It makes sense to live well in Russia. Poem "Who Lives Well in Russia"

In 1866, the prologue of Nekrasov's poem "Who Lives Well in Russia" appears in print. This work, published three years after the abolition of serfdom, immediately caused a wave of discussion. Leaving aside the political criticism of the poem, let us focus on the main question: what is the meaning of the poem "Who Lives Well in Russia"?

Of course, part of the impetus for writing the poem to Nekrasov was the reform of 1863. Russia, which for centuries lived at the expense of the labor of serfs, was reluctant to get used to the new system. Everyone was at a loss: the landlords,

And the serfs themselves, which Nekrasov masterfully portrays in his poem. The former simply did not know what to do now: accustomed to living exclusively by someone else's labor, they were not adapted to an independent life. The landowner is “singing: Work!”, But he “thought to live like this for a century” and is no longer ready to rebuild in a new way.

For some, such a reform is literally like death - the author shows this in the chapter “The Last One”. Prince Utyatin, its main character, has to be deceived until his death, claiming that serfdom in Russia is still in effect.
Otherwise, the prince will have enough blow - the shock will be too strong.

The peasants are also confused. Yes, some of them dreamed of freedom, but soon they are convinced that they received the rights only on paper:

"Good you, royal letter,

Yes, you were not written in front of us ... "

For years the village of Vakhalaki has been in litigation for its lawful meadows on the Volga with the former landowners, landowners, but it is clear that the peasants will not see this land during their lifetime.

There is also another type of peasant - those who were taken by surprise by the abolition of serfdom. They are accustomed to pleasing their landlord and treat him as an inevitable and necessary evil for life, moreover, they cannot imagine their life without him. “Play with you! / And I am the princes of the Utyatins / Serf - and that's the whole story! " - that's what point of view they hold.

Such is a slave who is proud of the fact that all his life he drank and finished his meal for the master. The faithful servant Yakov, who gave his whole life to the absurd master, on the contrary, decides to rebel. But let's see how this rebellion is expressed - in the deprivation of life in order to leave the landlord alone, helpless.

This, as it turned out, is an effective revenge, but it will no longer help Yakov ...

According to Nekrasov's idea, the meaning of “Who lives well in Russia” was precisely the depiction of the country immediately after the abolition of serfdom from various points of view. The poet wanted to show that the reform was carried out in many respects thoughtlessly and inconsistently, and brought with it not only the joy of liberation, but also all kinds of problems that need to be solved. Poverty and powerlessness, a huge lack of education for the common people (the only school in the village is "packed tightly"), the need for honest and intelligent people who would occupy responsible posts - all this is said in the poem in a simple, popular language.

At the same time, it would be wrong to reduce the meaning of the work “Who Lives Well in Russia” solely to an examination of the current political problems of Russia. No, when creating the poem, Nekrasov put into it a different, philosophical meaning. It is already expressed in the very title of the poem: “Who lives well in Russia”. And really, to whom? - this is the problem the author has to solve, and along with it the reader.

The peasants in their wanderings will question a wide variety of people, from a priest to a simple soldier, but none of their interlocutors will be able to boast of happiness. And this is to some extent natural, because each of the heroes of the poem is looking for his own, personal happiness, without thinking about the universal, the people. Even the honest burgomaster Yermil can not stand it and, in an attempt to do good to his family, forgets about the truth.

Happiness, according to Nekrasov, can only be found by those who forget about the personal and will take care of the happiness of their homeland, as Grisha Dobrosklonov does.

“In his last work, Nekrasov remained true to his idea: to arouse the sympathy of the upper classes of society for the common people, their needs and requirements” - this is how the Russian critic Belinsky spoke of Nekrasov's work. Indeed, this is the main meaning of the poem "Who Lives Well in Russia" - not only and so much to point out current problems as to affirm the desire for universal happiness as the only possible way of further development of the country.

(No Ratings Yet)

Related posts:

