Small stories about honor and dishonor. Essay on the topic: Honor and dishonor in the story Duel, Kuprin

After reading the story of A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter", you understand that one of the themes of this work is the theme of honor and dishonor. In the story, two heroes are opposed: Grinev and Shvabrin - and their ideas about honor. Two officers of the Russian army behave in completely different ways: the first follows the laws of officer honor and remains faithful to the military oath, the second easily becomes a traitor. Grinev and Shvabrin are carriers of two fundamentally different worldviews.

Love to motherland.

We feel ardent love for the Motherland, pride in its beauty in the works of the classics.

The theme of heroic deeds in the struggle against the enemies of the Motherland is also heard in the poem "Borodino" by M. Yu. Lermontov, dedicated to one of the glorious pages of the historical past of our country.

The theme of the Motherland is raised in the works of S. Yesenin. No matter what Yesenin wrote about: about experiences, about historical turning points, about the fate of Russia in "severe and terrible years" - each Yesenin image and line is warmed by a feeling of boundless love for the motherland: But above all. Love for the native land

Moral qualities of a person.

Russian literature has always been closely linked with the moral quest of our people. One of the writers who sincerely supports the morality of our society is Valentin Rasputin. A special place in his work is the story "Fire" This is a reflection on civic courage and moral positions of man. When a fire broke out in Sosnovka, there were few of those who risked their lives to defend the people's property. Many came to "warm their hands". A fire is the result of general ill-being. People are corrupted by the uncomfortableness of everyday life, the scarcity of spiritual life, and a soulless attitude towards nature.

Many problems of our time, including moral ones, are raised by Anatoly Pristavkin in the story "A golden cloud spent the night." He sharply raises the issue of national relations, talks about the connection between generations, raises the topic of good and evil, talks about many other issues, the solution of which depends not only on politics and economics, but also on the level of general culture.

Thanks to the parents.

One of the most important facets of the father-child problem is gratitude. Are children grateful to their parents who love them, raised them and raised them? The topic of gratitude is raised in the story of AS Pushkin "The Station Keeper". The tragedy of a father, who dearly loved his only daughter, appears before us in this story. Of course, Dunya did not forget her father, she loves him and feels her guilt before him, but still the fact that she left, leaving her father alone, turned out to be a big blow for him, so strong that he could not bear it.

Works that teach courage

The theme of the Great Patriotic War occupies an important place in the literature. The writer often refers to this period of history. The story "Sotniks", written by Vasil Bykov, is one of the best works about the war. After going through difficult trials, the main characters fall into the clutches of the Germans. Sotnikov is a modest, inconspicuous person, a simple teacher. But, being sick and weak, he went on a responsible assignment. Exhausted by torture, he remains unbroken. The source of Sotnikov's courage and heroism was the conviction in the justice of the struggle waged by the people.

This work teaches us courage and courage, helps our moral development.

53 . Compassion and mercy. Sensitivity.

1) M. Sholokhov has a wonderful story "The Fate of a Man". It tells about the tragic fate of a soldier who lost all his relatives during the war. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act suggests that love and the desire to do good give a person strength for life, strength in order to resist fate.

MAN AND POWER.

Pushkin in the tragedy "Boris Godunov" very accurately defined and showed the people's character. Always dissatisfied with the existing government, people are ready to rise to its destruction and revolt, striking terror into the rulers - and nothing more. And as a result, they themselves remain offended, since the fruits of their victory are enjoyed by the boyars and noblemen of noble birth who stand at the throne of the sovereign.

The people are left with one thing - to "keep silent."

• A person who has betrayed a loved one can be called dishonest.
• True personality traits are revealed in difficult life situations
• Sometimes actions that at first glance seem dishonest are necessary.
• A man of honor will not betray his moral principles even in the face of death
• War brings out dishonorable people
• Acts of anger and envy are always dishonorable.
• Honor must be defended
• A dishonest person sooner or later receives retribution for his actions.
• A person who betrayed his moral principles is dishonorable

Arguments

A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter". In the work we see two completely opposite characters: Pyotr Grinev and Alexei Shvabrin. For Petr Grinev, the concept of honor is key in making important decisions. He does not betray his principles even when he is threatened with execution: the hero refuses to swear allegiance to Pugachev. He decides to rescue Masha Mironova from the Belogorsk fortress, captured by the enemy, although this is very dangerous. When Pyotr Grinev is arrested, he tells the whole truth, but does not mention Marya Ivanovna, so as not to spoil her already unhappy life. Alexey Shvabrin is a cowardly person, capable of doing vile deeds, looking for more favorable conditions for himself. He takes revenge on Masha Mironova for refusing to marry him, at the first opportunity goes over to the side of Pugachev, in a duel with Pyotr Grinev, he shoots in the back. All this suggests that he is a dishonest person.

A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin". Eugene Onegin does not perceive the letter from Tatyana Larina, telling about her feelings, as something serious. After the duel with Lensky, the hero leaves the village. Tatyana's feelings do not subside, she thinks about Eugene all the time. Time passes. At one of the secular evenings, Eugene Onegin appears, who is still alien to society. There he sees Tatiana. The hero explains to her, Tatiana also confesses her love for Onegin, but she cannot betray her husband. In this situation, Tatiana retains her honor and dignity, respecting not her own desires, but high moral principles.

A.S. Pushkin "Mozart and Salieri". The great composer Mozart was given a gift from above. Salieri is a hard worker who has achieved success through many years of work. Out of envy, Salieri decides on not only dishonest, but also inhuman act - he throws poison into Mozart's glass. Left alone, Salieri comprehends Mozart's words about the incompatibility of villainy and genius. He cries but does not repent. Salieri is glad to have done his duty.

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". Speaking of dishonor, it is impossible not to turn to the Kuragin family. All members of this family are immoral, devoted only to money, only outwardly seem to be patriots. Trying to get at least part of Pierre Bezukhov's inheritance, Prince Vasily decides to marry him to his daughter Helene. She is cheating on an honest, loyal, good-natured Pierre, without any remorse. Anatol Kuragin commits no less disgusting act: being married, he attracts the attention of Natasha Rostova and prepares an attempt to escape, which ends in failure. Reading the work, we understand that such dishonest people cannot be truly happy. Their successes are temporary. Heroes like Pierre Bezukhov receive true happiness: moral, true to their word, truly loving the Motherland.

N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba". Andriy, the son of Taras Bulba, betrays his father and his homeland: unable to resist the power of love for the Polish girl, he goes over to the side of the enemy and fights against those whom he recently considered comrades. Old Taras kills his son because he cannot forgive him for this dishonorable act. Ostap, the eldest son of Taras Bulba, shows himself in a completely different way. He fights with the enemy to the last, dies in terrible agony, but remains true to his moral principles.

A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm". Katerina, who grew up in an atmosphere of love and care, cannot live well with her weak-willed husband and wayward Kabanikha. The girl falls in love with Boris, this brings her both happiness and grief. Katerina's betrayal is a betrayal that she cannot survive as a moral person. The heroine decides to commit suicide, knowing that she has committed a grave sin, which the already terrible society will not forgive. It is unlikely that Katerina can be called a dishonest person, despite the act she committed.

M. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man". Andrei Sokolov, the protagonist of the work, is not without reason called a man of honor. His best moral qualities were revealed in the war, in the captivity of the Germans. The hero told the truth about the work done by the prisoners. Someone denounced Andrei Sokolov, which is why Mueller summoned him. The German wanted to shoot the hero, but before his death he offered to drink "to the victory of German weapons." Andrei Sokolov is a man incapable of such a dishonorable act, so he refused. He drank for his death, but did not eat, showing the strength of the spirit of the Russian people. He also refused to eat after the second pile. Muller called Sokolov a worthy soldier and let him go back with bread and a piece of bacon. For Andrey Sokolov, it was a matter of honor to share the food among everyone, despite the fact that he himself was very hungry.

N. Karamzin "Poor Liza". Erast, a man of noble birth, falls in love with Lisa, an ordinary peasant woman. At first, the young man dreams of leaving his society for the sake of their future happiness. Lisa cannot help but believe him, she is so overwhelmed by love that she undoubtedly gives herself to Erast. But the windy young man loses a large amount of money at cards, loses all his fortune. He decides to marry a rich widow, and Lisa says that he is leaving for the war. Isn't this a dishonest act? When Lisa finds out about the deception, Erast tries to pay off her. The poor girl does not need money, she sees no reason to live and eventually dies.

