The metaphorical nature of the title as a way to reveal the idea of ​​the play. Examples of using metaphors in everyday speech

This study guide contains the most popular works based on the works of great writers and poets of the 20th century. This book will help in a short time to get acquainted with the work of A.P. Chekhov, I. Bunin, M. Gorky, A. Blok, V. Mayakovsky, A. Akhmatova, M. Tsvetaeva, S. Yesenin and other geniuses of Russian literature, as well as will provide invaluable service in preparation for exams. This manual is intended for schoolchildren and students.

10. The role of metaphor in the prose of I. Bunin

A feature of I. Bunin's prose is its lyricism. The writer's stories create the impression of a certain poetry, a sense of white verse. That is why the metaphor is used by I. Bunin as one of the main methods of expressing the main idea, idea, emotion of a work.

This is especially clearly felt in stories where the main object of the image is a love "drama". Often using one metaphorical image I. Bunin creates a whole story.

Consider, for example, the 1925 story "Sunstroke." The very title of this work contains a metaphorical image. Although we have not yet read the story, we can perceive this phrase in its direct meaning: the consequences of a person being under the sun. However, in context, we are faced with a figurative, metaphorical meaning of this phrase. The heroine, justifying her passionate desire and her act, says goodbye: "We both got something like a sunstroke ..."

The theme of the "sun" becomes the leitmotif of the story. It is with this image that the author associates love, passion!

The feeling between the heroes originates on the ship, or maybe earlier, in the dining room? “In the afternoon, we left the brightly and hotly lit dining room onto the deck ...” The use of the “hotly lit dining room” metaphor creates a sense of the naturalness of “electric light”. This naturalness arises along with the incipient feeling of the heroes. Then there is a gradual increase in "mutual desire", the fire of love flares up, and we already feel the "smell of smoke". The hero feels it too: “The lieutenant took her hand, raised it to his lips. The hand, small and strong, smelled of tan. " The development of love feelings, passion between the heroes reaches its culmination already on the shore. Rather, in the hotel: "We entered a large, but terribly stuffy room, hotly heated by the sun during the day ..." And again the metaphorical image of fire, bonfire, fire, on which the feeling that has arisen will burn out so quickly! The further existence of the hero without the "beloved" is devoid of the presence of the sun. Together with the heroine, love and light leave the hero's life, although he continues to suffer mentally. The finale of the story marks the “finale” of a sudden feeling: “The dark summer dawn was extinguished far ahead, gloomy, sleepy and multicolored reflected in the river”.

Bunin's love does not live long - in the family, in marriage, in everyday life. Basically, it is a short, dazzling flash that lit up the souls of lovers to the bottom. But nevertheless, in these happy moments, for the sake of which it is worth living and enduring any suffering, lies the sweetness of human life. Thus, bitterness and sweetness, according to Bunin, are closely intertwined: in order to feel the sweetness of life, one must drink the cup of its bitterness to the very bottom ...

So, we can conclude that the story "Sunstroke" is completely built on metaphorical images of the following series: "love-fire", "love-light", "love-bonfire." We will come across such metaphorical images more than once in the cycle of stories "Dark Alleys". It should be noted that such a metaphorical image of love can be called stable in Russian literature, both classical and modern.

The theme of the meaning of metaphor in the work of I. Bunin (prose), of course, requires a broader consideration, but I stopped at a specific example - the story "Sunstroke" in order to pay more attention to the development of metaphor and metaphorical image in the work of I. Bunin ...

* * *

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In general, our study of linguistic units with metaphorical meaning will lie in the plane of stylistic semasiology. In this branch of linguistic sciences, various figures of speech (in particular tropes) are analyzed from the point of view of the semantic transformations taking place in them and their stylistic function. The semantic interpretation of the material allows us to consider in this regard the figures of speech of any grammatical nature, that is, without the influence of whether they are expressed by a single word, phrase, and possibly a whole sentence.

The title of the play - "House where hearts break" already contains a phrase with a metaphorical meaning - we, of course, mean the phrase "hearts break". This is an example of a simple metaphor, as this type of I.V. Arnold (2). However, we will not consider the study of I.V. Arnold as a basic one for characterizing metaphors, let us just briefly touch upon the basic simple division of words and free phrases with metaphorical meaning. In the above analysis of the English version of the play, this expression, "Heartbreak House" is written in two words: "Heartbreak House". This is an illustrative example from the point of view of a comparative analysis of the two languages. English word formation is fundamentally different from the analogous process of the Russian language for the simple reason that English is an analytical language, and Russian is an inflectional language.

