Kazakh literature of the 19th century in the Kazakh language. Kazakh literature at the beginning of the 20th century

STATE PROGRAM OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

"CULTURAL HERITAGE"

"HISTORY OF KAZAKH LITERATURE"in 10 volumes

National literary criticism continues to work to overcome the ideological crisis, which, due to objective reasons, arose at the turn of 80-90. XX century This overcoming goes in two directions: the elimination of ideologization and class approaches to literature and, at the same time, opposition to the other extreme: a nihilistic attitude towards Russian classics of both the 19th and 20th centuries. The gradual overcoming of the theoretical crisis, in which the humanities was for some time, testifies to a return to the historical view of the literary process, the desire to re-comprehend and recreate on a scientific basis the history of Kazakh literature from antiquity to the present.

Scientists of the Institute of Literature and Art named after MOAuezov began to create a new 10-volume "History of Kazakh Literature" under the State Program "Cultural Heritage". Fundamental scientific work, considering the history of Russian literature from the standpoint of today, is urgently needed today for both universities and schools, without it it is impossible to create high-quality textbooks and teaching aids of the new generation.

The work on creating a new history of literature is based on a concept arising from the need to take into account not only the principle of historicism, but mainly the laws governing the development of world literature and the internal development of national artistic thought and culture. This involves not blindly following the civil history or the political history of the state, although no one can deny that the spiritual life of a society is closely related to the historical and socio-political conditions of the country.

The new history of literature in 10 volumes will be periodized in a new way, based on the evolution of the artistic word according to the laws of aesthetics. This means that Kazakh literature in its artistic development went through three large stages: 1) literature before Abay (ancient and medieval period), 2) literature of the Abayev era (new time), 3) post-Abay literature (modern times).

1 volume - history of Kazakh folklore,
2 volume - history of ancient literature,
Volume 3 - the history of Kazakh literature of the Middle Ages and the period of the Kazakh Khanate,
Volume 4 - history of Kazakh literature of the 1st half of the 19th century,
5 volume - history of Kazakh literature of the II half of the XIX century,
Volume 6 - the history of Kazakh literature of the early twentieth century,
Volume 7 - the history of Kazakh literature of the 20-30s of the twentieth century,
Volume 8 - the history of Kazakh literature of the 40-60s of the twentieth century,
Volume 9 - the history of Kazakh literature of the 60-80s of the twentieth century,
Volume 10 - the history of Kazakh literature of the period of independence.
Currently, the following volumes have been prepared and published:
1 volume - history of Kazakh folklore

The work offered to the readers' attention is first volume"History of Kazakh literature", written by scientists of the Institute of Literature and Art named after M.O.Auezov in 10 volumes. It is dedicated to folklore. In it, for the first time, an attempt was made to study folklore in a diachronic context, to study the history of national folklore from ancient times to the present. Unlike works of previous years, in which folklore was considered only as oral literature, in this monograph folklore is understood broadly, namely, as folk culture as a whole and is studied in combination with the customs, rituals and beliefs of both the distant ancestors of the Kazakhs and the Kazakh ethnos proper. ... It was this approach that determined the structure and task of the book, which made it possible to show the genesis and evolution of folklore genres from the earliest, syncretic forms to full-fledged artistic formations, to reveal the ancient foundations of classical plots and motives, to trace their transformation into works of art, images and poetic techniques. This was not possible in previous works, since in them folklore was studied in a synchronous, static state.

In accordance with the tasks and goals of the study, folklore is considered as a cultural process that has developed at all times, from the most primitive society to the present day, accompanying a person in all periods of its history. Such an understanding obliged to study Kazakh folklore against the background of universal human spiritual development with the use of historical-typological, comparative methods and taking into account both historical-stadial and civilizational-national laws. All this was supposed to give the book, which consists of three main parts, an introductory article that defines not only its goals and objectives, but also the status and theoretical foundations of Kazakh folklore. It also characterizes the specificity of Kazakh folklore and offers a conceptual interpretation of it: a) as the world outlook and culture of ancient people, b) as part of human life and everyday life, c) as the art of words and artistic heritage.