V. Rasputin "French Lessons". Young teacher Lidia Mikhailovna teaches French and is the class teacher of the main character of the work. When the boy comes to school beaten up, the traitor Tishkin says that he is playing for money. The teacher is in no hurry to scold the hero. Gradually, Lydia Mikhailovna learns how difficult it is for a child: his house is far away, there is not enough food, there is not enough money. The teacher tries to help by inviting the boy to play for money with her. On the one hand, her act is unacceptable. On the other hand, it cannot be called bad either, because it was made in the name of a good goal. The director learns that Lydia Mikhailovna is playing with the student for money, and fires her. But it is clear that there is nothing to blame the teacher for: a seemingly dishonest act is actually good.

A.P. Chekhov "Jumping". Olga Ivanovna is married to the doctor Osip Ivanovich Dymov. Her husband loves her very much. He works hard to pay for his wife's hobbies. Olga Ivanovna meets the artist Ryabovsky, cheats on her husband. Dymov guesses about the betrayal, but does not show it, but tries to work even harder and harder. The relationship between Olga Ivanovna and Ryabovsky is reaching an impasse. At this time, Dymov becomes infected with diphtheria, performing his medical duty. When he dies, Olga Ivanovna realizes how dishonest and immoral her behavior was. She admits that she has lost a truly worthy person.

* "Experience is the best teacher, only tuition fees are too high" T. Carlyle Download

A list of works of small size, most of them are programmed works that can be quickly re-read and remembered. Download

References for writing the final essay 2016-17

Sense and Sense

• I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons",
• N.M. Karamzin "Poor Liza"
• I.A. Bunin "Clean Monday",
• A.M. Bitter "Old woman Izergil",
• F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment", "The Idiot"
• I. S. Turgenev "Asya"
• A. I. Kuprin "Olesya"
• I. A. Bunin "Dark Alleys", "Natalie", "Sunstroke", "Light Breathing"
• M. A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita"
• Shakespeare "Hamlet"
• M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin "The Wise Gudgeon"
• A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm"
• F.I. Tyutchev "Oh, how deadly we love ..."
• L.N. Tolstoy "After the Ball"
• A.P. Chekhov "Ionych", "Man in a Case"
• M.Yu.Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time"
• J. Austin "Sense and Sensibility" (Elinor's Mind and Marianne's Feelings);
• A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" (Onegin's mind and Tatiana's feelings),
• A. de Saint-Exupery "The Little Prince" (everything in the Prince - both reason and feelings);
• V. Zakrutkin "Human Mother" (feelings that conquered reason);
• A. and B. Strugatsky "Roadside Picnic" (work and relationship of Redrick Shewhart)
• F. Iskander "Dream of God and the Devil"
• L. Ulitskaya "Daughter of Bukhara" (Bukhara, mind and feelings together, feelings that move the mind)
• J. Moyes "Me Before You" (Will's Mind and Louise's Feelings)

Honor and dishonor

• A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter", "Eugene Onegin", "Station Keeper"
• Jack London "White Fang"
• L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace",
• V.V. Bykov "Sotnikov"
• Anton Pavlovich Chekhov "Student"
• Valentin Grigorievich Rasputin "French Lessons", "Fire", "Female Conversation", "Ivan's Daughter, Ivan's Mother"
• Victor Petrovich Astafiev "Sad Detective"
• Oleg Olegovich Pavlov "End of the century"
• N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba"
• A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"

Victory and defeat

• E. Hemingway "The Old Man and the Sea",
• B.L. Vasiliev "Not on the lists",
• EM. Remarque "All Quiet on the Western Front"
• V.P. Astafiev "Tsar-fish"
• Boris Lvovich Vasiliev "The Dawns Here Are Quiet"
• Mikhail Afanasevich Bulgakov "White Guard"
• "A word about Igor's regiment"
• A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"
• M.Yu. Lermontov "Borodino"
• M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man"

Experience and mistakes

• Jack London "Martin Eden",
• A.P. Chekhov "Ionych",
• M.A. Sholokhov "Quiet Don",
• Henry Marsh "Do No Harm"
• Ivan Alekseevich Bunin "Mr. from San Francisco"
• Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov "Quiet Don"
• Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"
• M. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita", "Heart of a Dog"
• I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"

Friendship and enmity

• M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time"
• EM. Remarque "Three comrades",
• Daniel Defoe "Robinson Crusoe",
• V.A. Kaverin "Two Captains"
• Nadezhda Borisovna Vasilyeva "Loon"
• Ivan Alexandrovich Goncharov "Oblomov"
• Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy "War and Peace"
• Alexander Alexandrovich Fadeev "Defeat"
• Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"
• Daniel Pennack "The Eye of the Wolf"
• Mikhail Yurievich Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time"
• Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"
• F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"

Arguments from small stories for writing

EXPERIENCE AND ERRORS

V. Oseev. Grandma (abbreviated, read in 10 minutes).

ND Teleshov. Egret (abbreviated, read in 7 minutes).

V. Oseeva. Why? (read in 6 minutes)

B. Ekimov. Talk, mom, talk. (abridged, read in 5 minutes).

R. Bradbury. Vacation on Mars. October 2026 (abridged, read in 3 minutes).

Go to. Red apples (read in 5 minutes).

K. Simonov. The major brought the boy on a gun carriage ... (read in 3 minutes).

M.A.Sholokhov. Mole (abbreviated, read in 4 minutes).

V. Oseev. Ginger cat (abbreviated, read in 10 minutes).

K.G. Paustovsky. Telegram (abbreviated, read in 8 minutes).

R. Bradbury. Veld. (in abbreviated form, read in 10 minutes).

V. Oseeva. Magic word. (read in 3 minutes).

Yuri Drunin. Zinka (read in 3 minutes).

A. Aleksin. In the meantime, somewhere (in abbreviated form, read in 10 m

A. Mass. Trap (abbreviated, read in 8 minutes).

B. Ekimov. Healing night (abridged, read in 4 minutes).

A. Mass. Difficult exam (abbreviated, read in 3 minutes).

V. Rasputin. French lessons (abbreviated, read in 8 minutes).

V.P. Aksenov. Breakfasts of the forty-third year (abbreviated, read in 6 minutes).

M.A. Sholokhov. The fate of a person (in abbreviated form, read in 5 minutes).

Direction "MIND AND SENSE"

A.S. Pushkin. Eugene Onegin (fragment, read in 3 minutes).

A. Aleksin. In the meantime, somewhere (fragment, read in 10 minutes).

A. Mass. Trap (fragment, read in 8 minutes).

B. Ekimov. Healing night (fragment, read in 4 minutes).

A. Mass. Difficult exam (fragment, read in 3 minutes).

N.V. Gogol. Taras Bulba (fragment, read in 8 minutes).

A. Likhanov. Labyrinth (fragment, read in 5 minutes).

V. Rasputin. French lessons (fragment, read in 8 minutes).

A.P. Chekhov. At the pharmacy (fragment, read in 4 minutes).

Direction "HONOR AND DISHONESTY"

V.P. Aksenov. Breakfasts of the forty-third year (fragment, read in 6 minutes).

A.S. Pushkin. The Captain's Daughter (fragments, read in 12 minutes).

V. Bykov. Sotnikov (fragment, read in 7 minutes).

M.Yu. Lermontov. Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, a young oprichnik and daring merchant Kalashnikov (fragment, read in 5 minutes).

M.A. Sholokhov. The fate of a person (fragment, read in 5 minutes).

A. Likhanov. Clean stones (fragment, read in 10 minutes).

Direction "Friendship and enmity"

V.G. Korolenko "Children of the Underground"

The story of Valentin Petrovich Rasputin "I forgot to ask Lyoshka ..."

EXAMPLES OF DIRECTIONAL ARGUMENTS 2016

"Sense and Sense"

NS. Leskov "Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District"

Katerina Izmailova, the wife of a wealthy merchant, fell in love with the worker Sergei and was expecting a child from him. Fearing exposure and separation from her beloved, she kills with his help her father-in-law and husband, and then little Fedya, a relative of her husband.

B. Ekimov "Night of Healing" The teenager Grisha, the hero of the story, came on vacation to his grandmother, who at night often screams, cries, begs for help: every night she dreams that she has lost her cards and her children will remain hungry. Grisha does not shout to his grandmother: “Be quiet!”, As his mother advised him to do, he acts with his mind: with compassion and love he healed her from terrible memories.

