By the way, about introductory ones - Nat - LiveJournal. What words are not antonyms? Words are not considered introductory

Task formulation - 2019

Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentences.

One of the heroes of the novel (1) of course (2) Eugene Onegin is a typical young nobleman of the early 19th century. But the main character (3) without a doubt (4) is A.S. himself. Pushkin is the author of the work.

Correct answer: 1234

What you need to know to complete the task correctly:

What groups of introductory words are distinguished by meaning;

What words are never introductory, but are often mistaken for introductory ones;

How to distinguish between introductory words and sentence parts that sound similar to them.

Introductory words are words with which the speaker expresses his attitude to what he is communicating.

Introductory words can be removed from a sentence without changing the main idea of ​​the syntactic structure.

Introductory words by their meaning

Introductory words express
Confidence	of course, of course, undoubtedly, undoubtedly, indisputably, naturally, indeed, as a rule, without a doubt
Uncertainty	probably, probably, seems, obviously, apparently, apparently, perhaps, perhaps, in all probability, perhaps, must be
	fortunately, unfortunately, unfortunately, to surprise, what good, unfortunately, to our pleasure, in fact
Source messages	in my opinion, in my opinion, in your opinion, they say, according to someone’s message, in the opinion of someone, according to someone, according to rumors, I remember, they say, as you know, according to the expression of someone or, according to press reports
The order of thoughts, their connection, the result	firstly, secondly, thirdly, it means, so, therefore, therefore, thus, by the way, on the contrary, in particular, on the contrary, for example, for example, however, therefore, by the way, I emphasize , I repeat, finally, on the one hand, on the other hand, in addition
registration of thoughts	in other words, in short, so to speak, in a word, in one word, in all honesty, frankly speaking, in other words, it is better to say
Attraction attention	please listen, be kind, believe me, you see, you know, you understand, let's say, let's say
Degree of normality	happened, as usual, as a rule

Note: Many of the words listed in the table can act both as introductory words and as members of a sentence (then they are not separated by commas).

Example: Grandmother seemed to be dozing... - It all just seemed to me.

You can use the following technique to distinguish between introductory words and sentence members that sound similar to them:

1) Introductory words can be removed from the sentence or replaced with other synonymous introductory words.

Grandmother seemed to be dozing.

Grandma was dozing. (The introductory word can be removed from the sentence, and its meaning will not change.)

Grandma was apparently dozing. (The introductory word with a meaning of a lesser degree of confidence “seemed” can be replaced with a synonymous introductory word with the same meaning “vis-dimo”.)

2) A member of a sentence cannot be removed or replaced with an introductory word without changing the meaning of the sentence.

Example: It all just seemed to me. (The word “seemed” is a predicate and cannot be replaced by an introductory word with a meaning of a lesser degree of certainty.)

Introductory words and similar-sounding parts of sentences, with the punctuation of which graduates most often make mistakes.

Is an introductory word and is separated by commas	It is not an introductory word and is not separated by commas.
If it is in the middle of a sentence and cannot be replaced by the conjunction BUT. Example: He was, however, gloomy and silent.	If it is at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence and it can be replaced with the conjunction BUT. Example: However (= but) he knows nothing. The wind died down, however (= but) the storm continued.
If it indicates a connection between the ideas being expressed and has the meaning AND MORE (often in a sentence the introductory word FINALLY is preceded by the words FIRST, SECONDLY or ON THE ONE HAND, ON THE OTHER SIDE, in relation to which the word FINALLY is the final enumeration) . Example: In the summer you can go to the sea or to visit friends and, finally (= and also), you can relax at the dacha. Firstly, you were late, secondly, you didn’t bring the work and, finally, you spilled juice on the drawing.	If it can be replaced by the phrase AT THE END or it has the meaning AFTER EVERYTHING, IN THE END, AS A RESULT OF ALL (usually in this case you can add a particle TO it). Example: Exhausted, dirty, wet, we finally (= after everything, as a result of everything) reached the shore.
If it is synonymous with the words CONSEQUENTLY, IT SO BEES. Example: If spring comes, it means (= therefore) it will be warm. People are born, get married, die; it means (- therefore), it’s necessary, it means (= therefore), it’s good.	If it is close in meaning to the words, IT MEANS, THIS. Example: To fight means (= means) win.

