Leo is fat for the little ones. Short biography of Leo Tolstoy: the most important events
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The Russian writer and philosopher Leo Tolstoy was born on September 9, 1828 in Yasnaya Polyana, Tula province, the fourth child in a wealthy aristocratic family. Tolstoy lost his parents early; his distant relative T.A.Yergolskaya was engaged in his further upbringing. In 1844 Tolstoy entered the Kazan University at the Department of Oriental Languages of the Faculty of Philosophy, but since classes did not arouse any interest in him, in 1847. applied for resignation from the university. At the age of 23, Tolstoy, together with his older brother Nikolai, left for the Caucasus, where he took part in hostilities. These years of the writer's life were reflected in the autobiographical story "Cossacks" (1852-63), in the stories "Raid" (1853), "Cutting the Forest" (1855), as well as in the later story "Hadji Murad" (1896-1904, published in 1912). In the Caucasus, Tolstoy began to write the trilogy "Childhood", "Boyhood", "Youth".
During the Crimean War, he went to Sevastopol, where he continued to fight. After the end of the war he left for St. Petersburg and immediately entered the "Contemporary" circle (N. A. Nekrasov, I. S. Turgenev, A. N. Ostrovsky, I. A. Goncharov, etc.), where he was greeted as " the great hope of Russian literature "(Nekrasov), published" Sevastopol Stories ", which vividly reflected his outstanding writing talent. In 1857, Tolstoy went on a trip to Europe, which he was later disappointed with ..
In the fall of 1856, Tolstoy, having retired, decided to interrupt his literary activity and become a landowner-landowner, went to Yasnaya Polyana, where he was engaged in educational work, opened a school, and created his own system of pedagogy. This occupation so fascinated Tolstoy that in 1860 he even went abroad in order to get acquainted with the schools of Europe.
In September 1862, Tolstoy married the doctor's eighteen-year-old daughter Sofya Andreevna Bers and immediately after the wedding took his wife from Moscow to Yasnaya Polyana, where he completely devoted himself to family life and household chores, but by the fall of 1863 he was captured by a new literary idea, as a result of which he was born the fundamental work "War and Peace" appeared. In 1873-1877 created the novel "Anna Karenina". During these years, the writer's worldview, known as "Tolstoyism", was fully formed, the essence of which can be seen in the works: "Confession", "What is my faith?", "Kreutzer Sonata".
Admirers of the work of the writer came from all over Russia and the world to Yasnaya Polyana, whom they regarded as a spiritual mentor. In 1899 the novel "Resurrection" was published.
The last works of the writer were the stories “Father Sergius”, “After the Ball”, “Posthumous Notes of Elder Fyodor Kuzmich” and the drama “Living Corpse”.
In late autumn 1910, at night, secretly from his family, 82-year-old Tolstoy, accompanied only by his personal doctor D.P. Makovitsky, left Yasnaya Polyana, fell ill on the way and was forced to get off the train at the small Astapovo railway station of the Ryazan-Uralskaya railway. Here, in the house of the station master, he spent the last seven days of his life. On November 7 (20), Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy died.
The outstanding Russian writer, philosopher and thinker, the Count is known all over the world. Even in the farthest corners of the world, as soon as it comes to Russia, they certainly remember Peter the Great, Tolstoy, Dostoevsky and a few more from Russian history.
We decided to collect the most interesting facts from the life of Tolstoy to remind you of them, and maybe even surprise you with some things.
So, let's start!
- Tolstoy was born in 1828 and died in 1910 (lived 82 years). Married at 34 to 18-year-old Sofya Andreevna. They had 13 children, five of whom died in childhood.
Leo Tolstoy with his wife and children
- Before the wedding, the count gave his future wife to re-read his diaries, which described his many prodigal relationships. He considered it fair and honest. According to the writer's wife, she remembered their content for the rest of her life.
- At the very beginning of family life, the young couple had complete harmony and mutual understanding, but over time, relations began to deteriorate more and more, reaching a peak shortly before the death of the thinker.
- Tolstoy's wife was a real hostess and was exemplary in managing the landlord's affairs.
- An interesting fact is that Sofya Andreevna (Tolstoy's wife) copied almost all of her husband's works in order to send the manuscripts to the publishing house. This was necessary because no editor could read the handwriting of the great writer.