1. The poem "Who lives well in Russia" was written shortly after the adoption of the reform "On the abolition of serfdom" in 1861. Everyone knows that Nikolai Alekseevich was an active fighter for the rights of the people. The main theme of his work was the people's happiness and the struggle for justice in relation to him. The poem "Who Lives Well in Russia" was written with great [...] ...
2. The very title of the poem tunes in to a truly All-Russian review of life, to the fact that this life will be investigated truthfully and thoroughly, from top to bottom. It aims to find an answer to the main questions of the time, when the country was going through an era of great changes: what is the source of the people's troubles, what really changed in his life, and what remains the same, what needs to be done to [...] ...
3. Ideological and artistic originality of the poem "Who lives well in Russia" 1. The problematics of the work is based on the correlation of folklore images and specific historical realities. The problem of people's happiness is the ideological center of the work. The images of seven peasant wanderers are a symbolic image of Russia, moving forward (the work is not finished yet). 2. The poem reflects the contradictions of Russian reality in the post-reform period: a) Class contradictions (chapter "Landowner", [...] ...
4. The poem "Who Lives Well in Russia" occupies a central place in Nekrasov's work. It became a kind of artistic result of more than thirty years of work by the author. All the motives of Nekrasov's lyrics are developed in the poem, all the problems that worried him are rethought, his highest artistic achievements are used. Nekrasov not only created a special genre of social and philosophical poem. He subordinated it to his super-task: to show the developing [...] ...
5. “My beloved brainchild,” Nekrasov wrote in his manuscript about the poem “Who Lives Well in Russia”. Later, in one of his letters to the journalist P. Bezobrazov, the poet himself defined the genre of the poem "Who Lives Well in Russia": "This will be an epic of modern peasant life." And here the modern reader will immediately have a lot of questions, [...] ...
6. The idea of ​​the poem "Who Lives Well in Russia" emerged in the early 1860s. Nekrasov continued to work on the poem until the end of his life, but did not manage to complete it. Therefore, when the poem was published, serious difficulties arose - the sequence of chapters remained unclear, the author's intention could only be guessed approximately. Researchers of Nekrasov's work focused on three main options for location [...] ...
7. The poem “Who Lives Well in Russia” occupies a central place in Nekrasov's work. It has become a kind of artistic result of more than thirty years of work by the author. All the motives of Nekrasov's lyrics are developed in the poem, all the problems that worried him are rethought, his highest artistic achievements are used. Nekrasov not only created a special genre of social and philosophical poem. He subdued [...] ...
8. “Who Lives Well in Russia” is the final work of Nekrasov, in which the poet wanted to state everything he knew about the people, to combine the experience of all his previous poems and poems. As the author himself said, he collected his "main book" "by word of mouth for 20 years." Nekrasov began to create this work in 1863, shortly after the peasant [...] ...
9. The whole poem of Nekrasov is a worldly gathering flaring up, gradually gaining strength. It is important for Nekrasov that the peasantry not only thought about the meaning of life, but also embarked on a difficult and long path of seeking truth. In the "Prologue" action is tied. Seven peasants argue, "who lives happily, freely in Russia." The peasants still do not understand that the question is who is happier - a priest, a landowner, [...] ...
10. Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov worked on his work “Who Lives Well in Russia” for many years, giving him part of his soul. And throughout the entire period of creation of this work of the poet, the lofty ideas of a perfect life and a perfect person did not leave. The poem "Who Lives Well in Russia" is the result of the author's many years of meditation on the fate of the country and the people. So, […]...
11. Features of the composition of the poem by N.A. Nekrasov “Who Lives Well in Russia” I. Introduction Composition - the composition, arrangement and interrelation of parts and elements of a work of art. (For more details, see the Glossary.) II. Main part 1. The main plot of the poem is the search for the “happy” by seven peasants. This storyline, as it were, passes through the fates of many people and ends with the image of Grisha Dobrosklonov, who [...] ...
12. Nekrasov's poem "Who Lives Well in Russia" occupies a special place both in the history of Russian classical literature and in the poet's creative heritage. It is a synthesis of Nekrasov's poetic activity, the completion of the many years of creative work of the revolutionary poet. Everything that Nekrasov developed in separate works for thirty years is collected here in a single concept, grandiose in content, scope [...] ...
13. 1. What types of peasants were portrayed by NA Nekrasov in the poem "Who Lives Well in Russia"? N. A. Nekrasov creates several types of peasants. These are seven men looking for happy people in Russia. The second type - fighters for the people: Savely the bogatyr of the Holy Russia, Ermil Girin, the robber Kudeyar. The third type is workers who still endure, but their protest is already ripening: [...] ...
14. The people are the hero of the poem "Who lives well in Russia" In the center of the great work of N. A. Nekrasov is the collective image of the main character - the people. We have before us generalized pictures of the life of the people, the faces of people from the people. Some of them only flicker before us in the motley crowd; others talk about themselves in detail; the heroes of the poem speak about the third. Written by [...] ...
15. What is happiness? Many philosophers of ancient and modern years have tried to answer this question. Later, psychology and art tried to explain happiness. So N. A. Nekrasov, in his poem "Who Lives Well in Russia", tried to reveal to us this mysterious term. In the poem, Nekrasov introduces seven men who go to look for a happy person in Russia. And what is it like [...] ...
16. The poem "Who lives well in Russia" can be called an encyclopedia of people's life. Nekrasov himself said before his death that in this poem he "wanted to introduce ... all the experience given to him by the study of the people, all the information about him, accumulated by word for twenty years." The poem reflected many aspects of Russian reality after the abolition of serfdom. A whole series of [...] ...
17. In February 1861 serfdom was abolished in Russia. This progressive event greatly stirred up the peasants and caused a wave of new problems. The main one was described by Nekrasov in the poem "Elegy", where there is an aphoristic line: "The people are liberated, but are the people happy?" In 1863, Nikolai Alekseevich began working on the poem "Who Lives Well in Russia", in [...] ...
18. The poem "Who Lives Well in Russia" was written in the mid-70s, during the period of a new democratic upsurge, when Russia was on the verge of revolution. Narodniks, who preached revolutionary ideas, pinned all their hopes on the peasantry. But the peasant masses remained indifferent to the revolutionary preaching of the Narodniks. Poem "Who Lives Well in Russia?" occupies a central place in the work of Nekrasov. She became a kind of [...] ...
19. As you know, the plot of Nekrasov's poem "Who Lives Well in Russia" is built around the search by seven men for a happy one in Russia. After a long journey, after numerous meetings with people of different classes, ages and worldviews, the men never reached the goal of their searches. Perhaps, by the end of the poem, they became more and more convinced that in Russia there is no and [...] ...
20. Generally speaking, speaking about the genre and style “Who Lives Well in Russia”, one must bear in mind the greater in many respects the proximity of Nekrasov's poem to prose narrative genres than to poems, in particular to the lyric-epic poem of the 1920s and 1930s. XIX century. The authors of both works used a very capacious genre form - a form of travel, allowing in any sequence [...] ...