Words that are ALWAYS introductory

of course, firstly, secondly, thirdly, so, therefore, undoubtedly, apparently, please, they say.

Words that are NOT introductory

(particles and adverbs that are not separated by commas in writing):

perhaps, for the most part, as if, literally, in addition, because, ultimately, it seems, hardly, anyway, after all, even, precisely, sometimes, as if, as if, besides, only, inter- so, for sure, extremely, I suppose, certainly, definitely, partly, at least, truly, as before, therefore, simply, albeit, decisively, as if, nevertheless, only, allegedly.

Note: the greatest difficulty for many graduates is caused by sentences with the words as if and as if. Examinees mistakenly identify them with introductory words and separate them with commas on both sides, which is not allowed.

For example: Aspen is good only on a windy summer day, when every leaf seems to want to break off and rush off into the distance.

As if, as if not introductory words, they are not highlighted with commas on both sides.

Some important rules for placing punctuation marks in introductory words:

1. The introductory word is separated from the preceding conjunction by a comma if this introductory word can be eliminated from the sentence or rearranged to another place without disturbing its structure.

EXAMPLE: We decided to continue our journey without a guide, but, to our great chagrin, we completely lost our way.

(You can remove the introductory construction from the sentence, and it will look like this: We decided to continue our journey without a guide, but completely lost our way.)

2. The introductory word is not separated from the previous conjunction by a comma if removing the introductory word from the sentence or rearranging it is impossible.

EXAMPLE: He will return today, or maybe tomorrow.

3. Introductory words are not separated by a comma from conjunctions used at the absolute beginning of a sentence.

EXAMPLE: And indeed, everything worked out amazingly on time and smoothly for him.

4. If the introductory phrase forms an incomplete construction (one word is missing, restored from the context), then a dash is usually placed instead of one comma.

EXAMPLE: Chichikov ordered to stop for two reasons: on the one hand, to give the horses a rest, on the other, to rest and refresh himself.

5. If the introductory word comes after the listing of homogeneous members and precedes the generalizing word, then a dash (without a comma) is placed before the introductory word, and a comma after it.

EXAMPLE: In the air, in the dry grass, among the birds - in a word, the approach of spring was felt everywhere.

Algorithm for completing the task:

1) Check whether the highlighted words are introductory or similar-sounding members of the sentence, that is, determine whether they can or cannot be discarded or removed from the sentence:

Introductory words can be removed from the sentence or replaced with other synonymous introductory words; they are separated by commas;

Members of the sentence that sound similar to the introductory words cannot be removed without changing the meaning of the syntactic structure; they are not separated by commas;

2) Remember that they are not introductory and are not separated by commas

As if, as if;

Particles and some adverbs:

perhaps, for the most part, as if, literally, in addition, because, ultimately, it seems, hardly, anyway, after all, even, precisely, sometimes, as if, as if, besides, only, meanwhile , for sure, extremely, I suppose, certainly, definitely, partly, at least, truly, still, therefore, simply, albeit, decisively, as if, nevertheless, only, supposedly

There are a lot of borrowed words in the Russian language, for example: online, bulldozer, latte, etc. The reason for this was evolution and technological progress.

There is too much technology in the world; the words of the Russian language are not enough to give a name to each object.

This article will help you find out all the most important information about borrowed words in the Russian language.

What words are borrowed

Borrowed words are foreign words that have found their way into the Russian language. Since ancient times, native Russian and borrowed words have been distinguished in the vocabulary of the Russian language.

The name “Borrowed” itself is telling, because you can immediately understand its meaning by referring to the different forms of this word: “Borrowed”, “Borrow”. Those. taken from outside.

