Mapping an individual picture of the world of a person to his texts. Individual world view map

21.06.2019

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Pyotr Andreevich Grinev, the main character of the story

The image and characteristics of svidrigailov in the novel crime and punishment dostoevsky composition

The image and characteristics of Mitrofanushka in Fonvizin's "The Minor": the description of Mitrofan Prostakov

In addition to the national linguistic picture of the world, it is customary to distinguish individual (author's) linguistic picture of the world - display of the surrounding reality in the perception of the world linguistic personality, worldview of a linguistic personality through the prism of language.

According to the just remark of D.S. Likhachev, “both the word and its meanings, and the concepts of these meanings do not exist by themselves in some kind of independent weightlessness, but in a certain human“ idiosphere ”. Each person has his own, individual cultural experience, stock of knowledge and skills, which determine the richness of the meanings of the word and the richness of the concepts of these meanings, and sometimes, however, their poverty, unambiguity. In essence, each person has his own range of associations, shades of meaning and, therefore, his own characteristics in the potential of the concept. The less a person's cultural experience, the poorer is not only his language, but also the "concept sphere" of his vocabulary, both active and passive. It is not only a wide awareness and richness of emotional experience that matters, but also the ability to quickly draw associations from the stock of that experience and awareness. Concepts arise in the mind of a person not only as "hints at possible meanings", "their algebraic expression", but also as responses to the previous linguistic experience of a person as a whole - poetic, prosaic, scientific, social, historical, etc. "

According to the German philosopher and historian of the early XX century. Oswald Spengler, the world is what it means to the being who lives in it. The world associated with a certain soul is a world accessible understanding and unique for every single person. And that is why there are as many worlds as there are awake creatures, and in the existence of each of them this seemingly unique, autonomous and eternal world turns out to be a constantly new, one-time, never repeated experience. "

An interesting substantiation of the existence of an individual picture of the world is given by the English philosopher Bertrand Russell in his famous treatise "Human knowledge: its sphere and boundaries": institutions, but he does not know those close to heart and intimate things that make up the color and the very fabric of individual life. When a person says: “I can never convey the horror that I experienced when I saw Buchenwald” or: “No words can express my joy when I saw the sea again after many years of imprisonment,” he says something that is true in the strictest and most precise sense of the word: through his experience he possesses knowledge that those whose experience was different, and which does not lend itself to full expression in words. If he is a first-class artist of the word, he can create a state of consciousness in the receptive reader that is not completely different from his own, but if he tries to use scientific methods, the stream of his experience will be hopelessly lost in the dusty desert. "

The most striking manifestation of the individual picture of the world is literary creativity: “each literary work embodies the individual author's way of perceiving and organizing the world, that is, a private version of the conceptualization of the world. The author's knowledge about the world, expressed in literary and artistic form, is a system of ideas directed to the addressee. In this system, along with universal human knowledge, there are unique, original, sometimes paradoxical ideas of the author. Thus, the conceptualization of the world in a literary text, on the one hand, reflects the universal laws of the world order, on the other hand, individual, at times, unique, imaginary ideas ”[Babenko 2001: 35].
Thus, it is the person who is the bearer of the national mentality and language. A person appears in two forms - a man and a woman . From the point of view of philosophy and linguistics, this aspect began to develop especially intensively in science at the end of the 20th century. and received the names - gender philosophy and gender linguistics, or simply gender (from the Greek genus "kind, born, born").

Considering the concept of "worldview" in a scientific and psychological context, one can consider concepts that are related, generic, in order to more accurately and definitely understand the meaning of the first. So yes. Leontiev believes that the concept of "image of the world", "picture of the world" are close in meaning to the concept of "worldview".

The concept of "image of the world" is more traditional for science and is actively used by various psychologists, linguists, and philosophers. Specifically in psychological science, the introduction of the term "image of the world" was associated with the spread of the general psychological theory of the activity of A.N. Leont'ev, in the context of which the process of building an image was considered, which is mainly determined not by individual perceived characteristics of objects, but especially by building an image of the world by an object as a whole.