21. Time of work on the poem (60-70s. Decline of the liberation movement and a new rise). The sources of the poem are personal observations, stories of contemporaries, folklore. The idea of ​​the poem is a wandering across Russia in search of a happy person; gradually wanderers from the idea of ​​finding a specific person come to the idea of ​​finding happiness for everyone (this reflects the growth of national self-awareness not only of seven men, but also [...] ...
22. The whole poem by Nekrasov "Who Lives Well in Russia" is a worldly gathering that is flaring up, gradually gaining strength. For Nekrasov, the process itself is important here, it is important that the peasantry not only thought about the meaning of life, but also embarked on a difficult and long path of seeking truth. In the "Prologue" action is tied. Seven peasants argue, "who lives happily, freely in Russia." [...] ...
23. This lyric text is an excerpt from the poem "Who Lives Well in Russia" by N. A. Nekrasov. In it, the narrator reveals the theme of a rainy and cloudy spring. This situation is a huge disaster for the peasant, because if there is no good weather, there will be no harvest. Land is everything to him, she is both a nurse and a drinker. The narrator shows us various images, [...] ...
24. Nekrasov spent many years of his life working on a poem, which he called his “favorite child”. “I conceived,” said Nekrasov, “to present in a coherent story everything that I know about the people, everything that I happened to hear from their lips, and I started“ Who lives well in Russia ”. It will be the epic of modern peasant life ”. Material for [...] ...
25. Plan History of creation Genre of the work, composition Theme and idea of ​​the work, heroes, problems poems by Nekrasov: “The people are liberated, but are the people happy? ..”. Singer [...] ...
26. NA Nekrasov all his life nurtured the idea of ​​a work that would become a folk book, a book "useful, understandable to the people and truthful", reflecting the most important aspects of his life. For 20 years he was accumulating material for this book “by word”, and then for 14 years he worked on the text of the work. The poet began work on the grandiose concept of a “people's book” in 1863 [...] ...
27. The poem "Who Lives Well in Russia" is the result of the author's thoughts about the fate of the country and the people. Who lives well in Russia? - the poem begins with this question. Its plot, like the plot of folk tales, is built as a journey of old peasants in search of a happy person. Wanderers are looking for him among all the estates of the then Russia, but their main goal is to find [...] ...
28. Nekrasov, as if freeing himself, breaks all his "epic" verse, which for many years wrote the poem "Who Lives Well in Russia," truly “A feast for the whole world” ... In the “Entry” a peasant feast is drawn - “Wake on the fortifications” [...] ...
29. The meaning of the name. The very title of the poem tunes in to a truly All-Russian review of life, to the fact that this life will be investigated truthfully and thoroughly, from top to bottom. It aims at finding an answer to the main questions of the time, when the country was going through an era of great changes: what is the source of the people's troubles, what has really changed in his life, and what has remained the same, what is needed [...] ...
30. Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov worked for a rather long time on his poetic work entitled "Who Lives Well in Russia". The writer certainly gave this work most of his soul. It is worth noting that throughout the entire time of writing this poem, the author did not part with his ideas about a perfect living person and his perfect life. Therefore, with confidence [...] ...
31. The greatest monument to Russian folk life in the 19th century. - the poem "Who Lives Well in Russia" was created by Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov for fourteen years (1863-1876) and, unfortunately, remained unfinished. Death prevented the poet from completing it. In his poem, Nekrasov recreates a true picture of the life of post-reform Russia. The poet's main interest is the position of the Russian peasant. The poem “To whom [...] ...
32. The folklore basis of N.A. Nekrasov “Who Lives Well in Russia” Poem by N.А. Nekrasov "Who Lives Well in Russia" is a true encyclopedia of peasant life. It reflected the thoughts and aspirations of the people, their ideals, their ideas about happiness. The very plot of the work - the search for “an unpolished province, an unpeeled volost, an abundant village” - corresponds to a characteristic feature of a Russian person: his [...] ...
33. History of creation. The beginning of work on "Who Lives Well in Russia" is customary to refer to 1863. By this time, Nekrasov had created works that can be seen as steps towards the last poem. The poem "The Peddlers" has already been published, based on the plot of a journey and associated with the element of a folk song, "Frost, Red Nose" has been written, where the type of Russian woman is deduced, deeply and [...] ...
34. The search for happiness in Nekrasov's poem "Who Lives Well in Russia" In search of happiness, one way or another, every person is. But not all of us imagine what happiness is? In addition, everyone answers in their own way to this burning question, based on their personal characteristics of temperament, upbringing, and also desires. I tried to answer this question and [...] ...
35. In the tale “of the two great sinners,” there was a call to fight the oppressors. The robber Kudeyar is forgiven all his sins for killing Pan Glukhovsky. This means that the fight against the panami is a sacred thing. What is the significance of the chapter "A Feast for the Whole World" in N. A. Nekrasov's poem "Who Lives Well in Russia"? The chapter "A Feast for the Whole World" shows the state of [...] ...
36. The poem "Who Lives Well in Russia" is the summit work of N. A. Nekrasov's work. For a long time he nurtured the idea of ​​this work, for fourteen years he worked on the text of the poem (from 1863 to 1877). In criticism, it is customary to define the genre of a work as an epic poem. This work is not finished, however, despite the plot incompleteness, deep social meaning is embodied in it. Poem [...] ...
37. The peculiarity of Russian literature lies in the fact that it has always been closely connected with the actual problems of social life. The great writers of Russia were deeply worried about the fate of the Motherland and the people. Patriotism, citizenship and humanity were the main features of the poetry of Pushkin, Lermontov and Nekrasov. All of them saw the meaning of their creativity in serving the people, in the struggle for their freedom and happiness. [...] ...
38. Time of work on the poem (6070s. Decline of the liberation movement and a new rise). The sources of the poem are personal observations, stories of contemporaries, folklore. The idea of ​​the poem is a wandering across Russia in search of a happy person; gradually wanderers from the idea of ​​finding a specific person come to the idea of ​​finding happiness for everyone (this reflects the growth of national self-awareness not only of seven men, but also [...] ...
39. The poem "Who Lives Well in Russia", on which N. A. Nekrasov worked for twenty years, became the crown of his work. The poet wanted to depict in it all social strata: from the peasant to the tsar. According to the author's intention, in the center of the poem is an image of post-reform Russia, when after the “liberation” of the peasants, they, without their own land, fell into an even greater [...] ...
40. Answering the question posed in the title of the poem - “Who lives well in Russia” - Nekrasov creates the image of a commoner, “people's defender,” a revolutionary democrat. Such is Grisha Dobrosklonov. He is described in the last part of the poem, entitled "A Feast for the Whole World." Grisha Dobrosklonov grew up in a remote village, in a poor family of a rural deacon; his mother was "an unrequited laborer." Joyless and hungry [...] ...

