A mighty bunch - five brave ones. Composers "The Mighty Handful" The Artistic Culture of Post-Reform Russia

MUNICIPAL BUDGET

EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

ADDITIONAL EDUCATION
HOUSE OF CHILDREN'S CREATIVITY "Druzhny"

URBAN DISTRICT UFA CITY

REPUBLIC OF BASHKORTOSTAN.

Plan - lesson outline

The Mighty Handful of Russian Composers.

MP Mussorgsky "Pictures at an Exhibition".

Additional education teacher

UFA 2016

Topic: Commonwealth of Russian Composers - "The Mighty Handful".

MP Mussorgsky piano suite "Pictures at an Exhibition".

Association "Game Rainbow"

Year of study: 1-4 years of study

Additional education teacher:

Ponomareva Natalia Alexandrovna

Venue: DDT "Druzhny"

Target: Introduce children to the best examples of Russian musical culture.

Tasks:

Educational:

Acquaintance with the great composers of the nineteenth century of the creative union "The Mighty Handful";

Acquaintance with the work of M.P. Mussorgsky Pictures at an Exhibition;

Teach you to express your thoughts.

Developing:

Develop the ability to distinguish the figurative nature of music;

Develop an ear for music and memory;

Educating:

Instill an interest in classical music;

To foster feelings of pride in Russian music.

Equipment:

Piano, audio cassettes, computer, multimedia projector.

Expected results

Know:

Union of Russian Composers "Mighty Handful";

Piano suite "Pictures at an Exhibition" by M.P. Mussorgsky.

Be able to:

To be able to tell about Russian composers of the 19th century;

Get to know the pieces of the "Pictures at an Exhibition" piano suite.

Forms of work organization: group.

Forms of organizing the work of a teacher: organizational, educational, developmental.

The course of the lesson.

1. Organizational part.

The play "Walk" from the piano suite "Pictures at an Exhibition" is played

M.P. Mussorgsky.

Teacher: Good afternoon, dear guys, dear guests and parents!

Today we will talk about the great Russian composers of the 19th century, and about the wonderful work of M.P. Mussorgsky Pictures at an Exhibition. And what will be the topic of our lesson?

Predicted responses of children.

(slide with the image of Russian composers "The Mighty Handful")

2.The main part

In the middle of the nineteenth century, the creative union of Russian composers "The Mighty Handful" was created. This group of composers included: Miliy Alekseevich Balakirev, Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky, Alexander Porfirevich Borodin, Nikolai Andreevich Rimsky-Korsakov and Caesar Antonovich Cui. Often, the "Mighty Handful" is called the "New Russian Music School", as well as the "Balakirevsky Circle", named after its leader, MABalakirev.

The history of the creation of the Balakirevsky circle is as follows: in 1855, M.A. Balakirev came to St. Petersburg from Kazan. The eighteen-year-old boy was extremely gifted musically. He performs with great success on the concert stage as a pianist and attracts the attention of the public. At one of the university concerts, Balakirev meets with Caesar Antonovich Cui, who was studying at the Military Engineering Academy at that time. Cui was very fond of music. With his new and bold views on music, Balakirev captivates Cui, awakens in him a serious interest in art. Under the direction of Balakirev, Cui wrote a scherzo for piano in four hands, the opera "Prisoner of the Caucasus". The next composer to join the group was Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky. By the time he joined the Balakirev circle, he was a guard officer. N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov and A.P. Borodin join the Balakirevsky circle. If Rimsky-Korsakov was a very young member of the circle, whose views and musical talent were just beginning to be determined, then Borodin by this time was already a mature man, an outstanding scientist-chemist. Even during his student years at the Medical and Surgical Academy Borodin, playing the cello, often participated in ensembles of music lovers. Before meeting Balakirev, Borodin himself wrote several chamber works. Thus, the Balakirevs' circle was formed. Much credit in the upbringing and development of its participants at that time belonged to M.A. Balakirev. He was their leader, organizer and teacher. By this time, each of them had created many large independent works. So, Mussorgsky wrote the symphonic picture "Night on Bald Mountain" and the first edition of "Boris Godunov". Rimsky-Korsakov - symphonic works "Antar", "Sadko" and the opera "The Woman of Pskov". Balakirev composed his main works: the symphonic poem "In the Czech Republic", the overture "1000 years", the brilliant piano fantasy "Islamey", "Overture on three Russian themes", music to Shakespeare's tragedy "King Lear". Borodin created the first symphony. Cui graduated from the opera Ratcliff. Each of the composers of The Mighty Handful represents a bright creative personality. However, the historical originality of the "Mighty Handful" was that it was not just a group of musicians who were friendly to each other, but a creative team of leading artists of their time. The leading line in the subject of the works of the "Kuchkists" is occupied by the life and interests of the Russian people. Composers recorded, studied and developed samples of folklore. They boldly used the folk song in symphonic and operatic works. By creating works of art for the people, speaking a language that is understandable and familiar to them, composers made their music accessible to the widest layers of listeners. The influence of Western European theaters in Russia was ensured by all state privileges. Overcoming the obstacles posed to the promotion of "national" music, attacks from critics, the composers of the "Mighty Handful" stubbornly continued their work of developing their native art. The meetings of the Balakirevsky circle always proceeded in a very lively creative atmosphere.

Physical education

Exercises for hands and fingers.

3. The practical part.

Today we will meet one of the greatest Russian composers, Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky, and his suite Pictures at an Exhibition.

Modest was born on March 21, 1839 on an estate in the Pskov region. Starting at the age of six, his mother took over the direction of her son's musical education. And at the age of 10 he entered the Peter and Paul School in St. Petersburg. Three years later, he transferred to the School of Guards Ensigns. At that time, Modest combined his studies at the School with studying with the pianist Gerke.

He began to write very early and very soon realized that he had to devote his life to music. Without thinking twice, he, already an officer of the Preobrazhensky regiment, decided to retire. Despite his youth (18 years old), Mussorgsky showed great versatility of interests: he studied music, history, literature, philosophy.