Tolstoy's diary L.N. - Almost all her life, the thinker's spouse also copied her husband's diaries. However, shortly before his death, Tolstoy began to keep two diaries: one that was read by his wife, and the other personal. Elderly Sofya Andreevna was furious that she could not find him, although she searched the whole house.
- All significant works ("War and Peace", "Anna Karenina", "Resurrection") Leo Tolstoy wrote after his marriage. That is, until the age of 34, he was not engaged in serious writing.
Tolstoy in his youth - The creative heritage of Lev Nikolaevich is 165 thousand manuscript sheets and ten thousand letters. The complete works were published in 90 volumes.
- An interesting fact is that in life Tolstoy hated it when dogs bark, and also did not like it.
- Despite the fact that he was a count from birth, his soul always gravitated towards the people. Often the peasants saw him plowing the field on his own. There is a funny anecdote on this occasion: “Leo Tolstoy is sitting in a canvas shirt and writing a novel. Enter a footman in livery and white gloves. - Your Excellency, the plow is ready, sir! "
- Since childhood, he was an incredibly gambling person and gambler. However, like another great writer -.
- It is interesting that once Count Tolstoy lost at cards one of the buildings of his estate Yasnaya Polyana. His partner dismantled the property that had passed to him to a carnation and took everything out. The writer himself dreamed of buying back this extension, but he never did it.
- He was fluent in English, French and German. He read in Italian, Polish, Serbian and Czech. He studied Greek and Church Slavonic, Latin, Ukrainian and Tatar, Hebrew and Turkish, Dutch and Bulgarian.
Portrait of the writer Tolstoy - as a child, she learned letters from the ABC book, which L.N. Tolstoy wrote for peasant children.
- All his life he tried to help the peasants in everything for which he had the strength.
Tolstoy and his assistants make lists of peasants in need of help - The novel "War and Peace" was written over 6 years, and then it was rewritten 8 more times. Tolstoy rewrote individual fragments up to 25 times.
- The work "War and Peace" is considered the most significant in the work of the great writer, but he himself said in a letter the following: "I am happy that I will never write verbose rubbish like" War "again."
- An interesting fact about Tolstoy lies in the fact that the count, by the end of his life, developed several serious principles of his worldview. The main ones boil down to non-resistance to evil by violence, denial of private property and complete disregard for any authority, be it church, state or whatever.
Tolstoy in the family circle in the park - Many believe that Tolstoy was excommunicated from the Orthodox Church. In fact, the definition of the Holy Synod sounded like this literally:
- In fact, by the end of his life Lev Nikolaevich really expressed beliefs that were very far from Christianity. Quote:
"Therefore, testifying about his (Tolstoy - author's) falling away from the Church, we pray together, so that the Lord will give him repentance into the mind of truth."
That is, the Synod simply testified that Tolstoy "separated himself" from the Church. In fact, it was so, if we analyze the numerous statements of the writer to the Church.
"I do not want to be a Christian, just as I did not advise and would not want Buddhists, Confuciations, Taoists, Mohammedans and others."
“Pushkin was like a Kyrgyz. Everyone still admires Pushkin. And just think about an excerpt from his "Eugene Onegin", placed in all readers for children: "Winter. A peasant, triumphant ... ". Every stanza is nonsense!
And, meanwhile, the poet, obviously, worked a lot and for a long time on the verse. "Winter. A peasant, triumphant ... ". Why "triumphant"? - Perhaps he is going to the city to buy himself salt or makhorka.
“On the woods, he renews the path. His horse, smelling the snow ... ". How can you “smell” the snow ?! After all, she runs in the snow - so what does the flair have to do with it? Further: "Weaving at a trot somehow ...". This "somehow" is a historically stupid thing. And I got into the poem just for rhyme.
This was written by the great Pushkin, undoubtedly an intelligent man, he wrote because he was young and, like a Kyrgyz, sang instead of speaking.
To this Tolstoy was asked a question: But what, Lev Nikolaevich, to do? Really quit writing?
Tolstoy: Of course, quit! I say this to everyone from beginners. This is my usual advice. Now is not the time to write. It is necessary to do business, live approximately and teach others to live by their own example. Ditch literature if you want to obey the old man. Well to me! I will die soon…"
“Over the years, Tolstoy more and more often expresses his opinions about women. These opinions are terrible. "
“If a comparison is needed, then marriage should be compared with a funeral, and not with a name day,” said Leo Tolstoy.