A.N. Leontiev considers the "image of the world" as "a methodological setting that prescribes the study of an individual's cognitive processes in the context of his subjective picture of the world, as it develops in this individual during the development of cognitive activity." His position that "the formation of the image of the world in a person is his transition beyond the" directly sensory picture "", that the image of the world is not a finite, framed by a picture, but a dynamic formation that depends directly on the perceiving object, served as an impetus for further study of the phenomenon perception of the world.

So, considering the problem of image perception in the framework of cognitive processes, S.D. Smirnov, V.V. Petukhov, they attach a different meaning to the term we have taken in their works.

SD Smirnov in his works makes a distinction between the "world of images" interpreted as separate sensory impressions, and the "image of the world", characterized by integrity and completeness, being amodal, having a multilevel structure of knowledge, acquiring emotional and personal meaning. Petukhov, considering the concept of "image of the world" in his article, suggests using methods and techniques for solving mental problems as a structural unit in the study of ideas about the world, and also speaks of the need for further study of the perception of images.

Also, the understanding of the external and internal world is considered by Vasilyuk in the book "The Psychology of Experiences". The author identifies a typology of life worlds based on the characteristics of simplicity or complexity of the inner and outer worlds, considering them not as a gradation, but as a kind of integrity. "Worlds of life" are viewed not as separate, opposed slices of the real world, but as components of a single psychological inner world of the individual.

Also, different understanding of the terms "image of the world", "picture of the world" can be found in the works of V.V. Zinchenko, Yu.A. Aksenova, N.N. Koroleva, E.E. Sapogova, E.V. Ulybina, A.P. Stetsenko.

However, for our study, the most interesting is the interpretation of D.A. Leontyev. In the article "Worldview as a myth and worldview as an activity," he gives the following definition of the term "picture of the world": "This is an individual system of ideas that each person has about how the world works in its various details."

Emphasizing the subjective coherence of the picture of the world, the author speaks of the ability of the psyche to complete its own ideas and beliefs to a certain complete, complete sample, as if removing all unknown components, erasing their significance for itself. Thus, the picture of the world can be filled with objective knowledge, facts of the surrounding world, and own fantasies, conjectures, but in any case, the individual has a need to feel an accurate and integral system of "life guidelines".

And the worldview, in turn, being the central component of the picture of the world (see Fig. 3), carries a certain generalization - generalized judgments and beliefs about any objects, which can be understood both as a structural unit and as a criterion for identification. So, for example, the judgment about a certain single object "Alina is stupid" is not yet an ideological unit, but only reflects the attitude towards this object or notices the fact of the surrounding world, and the belief in the position that "all women are stupid", which includes generalized generalized conclusion is already an ideological unit.

Rice. 3

Thus, under the worldview of D.A. Leontiev. understands "a constituent part, more precisely, the core of the individual image of the world, containing both ideas about the most general properties, connections and patterns inherent in objects and phenomena of reality, their relationships, as well as human activity and human relationships, and ideas about the characteristics of an ideal, perfect world , society and man. "

The concept of a picture of the world is one of the fundamental concepts that express the specifics of a person and his being, his relationship with the world, the most important condition for his existence in the world. The pictures of the world are extremely diverse, since it is always a kind of vision of the world, its semantic construction in accordance with a certain logic of world outlook and world view. They have a historical, national, social determinism. There are as many pictures of the world as there are ways of worldview, since each person perceives the world and builds its image, taking into account his individual experience, social experience, social conditions of life.

The linguistic picture of the world does not stand in line with the special pictures of the world (chemical, physical, etc.), it precedes them and forms them, because a person is able to understand the world and himself thanks to the language in which socio-historical experience, both universal and and national. The latter determines the specific features of the language at all its levels. Due to the specifics of the language, a specific linguistic picture of the world arises in the minds of its speakers, through the prism of which a person sees the world.