Examples of loanwords

From English:

1. Business is a business, an occupation.
2. A blogger is a person who keeps his own video diary and posts it online.
3. Gameplay - gameplay.
4. Price list – a list of prices for the services provided.
5. Parking is a place to stop transport.
6. Diving is the process of swimming underwater.
7. Cupcake is a cake.
8. Foreign - international.

From Dutch:

1. Apricot is an edible fruit.
2. The exchange is a company.
3. A dinghy is a small boat.
4. A sailor is a ship worker.
5. Fleet is an association of objects.

From Arabic:

1. Store - warehouse.
2. Admiral is the ruler of the sea.
3. Robe - outfit.

From French:

1. A lampshade is part of a lamp.
2. Apricot is an edible fruit.
3. Absurdity - absurdity, nonsense.
4. Bus is a type of public transport.

From Ancient Greek:

1. An atheist is a person who does not believe in God.
2. Comedy is an entertaining performance.
3. A telephone is a device for communicating at a distance.
4. Tragedy is misfortune, grief.
5. A bank is a place where money is kept.
6. Photo - snapshot, picture.

From Spanish:

1. Canyon - gorge.
2. Machete – sword, knife.
3. Macho is a man.
4. Sambo is wrestling.

From Italian:

1. Vermicelli is food.
2. Tomato is a vegetable.
3. Paparazzi are annoying people.

From Latin:

1. – heaviness.
2. An oval is a geometric figure.
3. Incentive – motivation to achieve a goal.
4. A saucepan is a utensil for cooking.

From Persian:

1. Shish kebab is food fried over a fire.
2. A suitcase is a place for storing and transporting things.
3. Cattle - an arrogant person, a beast.

From German:

1. A mug is a bowl.
2. The camp is a storage facility.
3. The market is a place for trade.
4. A barrier is a partition.
5. State - state.
6. An apron is a front scarf.

Dictionary of loanwords

Words taken from another speech, another culture significantly complement their native speech, although the Russian language is rich in synonyms and antonyms like no other. It is not always appropriate to use foreign words, although there is a tendency to replace native Russian words with foreign ones.

A person who has a rich selection of vocabulary in his native language has an undeniable advantage over others, he can understand literature written centuries ago, his speech is rich, his conversation is multifaceted, a letter or essay is read with ease and great interest.

Here are just a few examples of foreign words that have analogues in Russian:

• absolute (from Latin) - perfect;
• topical (from lat.) - topical;
• dimensions (from French) - dimensions;
• debate (from French) - debate;
• dialogue (from Greek) - interview;
• image (from lat.) - image, appearance;
• competition (from lat.) - rivalry;
• adjustments (from Latin) - amendments, etc.

If you want to find out detailed information about the origin and definition of the word, you can look in any etymological dictionary. Such resources are available online on many sites.

Original Russian and borrowed words - what is the difference

There are quite a few signs by which one can distinguish native Russian words from foreign ones. We bring to your attention a table where the signs of non-Russian words are collected, an explanation is given and relevant examples are given.

Table of signs of borrowed words in Russian

Sign	Explanation	Examples
Letter "A" at the beginning	Words in Russian do not begin with this sound. The presence of this letter at the beginning distinguishes a foreign word from a Russian one.	profile, paragraph, lampshade, attack, angel
Letter "E" at the beginning	This initial sound also indicates a foreign language origin. Original Russian words do not begin with this letter.	era, era, effect, exam
The letter "F" in the word	If a word begins with this sound, then it is a word of non-Russian origin. This letter was created just for foreign words.	fact, forum, lantern, film, folklore
The presence of a large number of vowels in one word.	If the same sound is often repeated in a word, then this also indicates the foreign origin of the word. Such words are most often distinguished by sound.	ataman, caravan, drum
Combination of vowels	In foreign words, a combination of vowels is most often used.	punctuation, radio, veil

Conclusion

In conclusion, it is worth saying that a lot of words used in the Russian language originate from different languages. Without borrowed words, Russian speech would be incomplete; it would be difficult to formulate thoughts in language.