In 1866, the prologue of Nekrasov's poem "Who Lives Well in Russia" appears in print. This work, published three years after the abolition of serfdom, immediately caused a wave of discussion. Leaving aside the political criticism of the poem, let us focus on the main question: what is the meaning of the poem "Who Lives Well in Russia"?

Of course, part of the impetus for writing the poem for Nekrasov was the reform of 1861. Russia, which for centuries lived at the expense of the labor of serfs, was reluctant to get used to the new system. Everyone was at a loss: both the landowners and the serfs themselves, which Nekrasov skillfully portrays in his poem. The former simply did not know what to do now: accustomed to living exclusively by someone else's labor, they were not adapted to an independent life. The landowner is "singing: Work hard!" For some, such a reform is literally like death - the author shows this in the chapter "The Last One." Prince Utyatin, its main character, has to be deceived until his death, claiming that serfdom in Russia is still in effect. Otherwise, the prince will have enough blow - the shock will be too strong.

The peasants are also confused. Yes, some of them dreamed of freedom, but soon they are convinced that they received the rights only on paper:

"Good you, royal letter,
Yes, you were not written in front of us ... "

For years the village of Vakhalaki has been in litigation for its lawful meadows on the Volga with the former landowners, landowners, but it is clear that the peasants will not see this land during their lifetime.

There is also another type of peasant - those who were taken by surprise by the abolition of serfdom. They are accustomed to pleasing their landlord and treat him as an inevitable and necessary evil for life, moreover, they cannot imagine their life without him. “Play with you! / And I am the princes of the Utyatins / Serf - and that's the whole story! " - that's what point of view they hold.

Such is a slave who is proud of the fact that all his life he drank and finished his meal for the master. The faithful servant Yakov, who gave his whole life to the absurd master, on the contrary, decides to rebel. But let's see how this rebellion is expressed - in the deprivation of life in order to leave the landlord alone, helpless. This, as it turned out, is an effective revenge, but it will no longer help Yakov ...

According to Nekrasov's idea, the meaning of “Who lives well in Russia” was precisely to depict the country immediately after the abolition of serfdom from various points of view. The poet wanted to show that the reform was carried out in many respects thoughtlessly and inconsistently, and brought with it not only the joy of liberation, but also all kinds of problems that need to be solved. Poverty and powerlessness, a huge lack of education for the common people (the only school in the village is "packed tightly"), the need for honest and intelligent people who would occupy responsible posts - all this is said in the poem in a simple, popular language. Russia itself, it seems, speaks in many voices with the reader, begging for help.

At the same time, it would be wrong to reduce the meaning of the work "Who Lives Well in Russia" solely to an examination of the current political problems of Russia. No, when creating the poem, Nekrasov put into it a different, philosophical meaning. It is already expressed in the very title of the poem: "Who lives well in Russia." And really, to whom? - this is the problem the author has to solve, and along with it the reader. The peasants in their wanderings will question a wide variety of people, from a priest to a simple soldier, but none of their interlocutors will be able to boast of happiness. And this is to some extent natural, because each of the heroes of the poem is looking for his own, personal happiness, without thinking about the universal, the people. Even the honest burgomaster Yermil can not stand it and, in an attempt to do good to his family, forgets about the truth. Happiness, according to Nekrasov, can only be found by those who forget about the personal and will take care of the happiness of their homeland, as Grisha Dobrosklonov does.

"In his last work, Nekrasov remained true to his idea: to arouse the sympathy of the upper classes of society for the common people, their needs and requirements" - this is how the Russian critic Belinsky spoke of Nekrasov's work. And indeed, this is the main meaning of the poem "Who Lives Well in Russia" - not only and so much to point out current problems as to affirm the desire for universal happiness as the only possible way of further development of the country.

Product test

The whole poem of Nekrasov is a worldly gathering flaring up, gradually gaining strength. It is important for Nekrasov that the peasantry not only thought about the meaning of life, but also embarked on a difficult and long path of seeking truth.
In the "Prologue" action is tied. Seven peasants argue, "who lives happily, freely in Russia." The peasants still do not understand that the question of who is happier - a priest, a landowner, a merchant, an official or a tsar - reveals the limitations of their idea of ​​happiness, which boils down to material security. A meeting with a priest makes men think about many things:

Well, here's your vaunted
Popovskoe life.

Starting with the chapter “Happy,” there is a turn in the direction of the search for a happy person. On their own initiative, the “lucky ones” from the lower classes begin to approach the wanderers. Stories are heard - the confessions of courtyard people, clergymen, soldiers, stonecutters, hunters. Of course, these "lucky ones" are such that the pilgrims, seeing the empty bucket, exclaim with bitter irony:

Hey, muzhik happiness!
Leaky with patches,
Humpbacked with calluses
Go home!

But at the end of the chapter, there is a story about a happy man - Ermil Girin. The story about him begins with a description of his litigation with the merchant Altynnikov. Yermil is conscientious. Let us recall how he paid off the peasants for the debt collected in the market square:

All day long open
Yermil walked around, asked,
Whose ruble? yes I did not find it.

Throughout his life, Yermil refutes the original ideas of the pilgrims about the essence of human happiness. It would seem that he has “everything that is needed for happiness: peace of mind, money, and honor”. But at a critical moment in his life, Yermil sacrifices this "happiness" for the sake of the truth of the people and ends up in prison. Gradually, the ideal of an ascetic, a fighter for the interests of the people is born in the minds of the peasants. In the "Landowner" part, the wanderers treat the gentlemen with obvious irony. They understand that noble "honor" is worth a little.

No, you are not noble to us,
Give the word to the peasant.

Yesterday's "slaves" took up the solution of problems that from ancient times were considered a noble privilege. The nobility saw their historical destiny in worries about the fate of the Fatherland. And then suddenly this only mission from the nobility was intercepted by the peasants, they became citizens of Russia:

The landowner is not without bitterness
Said, “Put on your hats,
Sit down, gentlemen! "

In the last part of the poem, a new hero appears: Grisha Dobrosklonov, a Russian intellectual who knows that people's happiness can be achieved only as a result of a nationwide struggle for the "Unwashed province, the Unshelled volost, Izbytkovo village".

The host rises -
Innumerable
The strength in her will affect
Unbreakable!

The fifth chapter of the last part ends with words expressing the ideological pathos of the entire work: “Our pilgrims should be under their own roof, // If they could know what was happening to Grisha”. These lines seem to give an answer to the question posed in the title of the poem. A happy person in Russia is one who firmly knows that one must “live for the happiness of a wretched and dark native corner”.

