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The sun is the source of life on the planet. Its rays provide the necessary light and warmth. At the same time, the ultraviolet radiation of the Sun is detrimental to all living things. To find a compromise between the beneficial and harmful properties of the sun, meteorologists calculate the index of ultraviolet radiation, which characterizes the degree of its danger.

What UV radiation from the Sun is

Ultraviolet radiation from the Sun has a wide range and is divided into three regions, two of which reach the Earth.

• UV-A. Long-wavelength radiation range
  315-400 nm

  The rays pass almost freely through all atmospheric "barriers" and reach the Earth.

• UV-B. Medium wavelength range
  280-315 nm

  The rays are 90% absorbed by the ozone layer, carbon dioxide and water vapor.

• UV-C. Shortwave range
  100-280 nm

  The most dangerous area. They are completely absorbed by stratospheric ozone before reaching the Earth.

The more ozone, clouds and aerosols in the atmosphere, the less the harmful effects of the Sun. However, these saving factors have a high natural variability. The annual maximum of stratospheric ozone is in the spring, and the minimum is in the fall. Cloudiness is one of the most variable characteristics of weather. The carbon dioxide content also changes all the time.

At what values ​​of the UV index is there a danger

The UV Index gives an estimate of the amount of UV radiation from the Sun at the Earth's surface. UV Index values ​​range from safe 0 to extreme 11+.

• 0 - 2 Low
• 3 - 5 Moderate
• 6 - 7 High
• 8 - 10 Very high
• 11+ Extreme

At mid-latitudes, the UV index approaches unsafe values ​​(6–7) only at the maximum height of the Sun above the horizon (occurs in late June - early July). At the equator, the UV index reaches 9 ... 11+ points throughout the year.

Why the sun is useful

In small doses, UV radiation from the Sun is essential. The sun's rays synthesize melanin, serotonin, vitamin D necessary for our health, and prevent rickets.

Melanin creates a kind of protective barrier for skin cells from the harmful effects of the sun. Because of it, our skin darkens and becomes more elastic.

The hormone of happiness serotonin affects our well-being: it improves mood and increases overall vitality.

Vitamin D strengthens the immune system, stabilizes blood pressure and has antirachitic functions.

Why the sun is dangerous

Taking sun baths, it is important to understand that the line between beneficial and harmful Sun is very thin. Excessive tanning always borders on a burn. Ultraviolet radiation damages DNA in skin cells.

The body's defense system cannot cope with such an aggressive effect. It lowers immunity, damages the retina of the eyes, causes aging of the skin, and can lead to cancer.

Ultraviolet light destroys the DNA chain

How the sun affects people

Susceptibility to UV radiation depends on skin type. People of the European race are most sensitive to the Sun - for them protection is required already at index 3, and 6 is considered dangerous.

At the same time, for Indonesians and African Americans, this threshold is 6 and 8, respectively.

Who is most affected by the Sun

People with light
skin tone

People with many moles

Mid-latitude residents on holiday in the south

Winter lovers
fishing

Alpine skiers and climbers

People with a family history of skin cancer

In what weather is the sun more dangerous

It is a common misconception that the Sun is dangerous only in hot and clear weather. You can get burnt even in cool cloudy weather.

Cloudiness, no matter how dense it may be, does not at all reduce the amount of ultraviolet radiation to zero. In mid-latitudes, cloudiness significantly reduces the risk of sunburn, which is not the case with traditional beach destinations. For example, in the tropics, if in sunny weather you can get sunburned in 30 minutes, in cloudy weather - in a couple of hours.

How to protect yourself from the sun

To protect yourself from destructive rays, follow these simple rules:

Stay less in the Sun at midday hours

Wear light-colored clothing, including wide-brimmed hats

Use protective creams

Wear sunglasses

You are more in the shade on the beach

Which sunscreen to choose

Sunscreen varies in degree of sun protection and is labeled from 2 to 50+. The numbers indicate the proportion of solar radiation that overcomes the protection of the cream and reaches the skin.

For example, when applying a cream labeled 15, only 1/15 (or 7%) of the UV rays will penetrate the protective film. In the case of cream 50 - only 1/50, or 2%, affect the skin.