A. Kuprin "Garnet Bracelet" For the little official Zheltkov, love for Princess Vera Sheina became the meaning of life, and his beloved woman became the one in whom "all the beauty of the earth was embodied." This feeling helped him to become morally superior to Bulat-Tuganovsky, Vera's brother, who decided that with the help of the authorities it was possible to forbid love.

Characters: Rodion Raskolnikov

Literary example: Either the act is performed by a person driven by feeling, or the act is performed under the influence of the character's mind. The actions committed by Raskolnikov are usually magnanimous and noble, while under the influence of reason the hero commits a crime (Raskolnikov was influenced by a rational idea and wanted to test it in practice). Raskolnikov instinctively left money on the Marmeladovs' windowsill, but later regretted it. The juxtaposition of feelings and rational spheres is very important for the author, who understood personality as a combination of good and evil.

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

On the pages of world fiction, the problem of the influence of human feelings and reason is raised very often. So, for example, in the epic novel by Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy "War and Peace" two types of heroes appear: on the one hand, impetuous Natasha Rostova, sensitive Pierre Bezukhov, fearless Nikolai Rostov, on the other - the arrogant and calculating Helen Kuragina and her brother, callous Anatol. Many conflicts in the novel arise precisely from the excess of feelings of the heroes, the vicissitudes of which are very interesting to observe. A vivid example of how an impulse of feelings, thoughtlessness, ardor of character, impatient youth, influenced the fate of the heroes, is the case of Natasha, because for her, laughing and young, it was incredibly long to wait for the wedding with Andrei Bolkonsky, could she subdue her unexpected feelings for Anatol the voice of reason? Here we have a real drama of reason and feelings in the soul of the heroine, she faces a difficult choice: to leave the groom and leave with Anatole, or not to succumb to a momentary impulse and wait for Andrey. It was in favor of feelings that this difficult choice was made, only an accident prevented Natasha. We cannot condemn a girl, knowing her impatient nature and thirst for love. It was feelings that dictated Natasha's impulse, after which she regretted her act when she analyzed it.

Characters: Master, Margarita

Literary example: Love between the Master and Margarita flared up as soon as they saw each other: “This is how lightning strikes! This is how the Finnish knife strikes! " The heroine loves the master with all her heart, breathes life into his apartment. She gives her inner strength and energy to the novel of her beloved. The characters are very different. The master is calm, thoughtful. Margarita is strong and sharp. The master embodies thought, thought, Margarita - action. They are so close spiritually that they simply cannot exist separately. Insanely lonely before they meet, the characters gain understanding, support, sincerity and warmth.

For example, in a drama Alexander Nikolaevich Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm" the main character has a struggle of soul and mind inside. Katerina is madly in love with Boris Dikiy and is looking forward to meeting him. This tells us about the manifestation of feelings, but the mind shouts to her that they cannot be together, because she has a husband. When Boris leaves, Katerina realizes that their relationship is hopeless and jumps off the cliff into the water. The heroine commits an act provoked by a high feeling - love. The thoughtlessness of her absurd desire (it is unclear - what?) Led her to the creation of irreparable stupidity.

"Honor and dishonor"

Honor is that high spiritual strength that keeps a person from meanness, betrayal, lies and cowardice. This is the core that strengthens the choice of action when conscience is the judge. Life often tests people, putting them in front of a choice - to act according to honor and take a blow, or be cowardly and go against their conscience in order to get benefits and get away from trouble or even death. A person always has a choice and how he will act depends on his moral principles. The path of honor is difficult, but the retreat from it, the loss of honor is even more painful. Disgrace is always punished. So, apparently, the higher powers dispose.

Moral decay, the fall of moral foundations leads to the collapse of both an individual and an entire people. That is why the great importance of the great Russian classical literature, which is the moral foundation and helper for many generations of people, is so enormous. Vivid images, created by writers with love and vitality, seem to acquire materiality. They live among us and are an example of morality and honor.

The concept of honor is brought up in a person from childhood. So in the story of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" we see how this happens and what results it leads to.

A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" Alexey Ivanovich Shvabrin is a nobleman, but he is dishonest: having wooed Masha Mironova and being refused, he takes revenge by speaking ill of her; during a duel with Grinev, he stabs him in the back. The complete loss of ideas about honor also predetermines social treason: as soon as Pugachev gets the Belogorsk fortress, Shvabrin goes over to the side of the rebels.

In Russian literature there are many great works that can educate a person, make him better, cleaner. Reading the lines of Pushkin's story "The Captain's Daughter", together with Pyotr Grinev we go through the path of trials, mistakes, the path of knowing the truth, comprehending wisdom, love and mercy. It is no coincidence that the author prefaces the story with the epigraph: "Take care of honor from your youth." When reading great lines, I want to follow this rule.

The Death of a Poet by M.Yu. Lermontov. Another genius poet M.Yu. Lermontov speaks of Pushkin, who fell victim to dishonest and vicious envious people. Defending the honor of his wife and his honor, Pushkin challenged Dantes to a duel, who with dubious behavior could defame the good name of the Pushkin couple. Alexander Sergeevich could not live "slandered by rumor" and put an end to dishonor at the cost of his own life.

The poet's soul could not bear

Shame on petty grievances

He rebelled against the opinions of the world

Alone, as before ... and killed!

But Pushkin's "wondrous genius" illuminates the life of many, many generations of descendants with its radiant light, and Dantes's "empty heart" did not find happiness on earth and good memory after death. And as Lermontov said of "Freedom, Genius and Glory, the executioners" will not be able to wash away the righteous blood with their "black blood of the Poet!"

F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"

Literary example: Raskolnikov decides to commit a crime for the sake of his loved ones, driven by a thirst for revenge for all the disadvantaged and poor people of that time. He is guided by a great idea - to help all the humiliated, disadvantaged and desecrated modern society. However, this desire is being realized not entirely noble. No solution to the problem of immorality and lawlessness was found. Raskolnikov became a part of this world with its violations and filth. HONOR: Sonya saved Raskolnikov from a spiritual fall. This is the most important thing for the author. You can get lost and confused. But getting on the right path is a matter of honor.

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" Also noteworthy is the duel between Pierre Bezukhov and Dolokhov, described by Leo Tolstoy in his epic novel War and Peace.

Pierre Bezukhov is a purely civilian man, inclined to philosophical reflections, far from everyday vanity and strife. He did not know how to handle weapons at all. But he wounds Dolokhov, a fearless warrior, in a duel. Here Tolstoy, as it were, confirms the idea that justice is being administered and vice should be punished. At first, Pierre sincerely trusted Dolokhov, since being an honest person, he could not assume dishonor in others. He brought him into his house, helped him with money in memory of his old friendship, and Dolokhov disgraced Bezukhov by seducing his wife. Pierre Bezukhov stood up for his honor, but realizing that stupid and cruel Helen does not deserve a murder because of her, he regrets what happened. He thanks God for not killing the man. He is ready to repent already before the duel, but not out of fear, but because he is sure of Helene's guilt.

Tolstoy shows honor and dishonor by painting the images of two generals, Kutuzov and Napoleon, the defender of the Fatherland and the invader. The invading enemy cannot be honest. The essence of his act is the capture of someone else's, not belonging to him, as well as murder. Napoleon is depicted in the novel as selfish and narcissistic, arrogant and arrogant. He wanted to enslave the Russian people and claimed world domination. The opposite of Napoleon is the figure of Kutuzov. He is depicted as the leader of a just people's war, connected with the people by close spiritual ties. This was his strength as a general. Kutuzov's deep patriotic feelings, his love for the Russian people and hatred for the enemy, his closeness to the soldier distinguished him as a man of honor and high morality.

Tolstoy sees in the people the source of spirituality and morality, necessary for the entire society. According to Tolstoy, those nobles who are closer to the people are moral and honest. They have a stronger patriotic feeling. Conversely, those nobles who distance themselves from their people and abhor them are callous and soulless.

Honor: Natasha Rostova, Petya Rostov, Pierre Bezukhoye, Captain Timokhin, Vasily Denisov, Marya Bolkonskaya, Andrey Bolkonsky, Nikolay Rostov

Outcast: Vasil Kuragin and his children: Helen, Ippolit and Anatole

Argument: The Patriots are ready to fight the French. They want to free the Russian lands. Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov, Vasily Denisov and Captain Timokhin were striving for this goal. Young Petya Rostov gives his life for her. Natasha Rostova and Marya Bolkonskaya wish victory over the enemy with all their hearts. There is no reason to doubt the truth of the patriotic feelings that possessed both the old prince Bolkonsky and Nikolai Rostov. At the same time, the writer convinces us of the complete absence of patriotism among such people as Prince Vasily Kuragin and his children: Ippolit, Anatole and Helen. It is not at all love for the Motherland (they do not have this love) that Boris Drubetskoy and Dolokhov, entering the active army, are guided. The first learns the "unwritten chain of command" in order to make a career. The second tries to excel in order to quickly regain his officer rank, and then receive awards and ranks. The military official Berg in Moscow, abandoned by the residents, is buying things for a cheap price ...