That is why foreign words were added to the Russian language: absolute, modern, soldier, online, international, hotel, original, opposition, chips, jam, cracker, personal, passive, parking, nuance, negative, natural, radical, revision, implement, result, regression, progress, secret, service, situation, stress, structure, sphere and so on.

1.Which of the four words is not the same root as the other words?

1) cub 2) kids 3) detail 4) children's
2. Which of the four words is not the same root as the other words?
1) settlement 2) settle 3) settle 4) mudflow
3. In which series are the words not the same root?
1) mountainous, burn 2) get carried away, passion 3) sweet, sweeten 4) straight, straighten up
4. In which word is -EY not an ending?
1) autumn 2) stream 3) bears 4) seas

1.Indicate the participle. 1) Running up 2) Burning 3) Sedentary 4) Retractable 2. Which word is not a participle? 1) carried 2) carried 3) portable

4) portable 3. Which participle is not correctly divided into morphemes? 1) you-rv-v-nn-y 2) you-game-yva-yush-y 3) u-strong-enn-y 4) re-bit-y 4. In which phrase is the main word the participle? 1) pressed closely 2) in the problems discussed 3) sat under a bush 4) flowing down the trunks 5. Which phrase incorrectly indicates the main word? 1) with fluctuating LIGHT 2) slightly RAISED 3) RECENTLY left 4) SHINING from the sun 6. What participle is used in the sentence? On two adjacent walls hung marvelous icons, painted by order of local residents especially for this chapel. 1) active past participle 2) active present participle 3) passive past participle 4) passive present participle 7. Which sentence has an active present participle? 1) The soil cultivated by humans is gradually depleted. 2) The red column in the thermometer nailed behind the window in the eaves froze at ten degrees. 3) Steam rose above the drying asphalt. 4) I grabbed tightly a branch that came to hand. 8. In what example is the short participle used? 1) Quickly sat down 2) Found yesterday 3) Leafing through the pages 4) Worthy of a reward 9. In which example did the participle turn into an adjective? 1) A flying plane 2) a broken cup 3) baked bread 4) a defiant tone

please help urgently. just give the correct answers. A1. Which word is NOT written separately?

□ 1) (not) listening

□ 2) (not) well

□ 3) (not) neatly

□ 4) (not) little

A2. In which word are two letters N (NN) written in place of the gap?

□ 1) The sea is agitated by the storm.

□ 2) The art master carved the figurine.

□ 3) The doctor carefully examined the patient.

□ 4) The teacher called another, and I sighed with relief.

□ 1) early..

□ 2) exhausted..

□ 3) obliquely..

□ 4) left..

□ 1) (very) well done

□ 2) (in) instant

□ 3) (somewhere) then

□ 4) (c)on the fly

□ 1) The sun rises above a cloudless horizon and makes its daily journey, never meeting clouds.

□ 2) All the way Petya was preparing for how he would behave with Denisov, without hinting at his previous acquaintance.

□ 3) I shuddered in surprise, spilling the milk.

□ 4) Not worrying about anything, not caring about the chases sent out, the culprit of all this mess slowly approached the old house.

□ 1) rusty

□ 2) never

□ 3) scooped

□ 4) two by two

(1) There was no longer a strong smell in the air; dampness seemed to be spreading in it again... (2) The boys’ conversation gradually faded away along with the lights. (3) The dogs were even dozing, the horses, as far as I could discern in the slightly faltering, weakly pouring light of the stars, were also lying with their heads drooping...

AT 3. In sentence (3), find the participle and indicate its type.

C1. Write what role does the description of nature play in I. S. Turgenev’s story “Bezhin Meadow”.

Option 2

A1. Which word is NOT spelled together?