Pictures at an Exhibition are one of the best masterpieces in Russian piano music. In form, it is a suite, consisting of ten plays, each of which reflects the content of one of the paintings by the artist Viktor Alexandrovich Hartmann. For Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky, he was a very close friend, so the sudden death of Hartmann at a young age (only 39 years old!) Literally shocked the composer. A year after this tragic event, an exhibition of paintings by Victor Hartmann was held, dedicated to his memory. However, the best monument to the artist was the piano cycle written by his friend. The idea of ​​its creation came to Mussorgsky during his visit to the exhibition. Some paintings can hardly even be called paintings. These are rather sketches, sketches, sometimes just sketches for theatrical costumes. The whole cycle consists of ten plays (pictures) linked by one leitmotif called "Walk". This is Mussorgsky himself, who walks through the exhibition hall and from time to time stops in front of another painting that interested him.

The suite consists of 10 plays, the prototype of which was various works of Hartmann: his watercolors ("Catacombs"), drawings ("Hut on Chicken Legs"), architectural projects ("Heroic Gates"), sketches of toys ("Gnome"), and costumes to the ballet performance ("Ballet of Unhatched Chicks"), and finally, picturesque portraits ("Two Jews - Rich and Poor") and genre sketches ("Tuileries Garden").

The theme of the prelude is broad, in the Russian folk spirit.

The Prelude sounds.

The first picture "Gnome" is a fantastic study. The figurine of a clumsy, crooked gnome comes to life in music. A fabulous image of an inhabitant of mountain bowels.

The play "Gnome" is played.

What is the nature of the music?

Predicted responses of children.

The next picture is called "The Tuileries Garden." In Hartmann's painting, there is a picturesque sketch of an alley in the Tuileries Garden with a motley crowd of children and nannies. In the music, you can hear the hubbub of mischievous childish fuss ("a quarrel of children after the game") and the good-natured conversation of nannies (in the middle episode).

The "Tuileries Garden" sounds.

And here is another surprise - the magic schercino (joke) "Ballet of unhatched chicks".

Brilliance of wit, mastery of art combined in the charming music of a miniature "ballet".

The "Ballet of Unhatched Chicks" is played.

Before us is a picture of the "Limoges Market", showing the noisy bustle of the market square, a crowd of Limoges gossips, excitedly discussing the city news.

The play "Limoges Market" is played

How did this play sound?

Predicted responses of children.

The next picture takes the composer's imagination into the magical world of a Russian fairy tale. "Hut on Chicken Legs" - in Hartmann's watercolors - an elegant frame of a bronze clock. In the perception of Mussorgsky, there is a fantastic image of Baba Yaga. She is the heroine of the musical play. This wonderful Russian scherzo in the folk spirit, vividly reproduces the angry tapping of a "bone leg" and the dashing flight of an evil sorceress in a mortar with a broomstick, and the mystery of a dark dense forest

The play "Hut on Chicken Legs" is played.

And now I propose to play a game: from the pages of Pictures at an Exhibition, try to guess the pieces of music.

Fragments of plays sound, children guess.

MP Mussorgsky is one of the most outstanding composers of the 19th century.

Being the author of operas, romances, choral works, that is, predominantly a vocal composer, Mussorgsky chooses the word as the main carrier of meaning. The creative energy of the genius composer, who combined music and word, created art.

Musorgsky's works are not “vocal compositions”, but narratives written by the heart and soul of the composer. Deeply sincere, full of compassion, they tell about the life of the people, individuals and destinies.

The creative heritage of Mussorgsky is unusually large and varied. He wrote 5 operas, vocal cycles, siphonic pictures "Night on Bald Mountain", a piano suite "Pictures at an Exhibition", romances and songs.

MP Mussorgsky is one of the greatest creators of musical art, who created musical works of amazing strength and beauty. His music, which is world famous, is the national pride of the Russian people.

3.The final part

Teacher: Our lesson has come to an end. Did you enjoy the lesson? What have you learned new?

Predicted responses of children.

The teacher speaks individually about each child and notes his activity in the lesson.

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Slide captions:

"Mighty handful" or Balakirevsky circle Balakirev MA

History of creation. "The Mighty Handful" is the common name for a group of composers, which included: Miliy Alekseevich Balakirev (1837-1910), Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky (1839-1881), Alexander Porfirevich Borodin (1833-1887), Nikolai Andreevich Rimsky-Korsakov (1844-1908 ) and Caesar Antonovich Cui (1835-1918).

Often, the "Mighty Handful" is called the "New Russian Music School", as well as the "Balakirevsky Circle", named after its leader, MABalakirev. Abroad, this group of musicians was called the "Five" according to the number of main representatives. The composers of The Mighty Handful entered the creative arena during the period of great social upsurge in the 60s of the 19th century.

The history of the creation of the Balakirevsky circle is as follows: in 1855, M.A. Balakirev came to St. Petersburg from Kazan. The eighteen-year-old boy was extremely gifted musically. At the beginning of 1856, he performed with great success on the concert stage as a pianist and attracted the attention of the public. Especially important for Balakirev is his acquaintance with V.V. Stasov.

Miliy Alekseevich Balakirev (1837-1910) organizer and inspirer of The Mighty Handful. Major works: "Cantata in Memory of Glinka", 2 symphonies, overtures, suites, choral works, romances.

Vladimir Vasilievich Stasov is an interesting figure in the history of Russian art. Critic, scholarly art critic, historian and archaeologist, Stasov, acting as a music critic, was a close friend of all Russian composers. He was connected by the closest friendship with literally all major Russian artists, appeared in print with the propaganda of their best paintings and was also their best advisor and assistant.

In 1856, at one of the university concerts, Balakirev met Caesar Antonovich Cui, who was studying at the Military Engineering Academy at that time and specialized in the construction of military fortifications. Cui was very fond of music. In his early youth, he even studied with the Polish composer Moniuszko. With his new and bold views on music, Balakirev captivates Cui, awakens in him a serious interest in art. Under the direction of Balakirev, Cui wrote in 1857 a scherzo for piano four hands, the opera Prisoner of the Caucasus, and in 1859 - the one-act comic opera Son of a Mandarin.

Caesar Antonovich Cui (1835-1908) Military engineer. Major works: operas: "Prisoner of the Caucasus", "William Ratcliff", "Saracen", "Feast in time of the plague", more than 300 romances.