The analyzed picture of the world turns out to be the most durable and stable in the system of different pictures of the world. In the light of the modern concept of linguistic philosophy, language is interpreted as a form of knowledge existence.

Therefore, the study of the linguistic picture of the world in recent years has turned out to be especially significant for all spheres of scientific knowledge.

Special mention should be made of the opinion of Yu.D. Apresyan who substantiated the idea that the linguistic picture of the world is “naive”. It kind of complements objective knowledge about reality, often distorting it. In the model of the world of modern man, the border between the naive and scientific pictures has become less distinct, since the historical practice of mankind inevitably leads to an ever wider invasion of scientific knowledge into the sphere of everyday ideas imprinted in the facts of language, or to the expansion of the sphere of these everyday ideas at the expense of scientific concepts.

The totality of ideas about the world, contained in the meaning of different words and expressions of a given language, is formed into a certain system of views or prescriptions. The representations that form the picture of the world are included in the meanings of words in an implicit form; a person takes them on trust, without hesitation, and often without even noticing it. Using words containing implicit meanings, a person, without noticing it, accepts the view of the world contained in them.

On the contrary, those semantic components that enter into the meaning of words and expressions in the form of direct statements can be the subject of a dispute between different native speakers and thus are not included in the general fund of ideas that forms the linguistic picture of the world.

It should, first of all, be noted that researchers approach the consideration of the national and cultural specifics of certain aspects or fragments of the picture of the world from different positions: some take it as the original language, analyze the established facts of interlingual similarity or divergences through the prism of linguistic systemicity and talk about the linguistic picture the world; for others, the initial is culture, the linguistic consciousness of members of a certain linguocultural community, and the focus is on the image of the world. There are frequent cases when the fundamental differences between these two approaches are simply not noticed, or when the declared study of the image of the world is actually replaced by a description of the linguistic picture of the world from the standpoint of the language system. Since below we will talk about studies carried out from the standpoint of different approaches, it seems justified to use the term “picture of the world” as a neutral one, accompanying it with a clarification of “linguistic” or replacing the word “picture” with the word “image”.

Be that as it may, it must be admitted that gradually there is an awareness of the need for a decisive reorientation of such studies from a comparative analysis of linguistic systems to the study of the national and cultural specifics of the real functioning of the language and the cultural values associated with it, linguistic consciousness, linguistic / linguocultural competence, etc. NS. So V.N. Telia defines the subject of cultural linguistics as the study and description of the cultural semantics of linguistic signs (nominative inventory and texts) in their living, synchronously acting use, reflecting the cultural and national mentality of native speakers. At the same time, it is indicated that the interactive processes of interaction of two semiotic systems (language and culture) are studied from the standpoint of the cultural and linguistic competence of the speaker / listener; the explication of cognitive procedures carried out by the subject when interpreting the culturally significant reference of linguistic signs is carried out on the basis of the living functioning of the language in discourses of different types in order to study "cultural self-awareness, or mentality, of both an individual subject and the community in its polyphonic wholeness."

Any language is a unique structured network of elements that manifest their ethnic core through a system of meanings and associations. The systems of seeing the world are different in different languages. According to A. Vezhbitskaya: Each language forms its own semantic universe. Not only thoughts can be thought in one language, but feelings can also be experienced within one linguistic consciousness, but not another.

As V.V. correctly noted. Vorobyov, the development of culture takes place in the depths of the nation, the people in conditions of unconditional essential national unity. Language is the embodiment of the uniqueness of the people, the originality of the vision of the world, ethnic culture. There are no two absolutely identical national cultures in the world. Even V. von Humboldt said that different languages, in their essence, in their influence on cognition and on feelings, are in reality different worldviews. In language, we always find a fusion of the primordially linguistic character with what is perceived by the language from the character of the nation. The influence of the nature of language on the subjective world is undeniable.