- The man walked alone - he was tied by the shoulders of five pounds, and he rejoices. What is there to say that if I walk alone, then I am free, and if my leg is tied to the leg of a woman, then she will drag along behind me and interfere with me.
- Why did you get married? The countess asked.
"I didn't know that then."
Leo Tolstoy with his wife
Despite the interesting facts about Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy described above, he always declared that the highest value in society is the family.
“Indeed, Paris does not at all fit in with its spiritual order; he is a strange person, I have not met such and do not quite understand him. A mixture of a poet, a Calvinist, a fanatic, a baricha - something reminiscent of Rousseau, but more honest Rousseau - a highly moral and at the same time unsympathetic being.
If you want to get acquainted with more detailed information from the biography of Tolstoy, then we recommend that you read his own work "Confession". We are sure that some things from the personal life of an outstanding thinker will shock you!
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A very short biography (in a nutshell)
Born September 9, 1828 in Yasnaya Polyana, Tula province. Father - Nikolai Ilyich Tolstoy (1794-1837), military man, official. Mother - Maria Nikolaevna Volkonskaya (1790 - 1830). In 1844 he entered the Imperial Kazan University, which he dropped out after 2 years. From 1851 he spent 2 years in the Caucasus. In 1854 he took part in the defense of Sevastopol. From 1857 to 1861 he traveled (intermittently) across Europe. In 1862 he married Sophia Bers. They had 9 sons and 4 daughters. Also, he had an illegitimate son. In 1869 Tolstoy completed his book War and Peace. In 1901 he was excommunicated. He died on November 20, 1910 at the age of 82. Buried in Yasnaya Polyana. Major works: "War and Peace", "Anna Karenina", "Resurrection", "Childhood", "Kreutzer Sonata", "After the Ball" and others.
Brief biography (in detail)
Leo Tolstoy is a great Russian writer and thinker, an honorary member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences and an academician of fine literature. Tolstoy is revered and widely known throughout the world as the greatest educator, publicist and religious thinker. His ideas contributed to the emergence of a new religious movement called Tolstoyism. He penned such works of world classics as "War and Peace", "Anna Karenina", "Hadji Murad". Some of his works have been repeatedly filmed both in Russia and abroad.
Lev Nikolaevich was born on September 9, 1828 in Yasnaya Polyana, Tula province, into a wealthy noble family. He studied at Kazan University, which he later left. At the age of 23 he went to war in the Caucasus, where he began writing a trilogy: "Childhood", "Adolescence", "Youth". Then he took part in the Crimean War, after which he returned to St. Petersburg. Here he published his Sevastopol Stories in the Sovremennik magazine. In the period from 1853 to 1863, Tolstoy wrote the story "Cossacks", but had to interrupt his work in order to return to Yasnaya Polyana and open a school there for rural children. He managed to create his own teaching method.
His most significant work, War and Peace, Tolstoy wrote from 1863 to 1869. The next, no less brilliant work "Anna Karenina", the author wrote from 1873 to 1877. At the same time, the formation of his philosophical views on life, which were later called "Tolstoyism", took place. The essence of these views can be seen in the "Confessions", in the "Kreutzer Sonata" and some other works. Thanks to Tolstoy, Yasnaya Polyana became a kind of place of worship. People from all over Russia came to listen to him as a spiritual mentor. In 1901, the world famous writer was officially excommunicated.
In October 1910, Tolstoy secretly left home and took the train. On the way, he fell sharply ill and was forced to get off at Astapovo, where he spent the last seven days of his life in the house of the station chief, I. I. Ozolin. The great writer died on November 20 at the age of 82 and was buried in the forest in Yasnaya Polyana on the edge of a ravine, where he played with his brother as a child.
CV video (for those who prefer to listen)
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy was a little over twenty years old when he began teaching peasant children to read and write on his estate. He continued his work at the Yasnaya Polyana school with interruptions until the end of his life; he worked on the compilation of educational books for a long time and with enthusiasm. In 1872, the "ABC" was published - a book set containing the alphabet itself, texts for the original Russian and Church Slavonic reading, arithmetic and a teacher's manual. Three years later, Tolstoy published The New Alphabet. When teaching, he used proverbs, sayings, riddles. He composed many "proverbial stories": in each of them the proverb developed into a short plot with morality. The "New Alphabet" was supplemented by "Russian Books for Reading" - several hundred works: there were stories, retellings of folk tales and classical fables, descriptions of nature and reasoning.