Each of the three parts is preceded by an article, which reveals the general picture of the spiritual culture of the corresponding period and gives a characteristic of the folklore process in this era. The first part is devoted to the syncretic culture of antiquity and includes three chapters: 1) Folklore associated with human labor activity. It examines the ancient hunting, cattle-breeding and agricultural rituals and customs that have survived to this day and various folklore texts that accompanied them. 2) Ritual folklore, which is subdivided into calendar, family and magic folklore. The calendar includes the New Year holiday "Nauryz" and songs about it, a spring holiday on the occasion of the first milking of mares ("Kymyzmuryndyk") and joke songs about it, songs "Zharapazan" performed during the month of Ramadan. Since the content of "Zharapazan" in many respects goes back to pre-Islamic folklore, they are attributed to the ancient ritual folklore. Family ritual folklore is classified into wedding ceremonies and songs, funeral rites and songs, and children's folklore. For the first time, magical folklore stands out as an independent form and it includes arbau (conspiracy), zhalbarynu (spell, prayer), alғys (blessing), kargys (curse), ant (oath), badik (sentence), baқsy saryny (shaman's song). 3) Archaic folklore proper, which includes such ancient genres as myth, hikaya (bylichka), etiological tale, fairy tale, archaic epic and riddle that already have signs of artistry.

The object of the second part of the book is the folklore of the Middle Ages, covering a long period, from the formation of early feudal states to the decline of the Kazakh Khanate. Due to the fact that there are no proper folklore texts recorded at that time, samples of folklore imprinted on stones and in individual literary works are recognized as the main sources, which make it possible, although indirectly, to judge the state and forms of folklore in that period. These are ancient Tyuk inscriptions in honor of Kultegin and Bilge Kagan, these are the anonymous works "Oguz-name", "Kumanikus Codex" and "Kitabi dedem Korkud", these are the author's works "Kissas-ul-anbiya" Rabguzi, "Muhabbat-name »Khorezmi and others.

In them, i.e. in these written monuments, folk motifs and plots (sometimes genres) are quite widely represented, folk customs are described, actions of characters are shown, reminiscent of the actions of mythical ancestors, epic heroes, fairytale heroes or historical figures. For example, in the ancient Türkic texts carved on stones, traces of the archaic myth about the origin of heaven and earth, the ancestors of the Türks are evident, the spirit and motives of the heroic epic are evident, and "Oguz-name" and "Kitabi dedem Korkut" are something other than samples of the medieval book epic with all the properties inherent in the epic genre, the "Codex Cumanix" contains a large number of proverbs, riddles and quatrains.

During the period of the Kazakh Khanate, many ancient genres and plots received a new impetus and were transformed into real art formations. The formation of the entire system of classical folklore takes place, the heroic and romantic epics flourish, on the basis of the ancients, animal tales, heroic stories, legends and proverbs develop, a historical epic appears ... It is during this period that the process of historical, biographical and genealogical cyclization of the epic falls and other genres, therefore, in the majority of folklore works, the life and everyday life of the people of the Kazakh Khanate are reflected.

The third part of the book examines the state of folklore in modern and modern times, shows how traditional genres are modified and new genre forms arise, caused by historical, cultural and socio-political events that took place in the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries. During this period, old genres continue to develop in a new form, other types are spun off from the old ones, new genres are formed, fresh plots and motives are being developed. So, in the XVIII-XIX centuries, many genres acquire everything that has come down to us, i.e. until the first half of the twentieth century, in the form of classical folklore and priceless heritage. In particular, one can point to novelistic and satirical tales, to lyrical, historical and lyric-epic (ballad) songs. Aitys, dastan and historical epos are being developed especially strongly. It must be said that lyric genres dominate in modern times, historical epics and historical songs, which told about the struggle of the Kazakh people against the Dzungarian invaders and Russian colonizers, are also becoming relevant, a new genre is emerging, conventionally defined by lyric-epic (ballad) songs, in which the archaic and the new are bizarrely combined, but without mythologization.

In the twentieth century, work songs and tales that are unconventional for Kazakh folklore appear, various songs and stories about the people's liberation uprising of 1916 are created, new songs, riddles, proverbs and sayings appear. But all of them were active until the first half of the twentieth century, and only some examples of the small didactic genre are used in the everyday life of modern people. At the present stage, the genre of anecdote begins to take shape, which is due to intensive urbanization, and traditional folklore is used by professional art as a source. And this suggests that folklore has become a classical heritage and a part of modern artistic culture.

Volume 2 - history of ancient literature

The ten-volume "History of Kazakh Literature" is a collective work of the staff of the MOAuezov Institute of Literature and Art of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, carried out with the participation of literary critics of our country's universities.