Each language is, first of all, a national means of communication and, according to E.O. Oparina, it reflects the specific national facts of the material and spiritual culture of the society that it (the language) serves. Acting as a translator of culture, the language is able to influence the way of understanding the world, characteristic of a particular linguocultural community.

Language is, first of all, a tool for transmitting thoughts. He is not reality itself, but only a vision of it, imposed on the speakers of the language, the notions of this reality available in their minds. Language as the main custodian of ethnocultural information is a carrier and means of expressing specific features of ethnic mentality.

According to W. von Humboldt, the character of the nation affects the character of the language, and it, in turn, represents the united spiritual energy of the people and embodies the originality of the whole people, the language expresses a certain vision of the world, and not just the imprint of the ideas of the people.

According to V.Yu. Apresyan, mentality and linguistic picture of the world are interconnected and interdependent. Knowledge about the essentially idioethnic mental worlds forms the linguistic picture of the world, a kind of sphere of the existence of cultures.

In cultural linguistics, in addition to the concept of a linguistic picture of the world, there are also concepts of a conceptual picture of the world, an ethnic (national) picture of the world.

At the same time, most linguists agree that the conceptual picture of the world is a broader concept than the linguistic one, since, as E.S. Kubryakova: The picture of the world, the way a person draws the world in his imagination, is a more complex phenomenon than the linguistic picture of the world, i.e. that part of the conceptual world of man, which is bound to language and refraction through linguistic forms. Not everything perceived and cognized by a person, not everything that has passed and passes through different senses and arrives from the outside through different channels to a person's head has or acquires a verbal form. That is, the conceptual picture of the world is a system of ideas, knowledge of a person about the world around him, it is a mental reflection of the cultural experience of a nation, while the linguistic picture of the world is its verbal embodiment. The picture of the world reflects naive ideas about the inner world of a person, it condenses the experience of introspection of tens of generations, and because of this, it serves as a reliable guide to this world. A person looks at the world not only through the prism of his individual experience, but, above all, through the prism of social experience.

The national picture of the world is reflected in the semantics of linguistic units through a system of meanings and associations, words with special culturally specific meanings reflect not only the way of life typical for the linguistic community, but also the way of thinking.

So, the national specificity in the semantics of the language is the result of the influence of extralinguistic factors of the cultural and historical characteristics of the development of the people.

On the basis of the triad - language, culture, human personality, the linguistic picture of the world and presents linguoculture as a lens through which one can see the material and spiritual identity of an ethnic group.

Language is in the most direct way connected with the expression of the personal qualities of a person, and in the grammatical system of many natural languages, the attitude towards a person in one or another of its hypostasis is fixed. Nevertheless, the concept of a linguistic personality has emerged only in recent decades in the bosom of anthropological linguistics, where it naturally occupies a central place.

The concept of "linguistic personality" is formed by a projection into the field of linguistics of the corresponding interdisciplinary term, in the meaning of which philosophical, sociological and psychological views on the socially significant set of physical and spiritual properties of a person are refracted, which make up his qualitative determinateness. First of all, a "linguistic personality" is understood as a person as a native speaker, taken from the side of his ability to speech activity, ie. the complex of psychophysical properties of an individual, which allows him to produce and perceive speech works, is essentially a speech personality. A "linguistic personality" is also understood as a set of features of the verbal behavior of a person who uses language as a means of communication - a communicative personality.

And, finally, a "linguistic personality" can be understood as a basic national-cultural prototype of a native speaker of a certain language, fixed mainly in the lexical system, a kind of "semantic sketch", compiled on the basis of ideological attitudes, value priorities and behavioral reactions reflected in the dictionary - a vocabulary personality , ethnosemantic.