M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita"

Heroes: Woland, Master, Margarita

Literary example. Lies, fear and dishonor permeate the novel. All lie, fear and dissemble. Woland and his retinue bring out the lying townspeople, but immediately deceive all those gathered in the variety show, skillfully playing on their passions. He also deceives the Master and Margarita, not allowing them to live a day of the promised happy life in the basement. Deal with the devil - a grandiose deception, crowned with destruction. Both heroes, having served the unclean man and having received from him the promise of fulfilling their desires, were poisoned at his direction on the same day, they did not have time to enjoy freedom.

A. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"(As you know, A.S. Pushkin died in a duel, fighting for the honor of his wife. M. Lermontov in his poem called the poet "a slave of honor." , Alexander Sergeevich retained his honor and good name in the memory of people. In his story "The Captain's Daughter" Pushkin portrays Petrusha Grineva with high moral qualities. a man worthy of respect and pride. He could not leave Shvabrin's slander against Masha unpunished, so he challenged him to a duel. Grinev retained his honor even under pain of death).

M. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man"(In a short story, Sholokhov touched on the topic of honor.Andrei Sokolov is a simple Russian man, he had a family, a loving wife, children, his own home. endure all the hardships of the war with his head held high. One of the main episodes revealing the strength and staunch character of a person is the scene of the interrogation of Andrei Müller. A weak, hungry soldier surpassed the fascist in fortitude. The refusal to drink to the victory of German weapons was unexpected for the Germans: “Yes, so that I, a Russian soldier, drink to the victory of German weapons?” The fascists appreciated the courage of the Russian soldier by saying: “You are a brave soldier. life.Andrei Sokolov personifies honor and dignity. For them he is ready to give even his life.))

M. Lermontov. The novel "A Hero of Our Time"(Pechorin knew about Grushnitsky's intentions, but nevertheless did not wish him harm. An act worthy of respect. Grushnitsky, on the contrary, committed a dishonorable act, offering Pechorin an unloaded weapon for a duel).

M. Lermontov "Song of Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich ..."... (Lermontov tells about the permissiveness of people in power. Such is Kiribeyevich, who encroached on a married wife. For him the laws are not written, he is not afraid of anything, even Tsar Ivan the Terrible supports him, so he agrees to fight with the merchant Kalashnikov. Merchant Stepan Paramonovich Kalashnikov is a man of truth, a loyal husband and a loving father. And even despite the risk of losing to Kiribeyevich, for the honor of his wife Alena he challenged him to a fist fight. By killing the oprichnik, the Merchant Kalashnikov aroused the Tsar's anger, who ordered him to be hanged. Of course, Stepan Paramonovich could have yielded to the tsar, avoided his death, but for him the honor of the family turned out to be more precious.Using the example of this hero, Lermontov showed the real Russian character of a simple man of honor - strong in spirit, unshakable, honest and noble.)

N. Gogol "Taras Bulba"... (Ostap accepted death with dignity).

6. V.Rasputin "French Lessons". (The boy Vova withstands all trials with honor in order to get an education, to become a human being)

A. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter".(Shvabrin is a vivid example of a person who has lost his dignity. He is the complete opposite of Grinev. This is a person for whom the concept of honor and nobility does not exist at all. He walked over the heads of others, stepping over himself to please his momentary desires. dress again, but honor from a young age. "Once your honor is stained, you can hardly ever restore your good name.)

"Experience and mistakes"

A.P. Chekhov "Ionych" Doctor Startsev, a talented doctor in his youth,

gradually getting rich, it becomes important and rude, he has only one passion in life - money.

B. Yekimov "Speak, Mom, Speak ..." Old lady Katerina's daughter lives in the city.

It is hard for the mother alone on the farm, but her daughter bought her a mobile phone. Katerina wanted to tell her daughter a lot, but she, saving money, got off with only a request to talk specifically about her health. But the little things in the life of the mother, the closest person, are also important. Fortunately, the daughter realized her mistake in time, and Katerina immediately felt how much she loved her daughter, how much she needed to communicate with her.

V. Tendryakov "Finding"

The gloomy, stern fishery inspector Trofim Rusanov found an abandoned newborn child in a remote forest hut. The inspector failed to save the baby, but this incident and subsequent events forced him to reconsider his attitude towards people, to sympathize with them.

F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"

Characters: Rodion Raskolnikov

Literary example: Raskolnikov's theory is anti-human in nature. The hero reflects not so much on the possibility of murder as such, as on the relativity of moral laws; but it does not take into account the fact that the "ordinary" is not capable of becoming "superhuman." Thus, Rodion Raskolnikov becomes a victim of his own theory. The idea of ​​permissiveness leads to the destruction of the human personality or to the generation of monsters .. The fallacy of the theory is exposed, which is the essence of the conflict in Dostoevsky's novel.

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

Argument: While living in France, Pierre was imbued with the ideas of Freemasonry, it seemed to Pierre that he had found like-minded people, that with their help he could change the world for the better. But he soon became disillusioned with Freemasonry.

Pierre Bezukhov is still very young and inexperienced, he is looking for the purpose of his life, but comes to the conclusion that nothing can be changed in this world and falls under the bad influence of Kuragin and Dolokhov. Pierre begins to "burn through life", spends his time at balls and social events. Kuragin marries him to Helen. Bezukhov was inspired by passion for Helen Kuragina, he rejoiced at the happiness of marrying her. But after a while, Pierre noticed that Helen was just a beautiful doll with an ice heart. The marriage with Helen Kuragina brought only pain and disappointment to Pierre Bezukhov in the female field. Tired of a riotous life, Pierre rushes to work. He begins to carry out reforms in his lands.

Pierre found his happiness in marriage with Natasha Rostova. A long way of wandering, sometimes erroneous, sometimes ridiculous and absurd, nevertheless led Pierre Bezukhov to the truth. It can be said that the end of Pierre's life searches is good, because he achieved the goal that he initially pursued. He tried to change this world for the better.

M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita"

Heroes: Pontius Pilate

Literary example: Pilate does not dare to go against the will of the Sanhedrin, feeling that he has made an irreparable mistake, he announces his decision to the crowd. After this fatal act, terrible thoughts rush through the hegemon's head: "Immortality ... Immortality has come ... Whose immortality has come?" The hero was doomed to eternal suffering. After the execution of the innocent Yeshua, Pilate suffers from terrible remorse. He clearly feels his mistake, but is no longer able to correct anything: "It was clear to him that this afternoon he irrevocably missed something, and now he wants to correct what he has missed with some petty and insignificant, and most importantly, belated actions." ...

"Victory and Defeat"

V.G. Korolenko "Paradox" (victory over oneself)

Jan Załuski is a cripple, but he believes that "man is created for happiness, like a bird for flight." The innate misfortune of the hero made him learn to masterfully, paradoxically, master his body, surprising those around him and making them believe that every person is the creator of his own happiness.

A.P. Chekhov "Jumping"(victory over the disease) Doctor Dymov, saving a boy who fell ill with diphtheria, sucks his diphtheria films through a tube, becomes infected himself, and then dies.

B. Vasiliev "The Dawns Here Are Quiet"(victory in the battle with the Germans, at the cost of the lives of female anti-aircraft gunners, who were not afraid of the numerical superiority of the enemy. The Great Patriotic War is a glorious and at the same time tragic page in the history of Russia. How many millions of lives it took! How many people became heroes defending the Motherland!

The war does not have a woman's face - this is the leitmotif of B. Vasiliev's story "And Here Are Quiet." A woman whose natural destiny is to give life, to be the keeper of the family hearth, to personify tenderness, love, puts on soldier's boots, uniform, takes up arms and goes to kill. What could be scarier?

Five girls - Zhenya Komelkova, Rita Osyanina, Galina Chetvertak, Sonya Gurvich, Liza Brichkina - died in the war with the Nazis. Each had their own dreams, each wanted love, and just life. ("... all nineteen years I lived in the feeling of tomorrow.")

But all this was taken away from them by the war. ("It was so stupid, so absurd and improbable to die at the age of nineteen.")