The next composer to join the Balakirev - Stasov - Cui group was Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky. By the time he joined the Balakirev circle, he was a guard officer. He began to write very early and very soon realized that he had to devote his life to music. Without thinking twice, he, already an officer of the Preobrazhensky regiment, decided to retire. Despite his youth (18 years old), Mussorgsky showed great versatility of interests: he studied music, history, literature, philosophy.

Modest Petrovich Musorgsky (1839-1881) He graduated from the school of guards ensigns, from 1858 in the civil service, at the same time working on his musical works. Major works: Operas: "Salambo", "Marriage", "Boris Godunov", "Khovanshchina", "Sorochinskaya Fair", works for orchestra, songs, romances, processing of Russian folk songs.

In 1862 N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov and A.P. Borodin joined the Balakirev circle. If Rimsky-Korsakov was a very young member of the circle, whose views and musical talent were just beginning to be determined, then Borodin by this time was already a mature man, an outstanding scientist-chemist, friendly with such giants of Russian science as Mendeleev, Sechenov, Kovalevsky , Botkin.

A.P. Borodin (1834-1887) considered chemistry to be his profession. In 1877 he received the title of academician. Major works: operas: "Prince Igor", "Heroes", opera-ballet "Mlada", three symphonies, piano pieces, romances, chamber instrumental ensembles. Close connection with Russian folklore.

Nikolai Andreevich Rimsky-Korsakov (1844-1908) He served in the navy and was engaged in creative activities. He wrote his first symphony at the age of 19. Major works: the opera "Snow Maiden". Sadko, The Golden Cockerel, three symphonies, songs, choral and chamber pieces. All creativity is imbued with the "Russian spirit".

Formation and development of the views of the "Kuchkists". Much credit in the upbringing and development of its participants at that time belonged to M.A. Balakirev. He was their leader, organizer and teacher. Balakirev's methods of teaching with students were peculiar. He directly asked to compose symphonies, overtures, scherzos, opera excerpts, etc., and then examined and strictly analyzed what was done. Balakirev managed to instill in his circle mates the need for broad self-education. In addition to Balakirev, V.V. Stasov also played a huge role in the leadership of the composer's youth. Stasov's participation in the activities of the handful was diverse. Often Stasov suggested subjects for works and helped in their development and in a comprehensive discussion of already created works.

Each of the composers who were part of The Mighty Handful represents a bright creative individuality and is worthy of independent study. However, the historical originality of the "Mighty Handful" was that it was not just a group of musicians who were friendly to each other, but a creative team, a fighting community of leading artists of their time, welded together by ideological unity and common artistic attitudes. In this respect, The Mighty Handful was a typical phenomenon of its time. Similar creative communities, circles, partnerships were created in various fields of art. ... In painting it was the "Artistic Artel", which then laid the foundation for "wandering", in literature - a group of participants in the magazine "Sovremennik".

The Russian people in the works of composers. The leading line in the subject of the works of the "Kuchkists" is occupied by the life and interests of the Russian people. Most of the composers of The Mighty Handful have systematically recorded, studied and developed samples of folklore. Composers boldly used the folk song in symphonic and operatic pieces (The Tsar's Bride, The Snow Maiden, Khovanshchina, Boris Godunov). Overcoming the obstacles posed to the promotion of "national" music, attacks from critics, the composers of the "Mighty Handful" stubbornly continued their work of developing their native art and, as Stasov later wrote, "Balakirev's partnership won both the public and the musicians. It sowed a new grain of grace, which soon gave a splendid and most fruitful harvest. "

The public and the Mighty Handful. The composers of The Mighty Handful did a great deal of public education. The first public manifestation of the activity of the Balakirev circle was the opening of the Free Music School in 1862. The main organizers were M.I. Balakirev and the choirmaster G.Ya. Lomakin. The free music school set itself the main task of spreading musical knowledge among the broad masses of the population. By the end of the 70s and the beginning of the 80s, the work of the composers of The Mighty Handful was gaining wide popularity and recognition not only in their homeland, but also abroad.

The collapse of the "Five". The "Mighty Handful" as a single creative team existed until the mid-70s. By this time, in the letters and memoirs of its participants and close friends, one can more and more often find reasoning and statements about the reasons for its gradual disintegration. The closest to the truth is Borodin. In a letter to the singer L. I. Karmalina in 1876, he wrote: “... As the activity develops, individuality begins to take precedence over the school, over what a person has inherited from others. ... Finally, for one and the same, in different epochs of development, at different times, views and tastes in particular change. All this is utterly natural. " Mussorgsky was the first of the leaders of the "Mighty Handful" to die. He died in 1881. The last years of Mussorgsky's life were very difficult. A.P. Borodin died in 1887. With the death of Borodin, the paths of the surviving composers of The Mighty Handful parted completely. Balakirev, withdrawn into himself, completely departed from Rimsky-Korsakov, Cui has long lagged behind his genius contemporaries. Stasov alone remained in the same relationship with each of the three.

On the great traditions of The Mighty Handful, Rimsky-Korsakov brought up a whole generation of musicians. Among them are such outstanding artists as Glazunov, Lyadov, Arensky, Lysenko, Spendiarov, Ippolitov-Ivanov, Steinberg, Myaskovsky and many others. They brought these traditions alive and effective to our time. Glazunov, Lyadov, Rimsky-Korsakov

Influence of creativity of "Kuchkists" on world musical art. The work of the composers of The Mighty Handful is the highest example of musical art; at the same time, it is accessible, expensive and understandable to the widest circles of listeners. This is its great enduring value. The music created by this small but powerful collective is a lofty example of serving the people with their art, an example of genuine creative friendship, an example of heroic artistic work.

"Night on Bald Mountain"

Opera "Boris Godunov"

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"Mighty handful" - five brave sailor, military man, chemist, engineer. And only one is a professional musician. Together - "The Mighty Handful". Rimsky-Korsakov, Mussorgsky, Borodin, Kui and Balakirev. Composers, thanks to whom in the XIX century. in Russia appeared - and declared itself to the whole world - its own national music school.