The “naive picture of the world” as a fact of everyday consciousness is reproduced fragmentarily in the lexical units of the language, however, the language itself does not directly reflect this world, it only reflects the way of representing (conceptualizing) this world by the national linguistic personality, and therefore the expression “linguistic picture of the world” is sufficient conventionally: the image of the world, recreated according to only one linguistic semantics, is rather schematic, since its texture is intertwined mainly from the distinctive features underlying the categorization and nomination of objects, phenomena and their properties, and for adequacy, the linguistic image of the world is corrected by empirical knowledge about reality, common to users of a particular natural language.

"Linguistic personality" - the concept of which has been developed in recent years by Yu.N. Karaulov. In his works, the linguistic personality is defined as “a set of human abilities and characteristics that determine the creation and perception of speech works (texts), which differ in a) the degree of structural and linguistic complexity, b) the depth and accuracy of the reflection of reality, c) a certain target orientation. This definition combines the abilities of a person with the peculiarities of the texts he generates, ”and therefore, we add, this is more likely a definition of a linguistic personality, and not a personality as a manifestation of the latter. Yu.N. Karaulov represents the structure of a linguistic personality, consisting of three levels: “1) verbal-semantic, which assumes normal knowledge of natural language for the carrier, and for the researcher - the traditional description of formal means of expressing certain meanings; 2) cognitive, the units of which are concepts, ideas, concepts that form in each linguistic individual into a more or less ordered, more or less systematized "picture of the world", reflecting the hierarchy of values. The cognitive level of the structure of a linguistic personality and its analysis presupposes the expansion of meaning and the transition to knowledge, which means that it covers the intellectual sphere of the personality, giving the researcher an outlet through language, through the processes of speaking and understanding - to knowledge, consciousness, the processes of human cognition; 3) pragmatic, containing goals, motives, interests, attitudes and intentionality. These levels provide in the analysis of a linguistic personality a natural and conditioned transition from assessments of her speech activity to the understanding of speech activity in the world. "

The cognitive and pragmatic levels of a linguistic personality have a direct connection with imagery, which is the subject of study of this work, which we turn to.

SEMINAR No. 1

THEME:The concept of cultural linguistics. History and theoretical provisions of cultural linguistics

Paradigm shift in the science of language. New anthropocentric paradigm of modern linguistics.

Language and culture. The problem of the relationship between language, culture and ethnos in German philology at the beginning of the XIX century. and the works of Russian scientists 60 - 70-ies. XIX century.

V. von Humboldt's ideas about the relationship between language and culture.

Sapir-Whorf's theory of linguistic relativity.

Schools and directions of modern cultural linguistics.

Theoretical provisions of cultural linguistics.

Methods of cultural linguistics.

SEMINAR No. 2

THEME:Picture of the world. Components of the national picture of the world

Forms of public consciousness and the picture of the world.

Concepts national character and mentality. Conceptual and national picture of the world.

National character, mentality, conceptual and national picture of the world.

The role of vocabulary and grammar in the formation of personality and national character.

Components of the national picture of the world.

SEMINAR No. 3

THEME:Individual picture of the world. Linguistic personality

1. Concept concept. Concept description technique.

2. Conceptual picture of the world, national picture of the world and individual picture of the world - correlation and interaction.

3. Features of the manifestation of the individual picture of the world.

4. The concept of a linguistic personality.

SEMINAR No. 4

THEME:Linguocultural analysis of linguistic entities

1. National and cultural specifics of the phraseological composition of the language

2. National and cultural stereotypes. The concept of stereotype as a complex phenomenon

3. The cognitive nature of metaphor. Metaphor as a cognitive mechanism of human consciousness

4. Symbol as a sign of culture

5. Cultural space, cultural phenomena

6. The concept of precedent phenomena. Definition, signs and criteria for identifying precedent phenomena, their groups

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Mapping an individual picture of the world of a person to his texts. Individual world view map

The proposed work is based on empirical observations of 3000 texts of textual techniques (TM), which are pairs of short spontaneous stories, which are written within 15 minutes. on a specially selected topic, one on his own behalf, and the other on behalf of another person. Confirmed by clinical conversation, anamnestic data, as well as a number of experiments, they indicate that a person returns to an unresolved problem and to a trauma that has not been fully experienced in his stories until it is solved and survived.