Heroines die in different ways. So, Zhenya Komelkova accomplishes a true feat, leading the Germans away from their comrades, and Galya Chetvertak, simply frightened by the Germans, screams in horror and runs away from them. But we understand each of them. War is a terrible thing, and the fact that they went to the front, voluntarily, knowing that death could await them, is already a feat of these young, fragile, gentle girls.

Yes, the girls died, the lives of five people were cut short - this, of course, is a defeat. It is no coincidence that Vaskov, this battle-hardened man, is crying, it is no coincidence that his terrible, hate-filled face terrifies the Nazis. He alone took several people prisoner! But nevertheless it is also a victory - a victory of the moral spirit of the Soviet people, their unshakable faith, their steadfastness and heroism. And the son of Rita Osyanina, who became an officer, is a continuation of life. And if life goes on, this is already a victory - a victory over death!

B. Polevoy "The Story of a Real Man" Pilot Alexey Maresyev, the hero of the story,

only thanks to his will and courage he survived even after his frostbitten legs were amputated, when he crawled to our rear of the enemy. The hero subsequently returned to his squadron, proving to everyone that he was in control of his fate.

E. Hemingway "The Undefeated" The old matador, for the sake of a piece of bread and out of a professional sense, does not want to admit that he is an invalid. He enters the arena and even a badly wounded bull remains undefeated to the end.

E. Hemingway "The Old Man and the Sea" The old fisherman Santiago is a die-hard man. “Man is not made to fail,” he says. His duel with a big fish is an example of unbending courage, fortitude, invincibility.

F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"

Characters: Rodion Raskolnikov, Sonya Marmeladova

Literary example: In the novel, Dostoevsky leaves victory not for the strong and proud Raskolnikov, but for Sonya, seeing in her the highest truth: suffering purifies. Sonya professes moral ideals, which, from the point of view of the writer, are closest to the broad masses of the people: the ideals of humility, forgiveness, obedience. "Crime and Punishment" contains a deep truth about the intolerance of life in a capitalist society, where the Luzhins and Svidrigailovs win with their hypocrisy, meanness, selfishness, as well as the truth that evokes not a feeling of hopelessness, but irreconcilable hatred of the world of hypocrisy.

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

Victory: Battle of Shengraben. The French army outnumbered the Russian. One hundred thousand versus thirty-five. The Russian army, led by Kutuzov, won a small victory at Krems and had to move to Znaim to escape. Kutuzov no longer trusted his allies. The Austrian army, not waiting for the reinforcement of the Russian troops, launched an attack on the French, but seeing their superiority, surrendered. Kutuzov had to retreat, because the inequality of forces did not bode well. The only salvation was to get to Znaim before the French. But the Russians' road was longer and more difficult. Then Kutuzov decides to send Bagration's vanguard to cut across the enemy, that he, as he could, delayed the enemy. And here, chance saved the Russians. The French envoy Murat, seeing Bagration's detachment, decided that it was the entire Russian army, and proposed an armistice for three days. Kutuzov took advantage of this "rest". Of course, Napoleon, immediately understood the deception, but while his messenger was driving to the army, Kutuzov had already managed to get to Znaim. When the vanguard of Bagration went into retreat, the small battery of Tushin, stationed near the village of Shengraben, was forgotten and abandoned by the Russians.

Defeat: Battle of Austerlitz. The main role in the conduct of this war was assumed by the Austrian military leaders, especially since the battles were fought on the territory of Austria. And the battle near the town of Austerlitz in the novel "War and Peace" was also thought out and planned by the Austrian general Weyrother. To take into account the opinion of Kutuzov or anyone else, Weyrother did not consider it necessary.

The military council before the Battle of Austerlitz resembles not a council, but an exhibition of vanities, all the disputes were conducted not with the aim of achieving a better and correct solution, but, as Tolstoy writes: to General Weyrother, so self-confident as to the schoolchildren, who read his disposition, that he dealt not with fools alone, but with people who could teach him in military affairs. " Having made several useless attempts to change the situation, Kutuzov slept all the time while the council lasted. Tolstoy makes it clear how much Kutuzov is sickened by all this pomp and complacency, the old general understands perfectly well that the battle will be lost.

Conclusion: The history of mankind consists of victories and defeats in wars. In the novel War and Peace, Tolstoy describes the participation of Russia and Austria in the war against Napoleon. Thanks to Russian troops, the Battle of Schöngraben was won, and this gave strength and inspiration to the sovereigns of Russia and Austria. Blinded by victories, preoccupied with self-admiration, holding military reviews and balls, these two men led their armies to defeat at Austerlitz. The battle of Austerlitz in the novel "War and Peace" by Tolstoy became decisive in the war of the "three emperors". Tolstoy shows the two emperors, first pompous and self-righteous, and after defeat, confused and unhappy people. Napoleon managed to outwit and defeat the Russian-Austrian army. The emperors fled from the battlefield, and after the end of the battle, Emperor Franz decided to submit to Napoleon on his terms.

M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita"

Heroes: Pontius Pilate

Literary example: In a dream, the procurator gives the impression of a completely different person. Pilate agrees with Yeshua's idea that they will now always be together. The procurator ceases to feel the disgust that arose in him in relation to everything that was associated with the teachings of Jesus.

As soon as a person gains wealth, he immediately begins to fear losing it.

Sleep allows Pilate to do what he could not decide in life. Often, literary critics assess Pilate's dream, his walk along the "moonlit road" as the highest victory of man over himself.

"Friendship and enmity"

Friends are always ready to help, save. (Example: friendship of A.S. Pushkin with lyceum students... The poet in his poem "October 19" wrote:

My friends, our union is wonderful!

He, like a soul, is inseparable and eternal ...)

Friendship of Pushkin and Pushchin / Analysis of Pushkin's poem “I. I. Pushchin "

Among his lyceum friends, Alexander Pushkin especially singled out Ivan Pushchin, with whom the poet had a very warm and trusting relationship. The last time the friends met was on the eve of these tragic events, in the winter of 1825. Ivan Pushchin came to him in Mikhailovskoye in order to brighten up his loneliness and distract the author from gloomy thoughts about his own fate. At this moment, the best friend morally supported Pushkin, who was on the verge of despair, believing that his career was ruined, and his life was hopeless. Therefore, when Pushchin found himself in a similar situation, the author considered it his duty to send him an encouraging poetic message, in which he confessed: "I pray to the holy providence." By this, the poet wanted to emphasize that he not only worries about the fate of his friend, but also believes that his sacrifice was not made to society in vain, and future generations will be able to appreciate this selfless act.

Pushkin was very upset about the separation from his friend, and subsequently he addressed several more poems to him. H

N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba, The central character of the story believed that partnership is higher than family, higher kinship by blood, higher than everything earthly.

D. London "In the Far Land", "Love of Life". Companionable support is, according to the writer, a decisive condition for victory over nature. The moral of the North is based on trust and mutual honesty. The harsh conditions reveal the true value of a person. A coward, an insignificant person, according to the author's conviction, would sooner perish than a brave one. This is how gold miners who lost their composure perish in the short story "In a Far Land" and Bill, who abandoned his comrade, in the story "Love of Life"

F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"

Characters: Rodion Raskolnikov, Dmitry Prokofievich Razumikhin

Literary example: FRIENDSHIP: Dostoevsky introduces the image of Dmitry Prokofievich Razumikhin into the novel. This is Rodion's loyal university friend who supports him. The friendship of Raskolnikov and Razumikhin is contrasted in the novel with showing the disunity of people as a whole. Razumikhin and Raskolnikov are contrasted with the help of their speaking surnames ("reason" - "split") according to the principle of their attitude to life. These friends also have something in common that brought them closer together: they are smart, educated, deep, noble young people capable of sincere feelings.

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

One of the central lines of the novel, one of the greatest values, according to Tolstoy, is, of course, the friendship between Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov. They are both alien to the society in which they find themselves. Both of them are above him in their thoughts and moral values, only Pierre needs time to understand this. Andrei is confident in his own, special purpose, and the empty, unchanging life is not according to him.He tries to convince Pierre, who is the only one whom he respects in that environment thanks to the contrast with the empty elite, so that he would stay away from this life. But Pierre is still convinced of this on his own, through his own experience. He, so simple and unpretentious, finds it difficult to resist the temptation. The friendship between Andrei and Pierre can be considered true, beautiful and immortal, because the soil on which it stood was the most worthy and noble. There was not a drop of search for self-interest in this friendship, and neither money nor influence was a reference point for any of them, neither in their relationship, nor in the life of each separately. This should unite people if they live in a society where all feelings can be bought and sold so coldly.