The very title of the poem tunes in to a truly All-Russian review of life, to the fact that this life will be investigated truthfully and thoroughly, from top to bottom. It aims to find an answer to the main questions of the time, when the country was going through an era of great changes: what is the source of the people's troubles, what has really changed in his life, and what remains the same, what needs to be done so that the people can really “live well” in Russia and who can claim the title of "lucky". The process of searching for a happy person turns into a search for happiness for everyone, and numerous meetings with those who claim to be happy, provide an opportunity to show the popular idea of ​​happiness, which is clarified, concretized and at the same time enriched, acquiring a moral and philosophical meaning. Therefore, the title of the poem aims not only at the socio-historical basis of its ideological content, but is also associated with certain unchanging foundations of spiritual life, moral values ​​developed by the people over the course of many centuries. The title of the poem is also associated with folk epics and fairy tales, where the heroes are looking for truth and happiness, which means that it orientates the reader to the fact that not only the broadest panorama of the life of Russia in its present, past and future should unfold before him, but also indicates a connection with deep roots of national life.

Essay on literature on the topic: The meaning of the title of the poem "Who Lives Well in Russia"

Other compositions:

1. The whole poem of Nekrasov is a worldly gathering flaring up, gradually gaining strength. It is important for Nekrasov that the peasantry not only thought about the meaning of life, but also embarked on a difficult and long path of seeking truth. In the "Prologue" action is tied. Seven peasants argue “who lives on Read More ......
2. The meaning of the poem "Who Lives Well in Russia" is not unambiguous. After all, the question is: who is happy? - causes others: what is happiness? Who is worthy of happiness? Where should you look for it? And these questions “Krestyanka” not so much closes as opens them, leads them to them. Read More ......
3. Disputes about the composition of the work are still ongoing, but most scientists have come to the conclusion that it should be as follows: “Prologue. Part One ”,“ The Peasant Woman ”,“ The Last One ”,“ A Feast for the Whole World ”. The arguments in favor of just such an arrangement of the material are as follows. In the first part of Read More ......
4. Artistic features of the poem "Who Lives Well in Russia". Having conceived to create a book about the people and for the people, Nekrasov subordinates the entire artistic structure of the work to this goal. The poem contains the real linguistic element of folk speech. Here is the speech of wanderers, seekers of the happy, and the rich Read More ......
5. The whole poem by Nekrasov "Who Lives Well in Russia" is a worldly gathering that is flaring up and gradually gaining strength. For Nekrasov, the process itself is important here, it is important that the peasantry not only thought about the meaning of life, but also embarked on a difficult and long path of seeking truth. Read More ......
6. The question of the first "Prologue" deserves special attention. There are several prologues in the poem: before the chapter “Pop”, before the parts “The Peasant Woman” and “The Feast for the Whole World”. The first "Prologue" is very different from the others. It poses a problem common to the entire poem “To Read More ......
7. The poem "Who Lives Well in Russia" (1863-1877) is the pinnacle of Nekrasov's work. This is a true encyclopedia of Russian pre-reform and post-reform life, a work grandiose in its breadth of design, depth of penetration into the psychology of people of different classes in Russia at that time, truthfulness, brightness and variety of types. Nekrasov gave the poem long Read More ......
8. N. A. Nekrasov's poem "Who Lives Well in Russia" is a broad epic canvas depicting the consequences of one of the most significant events in the history of Russia - the abolition of serfdom. The peasantry was expecting liberation, but, having gone free without land, they got into Read More ......

Who lives well in Russia? This issue still worries many people, and this fact explains the increased attention to the legendary poem by Nekrasov. The author was able to raise a topic that has become eternal in Russia - the topic of selflessness, voluntary self-denial in the name of saving the fatherland. It is serving a lofty goal that makes a Russian person happy, as the writer proved with the example of Grisha Dobrosklonov.

"Who Lives Well in Russia" is one of the last works of Nekrasov. When he wrote it, he was already seriously ill: he was struck by cancer. That is why it is not finished. It was collected bit by bit by the poet's close friends and arranged the fragments in no particular order, barely catching the confused logic of the creator, broken by a mortal illness and endless pain. He was dying in agony and yet he was able to answer the question posed at the very beginning: Who is living well in Russia? He himself turned out to be lucky in a broad sense, because he devotedly and selflessly served the interests of the people. It was this ministry that supported him in the fight against the fatal illness. Thus, the history of the poem began in the first half of the 1860s, around 1863 (serfdom was abolished in 1861), and the first part was ready in 1865.

The book was published in fragments. The prologue was published already in the January issue of Sovremennik in 1866. Other chapters came out later. All this time, the work attracted the attention of censors and was mercilessly criticized. In the 70s, the author wrote the main parts of the poem: "The Last One", "The Peasant Woman", "A Feast for the Whole World." He planned to write much more, but due to the rapid development of the disease, he could not and settled on "Feast ...", where he expressed his main idea about the future of Russia. He believed that such holy people as Dobrosklonov could help his homeland, mired in poverty and injustice. Despite the fierce attacks of reviewers, he found the strength to stand for a just cause to the end.

Genre, genre, direction

ON. Nekrasov called his creation "the epic of modern peasant life" and was accurate in his formulation: the genre of the work "Who Lives Well in Russia?" - epic poem. That is, at the base of the book, not one kind of literature coexists, but two: lyrics and epic:

1. Epic component. There was a turning point in the history of the development of Russian society in the 1860s, when people learned to live in new conditions after the abolition of serfdom and other fundamental transformations of the usual way of life. This difficult historical period was described by the writer, reflecting the realities of that time without embellishment and falsity. In addition, the poem has a clear linear plot and many distinctive characters, which speaks of the scale of the work, comparable only to a novel (epic genre). Also, the book has absorbed the folklore elements of heroic songs telling about the military campaigns of heroes against enemy camps. All these are generic characteristics of the epic.
2. Lyrical component. The work is written in verse - this is the main property of lyrics, as a kind. The book also contains a place for the author's digressions and typically poetic symbols, means of artistic expression, and the peculiarities of the heroes' confessions.

The direction within which the poem "Who lives well in Russia" was written is realism. However, the author significantly expanded its boundaries, adding fantastic and folklore elements (prologue, inception, symbolism of numbers, fragments and heroes from folk legends). The poet chose the form of travel for his idea, as a metaphor for the search for truth and happiness that each of us carries out. Many researchers of Nekrasov's work compare the plot structure with the structure of the folk epic.

Composition

The laws of the genre determined the composition and plot of the poem. Nekrasov finished the book in terrible agony, but still did not have time to finish it. This explains the chaotic composition and many branches from the plot, because the works were formed and restored from drafts by his friends. He himself in the last months of his life was not able to clearly adhere to the original concept of creation. Thus, the composition "Who lives well in Russia?", Comparable only to the folk epic, is unique. It was developed as a result of the creative assimilation of world literature, and not direct borrowing of some well-known model.