The consequence of this is clarification: existential anxieties and fears are objects of constant return and are repeated in a person's speech many times, since they cannot be finally resolved and experienced.

Within this concept, based on the observation of regularly recurring elements of texts TM was created, correlated with existential anxieties. It includes text elements of three levels - deep syntactic, semantic and plot. At each of the levels, in the process of generating a text, the speaker simultaneously makes many free choices from a number of theoretically admissible options, and only the choice of the plot (but not its structure) is relatively conscious, so that the systematic choice of possible options is not the result of the purposeful intentions of the author of the text.

The standard list consists of 16 positions, represented as binary variables, and 12 of them include the mandatory option "formal marker". The parameters included in the list have an important property - they are mutually independent, so that they can be present in the text in any set. An individual picture of a person's world can be extracted from his texts, formalized and presented in the form of a "map", as a unique combination of text parameters. This makes it possible to strictly and uniformly compare the pictures of the world of various people, groups of people united by a common strategy for coping with existential anxieties, as well as register changes in the individual picture of the human world that have occurred as a result of trauma, psychotherapeutic influence and other fundamental changes. Following is the Standard list of text parameters which is used to create the map.

Standard list of text parameters

1. Agensny constructions (Ag.). The parameter of correlation with the act of freedom Semantics of the parameter: Someone performs an action of his own free will. Formal indicators: the presence of an animated noun or a personal pronoun replacing it in the nominative (except for the verb "to be" and "must"). Examples: he walks, writes, thinks.

2. Non-agent constructions (nAg). The parameter of correlation with the act of unfreedom and with the absence of power. Semantics of the parameter: Someone does an action not of their own free will, or: someone or something does an action with him. Formal indicators: the absence of an animated noun or a personal pronoun replacing it in the nominative with the verb, or their presence with the verb "to be" and "must". Examples: it occurred to him, a discovery was made, computers would take over the world.

3. External predicates (Ex). The parameter of correlation with external space and with movement. Semantics: the event takes place in external space, i.e. it can be seen and / or heard. As far as semantic opposition is concerned, there are no formal indicators; but diagnostic indicators are: descriptions of acts of physical movement from one place to another, descriptions of mimic and pantomimic movements, acts of speaking and other sounds (ie, movement of the vocal cords and sound waves); acts of changes in physical properties and characteristics; physical categorization acts. Examples: he ran, blushed, was fat, is an alcoholic.

4. Internal predicates (In). The parameter of correlation with the internal space and with the inaccessibility for observation. Semantics: The event takes place in the inner space, mental or physical. It is unobservable from the outside. As far as semantic opposition is concerned, there are no formal indicators; but diagnostic indicators are: the presence of an inaccessible vision and hearing of the internal space, as well as - and due to this - the presence of events that are not comprehended as physical movement. Examples: he remembers, wants, is afraid, his train of thought has changed(in the latter case, there is a metaphor of movement, but not the movement itself).

5. Elapsed time (P). The parameter corresponds to the speaker's statement that the event began and ended - it happened. Semantics: the event has ceased to be observed directly, and no one and nothing has the power to change it. Accordingly, the speaker, regardless of the nature and assessment of the event, represents himself in relation to it in the framework of the oppositions "to be strong / weak" and "to be active / passive" as "weak" and "passive" (at the moment of speaking). Formal indicators: past tense grammatical formants.

6. Present time (Pr). The parameter corresponds to the speaker's assertion that the event is ongoing. Semantics: In the ongoing event, the speaker is present and directly experiences or observes it, albeit from the outside, but also directly, and, accordingly, he has the power to influence its further course and completion, but he does not know how this event will end. Accordingly, the speaker is free to represent himself in any way within the framework of the oppositions "to be strong / weak" and "to be active / passive" (at the time of speaking). Formal indicators: grammatical formants of the present tense.