Fortunately, in Tolstoy's novel, these heroes found each other, thereby finding salvation from moral loneliness and finding a worthy ground for the development of morality and real ideas that should not be lost at least by a minority of people.

M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita"

Heroes: Master, members of MASSOLIT

Literary example. Through the fault of the members of MASSOLIT - representatives of the literary elite - the Master's novel has not been published. Because of them, he burned the work that he had been creating for so long. And it is they who are guilty of the fact that the Master is in the clinic for the mentally ill. After vain attempts he had nothing left. Ivan Bezdomny is a typical representative of the elite literary world. And this world is hateful not only to the hero of the novel, but also to the author himself. The master is seized by apathy, and, hating the manifested enemies, he does not seek to resist the essential enemies, he is completely possessed.

In the novel Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin "Dubrovsky»We see two old friends - Kirila Petrovich Troekurov and Andrey Gavrilovich Dubrovsky. They were once comrades in the service. Dubrovsky was distinguished by pride and decisiveness of character, for which he was appreciated and respected by Troyekurov. Andrei Gavrilovich was an interesting conversationalist, and Kirila Petrovich was bored when his colleague was not around. The author explained their friendship by the fact that both of them were the same age, had the same upbringing, were early widowed and raised one child each. All this brought them closer together. All the landlord neighbors were jealous of their agreement and friendship.

But one day, in their friendly relations, there came a time of discord and terrible, violent enmity. It happened when Paramoshka, a servant of the landowner, insulted Troyekurov during an inspection of his beloved kennel.

Dubrovsky, humiliated his dignity. "An accident upset and changed everything." After leaving Pokrovskoe, Andrei Gavrilovich demanded that the servant appear at the trial. But the wayward rich man did not want to seriously understand this, but began to mercilessly take revenge on Dubrovsky, humiliating him even more. Why did this friendship turn out to be fragile? Why is there such a gap between former friends? The wealth and nobility of Troekurov, his arrogance and arrogance did not allow him to stop and reflect on

everything that happened. And the hot temper and fervor of the landowner added fuel to the fire. And a murderous revenge began ... Satisfied with his thirst for revenge, Troekurov realizes what he has done. Recovering himself, Troekurov wanted to correct this situation. But it was too late. He drove a friend to madness and death. Reading the novel by A.S. Pushkin, we are once again convinced that any enmity does not do good.

In the novel M.Yu. Lermontov "Hero of our time»We also see an example of friendship-enmity in relations between Pechorin and Grushnitsky. They are peers, colleagues. Pechorin declares: "In friendship, one is the slave of another." A slave relationship cannot maintain friendship, it is humiliating. At heart, the heroes do not have a warm relationship with each other. Pechorin in relation to Grushnitsky is ruthless, does not know how

forgiving weakness, confident, judicious, selfish, sarcastic. He sees right through Grushnitsky and laughs at him. Is this friendship? “I understood him, and he dislikes me for it, although

outwardly we are on friendly terms. " And we are once again convinced that friendship is in great need of the manifestation of good human feelings and qualities, in sincerity. And Grushnitsky? A completely different person:

enthusiastic, soft-bodied, does not have bright features, envious, vain, spiteful, wordy. "He speaks quickly and pretentiously." Grushnitsky as a cadet, he is twenty-one years old. What can we call the relationship of these heroes?

Their opposition to M.Yu. Lermontov shows in the chapter "Princess Mary". The chasm in the relationship of young people is widening, hostility grows when Princess Mary was carried away by Pechorin. The duel is

denouement in a relationship. Pechorin kills his former friend. What's the matter? What is the reason for this sad outcome? There can be no slavish relationship in friendship. We understand that a person, first of all, should be a friend himself. And Pechorin does not have this understanding, so he did not have real friends. Only warm human relationships strengthen friendship, and do not turn it into enmity.

AI Pristavkin "A golden cloud spent the night"

War. This is the hardest test for people, especially for children. It is the children who are the main characters of A. Pristavkin's work "A golden cloud spent the night"

The cause of any war is enmity. It is she who makes people cruel, soulless, and it is in war that many moral qualities of a person, the beauty of his soul, are often revealed.

The main characters of the story are Kuzmins Kolka and Sashka, brothers, inmates of an orphanage. Their orphanage was moved to the North Caucasus, which had just been liberated from the Germans. Mass migration of peoples was carried out during the war years, in 1943-1944.

The reader sees what is happening with children's eyes. Children appreciate people by whether they have taken food from them or not; they do not understand why from a passing carriage children stretch out their hands and ask for what, but in their eyes there are tears. They cannot understand why people are so cruel. Let us recall the terrible picture when Kolka saw his executed brother.

There is no division of people by nationality for children. Good means your own, evil, cruel enemy. It is no coincidence that Kolka and the eleven-year-old Chechen boy Alkhuzor become friends. Both of them are lonely and unhappy, they found spiritual closeness and support from each other. And what does it matter that one is Russian and the other is Chechen. They became friends. Grief brought them closer together. In the orphanage, where the children ended up, there were the Crimean Tatar Musa, and the German Lida Gross "from the big river", and the Nogai Balbek. All of them were united by a common terrible fate; they were drawn into the maelstrom of adult problems, witnesses to the extermination of peoples, enmity between them, it was they who experienced all the horrors of this struggle of adults.

The world of enmity is terrible. He destroys the destinies of people. It is necessary to stop hostility, to be tolerant towards people, not to allow the destruction of our own people - this is what the author calls for. “There are no bad peoples, there are only bad people,” says the teacher Regina Petrovna.

Children's souls are so pure and innocent, like "golden clouds", they are able to understand each other. It's scary if these "clouds" break on the top of the cliff - about the indifference and cruelty of people.

Adults could learn from children the desire to live in friendship, understand how terrible enmity is. “I think that all people are brothers,” Sashka will say, and they will sail far, far, to the place where the mountains descend into the sea and people have never heard of a war where a brother kills a brother.

A.M. Gorky "Childhood"

Alexey Peshkov - the main character of AM Gorky's story "Childhood" - was left without parents early. Life in the house of his grandfather Kashirin was difficult. "Strange life" here began to remind him of a "harsh fairy tale", "well told by a kind, but painfully truthful genius." Constant enmity surrounded the boy in the house. “The house of my grandfather is filled with a hot fog of mutual enmity between everyone and everyone.” The relationship between the adults - Alyosha's uncles - and between their children were far from kinship and friendship. The uncles were waiting for their share of the inheritance, they always quarreled, and the children did not lag behind them. Constant complaints, denunciations, the desire to hurt another, the pleasure experienced by the fact that someone is bad - this is the situation in which the hero lived. There was no question of any friendship with cousins.

However, there were people here, to whom Alyosha was drawn. This is both the blind-eyed master Grigory, whom the boy sincerely regrets, and the apprentice Tsyganok, to whom his grandfather prophesied a great future (Tsyganok died when he carried an unbearable cross to the grave of the boy's grandfather's wife), and Good Deed, who taught him to read.

His grandmother, Akulina Ivanovna, became a real friend for Alyosha, a kind, intelligent, cheerful woman, despite her hard life, despite the fact that she was always beaten by her husband. Her eyes burned with “an inextinguishable, cheerful and warm light.” He seemed to be asleep before her, “hidden in the dark,” but she woke up, brought out into the light, immediately became a friend for life, the closest, understandable and dear person.

There was a lot of enmity around the boy. But there is also a lot of kindness and understanding. It was friendly relations with people that did not allow his soul to harden. Alyosha became a kind, sensitive, compassionate person. Friendship can help a person in difficult times to preserve the best moral human qualities.

It all starts from childhood. It is so important during this period that children are surrounded by kind, decent people, because in many respects it depends on them how the child will grow up. The author brings the readers to this conclusion.

DIRECTIONS OF THE FINAL WORKS - 2016-2017

1. "Sense and Sensibility"
2. "Honor and dishonor"
3. "Victory and Defeat"
4. "Experience and mistakes",
5. "Friendship and enmity".

1. "Sense and Sense"... The direction involves thinking about reason and feeling as two most important components of a person's inner world, which affect his aspirations and actions. Reason and feeling can be considered both in harmonious unity and in a complex confrontation that constitutes the inner conflict of the personality.
The topic of reason and feeling is interesting for writers of different cultures and eras: the heroes of literary works often find themselves faced with a choice between the dictates of feeling and the prompting of reason.