1. Exposition (Prologue). Meeting of seven peasants - the heroes of the poem: "On the pillar path / Seven peasants got together."
2. The plot is the oath of the heroes not to return home until they find the answer to their question.
3. The main part consists of many autonomous parts: the reader meets a soldier, happy that he was not beaten, a slave who is proud of his privilege to eat from the master's bowls, a grandmother whose turnip was disfigured for her joy in the garden ... While the search for happiness stands still, depicts a slow but steady growth of national self-awareness, which the author wanted to show even more than the declared happiness in Russia. From random episodes, a general picture of Russia emerges: poor, drunk, but not hopeless, striving for a better life. In addition, the poem contains several large and independent inserted episodes, some of which are even included in autonomous chapters ("The Last One", "The Peasant Woman").
4. The climax. The writer names Grisha Dobrosklonov, a fighter for national happiness, as a happy man in Russia.
5. Interchange. A serious illness prevented the author from completing his grand design. Even the chapters that he managed to write were sorted and designated by his confidants after his death. It must be understood that the poem is not finished, it was written by a very sick person, therefore this work is the most complex and confusing of the entire literary heritage of Nekrasov.
6. The final chapter is called "A Feast for the Whole World." All night long peasants sing about old and new times. Good and hopeful songs are sung by Grisha Dobrosklonov.

What is the poem about?

Seven men got together on the road and argued about who lives well in Russia? The essence of the poem is that they were looking for an answer to this question on the way, talking with representatives of different classes. The revelation of each of them is a separate plot. So, the heroes went for a walk in order to resolve the dispute, but only quarreled, starting a fight. In the night forest, at the time of a fight, a chick fell from the nest of a bird, and one of the men picked it up. The interlocutors sat down by the fire and began to dream to also acquire wings and everything necessary to travel in search of the truth. The warbler bird turns out to be magical and, as a ransom for its chick, tells people how to find a self-assembled tablecloth that will provide them with food and clothing. They find her and feast, and during the feast they vow to find the answer to their question together, but until then they will not see any of their relatives and return home.

On the way, they meet a priest, a peasant woman, a farcical Petrushka, beggars, an overstrained worker and a paralyzed former courtyard, an honest man Yermila Girin, landowner Gavrila Obolt-Obolduev, the out-of-mind Last-Utyatin and his family, Yakov the faithful servant, God-wanderer Lonuyapushka but none of them were happy people. A story of suffering and misfortune full of genuine tragedy is associated with each of them. The goal of the journey is achieved only when the pilgrims stumbled upon the seminarian Grisha Dobrosklonov, who is happy with his selfless service to his homeland. With good songs, he instills hope in the people, and this ends the poem "Who Lives Well in Russia". Nekrasov wanted to continue the story, but did not have time, but gave his characters a chance to gain faith in the future of Russia.

The main characters and their characteristics

It is safe to say about the heroes "Who Lives Well in Russia" that they represent a complete system of images that orders and structures the text. For example, the work emphasizes the unity of the seven pilgrims. They do not show individuality, character, they express the common features of national self-awareness. These characters are a single whole, their dialogues, in fact, are collective speech, which originates from oral folk art. This feature makes Nekrasov's poem related to Russian folklore tradition.

1. Seven Wanderers represent the former serfs "from adjacent villages - Zaplatov, Dyryavin, Razutov, Znobishin, Gorelova, Neyolova, Neurozhayka, too." All of them put forward their versions of who lives well in Russia: a landowner, an official, a priest, a merchant, a noble boyar, a sovereign minister or a tsar. Perseverance is expressed in their character: they all demonstrate a reluctance to take the other side. Strength, courage and striving for truth are what unites them. They are passionate, easily give in to anger, but appeasement compensates for these shortcomings. Kindness and compassion make them pleasant conversationalists, even though they are a little meticulous. Their temper is stern and tough, but life did not indulge them with luxury either: the former serfs all the time bent their backs, working for the master, and after the reform, no one bothered to attach them in a proper way. So they wandered in Russia in search of truth and justice. The search itself characterizes them as serious, thoughtful and thorough people. The symbolic number "7" means a hint of good luck that awaited them at the end of the journey.
2. The main character- Grisha Dobrosklonov, a seminarian, the son of a sexton. By nature, he is a dreamer, romantic, loves to compose songs and delight people. In them, he talks about the fate of Russia, about her misfortunes, and at the same time about her mighty strength, which one day will come out and crush injustice. Although he is an idealist, his character is firm, as are his convictions to devote his life to serving the truth. The character feels in himself a vocation to be the people's leader and singer of Russia. He is happy to sacrifice himself to a high idea and help his homeland. However, the author hints that a difficult fate awaits him: prison, exile, hard labor. The authorities do not want to hear the voice of the people, they will try to shut them up, and then Grisha will be doomed to torment. But Nekrasov makes it clear with all his might that happiness is a state of spiritual euphoria, and one can only cognize it by being inspired by a lofty idea.
3. Matryona Timofeevna Korchagina- the main character, a peasant woman, whom the neighbors call a lucky woman because she begged the wife of the military leader for her husband (he, the only breadwinner of the family, should have been recruited for 25 years). However, the life story of a woman reveals not luck or good fortune, but grief and humiliation. She knew the loss of her only child, the anger of her mother-in-law, the daily, exhausting work. Detailed and its fate is described in an essay on our website, be sure to take a look.
4. Savely Korchagin- the grandfather of Matryona's husband, a real Russian hero. At one time, he killed a German manager who mercilessly mocked the peasants entrusted to him. For this, a strong and proud man paid for decades in hard labor. Upon his return, he was no longer good for anything, years of imprisonment trampled on his body, but did not break his will, because, as before, he stood up for justice. About the Russian peasant, the hero always said: "And bends, but does not break." However, without knowing it, the grandfather turns out to be the executioner of his own great-grandson. He did not look after the child, and the pigs ate it.
5. Ermil Girin- a man of exceptional honesty, the steward in the patrimony of Prince Yurlov. When he needed to buy out the mill, he stood in the square and asked people to chip in to help him. After the hero got to his feet, he returned all the borrowed money to the people. For this he earned respect and honor. But he was unhappy, because he paid for his authority with freedom: after the peasant revolt, suspicion of his organization fell on him, and he was imprisoned in prison.
6. Landowners in the poem"Who lives well in Russia" is presented in abundance. The author portrays them objectively and even gives some images a positive character. For example, the governor Elena Aleksandrovna, who helped Matryona, appears as the people's benefactor. Also, with a note of compassion, the writer portrays Gavrila Obolt-Obolduev, who also treated the peasants tolerably, even arranged holidays for them, and with the abolition of serfdom, he lost his footing: he was too used to the old order. In contrast to these characters, the image of the Last Duck and his treacherous, calculating family was created. The relatives of the old cruel serf-owner decided to deceive him and persuaded the former slaves to participate in the performance in exchange for profitable territories. However, when the old man died, the wealthy heirs brazenly deceived the common people and drove him out with nothing. The apogee of the noble insignificance is the landowner Polivanov, who beats his faithful servant and gives his son to recruits for trying to marry his girlfriend. Thus, the writer is far from denigrating the nobility everywhere, he tries to show both sides of the coin.
7. Serf Jacob- a representative figure of a serf peasant, the antagonist of the hero Savely. Jacob absorbed all the slavish essence of the oppressed class, downtrodden by lawlessness and ignorance. When the master beats him and even sends his son to certain death, the servant humbly and meekly endures the offense. His revenge matched this obedience: he hanged himself in the forest right in front of the master, who was a cripple and could not get home without his help.
8. Iona Lyapushkin- God's wanderer who told the peasants several stories about the life of people in Russia. It tells about the epiphany of the ataman Kudeyara, who decided to forgive his sins with murder for the good, and about the cunning of Gleb the elder, who violated the will of the late master and did not release the serfs on his order.
9. Pop- a representative of the clergy who laments the difficult life of a priest. The constant encounter with grief and poverty grieves the heart, not to mention the popular witticisms about his dignity.