7 Future tense (F). The parameter correlates with the speaker's assertion that the event does not yet exist, but someone or something can influence whether it begins or does not begin, as well as how it ends. Semantics: The speaker evaluates whether he, or someone else, or something else, has the power to influence the course and completion of an event. Accordingly, the speaker is free to represent himself in any way within the framework of the oppositions "to be strong / weak" and "to be active / passive" (at the time of speaking). Formal indicators: grammatical formants of the future tense.

8. Absolute time (A). The parameter corresponds to the speaker's assertion that the event is not defined as potentially modifiable or potentially inaccessible to influences. Semantics: the speaker is silent about his degree of involvement in the event, avoids defining himself as strong / weak or active / passive in relation to the event. Formal markers: all predicates that are not verbs, but other parts of speech, as well as all predicates (including verbs) used to describe the act of categorization. Examples: love, death, description, categorization.

9. Number of pieces (Nf). The parameter corresponds to the more or less "egocentric universe" of the author of the text. Semantics: the presence of only one figure in the text (Nf = 1) means the extreme degree of egocentrism and loneliness, usually unconscious, of the author of the text, who, creating his plot, is focused exclusively on himself and does not feel the need to introduce figures of other people into the text; the presence of several non-generalized figures (Nf> 1) means that the "world of other people" of the author of the text is not empty. Examples: I managed to lose 20 kg. It took a lot of effort. Unhealthy foods were excluded from the diet, I had to work out in the pool and on the simulators. Now i'm happy(Nf = 1). I've lost weight. That was hard. Mom reacted to my weight loss with resentment and irritation. But my husband supported me, he even prepared salads for me. Now both he and the children are proud of me (Nf> 1).

10-14. Levels of self-identification (Zon A-E). The parameter is correlated with the degrees of the speaker's identification with those he is talking about. Semantics: depending on the placement of the figure at one or another level of identity to the speaker himself, as well as on which levels remain unfilled, the speaker informs about his existing ideas about the permeability of the inner world of other people and the comparability of their inner world with his own, and also about the relevance / irrelevance for him to carry out acts of penetration and comparison. Formal markers.

Zon A: the figure description contains internal predicates that go beyond the boundaries of the chronotope “here and / or now”. Examples: he remembered being in this place last summer;

Zon V: in the description of the figure there are internal predicates that indicate the presence of a different chronotope than "here and now", but do not introduce its description. Examples: he remembered something; I'm dreaming.

Zon WITH: in the description of a figure (and more often of a generalized set of figures) there are internal predicates that do not indicate the presence of a different chronotope than "here and now" and are directed only and exclusively at one character. Examples: he admires me; they all condemn me.

Zon D: in the description of a figure (or a generalized set of figures) there are only external predicates in the absence of external details. Examples: he stood against the wall.

Zon E: in the description of the figure there are only external predicates, as well as more than 2 external details. Examples: he stood motionless against the wall, his hair was disheveled, and his shoulders were tense.

15-16. Plot (SJ). The parameter correlates with the message about the author's identity, as well as about his life and text strategies. Semantics: all plots of TM texts were reduced to two plot macroschemes: "external" and "internal", as well as their combinations. The “external” macroscheme (SJ1) organized events that take place in the space of objects accessible to outside observation; The “internal” macroscheme (SJ2) organized events that took place in the mental or bodily space of the projective figure from ZonA, inaccessible to outside observation. Formal markers (SJ1): The description of the action ends with a result that is judged to be positive, negative, or ambivalent. Formal markers (SJ2): description of perceptions and emotions, not aimed at achieving a result. Examples (SJ1): Dad and I went for a walk, I ate ice cream. It melted and fell. I cried. Dad bought me a new ice cream... Examples (SJ2): The ice cream was delicious and beautiful. The shades of chocolate were dark in depth and gave off a milky sheen where they melted. My mouth was cold and sweet. Rough waffle cone smelled of vanilla... (two fragments of the same text are used for examples).