Tolstoy strove for an extremely simple and precise language. But it is difficult for a modern child to understand even the simplest texts about the old peasant life.
So what is it? Do Leo Tolstoy's works for children become a literary monument and leave Russian children's reading, the basis of which they have been for a whole century?
There is no shortage of modern editions. Publishers try to make books interesting and understandable for today's children.
1. Tolstoy, L. N. Stories for children / Leo Tolstoy; [foreword V. Tolstoy; comp. Yu. Kublanovsky]; drawings by Natalia Paren-Chelpanova. - [Yasnaya Polyana]: Leo Tolstoy Museum-Estate "Yasnaya Polyana", 2012. - 47 p. : ill.
The children's stories of Leo Tolstoy, illustrated by the Russian artist in exile Natalia Paren-Chelpanova, were translated into French in Paris by the Gallimard publishing house in 1936. They are, of course, printed in Russian in the Yasnaya Polyana booklet. There are both stories that are usually included in modern collections and indisputable in children's reading ("Fire Dogs", "Kitten", "Filipok"), and rare, even amazing. For example, the fable "The Owl and the Hare" - how an arrogant young owl wanted to catch a huge hare, grabbed his back with one paw, the other into a tree, and that "Rushed and tore an owl"... Read on?
What is true is true: Tolstoy's literary means are strong; impressions after reading will remain deep.
Natalia Paren's illustrations brought the texts closer to the little readers of her time: the heroes of the stories are drawn as if they were the artist's contemporaries. There are French inscriptions: for example, "Pinson" on the grave of a sparrow (to the story "How the aunt talked about how she had a tame sparrow - Zhivchik").
2. Tolstoy, L. N. Three bears / Leo Tolstoy; artist Yuri Vasnetsov. - Moscow: Melik-Pashaev, 2013 .-- 17 p. : ill.
In the same 1936, Yuri Vasnetsov illustrated an English fairy tale retold in Russian by Leo Tolstoy. Initially, the illustrations were in black and white, but here is a later colorful version. Yuri Vasnetsov's fabulous bears, although Mikhail Ivanovich and Mishutka are in vests, and Nastasya Petrovna with a lace umbrella, are pretty scary. The child understands why “one girl” was so scared of them; but she managed to escape!
Color correction of illustrations was made for the new edition. You can see the first edition, as well as reprints that differ from one another, in the National Electronic Children's Library (books are copyrighted, registration is required to view).
3. Tolstoy, LN Lipunyushka: stories and fairy tales / Leo Tolstoy; illustrations by A. F. Pakhomov. - St. Petersburg: Amphora, 2011 .-- 47 p. : ill. - (Library of the younger student).
Many adults have preserved in their memory Leo Tolstoy's "ABC" with illustrations by Alexei Fyodorovich Pakhomov. The artist knew the peasant way of life very well (he himself was born in a pre-revolutionary village). He painted peasants with great sympathy, children - sentimentally, but always with a firm, confident hand.
Petersburg "Amphora" more than once published in small collections stories from "ABC" by L. N. Tolstoy with illustrations by A. F. Pakhomov. This book contains several stories from which peasant children learned to read. Then the tales - "How a man divided geese" (about a cunning man) and "Lipunyushka" (about a resourceful son that "Hatched in cotton").
4. Tolstoy, LN About animals and birds / LN Tolstoy; artist Andrey Bray. - St. Petersburg; Moscow: Rech, 2015 .-- 19 p. : ill. - (Mom's favorite book).
Stories "Eagle", "Sparrow and Swallows", "How Wolves Teach Their Children", "What Mice Are For", "Elephant", "Ostrich", "Swans". Tolstoy is not in the least sentimental. The animals in his stories are predators and prey. But, of course, morality must be read in an elementary story; not every story is straightforward.
Here is "Swans" - a true poem in prose.
It must be said about the artist that he painted animals expressively; among his teachers was V.A.Vatagin. "Stories about Animals" with illustrations by Andrei Andreevich Brey, published by "Detgiz" in 1945, digitized and available in the National Electronic Children's Library (registration is also required to view).
5. Tolstoy, L. N. Kostochka: stories for children / Leo Tolstoy; drawings by Vladimir Galdyaev. - St. Petersburg; Moscow: Rech, 2015 .-- 79 p. : ill.
The book contains mainly the most often published and read children's stories by L. N. Tolstoy: "Fire", "Fire dogs", "Filipok", "Kitten" ...