But let us return directly to the definition of the components of the heartbreak metaphor. The word "heart", in our opinion, is the bearer of imagery, since B. Shaw is used not in a direct "literal" meaning, but in a figurative, therefore, in a metaphorical one. In general, expressions such as "you broke my heart", "broken heart", which are closest to the option under consideration, and the expressions "heart cries", "heart groans" are quite often used both in prose and poetry, and half of those presented options can be found in the phraseological dictionary. We consider it superfluous here to give an example of the use of any of these expressions in the works of writers and poets. The image of a loving heart, a broken heart, etc., are frequent characteristic images in the work of any writer who works in the "literary field". Therefore, we found out that the given metaphor is not the author's occasionalism, but quite the opposite, it is a vivid example of a poetic metaphor (in relation to the classification of O.S. portable, the figurative nature of which is clearly felt by the speaker.

The choice of such a vividly figurative metaphor included in the title is not accidental for the author. Shaw himself notes this in the introduction to the play, saying that in the drama he shows two opposing forces. Allegorically, they can be called "Heartbreak House" and "Horseback Hall" ("House where hearts are broken" and "Arena where horses go around"). The inhabitants of the "House" are intellectuals, the inhabitants of the "Manezh" are businessmen. The social struggle is portrayed by the playwright as a clash of these two forces.

It is quite obvious that the metaphorical reading of the expression "hearts break" differs from the literal one: the expression, which in its literal meaning is used for the physical characteristics of, say, sick people, when figuratively read it, distinguishes a different class of inanimate objects, however, having in their semantics a hint of being, in as a result, none of the objects belonging to the class of internal organs can be distinguished in the same way as the "heart", while expressing the same idea.

By correlating the studied linguistic figurative component - the metaphor "hearts break" with the theory of M. Black (9), we can distinguish the so-called "focus" of the metaphor and its environment - the "frame". And further we will try to explain why this "frame" in combination with this "focus" gives metaphorical imagery.

So, according to the substitutional concept, the focus of a metaphor (that is, a clearly metaphorical word inserted into the frame of direct meanings of words) serves to convey a meaning that, in principle, could be expressed literally. We can conclude that the focus of this metaphor is the word "heart". The author uses it instead of another series of concepts (hopes, expectations, aspirations, etc.), which are abstract, in contrast to the completely materialized concept of "heart". The word is a substitute (or means of transmission) not for a separate impression received in the past, but for a combination of common characteristics "(17, p. 46). This statement of Ivor A. Richards is the general formulation of the formation of metaphor.

The second component of a simple metaphor in structure - "break up", respectively, is a frame. The new, different context of the word "heart", that is, the focus of the metaphor, causes the expansion of the meaning of the focus word through the "frame". The word serving as the focus of the metaphor has not changed its meaning in the "system of generally accepted associations" (1, p. 165), it only expanded its meaning.

Let us undertake to clarify the above: an "analogy" immediately comes to the reader's mind, but a closer examination of the metaphor shows that analogy alone is not enough: a change in meaning occurs through contextual conditioning in the broad sense of the word "context." It follows from this that speaking of the metaphorical phrase "hearts break", we must take into account all the rest of the "environment" - that is, the entire title of the play "The House Where Hearts Break".

In defense of the just given extended version of the metaphor, we can put forward the following statement by E. McCormack: "A metaphor in all its beauty can be realized only through an extended correlate" (34 p.88). In our case, the correlate is expressed by the term "frame". The entire aesthetic manifesto of B. Shaw can be summed up in the following words: “The expressiveness of the statement is the alpha and omega of the style.” For Shaw, style is, first of all, a thought that takes in life, returning to it realistic images that influence the minds of people.

This transition to the problem of imagery and style is generally not accidental in our work. The image is the source of basic semiotic concepts, the structure of which is created by the interaction of fundamentally different planes - the plane of expression and the plane of content. Metaphor is very often defined through an appeal to the image created by the figurative meaning of linguistic units. This image in the narrow sense serves as a compositional moment when creating the image of a literary hero, character, and sometimes an artistic symbol - as in our case. The image of a house where the hearts of both young and mature people are broken was created by B. Shaw not without the help of metaphorical transfer, which served as an "instrument" of imagery and symbolism, along with other tropes. Let us take as proof the lines of N.I. Isachkina: "The Shaw's symbolism is dual - often it not only allows to consolidate broad social generalizations in a figurative form, but also masks the contradictions and bewilderments of the playwright" (18, p. 53). Further N.I. Isachkina, in her research work on the works of B. Shaw, comments on the use of the concept of "heartbreak". She says that it takes on a special meaning in the context of the entire play. Shaw interprets the theme of a "broken heart" in two ways: in everyday life, when the cause of "heartbreak, but" is unsuccessful love, and in the philosophical, when it is caused by historical timelessness.