□ 1) (cannot) sleep

□ 2) (not) loud

□ 3) (not)read

□ 4) (not) summery

A2. Which word has one letter N written in place of the gap?

□ 1) The atmosphere in the house was simple and relaxed..a.

□ 2) You acted with courage..o.

□ 3) The flowers in the bouquet looked natural..o.

□ 4) The luggage was lighter by several kilograms.

A3. In which adverb is the letter A written in place of the gap?

□ 1) OK..

□ 2) again..

□ 3) trusting..

□ 4) dry..

A4. Which adverb is written together?

□ 1) (now) hour

□ 2) (in) French

□ 3) (someday)

□ 4) (on) the go

A5. Which sentence has punctuation incorrectly?

□ 1) The travelers, stopping among the fields, chose a place to stay for the night, laid out a fire and put a cauldron on it, in which they cooked kulish for themselves.

□ 2) Both dogs jumped into the circle of light and immediately sat down, sticking out their red tongues.

□ 3) The Cossacks, stretching their carts around the entire city in two rows, arranged themselves in kurens.

□ 4) Without a twig in his hand, at night, he, without hesitation at all, galloped alone towards the wolf...

A6. In which word is the letter denoting the stressed vowel sound correctly highlighted?

□ 1) briefly

□ 2) out of nowhere

□ 3) full

□ 4) playing around

Read the text and complete tasks B1-B3 and C1.

(1) The dawn had not yet blushed anywhere, but it had already turned white in the east... (2) In some places, living sounds, voices began to be heard, and a liquid, early breeze began to wander and flutter over the earth. (3) I quickly stood up and approached the boys.

IN 1. From sentence (1) write down the word category of state.

AT 2. Write out the adverb from sentence (2).

AT 3. From sentence (3) write down the unchangeable parts of speech.

C1. Write what techniques I. S. Turgenev uses to depict nature in the story “Bezhin Meadow” (using the example given in the passage).

What words are introductory, what are the features of using various punctuation marks in order to highlight introductory structures?

Let us first define the terms “introductory word” and “introductory sentence”.

What are introductory words and sentences?

Let's answer this question together. Introductory sentences and introductory words in Russian are words that are not grammatically related to the general structure of the sentence in which they are used. Let us clarify our idea. Introductory words are not members of the sentence, since they cannot be asked a question. Introductory words and sentences are not included in the overall outline of the main sentence. They are remarks loosely related or not at all related to the meaning of the sentence.

Both introductory sentences and introductory words in the Russian language are isolated, that is, when writing them, we use special highlighting punctuation marks - commas, dashes or parentheses. Most often, introductory words are separated by commas.

General rule

The general rule is the following: the introductory phrase or word on both sides is separated by commas. The main mistake most people make is due to poor knowledge of the list of these words. You need to learn which of them can be introductory, and also which ones must be highlighted, and which ones never appear in a sentence as introductory words. We will consider a list of introductory words, divided into groups according to their meaning, below.

Groups of introductory words

1. Expressing the speaker’s feelings in relation to what was said: unfortunately, fortunately, to annoyance, unfortunately, unfortunately, what good, to horror and etc.

2. Expressing an assessment of the speaker’s degree of reliability of what was said: undoubtedly, of course, indisputably, of course, certainly, obviously, perhaps, probably, perhaps, true, it seems, should be, apparently, in all likelihood, I think, essentially, essentially etc. This group of introductory words is the most numerous.

3. Indicating the connection or sequence of thoughts expressed: so, firstly, in general, therefore, by the way, means, however, further, on the one hand, finally etc. This group is also quite large.

4. Indicating ways and techniques of forming thoughts: in other words, in a word, more accurately, in other words, so to speak, more precisely and etc.

5. Indicating a specific message source: in my opinion, they say, according to..., according to information..., according to rumors, in the opinion..., I remember, in my opinion and etc.