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They themselves called themselves the "Balakirevsky circle". And with the light hand of the great critic Vladimir Vasilyevich Stasov, they went down in history as “a small but already mighty bunch of Russian musicians”, in other words, “A mighty bunch”. Five brave ones who fought for the right of Russian music to exist and won this struggle: Miliy Alekseevich Balakirev, Alexander Porfirevich Borodin, Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky, Nikolai Andreevich Rimsky-Korsakov, Caesar Antonovich Curie ...

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Miliy Balakirev The performing talent of the founder of the circle, Miliy Balakirev, manifested itself at an early age. The family, who lived in Nizhny Novgorod, decided that the boy would definitely become a pianist and musician. Soon a patron was found - a local industrialist A. Ulybyshev, who had two passions - music and collecting books. He maintained his own home orchestra, and the library occupied several rooms of his mansion. Young Balakirev spent long hours among Ulybyshev's folios. I read everything - from the classics of world literature to special books on music theory. And so he got a very good musical education. And until 1862. there was not a single musical institution in Russia! And he had his first conducting practice at the age of 18 - at an Easter concert by the Ulybyshev Orchestra.

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In the mid 50s. The 19-year-old musician decided to conquer the capital. His very first concerts in St. Petersburg attracted great public attention. His name becomes famous, the fashionable virtuoso pianist (who also performs music of his own composition) is vying with each other to be invited to social events.

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But soon Balakirev abandons a seemingly profitable career as a performer. He has a different goal! Following Glinka, he wants to develop national traditions in music, to be an educator musician. Mily Alekseevich's hot speeches, his exceptional musical talent and love for national art affected those around him hypnotically: “... his personal charm was terribly great. Young, with wonderful, mobile, fiery eyes, with a beautiful beard, speaking resolutely, authoritatively and directly, every minute ready for a wonderful improvisation at the piano, remembering every beat, memorizing compositions instantly played to him ... ”(from the memoirs of Rimsky-Korsakov). A circle of young people quickly formed around Balakirev, from which at first the young military engineer Caesar Cui stood out.

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Caesar Cui Actually, Caesar Antonovich Cui was two years older than Balakirev. And by 1856, when the young musician was just conquering the capital, he had already graduated from a respectable Engineering Academy. Cui was well versed in music, played the violin and piano and even tried to write himself. In his hometown of Vilna, the famous Polish composer Stanislav Moniuszko worked in harmony with him.

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But for the time being, engineer Cui did not attach serious importance to his hobby - music. Balakirev persuaded Cui to take music seriously and became a teacher, critic, and assistant for him. However, even having won recognition as a composer, Cui did not give up his main activity: after graduating from the academy, he remained to teach fortification there. And in 1878. was appointed professor and held departments simultaneously in three military academies: the General Staff, Engineering and Artillery. Here are the titles of the most notable works of the outstanding Russian composer: "A Brief Textbook of Field Fortification", "Attack and Defense of Modern Fortresses", "The Role of Long-Term Fortification in the Defense of States." More than one generation of Russian military engineers studied using them! And as a composer, Cui was also very prolific: operas, suites, tarantella (brilliantly arranged by F. Liszt for piano), pieces for piano, violin and cello and, of course, romances (among his favorite authors are Pushkin, Nekrasov, A.K. Tolstoy). But nevertheless, Cui was most known to his contemporaries as a music critic.

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The militant nature of his articles, their literary brilliance, the same elegance of style as in music, brought Cui to the ranks of the most authoritative and dangerous writers for enemies. They listened to his opinion, they were afraid of his reviews. They believed him. Protecting the creativity of his colleagues in The Mighty Handful, Cui did not leave a stone unturned from his opponents. But what horror the friends felt when Cui, with the same power, with the same wit, attacked the brilliant, innovative work of his brother M. Mussorgsky - the opera "Boris Godunov", which was dedicated to his circle mates! This "Knife in the back" Mussorgsky did not forgive Cui until the end of his days. Later, the poet Alexei Apukhtin wrote an epigram: But who is this Caesar, this Cui? He became a feuilletonist, He throws menacing articles to the delight of high school students. He, like Ratcliffe, inspires fear, Nothing to him Beethoven, And even the aged Bach was guilty before him.

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Modest Mussorgsky And everything began idyllically - Mussorgsky became the third permanent participant in Balakirev's musical evenings. It happened in 1857, when the future brilliant composer was only 17 years old. His homeland is the village of Karevo in the Pskov region. Russian wilderness, where the very "spirit of the people's life", as Modest Petrovich said, remained intact. Musorgsky's first musical experiments took place at home under the guidance of his mother. Ten years old, a descendant of an old noble family was taken to St. Petersburg, to the School of Guards ensigns.

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Education at school made such a strong impression on Modest that his very first piece of music, a polka for piano, was named "Ensign". After graduating from school, Mussorgsky was enrolled in the Preobrazhensky Guards Regiment. It seemed that the future was a foregone conclusion, but the young man was clearly burdened by the military routine. He not only played the piano brilliantly, but also improvised freely, was very well-read, knew philosophy, history very well, had a relaxed and cheerful disposition, was sociable, and was drawn to people. Acquaintance with Balakirev and Cui turned out to be fateful, he happily refused military service in the name of art. Mussorgsky is preparing to write a great musical drama. Visiting Balakirev every day, the young composer discusses plans with him, learns instrumentation and composition from him, spends a lot of time at the piano. This is how the young midshipman Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov saw the ex-warrant officer.

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Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov Rimsky-Korsakov came from an ancient noble family. Born in the old town of Tikhvin, Novgorod province. Here they loved holidays, sacredly observed customs - they saw off the winter with songs and dances, burned an effigy of Maslenitsa, welcomed spring with wreaths and round dances, burned fires on the night of Ivan Kupala, and celebrated weddings after harvesting the bread. All this was observed more than once by little Nika, walking with his mother or uncle in the vicinity of the city. Returning in the evening, we sat down to drink tea with jam.