2. "Honor and dishonor". The direction is based on polar concepts associated with a person's choice: to be faithful to the voice of conscience, to follow moral principles, or to follow the path of betrayal, lies and hypocrisy.
Many writers have focused on portraying various manifestations of a person: from loyalty to moral rules to various forms of compromise with conscience, to the deep moral decline of the individual.

3. "Victory and Defeat"... The direction allows you to think about victory and defeat in different aspects: socio-historical, moral-philosophical, psychological. Reasoning can be connected both with external conflict events in the life of a person, country, world, and with the internal struggle of a person with himself, its causes and results.
In literary works, the ambiguity and relativity of the concepts of "victory" and "defeat" in different historical conditions and life situations are often shown.

4. "Experience and mistakes." Within the framework of the direction, it is possible to reason about the value of the spiritual and practical experience of an individual, people, humanity as a whole, about the cost of mistakes on the way of knowing the world, gaining life experience.
Literature often makes one think about the relationship between experience and mistakes: about experience that prevents mistakes, about mistakes without which it is impossible to move along the path of life, and about irreparable, tragic mistakes.

5. "Friendship and enmity". The direction aims at reasoning about the value of human friendship, about ways to achieve mutual understanding between individuals, their communities and even entire nations, as well as about the origins and consequences of enmity between them.
The content of many literary works is associated with the warmth of human relations or the hostility of people, with the development of friendship into enmity, or vice versa, with the image of a person who is able or not able to value friendship, who knows how to overcome conflicts or sow enmity.

When composing topics for the final essay, the following requirements are observed:

• compliance with open thematic areas;
• ensuring the over-subject nature of the final essay (topics should not be aimed at a literary analysis of a particular work);
• ensuring the literary-centered nature of the final essay (topics should provide an opportunity for a wide choice of literary material for argumentation);
• focus on reasoning (there is a problem in the wording);
• compliance with the age characteristics of graduates, the time allotted for writing an essay (3 hours 55 minutes);
• clarity, literacy and variety of wording of the themes of the essays.

Preparation for the final essay on literature grade 11

towards "Honor and dishonor"

The concept of honor must be instilled in a child from his very birth, otherwise it will be too late in adulthood and the child may grow up to be a scoundrel.

Tolstoy "War and Peace"

Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter", "Dubrovsky"

Russian literature of the XIX century)

A real person cannot live without honor, so he must defend himself and his family even at the cost of his own life (Pushkin died in a duel defending his own family)

Pushkin "Dubrovsky"

Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"

Output:

Yes and no. It all depends on what the duel was for.

Kuprin "Duel"

Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"

Tolstoy "War and Peace"

Of course, a person often hesitates before a bad deed. If it is perfect, then life is divided into "before" and "after". And changing something is extremely difficult, if not impossible.

Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"

Pushkin "E. Onegin"

Output:

Sometimes a person values ​​the opinion of a completely outsider and people little respected by him too much. Because of this, he can do stupid things and even tragic mistakes. Sometimes a person creates conflict situations himself, and then, under the guise of protecting his honor, kills someone in a duel. The true honor in this situation is not to kill the one you yourself offended, but to ask for forgiveness and admit your guilt.

Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" (Onegin kills Lensky, because he is afraid of gossip)

Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time" (Pechorin kills Grushnitsky, because he does not want to be a laughing stock. But who is to blame for all this?)

honor (Victor Hugo)

In past centuries, offended people challenged the offender to a duel or committed suicide. Now civilized people are taking legal action to defend their honor and dignity.

Bunin "Caucasus"

Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" (about Lensky)

Output:

7.

They say that a man of honor is always ready to die and is not afraid of death. You should always be guided by the main moral principles: do not steal, do not kill, do not covet, etc.

V. Bykov "Sotnikov"

Tolstoy "War and Peace"

Output:
B. Pascal

8.

The roots of dishonesty lie deep in childhood. If the parents did not instill in their child the norms of behavior, if they themselves could afford to act deceitfully, then the child, growing up, will not be an honest person.

Tolstoy "War and Peace

N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls"

Output:

9. What is the meaning of honor?

It happens that a person looks very respectable: good clothes, face, gait, haircut. But if you get to know him better, talk, look at his actions, it turns out that he is not at all who he claims to be. And sometimes it happens the other way around: at first you won't like a person, and then you realize that he is decent and honest.

Pushkin "Station keeper"

Leskov "Old Genius"

Output:

All Russian literature of the 19th century, one way or another, touches on this topic. But most of all I remember Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace"

Bibliography

1. Life of Alexander Nevsky

2. "Shemyakin court"

3. FI Fonvizin "Minor" (Mr. Prostakovs, Mitrofan, Sophia, Milon, Starodum)

4. A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" (Pyotr Grinev, Alexey Shvabrin, Masha Mironova, Pugachev), "Eugene Onegin" (Onegin, Vladimir Lensky, Tatiana and Olga Larins), "Stationmaster" (Samson Vyrin, his daughter Dunya and Cornet Minsky)

5.N.S.Leskov "Old genius" (an old woman, a young nobleman, an official of the 14th category)

6.I.A.Bunin "Caucasus", "Mister from San Francisco"

7. "A word about Igor's regiment"

8. M.Yu.Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time" (Pechorin Grigory Alexandrovich, Grushnitsky, Princess Mary, Bela, Maxim Maksimych, Vera)

9. A.K. Tolstoy "Vasily Shibanov" (Prince Kurbsky and his striker Vasily Shibanov, Ivan the Terrible, Malyuta)

10.L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

11.AI Kuprin "Duel" (Grigory Romashov, Shurochka, her husband Nikolaev,), "Pomegranate Bracelet" (Madame Vera Sheina, her husband Vasily, brother Nikolai Nikolaevich, poor official Zheltkov, father's friend General Anosov)

12.M. Gorky "At the Bottom"

13. N.V. Gogol "The Inspector General", "Dead Souls"

14.V. Bykov "Sotnikov" (Sotnikov, Rybak, headman, Demichikha)

Honor and dishonor

About honor (for introduction)

Concepts such as "honor" and "conscience" have somehow lost their relevance in the modern world of indifference and cynical attitude to life.
If earlier it was a shame to be called a shameless person, today such a “compliment” is treated lightly and even with bravado. The pangs of conscience - today this is something from the realm of melodramas and is perceived as a movie plot, that is, the audience is indignant, and at the end of the film they go and, for example, steal apples from someone else's garden.
In our time, it has become a shame to show mercy, compassion, sympathy. Now it is "cool", under the approving hooting of the crowd, to hit the weak, kick the dog, insult the elderly man, get nasty at the passer-by, and so on. Any filth created by one bastard is perceived almost as a feat by the immature minds of adolescents.
We ceased to feel, having fenced off from the realities of life by our own indifference. We pretend that we do not see and do not hear. Today we pass the bully, swallow insults, and tomorrow we ourselves imperceptibly turn into shameless and dishonorable people.
Let's remember the past centuries. Duels with swords and pistols for insulting an honest name. Conscience and duty that guided the thoughts of the defenders of the Fatherland. Mass heroism of the people in the Great Patriotic War for the enemy trampling on the honor of their beloved Motherland. Nobody shifted the overwhelming burden of responsibility and duty onto the shoulders of another, so that it would be more comfortable for oneself.
Honor and conscience are the most important and most valuable qualities of the human soul.
A dishonest person can go through life without feeling the pangs of conscience for his actions. Sneakers and hypocrites will always scurry around, extolling his supposed merits. But none of them will lend him a helping hand in difficult times.
A person who is shameless to achieve goals will not spare anyone on his ambitious path. Neither devoted friendship, nor love for the Motherland, nor compassion, nor mercy, nor human kindness are inherent in such a person.
Each of us wants a respectful attitude and attention from others. But only when we ourselves become more tolerant, more restrained, more tolerant and kinder, we will have the moral right to a reciprocal manifestation of the listed qualities.
If today you betrayed a friend, cheated on a loved one, "sat down" on a colleague, insulted a subordinate or deceived someone's trust, then do not be surprised if tomorrow the same happens to you. Finding yourself abandoned and useless to anyone, you will have a great chance to reconsider your attitude towards life, towards people, towards your actions.
A bargain with conscience, covering up to a certain point dark deals, in the future can end very badly. There will always be someone more cunning, arrogant, dishonest and shameless, who, under the guise of false flattery, will push you into the abyss of collapse in order to take the place that you also took away from another.
An honest person always feels free and confident. Acting according to his conscience, he does not burden his soul with vices. Greed, envy and irrepressible ambition are not inherent in him. He just lives and enjoys every day given to him from above.