It is easy to see that any short connected text can be represented as a tuple (ordered set) of the given 16 parameters, and at each of the 16 places there can be 1 if the parameter is present in the text, and 0 if it is absent (for the parameter Nf, which in a more detailed version it is presented not as binary, but as n-ary, the presence of a single figure in the text was coded as 0, and the presence of more than one figure was coded as 1). This 16-place tuple of zeros and ones was called the "Map of the individual picture of the human world", since each of the parameters, as shown above, is correlated with existential problems, and their specific combination is an image of an individual strategy for coping with them.

existential anxiety individual

Table 1. Map of the individual picture of the human world

The number of theoretically possible combinations is 2 ^ 16, respectively, the probability of a random coincidence of n cards is 1: [(2 ^ 16) ^ n-1]. Thus, the method opens up the possibility of comparing small (in the limiting case, only two) texts.

As an illustration, we present a fragment of an experimental study of TM texts received from 7 patients of a crisis center who were hospitalized after repeated suicide attempts. As a control group, we used 100 TM texts received from students and teachers of the Russian State Humanitarian University who had never committed suicidal attempts.

Table 2. Maps of individual world pictures of suicides coincided in all 16 parameters as follows:

The probability of an accidental coincidence is 1: [(2 ^ 16) ^ 7-1], that is, negligible.

In the control group, no coincidences were found for 16 parameters.

This can be interpreted as the presence of a common strategy for coping with existential anxieties in a group of people who fearlessly resort to demonstrative suicidal attempts under frustrating circumstances. The combination of parameters in the maps of their world pictures indicates that the studied suicides perceive themselves to be powerless and dependent on invincible circumstances (Ag = 0), which is why the act of a suicidal attempt is subjectively safe and insignificant for them - after all, any of their actions is insignificant and has no force; the events of their inner world are intolerable and therefore devalued and silent (In = 0); the past is also devalued and "crossed out" along with the experience of mistakes and victories (P = 0), and real life and the achievement of goals will take place in an overvalued future (F = 1), which will happen by the will of circumstances and out of connection with the experience of the past and the efforts of the authors of the texts ... The presence of only one figure located in zone A, and generalized figures in zone C (zA = 1; zC = 1; Nf = 0) can be regarded as a representation of total "egocentric loneliness" in the texts of suicides. The protagonists of the texts written by suicides are surrounded by the world where instead of specific people with names, faces, thoughts and feelings, there are only pale projections of the author himself, who uniformly hate him in the “space of the present” or admire him in the “space of the future”.

Standard list of text parameters , on the one hand, is psychologically meaningful (correlates with elements of the existential picture of the world), and on the other hand, as it is easy to see, it allows, thanks to the "Formal markers" option, to unambiguously highlight 16 points in any TM text, by which it can be compared with any other TM text. In other words, any TM text, as well as any other spontaneous coherent text, the writing of which took no more than 15-20 minutes, can be presented as a set of parameters from list.

Literature

1. May R. Existential foundations of psychotherapy. In the book: Existential Psychology, M., 2001

2. Novikova-Grund M.V. Text techniques in the group. In Sat: Proceedings of the Institute of Psychology. L.S. Vygotsky, no. 1; M., 2001

3. Novikova-Grund M.V. The problem of understanding / misunderstanding: from positivism to hermeneutics. In Sat: Proceedings of the Institute of Psychology. L.S. Vygotsky, no. 2; M.2002)

4. Pines D. The unconscious use of her body by a woman, BSK, East European Institute of Psychoanalysis, St. Petersburg, 1997

5. Piaget J. Speech and thinking of a child, M., Pedagogika-Press 1994

6. Yalom I. Existential psychotherapy. M., Class, 1999

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Mapping an individual picture of the world of a person to his texts. Individual world view map

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