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Then the mother accompanied the uncle, who loved to sing. The humorous folk "Charlatarla from the partala" was replaced by the sad "Not a dream tends my head." Soon Nika, who had an ideal ear and an excellent musical memory, was already proud that he himself could play along with his uncle ... But at the age of 12, the quiet life of Tikhvin ended. The boy was sent to St. Petersburg, to the Marine Corps. Nika didn't like it there. The only consolation, salvation from the gray days - Sunday trips to the opera. Most of all, he was struck by his symphony orchestra, in which each instrument seemed to have its own life, had its own voice. And intertwining, these different voices created an incredible miracle of music ... The older brother carried the grown boy into a summer voyage - the best practice for a future naval officer.

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However, this short trip almost became tragic. Nika fell into the sea, falling off the ropes of the mizzen mast. Half dead, he was pulled out of the water. Later, Rimsky-Korsakov said that it was then that he realized that naval service was not for him. For the last 2 years of his studies, he takes music lessons, tries to compose himself. And, finally, thanks to his Italian music teacher Canilla, an ardent admirer of Glinka, he finds himself in Balakirev's house ... The composer liked the pupil's pieces so much that he immediately began to convince the young man to give up everything and take music seriously. Confused Rimsky-Korsakov spent the rest of the evening as if in a fog: “I immediately plunged into some new, unknown world, finding myself among the real, talented musicians, about whom I had heard so much ...” Nikolai becomes a regular at Balakirev's evenings. He quickly became friends with Mussorgsky and Curie. Encouraged by his new friends, Rimsky-Korsakov began composing a symphony. But, what a shame, he does not have time to finish it before the final exams and the subsequent voyage, which is obligatory for graduates of the Marine Corps. Nick is not ready to give up everything for the sake of music. And the clipper "Almaz", which is part of the squadron of Rear Admiral Lesovsky, will become his home for the next year.

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And the mentor Balakirev keeps urging him to finish the symphony, complains about the rare letters from the gallant sailor, describes the events of the musical life of the capital. The soul of a young officer in distant Petersburg, he is not at all interested in the secret political mission with which the squadron moves to New York ... And this is not an entertainment trip: America is in the midst of the war between the South and the North. Russia's sympathies are on the side of the "northerners". The combat mission of the squadron is to protect the coast from the attack of the "southerners" fleet and intimidate the ships of France and Great Britain, sympathetic to the Confederates ... And Rimsky-Korsakov rushes to St. Petersburg. In one of the concerts of the Free Music School (founded by Balakirev as opposed to the official Conservatory), his finally completed symphony was performed. Its success exceeded all expectations, inspired the author and his associates! The Balakirev circle is becoming the brightest phenomenon in Russian musical life. At this time, the fifth member of the "Mighty Handful" - Alexander Borodin from St. Petersburg, joins the already established four.

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Alexander Borodin Sasha's father was the Georgian prince Luka Gedianov, and his mother was the Petersburg bourgeoisie Avdotya Antonovna. The boy received his surname and patronymic from one of the serfs' father. But his appearance and temperament betrayed him as the heir to the Georgian princely family. Apparently, this explains the choice of profession, because chemistry is one of the few sciences where everything boils, burns and explodes legally, for the good of the cause. Sasha turned out to be a multi-talented child - from the age of 8 he played the flute, piano and cello, and from the age of 9 he began to compose music.

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Having brilliantly graduated from the Medical and Surgical Academy, Borodin went to Heidelberg for a 3-year internship. By this time he was already the author of several romances and instrumental pieces. But science for the future academician, head of the chemical laboratory of the Medical-Surgical Academy is still unconditionally in the first place. This was the case before returning to St. Petersburg in 1862. Having met Balakirev and having come to his musical evening, Borodin met M. Mussorgsky there. He had known him for a long time, even from the military hospital, where he was practicing during his studies (and the 17-year-old warrant officer Mussorgsky was on duty there) ... The atmosphere in Balakirev's house is creative, relaxed. Borodin happily sits down at the piano, performs his compositions. Balakirev is delighted: he managed to find another extraordinary talent.

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It's a great time. The gatherings in Balakirev's house on Nevsky Prospect are getting more and more crowded. They, like a magnet, attract gifted youth. The glory of the circle has long crossed the boundaries of St. Petersburg, it comes here specially to listen to real music, to talk about the ways of development of Russian art, about the fate of the country. The “Mighty Five” works tirelessly: everyone is overwhelmed with creative ideas, any thought is picked up on the fly, revealed, filled with new content ... They are young, efficient and very talented. Members of the circle now meet almost every day: now on Balakirev's "Wednesdays", then on Cui's "Thursdays" (in 1858 Cui married the pupil of the composer Dargomyzhsky, pianist Maria Bamberg, and lived at his own home), then in the house of Lyudmila Ivanovna Shestakova, the youngest Glinka's sisters, then on Sundays at Stasov's house, then at musical evenings at Dargomyzhsky. The atmosphere is almost family-like: sitting at the table, guests and hosts talk, drink tea with bagels and jam. For bachelors, snacks and port are always prepared. Performers change at the piano - sketches of new works, excerpts from operas, piano pieces, romances, folk songs are played.

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At one of the evenings, Rimsky-Korsakov meets the charming pianist Nadezhda Purgold. Long romantic walks in the vicinity of her dacha in Pargolovo, joint reading and playing of musical compositions ... Nikolai Andreevich understands: this girl is his destiny, it's time to propose to her.

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But ... first we must finish the opera "The Woman of Pskov". Musorgsky actively helps him in this, while working on the second edition of Boris Godunov. A unique musical tandem has developed. In order not to run to each other several times a day, Mussorgsky and Rimsky-Korsakov even decide to live together, renting an apartment on Panteleimonovskaya Street. “Our life with Mussorgsky was, I suppose, the only example of two composers living together,” Rimsky-Korsakov later recalled. “We both worked hard, constantly exchanging thoughts and intentions.” Borodin, meanwhile, does not lag behind his comrades, on the advice of Balakirev and Stasov, he conceives an opera based on the story "The Lay of Igor's Campaign." At the same time, Borodin devotes most of his time to work at the Medico-Surgical Academy, because since 1864. he is a professor. Cui is finishing his opera William Ratcliff and is going to write an opera Angelo based on a story by Victor Hugo. Like Borodin, he combines musical creativity with teaching at the Engineering Academy. Moreover, he writes polemical articles for St. Petersburg Vedomosti. The leader of the circle, the founding father Balakirev, is becoming more and more famous as a conductor. His conducting style, according to Dargomyzhsky, is distinguished by "fiery fervor".