The second volume systematizes a huge layer of the history of ancient and medieval Kazakh literature. It covers material, starting from the sources of spiritual culture of the pre-Turkic period and from the first written works of a general Turkic character (8th-7th centuries) to the literature of the period of the Kazakh state. Many works were introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The sources used not only in the Turkic languages, but also in Russian, Arabic, Persian, Chinese, Turkish, Mongolian, also in Western European languages, related to ancient and medieval Kazakh literature and culture.

The second volume opens with a preface, which sets out the scientific and methodological foundations of this large multivolume research work, and an introductory article to the second volume, where the chronological boundaries of the history of ancient and medieval Kazakh literature are determined, and its periodization is given.

For the first time, this volume explores the literary motifs of the Sako-Gun period, Turkic studies in ancient Chinese sources, common Turkic spiritual and cultural monuments of the Turanian civilization, literary samples of Turkic-Mongolian unity, analyzes the literature of the Turkic (7th-9th centuries), Oguz-I-Kipchak XI centuries), Karakhanid (XI-XII centuries) periods, as well as the literature of the Golden Horde and the Kipchak literature of Egypt (XIII-XҮ centuries). Each stage is accompanied by introductory essays on the spiritual culture and literature of that time, creative portraits of prominent Turkic poets of the 9th-15th centuries.

The monographic sections highlight the work of such major representatives of medieval literature Zhusup Balasagun, Mahmut Kashkari, Ahmet Iasaui, Suleimen Bakyrgani, Akhmet Iugneki, Khorezmi, Rabguzi, Qutba, Seif Sarai, as well as the work of previously unknown poets like Husam Katiba, Durkulik, Ali. For the first time, the literary work of the great thinker of the East al-Farabi is presented separately.

Thus, in the volume for the first time in a large-scale and comprehensive manner, in a historical sequence, all significant stages of the development of ancient and medieval written Kazakh literature are highlighted.

Volume 3 - history of Kazakh literature of the Middle Ages and the period of the Kazakh Khanate

The ten-volume "History of Kazakh Literature" is a collective work of the staff of the MOAuezov Institute of Literature and Art of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, performed with the participation of literary critics of our country's universities.

The third volume systematizes a huge layer of the history of Kazakh literature of the 13th-17th centuries. It covers material ranging from samples of author's poetry and written literature of the Golden Horde era to the poetry of akyns and zhyrau of the period of the Kazakh Khanate.

Individual creativity was characterized by authorship, the relative stability of the text, the concreteness of its content, the presence of the addressee. By creatively combining the old folk poetics with the new, emerging, individual poetry in its own way reflected the events in Desht-i Kipchak of the period of the Golden Horde state, in its own way created literary samples of historical figures and fictional characters. The main idea for the author's poetry was the idea of ​​preserving the unity of the Desht-i Kipchak people and protecting their independence.

The era of the Golden Horde was characterized by the rapid development of written literature. The most significant works were created mainly in the court environment by talented poets, who, as a rule, were in the public service or served under the rulers and often dedicated their creations to them or donated them to them. Of the total number of works created during the era of the Golden Horde, one can single out such masterpieces of written literature as a classic example of scientific and educational and partly fictional literature of the period of the domination of the Kypchaks (Cumans, Polovtsians) on a vast territory from the Dzungarian Gate to the Danube - "Kumanikus Code" (XIV century .), the lyric poem "Muhabbat-name" by Khorezmi, a new work in form and content in the literature of the era of the Golden Horde, the dastan "Gulistan bit-Turks" by Saif Sarai, the dastan "Khosrow and Shirin" love and an ideal ruler, the dastan "Zhusup-Zylikha" by Durbek, the book "Kissa sul-anbiya" by Nasreddin Rabguzi, which is devoted to the description of the life and adventures of the prophets before Muhammad, the biography of Muhammad himself and the Muslim caliphs.

The peculiarity of the state structure and the life of the Kazakh Khanate brought to the fore the poetry of akyns and zhyrau, the work of sheshenov-biys, to the fore in the spiritual life of society. The main themes of poetry zhyrau XV-XVIII centuries. there were issues of cohesion and unity of the tribes that make up the Kazakh Khanate, strengthening the state and its military power. In their poetic monologues, tolgau, akyns and zhyrau, along with important state problems, touched upon issues of ethics and morality, honor and dignity, expounded their thoughts about life and death, about the changeability and frailty of the world. The largest representatives of poetry zhyrau XV-XVIII centuries. were Asan Kaigy zhyrau (15th century), Sypyra zhyrau (15th century), Shalkiiz (Shalgez) zhyrau (1465-1560), Kaztugan zhyrau (15th century), Dospambet zhyrau (15th century), Zhyembet zhyrau (16th century) .), Margaska zhyrau (XVII century), Aktamberdy zhyrau (1675-1768), Umbetey zhyrau (1697-1786), Bukhar zhyrau (1698-1778), akin Tatikara (1705-1780).