"The bone" is also a well-known story, but few are ready to agree with the radical educational method shown in it.
The content of the book and the layout are the same as in the collection "Stories and Were", published in 1977. More texts and drawings by Vladimir Galdyaev were in Leo Tolstoy's “Book for Children”, published by the “Moskovsky Rabochiy” publishing house in the same 1977 (publications, of course, were being prepared for the 150th anniversary of the writer). The severity of the drawing and the character of the characters correspond well to Tolstoy's literary style.
6. Tolstoy, L. N. Children: stories / L. Tolstoy; drawings by P. Repkin. - Moscow: Nigma, 2015 .-- 16 p. : ill.
Four stories: "The Lion and the Dog", "The Elephant", "The Eagle", "The Kitten". They are illustrated by Pyotr Repkin, graphic artist and animator. It is interesting that the lion, eagle, elephant and its little owner depicted by the artist obviously resemble the characters of the cartoon "Mowgli", the production designer of which was Repkin (together with A. Vinokurov). This cannot harm either Kipling or Tolstoy, but it does suggest the differences and similarities in the views and talents of the two great writers.
7. Tolstoy, LN Lev and the dog: true story / LN Tolstoy; drawings by G.A.V. Traugot. - St. Petersburg: Rech, 2014 .-- 23 p. : ill.
On the flyleaf there is a drawing depicting Count Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy in London in 1861 and, as it were, confirming that this story is a reality. The story itself is given in the form of captions to illustrations.
First line: "Wild animals were shown in London ..." An ancient colorful, almost fabulous Western European city, townspeople and townspeople, curly-haired children - all in a manner that has long been characteristic of the artists “G. A. V. Traugot ". The meat thrown into a lion's cage does not look naturalistic (like Repkin's). The lion, yearning for the dead dog (Tolstoy honestly writes that she "died"), is drawn very expressively.
He spoke in more detail about the book "Biblioguide".
8. Tolstoy, L. N. Filipok / L. N. Tolstoy; artist Gennady Spirin. - Moscow: RIPOL classic, 2012 .--: ill. - (Masterpieces of book illustration).
Filipok from Novaya Azbuka is one of the most famous stories by Leo Tolstoy and all Russian children's literature. The figurative meaning of the word "textbook" here coincides with the direct one.
The RIPOL Classic Publishing House has already republished the book with illustrations by Gennady Spirin several times and included it in the gift “New Year's collection”. Such "Filipok" was previously published in English (see on the artist's website: http://gennadyspirin.com/books/). In the drawings of Gennady Konstantinovich there is a lot of affection for the old peasant life and winter Russian nature.
It is noteworthy that in "Novaya Azbuka" behind this story (at the end of which Filipok “Began to speak to the Mother of God; but every word was not spoken like that ") followed by "Slavic letters", "Slavic words with titles" and prayers.
9. Tolstoy, L. N. My first Russian book for reading / Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy. - Moscow: White City,. - 79 p. : ill. - (Russian books for reading).
The White City undertook a complete publication of Russian Books for Reading. The second, third and fourth books were published in the same way. There are no abbreviations here. Stories, fairy tales, there were, fables, descriptions and reasoning were given in the order in which they were arranged by Lev Nikolaevich. There are no comments on the texts. Illustrations are used instead of verbal explanations. Basically, these are reproductions of paintings, famous and not so famous. For example, to the description of "The Sea" - "The Ninth Wave" by Ivan Aivazovsky. To the reasoning "Why is there wind?" - "Children Running from the Thunderstorm" by Konstantin Makovsky. To the story "Fire" - "Fire in the Village" by Nikolai Dmitriev-Orenburgsky. For the story "Prisoner of the Caucasus" - landscapes by Lev Lagorio and Mikhail Lermontov.
The range of ages and interests of the readers of this book can be very wide.
10. Tolstoy, L. N. More: description / Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy; artist Mikhail Bychkov. - St. Petersburg: Azbuka, 2014 .-- p. : ill. - (Good and eternal).
Of these books, this one seems to be the most belonging to our time. Artist Mikhail Bychkov says: "A few lines of L. N. Tolstoy gave me a wonderful opportunity to draw the sea"... On the large-format spreads, the artist depicted the southern and northern seas, calm and stormy, day and night. To the short text of Tolstoy, he made a drawn supplement about all kinds of sea vessels.