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And the great Richard Wagner, who was present at one of his performances, enthusiastically speaks of Balakirev, saying that he sees in the Russian conductor his future rival. In 1867. Balakirev was invited to Prague to conduct a production of Glinka's opera Ruslan and Lyudmila. Happy, he writes to St. Petersburg: "Ruslan" has finally won the Czech public for himself. The enthusiasm with which he was received does not diminish even now, although I have already conducted it 3 times ... ”The triumphant march of Russian music predicted by him began ... Balakirev's success in Prague puts him on a par with the best Russian conductors of that time. Therefore, when Anton Rubinstein leaves to work abroad, it is Balakirev who is invited to take the vacated post of chief conductor of the Imperial Russian Musical Society. And this means that the "new Russian school" has finally won a victory in a long-term war with the conservative official direction in Russian music. For the next 2 years, the composer continues to zealously promote the best, from his point of view, works of contemporary music. He does not forget about his favorite brainchild - the Free Music School.

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However, Balakirev's uncompromising position annoys many. And now a whole campaign is unfolding in the press against him. The “mighty handful” is again scolded and accused of all mortal sins. But most of all goes to its creator - even Stasov is unable to protect his friend Balakirev. In the spring of 1869. Miliy Alekseevich is removed from conducting concerts of the society. Proud, proud Balakirev painfully experiences what has happened. True, there is still a free music school, faithful students, creativity remain. The school is solely funded by private donations, and funding is slashed in the wake of the Musical Society scandal. Balakirev tries to invest his own funds, but then his father dies, and he has to take care of his younger sisters. Orchestra students and teachers have nothing to pay their salaries with. In 1874. Balakirev resigns from the post of director of the Free School. Somehow, by themselves, the relationship between Balakirev and his pets, members of the “Mighty Handful”, also changed. They are encountered less and less, each has his own life, his own work, Balakirev no longer has power over their minds and feelings.

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Having formed as independent creative personalities, composers no longer need constant care. No, they have not abandoned their former ideals and they treat Balakirev with great respect, but then everyone wants to go their own way. Borodin put it this way: “while we were all in the position of eggs under the hen (meaning the last Balakirev), we were all more or less alike. As soon as a chick hatched from eggs, they were overgrown with feathers. All feathers came out ... different; and when the wings grew, each flew, wherever he is pulled ... The lack of similarity in direction, aspirations, tastes, nature of creativity ... in my opinion, is a good and by no means a sad side of the matter. " But the wounded Balakirev cannot come to terms with the loss of influence on recent students. He regards this as a betrayal. It seems to him that everything to which he devoted his life turned out to be unclaimed - in the end he was simply thrown out as an unnecessary, old thing! Severe depression began, thoughts of suicide appeared. Shocked by the state of this once mentally strong, indefatigable person, his friends urged him to return to creativity, to music, to his former vigorous activity. In response, Balakirev goes to serve as a minor official in the Store Department of the Warsaw Railway, becomes an unsociable, painfully religious person.

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He avoids his former musical acquaintances, and indeed any conversations on these topics. Balakirev returned to musical creativity only 10 years later: he again became the director of the Free Music School and even took the post of director of the Court Choir Choir. He worked a lot and fruitfully, but he lived in isolation. The fate of Mussorgsky, the most talented and original, according to Stasov, of all the magnificent five composers, was tragic. A lonely, childishly vulnerable soul was hiding under the mask of gaiety and recklessness. He felt great among friends. But Rimsky-Korsakov got married and settled separately, Cui and Borodin are increasingly moving away and living their own lives. And the depressed Balakirev was not very suitable for the role of a nanny. After the collapse of the "mighty handful" Mussorgsky feels lonely, he definitely needs someone to take care of him. And here in the early 70s. his close friend, the artist and architect Hartmann, died ("Pictures at an Exhibition", one of Mussorgsky's best works, is a tribute to the memory of this artist). You need to make a living somehow. Moreover, the Directorate of the Imperial Theaters does not accept Boris Godunov for staging, it requires alterations ... Mussorgsky also suffered from an eternal Russian disease - an excessive craving for alcohol. He managed to fight this addiction if there was a person who was nearby, watching him ...

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The meeting with the young poet Count Arseny Golenishchev-Kutuzov filled Mussorgsky's life with new meaning. Mussorgsky worked, and Golenishchev-Kutuzov made sure that the composer always had breakfast, lunch and dinner. And he also solved other everyday problems for him. It is no coincidence that the vocal works of the 70s were written by Mussorgsky to the words of Golenishchev-Kutuzov. But now Arseny gets married and Modest is left alone again. Well, perhaps Stasov ... He also cared about the health and state of mind of Mussorgsky, about which the composer wrote with delight: “No one warmed me hotter than you .. no one showed me the path more clearly ... what kind of excavations I am doing ... Love you to me - you know that, love you and I to you - I can smell it ... ”But the trouble is that Mussorgsky needed daily attention, and even Stasov could not give this ... accepted the innovative creations of Musorgsky, he was an "ignoramus" for her, and his music was "a cacophony and disgrace." In spite of all, Mussorgsky continued to write, albeit now slowly, with interruptions. Since 1872 And until his death in 1881. he is working on the famous musical drama Khovanshchina. He is fully supported by Stasov and old friends.

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When Mussorgsky once again lost his job and was expelled from the apartment for non-payment, they decided to “throw off” and pay him something like a pension, on the condition that he would compose music for “Khovanshchina”. Having received the money, the flabby, slovenly dressed Mussorgsky wandered around the city most of the time in search of cheap drinks. Mussorgsky's "Khovanshchina" was never completed, the great work of completing the opera and putting in order all the remaining manuscripts of the deceased was undertaken by Rimsky-Korsakov ... an innovative composer, ahead of his time and influenced the formation of great composers: Debussy, Ravel, Prokofiev, Stravinsky. It so happened that over time, Rimsky-Korsakov became the informal leader of the Mighty Handful. Back in 1871. The composer received an offer from the management of the St. Petersburg Conservatory to take the place of the head of the class of practical composition, instrumentation and orchestral class. After some hesitation, he agreed. Fortunately, because he turned out to be an excellent teacher. His classes were easy, unconstrained, gathering more and more students every year. It is no coincidence that a little later he also took the empty seat of the director of the Free Music School. It was Nikolai Andreevich who taught the composers of the future - Glazunov, Myaskovsky, Stravinsky ...