6. Representing an appeal to the speaker’s interlocutor: know, see, forgive, understand, agree, please and etc.

7. Measures indicating the assessment of what is being discussed: at least at most and etc.

8. Showing the degree of commonality of what was said: happened, as usual, happens and etc.

9. Expressing the expressiveness of a certain statement: funny to say, jokes aside, just between you and me, to be honest and etc.

The main errors are associated with the incorrect classification of a word as an introductory one, that is, with the isolation of a word that is not an introductory one.

What words are not introductory?

The following expressions are not separated by commas, since they are not water ones:

- as if, literally, suddenly, in addition, here, after all, after all, hardly, hardly, ultimately, precisely, even, as if, exclusively, just, as if, almost, meanwhile, because, therefore , approximately, approximately, and, moreover, decisively, simply, as if. This group includes adverbs and particles that are most often mistakenly isolated. The Russian language does not distinguish them as introductory words;

- by advice..., by tradition, by request..., by direction..., by plan..., by order...- these combinations are non-isolated members.

Words whose isolation depends on the context

Depending on the context, the same words can act either as members of a sentence or as introductory words. Some words in certain meanings are introductory and stand out. In other meanings, these are no longer introductory words. Their list is as follows:

- maybe, maybe, it seems, it should be are introductory if they indicate a certain degree of reliability of what is being discussed;

- visible, possible, obvious act as such if they characterize the degree of reliability of a certain statement;

- naturally, exactly, surely, probably The Russian language considers as introductory words when indicating one or another degree of reliability of what is being reported (in this case they are interchangeable or words of the same group that are similar in meaning can be substituted). Example: “She must (=probably) not understand how important it is to solve this problem on time”;

- By the way- an introductory word if it indicates a connection of thoughts. Example: “He is a good musician. By the way, he plays tennis well too”;

- by the way in that case it is introductory if it also indicates a connection of thoughts. Example: “Her friends, parents and, by the way, her sister are against this trip.” This word can also be used as a non-introductory word in the following context: “Ivan made a speech in which, among other things, he pointed out that one should work more carefully”;

- first of all indicating the connection of thoughts is an introductory word. In this context, it can be replaced with words such as “first”, “first”, etc.;

- undoubtedly, indeed, in fact, certainly- introductory words, if they indicate a certain degree of reliability of what is being discussed. Example: “Indeed (really, accurately), this place has a beautiful view”;

- further, thus, finally, then, finally indicate as introductory sequence of thoughts. Example: “Thus (so), our results confirm the data obtained by other researchers”;

- however it is introductory if it is at the end or middle of a sentence. At the beginning of a sentence or part complex sentence it is not such when it acts as a conjunction “but”;

- at all is introductory when it means “generally speaking”, indicates a certain way of formatting a particular thought. Example: “His opinions, in general, are interesting only to a very narrow circle of people.” In other meanings it is an adverb meaning “in all respects”, “at all”, “in general”, “always”, “under all conditions”;

- in your opinion, in my opinion, in your opinion, in our opinion are isolated when they indicate the source of a given message. Example: “I think your child is sick.” “Do you think this proves anything at all?” “In her own way” is never an introductory word: “She is beautiful in her own way.”

Introductory sentences

They occur less frequently in texts than introductory words. In addition to commas, they can also be distinguished by dashes. Let's take a closer look at this type of separate structures.

By the nature of the meanings expressed, they coincide with introductory words. Identical in appearance simple sentences: may contain a predicate and a subject or one main member, and can be both common and non-common. punctuation mark selected based on prevalence.

Which introductory sentences are separated by commas?

1. Undistributed two-part sentences like “I remember”, “I think”, “I heard”, etc.

2. Monocomponents, having one minor member: “they told him,” “it seems to me.”

3. Common, introduced using allied words and conjunctions: “as they claimed...”, “as we learned...”.

Which introductory sentences are highlighted with a dash?

1. More common suggestions than the ones listed above.

2. Exclamatory and interrogative introductory sentences.

3. It is allowed to highlight a short sentence.