1. Is the Russian proverb true: "Take care of honor from your youth"?

Conclusion: An honest person can be persecuted, but not dishonored. (F. Voltaire)

2. Honor, decency, conscience - qualities that need to be cherished (according to the works

Russian literature of the XIX century)

Output:I agree to endure any misfortune,

But I will not agree that honor should suffer. (Pierre Corneille)

Conclusion: Honor is like a precious stone: the slightest speck takes away its shine and takes away from it

its entire price. (Pierre Beauchein, French writer)

4 Do you agree with the statement of F.M. Dostoevsky “There is a line in everything, beyond which to cross

dangerous; for once you step over, it is impossible to go back "?

Output:"The opposite of honor is dishonor, or shame, which consists in the bad opinion and contempt of others." (Bernard Mandeville)

5. What is true honor and what is imaginary?

When the culprit admits his guilt, he saves the only thing worth saving - his own.

honor (Victor Hugo)

6. What can be done to protect human honor?

Output:

"I prefer death to dishonor" (unknown author)

7. How to choose in difficult times between honor and dishonor?

Output:He who is not ready to die for his own honor will find dishonor.
B. Pascal

8. Where do dishonest people come from?

Output:“My father taught me that in life, duty and honor are above all. A person who does not know how to keep his word is no better than a wild beast ... "(Centurion)

9. What is the meaning of honor?

"They are greeted by their clothes, but they are escorted by their minds"

Output:“Not the strong ones, but the honest ones. Honor and dignity are the strongest "(Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky)

10 a work of honor and dishonor that thrills you ...

List of literature in the direction of "Honor and dishonor"

1. Life of Alexander Nevsky

2. "Shemyakin court"

3. FI Fonvizin "Minor" (Mr. Prostakovs, Mitrofan, Sophia, Milon, Starodum)

4. A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" (Pyotr Grinev, Alexey Shvabrin, Masha Mironova, Pugachev), "Eugene Onegin" (Onegin, Vladimir Lensky, Tatiana and Olga Larins), "Stationmaster" (Samson Vyrin, his daughter Dunya and Cornet Minsky)

5.N.S.Leskov "Old genius" (an old woman, a young nobleman, an official of the 14th category)

6.I.A.Bunin "Caucasus", "Mister from San Francisco"

7. "A word about Igor's regiment"

8. M.Yu.Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time" (Pechorin Grigory Alexandrovich, Grushnitsky, Princess Mary, Bela, Maxim Maksimych, Vera)

9. A.K. Tolstoy "Vasily Shibanov" (Prince Kurbsky and his striker Vasily Shibanov, Ivan the Terrible, Malyuta)

10.L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

11.AI Kuprin "Duel" (Grigory Romashov, Shurochka, her husband Nikolaev,), "Pomegranate Bracelet" (Madame Vera Sheina, her husband Vasily, brother Nikolai Nikolaevich, poor official Zheltkov, father's friend General Anosov)

12.M. Gorky "At the Bottom"

13. N.V. Gogol "The Inspector General", "Dead Souls"

14.V. Bykov "Sotnikov" (Sotnikov, Rybak, headman, Demichikha)

Composition on the topic: The theme of honor and dishonor in the work of Pushkin

After reading the story of A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter", you understand that one of the themes of this work is the theme of honor and dishonor. In the story, two heroes are opposed: Grinev and Shvabrin - and their ideas about honor. These heroes are young, both of them are nobles. YES, and they do not fall into this backwater (Belogorskaya fortress) of their own free will. Grinev - at the insistence of his father, who decided that his son needed to "pull the strap and sniff the powder ..." We know that for a nobleman, a duel is a way to defend his honor. And Shvabrin, at the beginning of the story, seems to be a man of honor. Although from the point of view of an ordinary person, Vasilisa Yegorovna, a duel is “murder”. Such an assessment allows the reader who sympathizes with this heroine to doubt Shvabrin's nobility.
You can judge a person by his actions in difficult times. For the heroes, the challenge was the capture of the Belogorsk fortress by Pugachev. Shvabrin saves his life. We see him "trimmed in a circle, in a Cossack caftan, among the rebels." And during the execution, he whispers something in Pugachev's ear. Grinev is ready to share the fate of Captain Mironov. He refuses to kiss the hand of the impostor, because he is ready "to prefer a fierce execution to such humiliation ...".
They also treat Masha differently. Grinev admires, respects Masha, even writes poetry in her honor. Shvabrin, on the contrary, mixes the name of his beloved girl with mud, saying "if you want Masha Mironova to come to you at dusk, then instead of tender rhymes, give her a pair of earrings." Shvabrin slanders not only this girl, but also her relatives. For example, when he says “as if Ivan Ignatyevich was in an impermissible connection with Vasilisa Yegorovna ..” It becomes clear that Shvabrin, in fact, does not love Masha. When Grinev rushed to free Marya Ivanovna, he saw her "pale, thin, with disheveled hair, in a peasant dress." to her rebels.
If we compare the main characters, Grinev will undoubtedly arouse greater respect, because despite his youth he managed to behave with dignity, remained true to himself, did not disgrace the honest name of his father, defended his beloved.
Probably, all this allows us to call him a man of honor. Self-esteem helps our hero at the trial at the end of the story to calmly look into the eyes of Shvabrin, who, having lost everything, continues to fuss, trying to slander his enemy. Long ago, back in the fortress, he overstepped the boundaries defined by honor, wrote a letter - denunciation, to Grinev's father, trying to destroy the only incipient love. Having acted dishonestly once, he cannot stop, he becomes a traitor. And that is why Pushkin is right, saying “take care of honor from your youth” and making them an epigraph to the entire work.

Honor is one of the most important human values. To act honestly means to listen to the voice of conscience, to live in harmony with oneself. Such a person will always have an advantage over the rest, since no circumstances can lead him astray. He values ​​his beliefs and remains faithful to them to the end. A shameless person, on the contrary, sooner or later suffers defeat, if only because he betrayed himself. The liar loses his dignity and experiences moral decline, and therefore he does not have the spiritual strength to defend his position to the end. As the famous quote from the movie "Brother" says: "The power is in the truth."

In AS Pushkin's story "The Captain's Daughter", the theme of truth is central. As an epigraph, the author takes the well-known proverb “Take care of your dress again, and honor from your youth” and develops this idea throughout the entire work. In the story we see a "confrontation" between two heroes - Grinev and Shvabrin, one of whom chose to walk the path of honor, and the other turned from this path. Petrusha Grinev defends not only the honor of the girl slandered by Shvabrin, he defends the honor of his Motherland and his empress, to whom he swore the oath. Grinev, who is in love with Masha, challenges Shvabrin to a duel, who has offended the honor of the girl, allowing himself inadmissible hints about her. During the duel itself, Shvabrin again acts dishonestly and injures Grinev when he is distracted. But the reader sees who Masha chooses.

The arrival of Pugachev to the fortress is another test for the heroes. Shvabrin, pursuing his interests, goes over to the side of Pugachev and thereby betrays both himself and the Motherland. And Grinev, even on pain of death, remains true to his convictions. And Pugachev, a robber and revolutionary, leaves Grinev alive, because he is able to appreciate such an act.

War is also a test of honor. In the story "Sotnikov" by V. Bykov, we again observe two opposite characters - partisans Sotnikov and Rybak. Sotnikov, despite his illness, volunteers to go in search of food, "because others refused." He single-handedly fires back from the police, while Rybak runs away and abandons his comrade. Even after being captured, during interrogation, under severe torture, he does not reveal the location of his squad. Sotnikov perishes at the gallows, but retains both honor and dignity.

The seemingly noble return of Rybak for a lagging comrade has low motives: he is afraid of the condemnation of others and does not know how to explain his treacherous act in the detachment. Then, in captivity, when they are being taken to execution, Rybak agrees to go into the service of the Germans in order to save his life. However, having lost the last hope to escape, he comes to the conclusion that death is his only way out. But he fails to commit suicide, and this cowardly, weak-minded person is forced to suffer all his life under the blows of conscience.

In conclusion, I would like to say that we must cultivate and preserve the habit of acting honestly and conscientiously. This is one of the foundations on which society is built. Even now, when the days of knights and duels are long gone, one must not forget the true meaning of the concept of "honor".

Interesting? Keep it on your wall!