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Among old friends, warm relations have been preserved with Borodin and Stasov ... Rimsky-Korsakov is selflessly working on unfinished works of other members of the Balakirev circle. Like Mussorgsky's Khovanshchina, Borodin's opera Prince Igor (written for 18 years) also remained unfinished. In 1887. Borodin unexpectedly died of a heart attack - right at the Maslenitsa carnival. Rimsky-Korsakov was completing Prince Igor with Glazunov. The first performance of the opera took place at the Mariinsky Stage in 1890. It delighted the audience and music critics and became one of the most famous Russian operas in the world ... Khovanshchina was also staged for the first time in Rimsky-Korsakov's edition. He also made an adaptation of "Boris Godunov", and also prepared the music for "The Mighty Handful" for publication. Its originality is so obvious that European music critics are enthusiastic about the emergence of a new, powerful, independent movement in world culture ... Most of them had no idea that the authors of this movement were a self-taught musician, sailor, engineer, chemist and military ...

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“In some 50-60 years Russia has done in the field of music what others did in 300 or 400 years - and overtook and surpassed everyone. And this is a marvelous and wonderful wonder ... ”Vladimir Stasov, music and art critic of the 19th century.

Target: Introduce students to the creative association of 19th century composers "The Mighty Handful"

Tasks:

• Arouse interest in music;
• Improve musical perception;
• To contribute to the formation of the spiritual culture and socially active personality of the child;
• To develop a singing voice, to achieve harmony of sound, unity in the manner of singing.
• To foster a sense of patriotism, to awaken interest in Russian classical music.

Equipment:

• Computer with multimedia capabilities;
• Electronic presentation

Structure:
Communication of the topic, purpose, objectives of the lesson and the motivation of educational activities;
Preparation for learning new material through repetition and updating of basic knowledge;
Familiarization with new material (student messages);
Comprehension and consolidation;
Summing up the results of the lesson;

Methods:
repetition of the passed by the method of oral questioning;
the story of the teacher and students using visual and auditory visualization tools (viewing slides, listening to music);
analysis of musical fragments, formulation of conclusions during the conversation;
choral performance of the song (O. Gazmanov "Moscow");
vocal exercises (performance of the intonation of the chorus "Glory" from the opera "A Life for the Tsar").

I. Org. Moment.
Musical greeting of the teacher: "Hello, students!" (Received upward movement of the melody).
Pupils' Answer: "Hello, teacher!" (The melody moves gradually downward)
- Learn the melody by the rhythmic pattern. (I pat the rhythmic drawing of the first phrase of the chorus "Glory" from MI Glinka's opera "Life for the Tsar") Work on a well-coordinated performance. We go up in semitones, singing.
- Guys, tell me, in which city did you celebrate the victory over the Poles? (Answers of children)
Performance of O. Gazmanov's song "Moscow".
- Tell me why bells are mentioned all the time in the song?
Quite right, bells have played an important role in the life of the Russian people since ancient times.
Work on unison, diction, expressive song performance
- Which composer used the sound of bells in the opera? (MI Glinka "Life for the Tsar").
Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka became the founder of Russian classical music and his followers, tried in their work to continue the traditions of the great musician.
In the second half of the 19th century, five composers united in order to bring creativity to the masses. This association was named "The Mighty Handful"
slide number 1-3
A mighty bunch - the name of the creative community of Russian realist composers that emerged in the early 1860s under the leadership of M. Balakirev. The circle included A. Borodin, M. Mussorgsky, N. Rimsky-Korsakov, C. Cui. The ideological inspirer of the "Mighty Handful" was art critic and critic V. Stasov, who gave the name to the commonwealth. The composers of The Mighty Handful became the most prominent representatives of Russian national realistic music of the mid-19th century.
<slide number 4-5>

II. Student messages.

Balakirev Miliy Alekseevich. Born in Nizhny Novgorod in the family of a ruined nobleman who served as an official in the salt administration. The first music teacher for the kid was his mother. The ten-year-old Balakirev was taken to Moscow, where he studied for some time with the famous pianist and teacher Dubuc, Balakirev received his secondary education at the gymnasium, and then at the Alexander Institute, for two years he was a volunteer at the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of Kazan University. Balakirev's first public performances as a pianist and conductor took place in Nizhny Novgorod. At the age of eighteen he moved to St. Petersburg and devoted himself entirely to music. Very soon, in the musical circles of the capital, he gained fame as an excellent pianist, an excellent music reader, an excellent improviser and composer. He is supported by Glinka and Serov. By the end of the 50s, a group of progressive and talented young musicians united around Balakirev, and the Balakirev circle "Mighty Handful" was formed.
In the 1850s and 60s, Balakirev created many symphonic works and romances that developed the traditions of Glinka. In 1832, the composer became one of the organizers of the Free Music School, which became a hotbed of mass education and enlightenment. Season 1866-1867 Balakirev conducts in Prague, where he conducts Glinka's operas. From 1867 to 1869 he was the conductor of symphony concerts of the Russian Musical Society.
The time of brilliant victories and creative achievements gives way for Balakirev to years of crisis. 70s - a departure from active social life, the cessation of performances, a break with many old friends and rapprochement with the church. In the early 80s, Balakirev returned to musical activity, again became the head of the Free Music School, performed in concerts, and since 1883 he has been managing the Court Choir Choir. Balakirev died in 1910 in St. Petersburg.
< слайд № 6-7 >

What surprised you in the sounding music? What impression did she make on you? (Answers of children)