Summarizing all the statements given earlier, we can draw the following picture: the concept of "Heartbreak House" is metaphorical due to the figurative meaning of the concept of "heart", which serves as a focal point and, with a certain contextual expansion, forms such meaning, which, on the one hand, is due to the development of the play, the name of which is the metaphor under consideration, and on the other hand, it reveals the figurative, to some extent even the philosophical concept of "Home" as an extended meaning.

Test

By discipline: "Methodology of Social Cultural Activity"

Completed by student: Denisov Sergey Sergeevich

Groups: SKT / BZ441 - 1 / u

Checked by: Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor

Elena Nikolaevna Lvova

St. Petersburg

1) Examples of the use of metaphors in everyday speech …………… 3

2) An example in the titles of works of art …………… .4

3) Metaphors and figurative, attractive, vivid expressions in the names of objects of the urban environment …………………………… ..10

Catchy headlines in the media.

(newspapers, TV, internet)………………………………………………………………………………………..11

6) Forms of SKD using proverbs and sayings ………… 12

7) An example of two activities for different target audiences with an analysis of the effectiveness of the tools and methods used ... ... 15

Sources:

Examples of the use of metaphors in everyday speech.

Metaphor - (from the Greek "transfer", "figurative meaning") a speech turnover in which the properties of one object (phenomenon, concept) are transferred to another.

Metaphors that we use in our daily life:

Burst with laughter

Hold your breath

Gnawed at conscience

The toad strangles

Cats scratching their souls

Fill your hand

Fire in the heart

Stranded (no money)

Black gold (oil)

Nail head

Flames

· eyeball

The bow of the ship

Airplane wing

Mountain of muscles

Nibble (eat a little)

Longing stuck

A fire in the heart

Heart injury

· to get on one's nerves

The road (stream, river) runs

· time is running

Forest of hands

Sit on the phone

Do not croak

· very sharp eye

Hare (stowaway passenger)

Eyes on the forehead climbed

· chair leg

2) An example in the titles of works of art (justification for the choice).

Painting

Salvador Dali is one of the most mysterious and strange geniuses of painting. The title of each painting is a strange interweaving of words and emotions.

· "Giraffe on fire"

According to the greatest artist, this picture is a kind of warning of an impending war.

· "Face of War"

· "Flesh on stones"

Before us is a rather powerful plump woman, to whom none of the men will certainly ever approach. Because there is nothing sophisticated and feminine in this figure, except that the chest, which is covered with a white sheet.

· "Enlightened Pleasures"

·
"Retrospective bust of a woman"

· "Persistence of memory"

This picture is a kind of symbol of the transience and relativity of time space. Paradoxically, the idea for this painting came to the artist when he was thinking about processed cheese.

· "Woman with a head of roses"

· "Hypaxilological sky"

Circus programs

I saw it with my own eyes - I was impressed.

· "Starfish (2012)"

Already from the title of the performance it is clear that the sea theme will run through the whole performance.

· "Fair of Ideas (2010)"

More than 30 original circus acts of various genres will be presented to the audience.

· "Magic Globe"

Music

Some of my favorite composers.

Beethoven L.V. "Moonlight Sonata"

The sonata is subtitled "in the spirit of fantasy", Beethoven wanted to emphasize that its form differs from the classical sonata form.

· Haydn F.Y. Lame Devil (opera); "Deceived Infidelity" (opera)

Mozart V.A. "Magical flute"

The main theme of The Magic Flute - the emergence from spiritual darkness into the light through initiation - is the key idea of ​​Freemasonry.

·; "Feigned simpleton"

Ballet

I was never fond of ballet, so I just went through magazines on this topic.

· "Arm sleeve" by Virgil Thomson

· "The Benevolent Cupid" by Cesare Puni

· "Carnival of the Animals" Camille Saint-Saens

Saint-Saens does not so much talk about animals as he notices different human types, moreover, it is witty and very recognizable!

· "Daughter of the Snows" Minkus A.L.

· "Admiration of the Muses" Vuorinen M.Yu.

· "The Enchanted Forest" by R.E.Drigo

Sculpture

I saw something myself, something amazed by its originality.

· "Capitoline she-wolf" (Etruscan bronze sculpture)

The story of the founders of Rome is like a fairy tale. The rulers must be different from ordinary people, and the brothers Romulus and Remus, who were sent down the river to perish, were rescued and fed by a she-wolf.

· "Motherland - Mother" (Vuchetich E.V. and Nikitin N.V. in Volgograd)

·
Traffic Light Tree (London)

· "Skeletons in love" (Thailand)

The photo

On the website at the link above, the masters of their craft show their works, where I acquire stunning photographs and draw inspiration.

· "Dragon tree" (Jeremy Cram)

· "A handful of happiness"

TV programs

These programs are very annoying, therefore it was not difficult to compile this list.