Sunscreen creates a reflective layer on the body. At the same time, it is important to understand that no cream is capable of reflecting 100% of ultraviolet radiation.

For everyday use, when the time spent under the sun does not exceed half an hour, a cream with protection 15 is quite suitable. For sunbathing on the beach, it is better to take 30 or more. However, for light-skinned people it is recommended to use a cream labeled 50+.

How to apply sunscreen

The cream should be applied evenly to all exposed skin, including the face, ears and neck. If you plan to sunbathe long enough, then the cream should be applied twice: 30 minutes before going out and, additionally, before going to the beach.

Specify the required amount for application in the instructions of the cream.

How to apply sunscreen when swimming

Sunscreen should be applied every time you bathe. Water washes away the protective film and, reflecting the sun's rays, increases the dose of ultraviolet radiation received. Thus, when bathing, the risk of sunburn increases. However, due to the cooling effect, you may not feel the burn.

Excessive sweating and towel drying is also a reason to re-protect your skin.

It should be remembered that on the beach, even under an umbrella, the shade does not provide adequate protection. Sand, water and even grass reflect up to 20% of UV rays, increasing their effect on the skin.

How to protect your eyes

Sunlight bouncing off water, snow, or sand can cause painful retinal burns. Use UV-filtered sunglasses to protect your eyes.

Danger for skiers and climbers

In the mountains, the atmospheric "filter" is thinner. For every 100 meters of altitude, the UV index increases by 5%.

Snow reflects up to 85% of UV rays. In addition, up to 80% of the ultraviolet reflected by the snow cover is again reflected by the clouds.

Thus, the Sun is most dangerous in the mountains. Protecting your face, lower chin and ears is essential even in cloudy weather.

How to deal with sunburn if you are burned

Sponge your body with a damp sponge to dampen the burn

Apply an anti-burn cream to the burned areas.

If the temperature rises, consult a doctor, you may be advised to take an antipyretic

If the burn is severe (the skin is very swollen and blistering), seek medical attention

It has unusually picturesque surroundings and is able to interest even inveterate travelers with its unique attractions. The main attraction of the city, which is the property of the whole country, is the historical and cultural museum-reserve "Zaporizhzhya Sich", located on the largest island of the Dnieper river - Khortytsya. An ancient wooden fortification, with loopholes, a temple, various buildings, surrounded by a unique landscape, is a great place for excursions, photo sessions and unity with nature, as well as the history and culture of our ancestors. Within the walls of the fortress there is a Historical Museum dedicated to the Ukrainian Cossacks. On the territory of the Khortytsya National Reserve there are many villages in which several thousand people live. In the village of Verkhnyaya Khortytsya, the centuries-old Zaporozhye oak grows, shrouded in legends and stories, and included in the list of national trees. The circumference of its trunk is more than 6 m. The diameter of its crown once exceeded 60 m, however, unfortunately, today this ancient tree has already dried up. Nowadays it is supported by metal fasteners. Rumor has it that it was here that the glorious Zaporozhye Cossacks wrote their notorious letter to the Turkish Sultan. Some places on Khortitsa have amazing energy and mystery. For example, the ancient pagan sanctuary, as well as the memorial tourist complex "Scythian Stan", which is a group of barrows. From here you can also contemplate the views of another popular attraction of Zaporozhye - DneproGES - the first hydroelectric power station in the territory of the former Soviet Union, miraculously survived during the Second World War, thanks to the efforts of soldiers and sappers. Other fascinating museums in the city include the Museum of Local Lore and Art, the Museum of the History of Weapons, exhibiting a private collection, and the Museum of Retro Cars. Anyone who is interested in the development of the Cossack fleet will be interested in an excursion to the Museum of the Dnieper Flotilla "The Seagull". Special attention should be paid to the Zaporizhzhya children's railway, where young know-it-alls will be told about various specialties related to the railway, and also rolled in a large-scale copy of this train. Arriving in Zaporozhye with children, you can also visit the state circus. The Music and Drama Theater is a great place to relax and enjoy the art of drama. The unique atmosphere of the old Cossack culture awaits you in the Folklore and Ethnographic Equestrian Theater, where the traditions of the Zaporozhye Cossacks are carefully preserved, in particular - the Khortytsky Horse Regiment of the Black Cossacks.