Cui Caesar Antonovich. Born in Vilnius in the family of a teacher. He began to study music at the age of 10, the first teacher of Cui in composition was S. Moniuszko. From 1851 he studied at the Main Engineering School, then at the Military Engineering Academy, where he stayed to teach (since 1891, Honored Professor). He was a famous military engineer-fortifier, had the rank of general. An important role in the creative life of Cui was played by his acquaintance with Balakirev, Dargomyzhsky, Stasov. Cui becomes a member of The Mighty Handful. Cui the composer made his debut in 1859 (Scherzo for orchestra). From 1864 he was engaged in musical criticism, published in various publications, always defended the ideas of the Russian musical school.
In his work, despite close creative communication with the composers of The Mighty Handful, Cui rather belonged to romantics. The most valuable thing in Cui's creative heritage is vocal lyrics and romances. Cui completed (based on sketches) unfinished operas by Dargomyzhsky "The Stone Guest" and "Sorochinskaya Fair" by Mussorgsky.
<слайд № 8 >

Borodin Alexander Porfirevich. Born in St. Petersburg, the illegitimate son of the Georgian prince L. Gedianov. Since childhood, his love for music and natural sciences was manifested. After graduating from high school, and then the Medical-Surgical Academy (1856), Borodin continued his studies in science (chemistry). In 1858 he defended his thesis for the degree of Doctor of Medicine. At the Faculty of Medicine, Borodin runs a chemical laboratory, he is awarded the title of professor. However, under the influence of Balakirev, he began to study music more and more seriously. Some time later, he was already writing his first symphony, which found recognition in the musical circles of Russia. Together with Rimsky-Korsakov, Balakirev and Ts. Cui, he created a group, the so-called "Mighty Handful", which was later joined by M. Musorgsky. Borodin's whole life passed without storms and shocks, mainly in the same city - Petersburg. He considered chemistry to be his profession. In 1877 Borodin received the title of academician. He teaches at the Women's Medical Courses (1872-1885), but devotes every free minute to musical creativity. Borodin wrote the opera "Prince Igor" (with the famous "Polovtsian dances"), the opera-ballet "Mlada", three symphonies, the symphonic poem "In Central Asia", two quartets (one of them includes the often performed "Nocturne"), songs and piano pieces. The works of Borodin, the first of which are especially close to German romanticism, are characterized by epic breadth, masculinity, rich melodiousness, harmonious clarity and purity, and, above all, a close connection with Russian folklore.
< слайд № 9-12 >

What did you imagine while listening to these works? How would you paint a picture? (Student Answers)

Mussorgsky Modest Petrovich. Born into a poor landowner family in the village of Karevo, Pskov province. Since childhood, he played the piano, while discovering the ability to compose music. He entered the school of guards ensigns, from which he graduated in 1852, while studying music with the famous pianist-teacher A. Gerke. But only in 1858, having abandoned his military career and entered the civil service, Mussorgsky was able to devote time to his musical pursuits. When progressive-minded composers - Borodin, Balakirev, Cui and Rimsky-Korsakov organized The Mighty Handful, Mussorgsky joined them.
Despite being busy in the service (1862-1867), the composer worked hard and hard on his musical works.
In 1879, having escaped with pleasure from the gray everyday life of bureaucratic service, Mussorgsky went on a trip across Russia as an accompanist for singer Daria Leonova.
The oppressive monotony of everyday life and difficult material conditions led Mussorgsky to alcoholism. His depression deepened continuously. He died in the Nikolaev military hospital in St. Petersburg.
In his work, imbued with deep nationality and realism, Mussorgsky was the most consistent exponent of democratic ideas. His operas "Boris Godunov" and "Khovanshchina" have no equal in the world music art in terms of the power and depth of the embodiment of images, in the truthfulness and brightness of the depiction of the masses.
A distinctive feature of Mussorgsky's work was his lack of a systematic musical education. It is believed that he did not know how to instrument his compositions, and this was often done for him by Rimsky-Korsakov.
In addition to operas, Mussorgsky wrote the "Pictures at an Exhibition" suite, a number of choral, piano and symphonic works ("Night on Bald Mountain" and others), many songs and romances, including Songs and Dances of Death, which were quite original for that time.
<slide number 13-18>

What piece did you like?

Rimsky – Korsakov Nikolai Andreevich. Born in the city of Tikhvin into a noble family. He received his musical education at the St. Petersburg Conservatory in piano and composition. He wrote his first symphony at the age of nineteen. For several years Rimsky-Korsakov served in the navy, where he received an officer's rank. At the same time, he was engaged in creative activities and in 1871 received the title of professor of instrumentation at the St. Petersburg Conservatory. Later he was given a composition class and was appointed director of the Free Music School and inspector of brass bands of the Naval Department.
Together with Borodin, Balakirev and Cui, he organizes The Mighty Handful. Rimsky-Korsakov possessed great creative ingenuity and perfect composing technique.
The creativity of Rimsky-Korsakov is imbued with the ideas of democracy, nationality, love of freedom, folk melodies, folk poetic images are widely developed in it, the legends and poetry of the native country are reflected.
He wrote the fairy-tale operas Sadko, The Snow Maiden, The Golden Cockerel, three symphonies, the Scheherazade symphonic suite, the Bright Holiday overture, The Spanish Capriccio, the Sadko musical picture, numerous songs, as well as choral and chamber works. All the work of the composer is deeply imbued with the "Russian spirit".
Along with G. Berlioz and R. Strauss, Rimsky-Korsakov is considered the greatest master of instrumentation. His theoretical works are also of great importance. The Orchestration Fundamentals textbook is one of the best textbooks in this area, and its harmony textbook is still used by students today.
<slide number 19-22>

We have listened to excerpts from the opera The Snow Maiden. Tell me, why does the opera end joyfully and solemnly, after all, the Snow Maiden has melted? (Answers of children)

III. Executing the test on computers... (it can be digitized in the shell that is convenient for the teacher)
Appendix No. 1

IV. Summing up the lesson.
- The machine gave you all a grade. If it does not satisfy you, then you need to find material on this topic, prepare and try your hand again in the next lesson.

Literature:

1. Kozlova “Musical Literature. XIX "
2. SD "Great Encyclopedia of Cyril and Methodius"
3. SD "Interactive World" "Classical Music Encyclopedia"