The work captivated Mikhail Bychkov, and he illustrated three stories from Tolstoy's "Alphabet", combining them with a fictional trip around the world on a sailing warship. In the story "The Leap" such a journey is mentioned. The Shark story begins with the words: "Our ship was anchored off the coast of Africa." The story "Fire Dogs" is set in London - and the artist painted a Russian corvette under the St. Andrew's flag against the background of the construction of the Tower Bridge (built from 1886 to 1894; The ABC was compiled earlier, but in the same era, especially if you look from our time) ...
The book "Were" was published by the Rech publishing house in 2015. In the spring of 2016, an exhibition of illustrations by Mikhail Bychkov for these two children's books was held at the Leo Tolstoy State Museum on Prechistenka.
“The sea is wide and deep; there is no end in sight to the sea. In the sea the sun rises and in the sea sets. Nobody has reached the bottom of the sea and does not know. When there is no wind, the sea is blue and smooth; when the wind blows, the sea will shake and become uneven ... "
"Sea. Description"
“... Water from the sea rises in fog; the fog rises higher and clouds are formed out of the fog. The clouds are driven by the wind and carried along the ground. From the clouds, water falls to the ground. From the ground it flows into swamps and streams. From streams flows into rivers; from the rivers to the sea. From the sea again the water rises into clouds, and the clouds spread over the land ... "
“Where does the water from the sea go? Reasoning "
Leo Tolstoy's stories from ABC and Russian Books for Reading are laconic, even lapidary. In many ways, archaic, in today's opinion. But what is essential in them is this: a rare now not playful, serious attitude to the word, a simple but not simplified attitude to everything around.
Svetlana Malaya
Tolstoy Lev Nikolaevich (28.08. (09.09.) 1828-07 (20) .11.1910)
Russian writer, philosopher. Born in Yasnaya Polyana, Tula province, into a wealthy aristocratic family. He entered Kazan University, but then left it. At the age of 23, he went to war with Chechnya and Dagestan. Here he began to write the trilogy "Childhood", "Boyhood", "Youth".
In the Caucasus, he took part in hostilities as an artillery officer. During the Crimean War, he went to Sevastopol, where he continued to fight. After the end of the war, he left for St. Petersburg and published Sevastopol Stories in the Sovremennik magazine, which vividly reflected his outstanding writing talent. In 1857, Tolstoy went on a trip to Europe, which disappointed him.
From 1853 to 1863 wrote the story "Cossacks", after which he decided to interrupt his literary activity and become a landowner-landowner, doing educational work in the countryside. To this end, he left for Yasnaya Polyana, where he opened a school for peasant children and created his own system of pedagogy.
In 1863-1869. wrote his fundamental work "War and Peace". In 1873-1877. created the novel "Anna Karenina". During these years, the writer's worldview, known as "Tolstoyism", was fully formed, the essence of which can be seen in the works: "Confession", "What is my faith?", "Kreutzer Sonata".
The doctrine is set forth in the philosophical and religious works "Research of Dogmatic Theology", "Connection and Translation of the Four Gospels", where the main emphasis is on the moral improvement of man, exposure of evil, non-resistance to evil by violence.
Later, a dilogy was published: the drama "The Power of Darkness" and the comedy "The Fruits of Enlightenment", then a series of stories-parables about the laws of being.
Admirers of the work of the writer came from all over Russia and the world to Yasnaya Polyana, whom they regarded as a spiritual mentor. In 1899 the novel "Resurrection" was published.
The last works of the writer are the stories "Father Sergius", "After the Ball", "Posthumous Notes of Elder Fyodor Kuzmich" and the drama "Living Corpse".
Tolstoy's confessional journalism gives a detailed idea of his mental drama: painting pictures of social inequality and idleness of the educated strata, Tolstoy in a harsh form posed questions of the meaning of life and faith to society, criticized all state institutions, reaching the point of denying science, art, court, marriage, achievements of civilization.
Tolstoy's social declaration is based on the idea of Christianity as a moral doctrine, and the ethical ideas of Christianity are interpreted by him in a humanistic way, as the basis of the worldwide brotherhood of people. In 1901, the Synod responded: the world famous writer was officially excommunicated, which caused a huge public outcry.
On October 28, 1910, Tolstoy secretly left Yasnaya Polyana from his family, fell ill on the way and had to get off the train at the small Astapovo railway station of the Ryazan-Uralskaya railway. Here, at the station master's house, he spent the last seven days of his life.