The characters in the poem "Who Lives Well in Russia" are diverse and make it possible to compose a picture of the customs and life of that time.

Theme

• The main theme of the work is freedom- rests on the problem that the Russian peasant did not know what to do with it, and how to adapt to the new realities. The national character is also "problematic": people-thinkers, people-seekers of truth drink anyway, live in oblivion and empty talk. They are not able to squeeze the slaves out of themselves until their poverty acquires at least the modest dignity of poverty, until they stop living drunken illusions, until they realize their strength and pride, trampled by centuries of humiliating state of affairs that have been sold, lost and bought.
• Happiness theme... The poet believes that a person can get the highest satisfaction from life only by helping other people. The real value of being is to feel needed by society, to bring good, love and justice to the world. Selfless and selfless service to a good cause fills every moment with a sublime meaning, an idea, without which time loses its color, becomes dull from inaction or selfishness. Grisha Dobrosklonov is happy not with wealth and not with his position in the world, but with the fact that he leads Russia and his people to a brighter future.
• Homeland theme... Although Russia appears in the eyes of readers as a poor and tortured, but still a wonderful country with a great future and heroic past. Nekrasov takes pity on his homeland, devoting himself entirely to its correction and improvement. The homeland for him is the people, the people are his muse. All these concepts are closely intertwined in the poem "Who Lives Well in Russia". The author's patriotism is especially vividly expressed at the end of the book, when wanderers find a lucky man living in the interests of society. In a strong and patient Russian woman, in justice and honor of a hero-peasant, in the sincere kind-heartedness of a folk singer, the creator sees the true image of his state, full of dignity and spirituality.
• Labor theme. Useful activity raises the poor heroes of Nekrasov above the vanity and depravity of the nobility. It is idleness that destroys the Russian master, turning him into a smug and arrogant insignificance. But the common people have skills that are really important for society and genuine virtue, without him there will be no Russia, but the country will do without noble tyrants, revelers and greedy seekers of wealth. So the writer comes to the conclusion that the value of each citizen is determined only by his contribution to the common cause - the prosperity of the homeland.
• Mystical motive... Fantastic elements appear already in the Prologue and immerse the reader in the fabulous atmosphere of the epic, where it is necessary to follow the development of the idea, and not the realism of the circumstances. Seven eagle owls on seven trees is the magic number 7, which bodes well. The raven praying to the devil is another face of the devil, because the raven symbolizes death, grave decay and infernal forces. He is opposed by a good force in the form of a bird-warbler, which equips the men for the journey. The self-assembled tablecloth is a poetic symbol of happiness and contentment. "The wide path" is a symbol of the open ending of the poem and the basis of the plot, because on both sides of the road, travelers have a multifaceted and genuine panorama of Russian life. The image of an unknown fish in unknown seas, which swallowed up "the keys to women's happiness", is symbolic. A crying she-wolf with bloody breasts also clearly demonstrates the difficult fate of a Russian peasant woman. One of the most striking images of the reform is the "great chain", which, breaking, "scattered one end over the master, the second over the peasant!" Seven wanderers are a symbol of all the people of Russia, restless, waiting for change and looking for happiness.

Problematic

• In the epic poem, Nekrasov raised a large number of acute and topical issues of that time. The main problem is "Who lives well in Russia?" - the problem of happiness, both socially and philosophically. It is connected with the social theme of the abolition of serfdom, which greatly changed (and not for the better) the traditional way of life of all segments of the population. It would seem that here it is, freedom, what else do people need? Isn't this happiness? However, in reality it turned out that the people, who, due to long-term slavery, do not know how to live independently, were thrown to the mercy of fate. Pop, landowner, peasant woman, Grisha Dobrosklonov and seven peasants are real Russian characters and destinies. The author described them, relying on the rich experience of communication with people from the common people. The problems of the work are also taken from life: the disorder and confusion after the reform to abolish serfdom really affected all estates. No one organized jobs for yesterday's slaves or even land plots, no one provided the landowner with competent instructions and laws regulating his new relations with workers.
• The problem of alcoholism. Wanderers come to an unpleasant conclusion: life in Russia is so hard that without drunkenness the peasant will completely die. Oblivion and fog are necessary for him in order to somehow pull the strap of hopeless existence and hard labor.
• The problem of social inequality. The landowners have been torturing the peasants with impunity for years, and Savelya has been mutilated for the murder of such an oppressor all his life. For deception, nothing will happen to the relatives of the Follower, and their servants will again be left with nothing.
• The philosophical problem of the search for truth, which each of us encounters, is allegorically expressed in the campaign of seven pilgrims who understand that without this find their life is devalued.