· « False mirror"

· "Fashionable verdict"

· "School of slander"

· "Anatomy of humor"

· "A fresh look"

Metaphors in the titles of literary works

Something was read according to the school curriculum, something came to consciousness just now. In search of suitable titles of works, I have planned to read in the future.

Mayakovsky V.V. "A cloud in pants"; "Sit back"

A.P. Chekhov "Man in a Case"

Andersen G.H. "Ugly duck"

Saltykov-Shchedrin M.E. "Wild Landowner"; "Wise gudgeon"

· Stendhal "Red and Black"

· Tolstoy A. "Walking through the agony"

· Turgenev I. "Noble nest"

· Gogol "Dead Souls"

The fact is that at the beginning of the 19th century, a lot of peasants fled to Bessarabia from the central provinces of the Russian Empire. The police were obliged to identify the fugitives, but often unsuccessfully - they accepted the names of the deceased. As a result, no deaths were recorded in Bender for several years. An official investigation began, revealing that the names of the deceased were given to fugitive peasants who did not have documents.

· Green "Wave Runner"

Forsh O.D. "Crazy Ship"

· Prishvin M. "Pantry of the sun"

The name "Pantry of the Sun" is an ambiguous image. The “pantry of the sun” is not only peat that can be used as a source of energy. This is all the reserved northern nature, this is the kind heart of the people.

· Thackeray W. Vanity Fair

Tefari N.A. "Fortress Soul"

· Dumbadze N. "Sunny Nights"

· Bondarev Y. "Hot Snow"

Films

Movie classics, stunning plots and unreal acting.

· "Vanilla Sky"

· "Rain Man"

The screenwriter met with a man who suffered from a number of diseases (including craniocerebral hernia, cerebellar injury and others) and, most surprisingly, was the owner of a simply phenomenal memory. He was able to reproduce about ninety-eight percent of all information he read or heard. The meeting impressed the screenwriter so much that he decided to write a story about a man of this kind. This is how the original idea for Rain Man was born.

· "Dirty Dancing"

3) Metaphors and figurative, attractive, vivid expressions in the names of objects of the urban environment.

I took the names of residential complexes in St. Petersburg (under construction and ready-made).

One of the goals of a title is to grab the attention of a potential buyer. There are a lot of names. Conditionally for myself, I divided them into several groups.

1 - I liked it very much and pleases the ear:

· "TriDevyatkino kingdom"

· "Rowan Garden"

· "Wonders of the World"

· "Clearly Yanino"

· "City of Childhood"

· "Vitamin"

· "Moroshkino"

· "Youth quarter"

· "Fire is a bird" (the houses are very bright in red and black tones. The name is justified)

· "Old fortress" (all houses in the serf style)

2 - This is something:

· "Wonders of the World"

· "Three whales"

· "Alphabet"

· "Kalina-park"

· "Bogatyr"

· "Clean stream"

Three winds

3 - So so:

· "Golden domes"

· "Seven Capitals"

· "Five Stars"

· "Greenlandia"

· "Moscow quarter"

· "Medalist"

· "Sunny"

· "Spring"

· "Olymp"

· "Welcoming"

· "New Okkervil"

· "Duperhof club"

· "Bagatelle"

5 - Stands apart:

I was very attracted by the name of the complex "Peter the Great and Catherine the Great". I looked at the page. I was surprised! I don't even know how to feel about it. "Peter the Great" is such a tall, skinny house, and a wide, fat "Catherine the Great" is attached to the side. Imagination played out.

Catchy headlines in the media.

(newspapers, TV, internet)

· "The older, the younger"

· "The world is ruled by dolts"

· "Rusty, my white birch"

· "Let's be friends with volumes"

· "Eat up mutuals"

· "Black list of suitors"

· "Knights of the cool image"

· "Flu not swine, but oil"

· "Smile and Fall in Love"

· "The Hunger Games"

· "The Earth - to the peasants, the Moon - to the astronauts."

· "Come on science"

· "Budget grunt"

· "We must dare"

· "Unhappy kartniki"

Radio transmission:

· "Well of Forgotten Desires"

· "Morning on wheels"

· "Secret War"

· "Night appetite"

· "The whims of operetta"

· "Were on vinyl"

· "Walking across the three seas"

· "Ships have entered our harbor"

· "Book circulation"

· "Take it off immediately"

· "Culinary duel"

· "Alone with everyone"

· "Codes of our body"

· "The main road"

· "Arts Council"

· "Wild World"

· "School of slander"

· "Scampish notes"

· "Strange affair"

· "Ural dumplings"

· "It's easy not to give up"

· "Wars of Dreams"

Internet:

· "I want so"

· History of pornography: "sex in the ancient world"

· "Animated dolls"

· "The most ridiculous weapon in history

· "Live alarm clock"

Internet Shop of Vouchers

Similar information.