diagnose color vision disorders, use the color tables of E. B. Rabkin, as well as special devices, called anomaloscopes. The identification of various anomalies of color vision is of great importance in determining the professional suitability of a person for various types of work (driver, pilot, artist, etc.).

The ability to assess the length of a light wave, manifested in the ability to perceive color, plays an essential role in human life, influencing the emotional sphere and the activity of various body systems. Red color causes a feeling of warmth, stimulates the psyche, intensifies emotions, but quickly tires, leads to muscle tension, increased blood pressure, increased breathing. Orange evokes feelings of fun and well-being, and aids in digestion. Yellow color creates a good, uplifting mood, stimulates vision and the nervous system. This is the most "fun" color. Green color has a refreshing and calming effect, is useful for insomnia, overwork, lowers blood pressure, the general tone of the body and is the most favorable for a person. The blue color causes a feeling of coolness and has a calming effect on the nervous system, moreover, it is stronger than green (blue is especially favorable for people with increased nervous excitability), more than with green, it lowers blood pressure and muscle tone. Purple is not so much calming as it relaxes the psyche. It seems that the human psyche, following the spectrum from red to violet, goes through the whole gamut of emotions. This is the basis for the use of the Luscher test to determine the emotional state of the body.

Visual contrasts and sequential images. The visual sensations may continue after the irritation has stopped. This phenomenon is called sequential images. Visual contrasts are the altered perception of a stimulus depending on the surrounding light or color background. There are concepts of light and color visual contrasts. The phenomenon of contrast can manifest itself in exaggerating the actual difference between two simultaneous or sequential sensations, therefore, simultaneous and sequential contrasts are distinguished. A gray stripe on a white background appears darker than the same stripe on a dark background. This is an example of simultaneous light contrast. If we consider gray against a red background, then it appears greenish, and if we consider gray against a blue background, then it acquires a yellow tint. This phenomenon simultaneous color contrast. Consistent color contrast is the change in color perception when looking at a white background. So, if you look at a surface painted in red for a long time, and then turn your gaze to white, then it acquires a greenish tint. The cause of visual contrast is the processes that are carried out in the photoreceptor and neuronal apparatus of the retina. The basis is the mutual inhibition of cells belonging to different receptive fields of the retina and their projections in the cortical region of the analyzers.

Auditory analyzer

With the help of the auditory analyzer, a person is guided by the sound signals of the environment, forms the appropriate behavioral reactions, for example, defensive or pi-procreative. The ability of a person to perceive spoken and vocal speech, musical works makes the auditory analyzer a necessary component of means of communication, cognition, and adaptation.

An adequate stimulus for the auditory analyzer is sounds, that is, the oscillatory motion of particles of elastic bodies propagating in the form of waves in a wide variety of media, including the air, and perceived by the ear. Sound wave vibrations (sound waves) are characterized by frequency and amplitude. The frequency of the sound waves determines the pitch. A person distinguishes sound waves with a frequency of 20 to 20,000 Hz. Sounds, the frequency of which is below 20 Hz - infrasounds and above 20,000 Hz (20 kHz) - ultrasounds, are not felt by a person. Sound waves that have sinusoidal, or harmonic, oscillations are called tone. A sound consisting of unrelated frequencies is called noise. At a high frequency of sound waves, the tone is high, at a low frequency, it is low.

The second characteristic of sound that the auditory sensory system distinguishes is its force, depending on the amplitude of sound waves. The strength of sound or its intensity is perceived by a person as volume. The sensation of loudness increases with sound amplification and also depends on the frequency of sound vibrations, i.e. the loudness of a sound is determined by the interaction of the intensity (strength) and the pitch (frequency) of the sound. The unit of measurement for sound loudness is white, in practice it is usually used decibel(dB), i.e. 0.1 is white. A person also distinguishes sounds by timbre, or "coloring". The timbre of the audio signal depends on the spectrum, i.e. from the composition of additional frequencies (overtones) that accompany the main tone (frequency). By timbre, you can distinguish sounds of the same pitch and volume, which is the basis for recognizing people by voice. Hearing analyzer sensitivity is determined by the minimum sound intensity sufficient to produce an auditory sensation. In the range of sound vibrations from 1000 to 3000 per second, which corresponds to human speech, the ear has the greatest sensitivity. This set of frequencies is called speech zone. In this area, sounds are perceived having a pressure of less than 0.001 bar (1 bar is approximately one millionth of normal atmospheric pressure). Based on this, in transmitting devices, in order to provide an adequate understanding of speech, speech information must be transmitted in the speech frequency range.

The most elementary form of sensory memory is the so-called sequential images. They manifest themselves both in the visual and in the auditory and general sensory spheres and are well studied in psychology.

The phenomenon of a sequential image (often denoted by the symbol KV, according to the German term "Nacidim") is as follows: if you present a simple stimulus to the subject for a while, for example, offer him to look at a bright red square for 10-15 seconds, and then remove this square, then the subject continues to see in place of the removed red square an imprint of the same shape, but usually blue-green (in addition to red) in color. This ot-

the signet sometimes appears immediately, sometimes after a few seconds and a certain period remains (from 10-15 seconds to 45-60 seconds), then gradually begins to fade, lose its clear contours, as if spreading, then disappears; sometimes he reappears in order to completely disappear. For different subjects, both the brightness and the clarity and duration of successive images may be different.

The phenomenon of sequential images is explained by the fact that irritation of the retina has its aftereffect: it depletes that fraction of the visual purpura (the color-sensitive component of the cone), which provides the perception of red, therefore, when looking at a white sheet, an imprint of an additional blue-green color appears. This kind of sequential image is called negative sequential image. It can be regarded as the most elementary form of preservation of sensory traces or the most elementary form of sensitive memory.

In addition to negative sequential images, there are positive sequential images. They can be observed by placing an object (for example, a hand) in front of your eyes in complete darkness, and then for a very short time (0.5 sec) illuminate the field with a bright light (for example, the flash of an electric bulb). In this case, after the light goes out, the person for a certain period will continue to see a bright image of an object located in front of his eyes, this time in natural colors; this image persists for some time and then disappears.

Sequential images reflect, first of all, the phenomena of excitement occurring on the retina of the eye. This is proved by simple experience. If you present for a while a red square on a gray screen and, removing this square, obtain its sequential image, and then gradually move the screen away, you can see that the magnitude of the sequential image gradually increases, and this increase in the sequential image is directly proportional to the removal of the screen ("Emmert's law ").

The body image is the most basic form of short-term sensory memory.

Sequential images can be observed in the auditory sphere and in the sphere of skin sensations, however, there they are less pronounced and last for a shorter time.

Despite the fact that sequential images are a reflection of the processes taking place on the retina, their brightness and sequence significantly depend on the state of the visual cortex. So, in cases of tumors of the occipital region of the brain, successive images can appear in a weakened form and persist for a shorter time, and sometimes they are not called at all (IN Zislina). On the contrary, with the introduction of some stimulating substances, they may become brighter and longer.

Consistent images. Painting and Art Book Collection Visual Serial Imaging

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4.3. Consistent images. Consistent color contrast

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