The idea of ​​the work

A road skirmish between peasants is not an everyday quarrel, but an eternal, great dispute, in which, to one degree or another, all strata of Russian society of that time appear. All its main representatives (priest, landowner, merchant, official, tsar) are summoned to the peasant court. For the first time, men can and have the right to judge. For all the years of slavery and poverty, they are looking not for retribution, but for the answer: how to live? This is the meaning of Nekrasov's poem "Who Lives Well in Russia?" - the growth of national consciousness on the ruins of the old system. The author's point of view is expressed by Grisha Dobrosklonov in his songs: “And your burden was made easier by fate, a companion of the days of the Slav! You are still a slave in the family, but the mother is already a free son! .. ". Despite the negative consequences of the 1861 reform, the creator believes that there is a happy future for the fatherland behind it. It is always difficult at the beginning of change, but this work will be rewarded a hundredfold.

The most important condition for further prosperity is overcoming internal slavery:

Enough! Completed with the past calculation,
Completed settlement with the master!
The Russian people are gathering strength
And learns to be a citizen

Despite the fact that the poem is not finished, the main idea of ​​Nekrasov was voiced. Already the first of the songs "A Feast to the Whole World" gives an answer to the question posed in the title: "The share of the people, their happiness, light and freedom, above all!"

End

In the finale, the author expresses his point of view on the changes that have taken place in Russia in connection with the abolition of serfdom and, finally, sums up the results of the search: Grisha Dobrosklonov is recognized as the lucky one. It is he who is the bearer of Nekrasov's opinion, and in his songs the true attitude of Nikolai Alekseevich to what he described is hidden. The poem "Who Lives Well in Russia" ends with a feast for the whole world in the truest sense of the word: this is the name of the last chapter, where the characters celebrate and rejoice at the happy end of the search.

Output

In Russia, the hero of Nekrasov Grisha Dobrosklonov is good, since he serves people, and, therefore, lives with meaning. Grisha is a fighter for truth, a prototype of a revolutionary. The conclusion that can be drawn on the basis of the work is simple: a lucky man is found, Russia is embarking on the path of reforms, the people through thorns are reaching for the title of citizen. This bright omen is the great significance of the poem. It is not the first century that it has been teaching people altruism, the ability to serve high ideals, and not vulgar and passing cults. From the point of view of literary skill, the book is also of great importance: it is truly a folk epic, reflecting a contradictory, complex, and at the same time a very important historical era.

Of course, the poem would not be so valuable if it only gave lessons in history and literature. She gives life lessons, and this is her most important property. The moral of the work "Who Lives Well in Russia" is that it is necessary to work for the good of your homeland, not to scold it, but to help it with deeds, because it is easier to push around with a word, but in reality not everyone can and wants to change something. Here it is, happiness - to be in your place, to be needed not only for yourself, but also for the people. Only together can a significant result be achieved, only together can the problems and hardships of this overcoming be overcome. Grisha Dobrosklonov tried to unite, unite people with his songs so that they would meet the changes shoulder to shoulder. This is his holy purpose, and everyone has it, it is important not to be too lazy to go out on the road and look for him, as the seven pilgrims did.

Criticism

The reviewers were attentive to the work of Nekrasov, because he himself was an important person in literary circles and had great authority. Whole monographs were devoted to his phenomenal civic lyrics with a detailed analysis of the creative methodology and ideological and thematic originality of his poetry. For example, here's how the writer S.A. Andreevsky:

He brought from oblivion the anapest, abandoned on Olympus, and for many years made this heavy, but flexible meter as walking as from the time of Pushkin to Nekrasov, only airy and melodious iambic remained. This rhythm, chosen by the poet, reminiscent of the rotational movement of a barrel organ, allowed him to keep on the borders of poetry and prose, joke with the crowd, speak fluently and vulgarly, insert a funny and cruel joke, express bitter truths and imperceptibly, slowing down the beat, with more solemn words, go into flowery.

Korney Chukovsky spoke with inspiration about the thorough preparation of Nikolai Alekseevich for work, citing this example of writing as a standard:

Nekrasov himself constantly "visited Russian huts", thanks to which both the soldier's and the peasant's speech became thoroughly known to him from childhood: not only from books, but also in practice he studied the common language and from his youth became a great connoisseur of folk-poetic images, folk forms thinking, folk aesthetics.

The death of the poet came as a surprise and shock to many of his friends and colleagues. As you know, F.M. Dostoevsky with a heartfelt speech, inspired by the impressions of a recently read poem. Specifically, among other things, he said:

He, indeed, was extremely peculiar and, indeed, came with a "new word."

A new word, first of all, was his poem "Who Lives Well in Russia". No one before him was so deeply aware of the peasant, simple, everyday grief. His colleague noted in his speech that Nekrasov was dear to him precisely because he worshiped "the truth of the people with all his being, which he testified to in his best creations." However, Fyodor Mikhailovich did not support his radical views on the reconstruction of Russia, however, like many thinkers of that time. Therefore, the criticism reacted to the publication violently, and in some cases even aggressively. In this situation, the honor of a friend was defended by the famous reviewer, master of words Vissarion Belinsky:

N. Nekrasov in his last work remained true to his idea: to arouse the sympathy of the upper classes of society for the common people, their needs and requirements.

Quite tartly, recalling, apparently, professional disagreements, I.S.Turgenev spoke about the work:

Nekrasov's poems, collected in one focus, are burned.

The liberal writer was not a supporter of his former editor and openly expressed his doubts about his talent as an artist:

In white threads, sewn with all sorts of absurdities, painfully hatched fabrications of the mournful muse of Mr. Nekrasov - her, poetry, is not even for a penny "

He really was a man of very high nobility of soul and a man of great mind. And as a poet, he is, of course, superior to all poets.