In the era of the Kazakh Khanate, written literature also developed, which was created mainly in the court environment and mainly in the form of historical works. History has preserved many such works that are important not only as chronicle or narrative sources, but also as monuments of the fiction of the Turkic peoples of the late Middle Ages. Among them, one can especially highlight the wonderful book of memoir literature "Babur-name" by Zakhriddin Babur, the historical work "Zhami at-tauarikh" by Kadyrgali Zhalairi, the book "Shezhre-i Turk" by Abylgazy Bahadurkhan, written in the tradition of medieval historical prose of the East, the essay "Tarikh- and Rashidi "and the poem" Jahan-name "by Muhammad Haidar Dulati.

The volume opens with an introductory article by Academician of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan S.A. Kaskabasov, where the chronological boundaries of the history of literature of the era of the Golden Horde and the period of the Kazakh Khanate are determined and a brief description is given.

The monographic sections highlight the work of prominent representatives of the written literature and poetry of the zhyrau period under consideration, and also for the first time presents the work of the sheshenov-biys of the 17th century. Tole-bi, Kazybek-bi, Aiteke-bi, Aktaylak-bi, Syrym sheshena, Boltirik sheshena, who in their works sang and affirmed the ideals to which the inhabitants of the Kazakh Khanate were supposed to strive. Their work is peculiar both in form and in content, therefore, in terms of genre, it combines prose with poetry.

This volume also explores the Armenian-written Kypchak literary monument of the 16th century for the first time. - the story "The Story of the Wise Hikar". This is the most ancient creation of the East, which has overcome oblivion and has not lost its charm over the centuries. The story is expressed in flexible artistic forms. This is a story about an ungrateful nephew, interpolated by teachings, parables and riddles. Instructions occupy an important place in the story. It captures the covenants and wisdom of the ages.

Thus, in this volume, for the first time, on a large-scale and comprehensively, in a historical sequence, all significant stages of the development of zhyrau poetry and written Kazakh literature of the 13th-17th centuries are investigated.

The following contributors took part in writing the sections of the third volume: N.Kelimbetov, Doctor of Philology, Professor ("Literature of the Golden Horde", "Qutb", "Khorezmi", "Saif Sarai", "Durbek", "Historical Shezhre and Artistic Tradition", "Abylgazy Bahadurkhan", "Zakhiriddin Muhammad Babir"); S.Kaskabasov, Academician of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan ("Introduction", "Literature of the period of the Kazakh Khanate"); A. Derbisali, Doctor of Philology, Professor ("Muhammad Haydar Dulati"); R.G. Syzdyk, Academician of NAS RK, M. Koigeldiev, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor ("Kadyrgali Zhalairi"); M.Zharmukhameduly, Doctor of Philology, Professor ("Sypyra Zhyrau", "Asan Kaigy", "Bukhar Zhyrau", "Creativity of biyev-sheshen", "Kazybek-bi"); U. Kumisbayev, Doctor of Philology, Professor ("Umbetey"); J. Dadebaev, Doctor of Philology, Professor ("Tole-bi", "Syrym sheshen", "Boltirik sheshen "); M.Magauin, candidate of philological sciences ("Tatikara"); TO.Sydykuly, candidate of philological sciences, associate professor ("Shalkiiz (Shalgez) zhyrau"); S. Korabay, Candidate of Philology, Associate Professor ("Kumanikus Code", "The History of the Wise Hikar", "Dospambet", "Kaztugan", "Aktamberdy", "Aktaylak-bi"); S. Kosan, candidate of philological sciences ("Ali", "Jiembet", "Aiteke-bi"); A.Alibekuly, candidate of philological sciences ("Kypchak literature of Egypt"); G. Kurmangali, candidate of philological sciences ("Margaska").

4 volume. History of Kazakh literature in the first half of the 19th century

The 19th century of the history of Kazakh literature is a period of firmly established traditions and significant creative discoveries, closely related to the history of the people and their freedom-loving democratic aspirations. The beginning of the century was marked by a sharp intensification of the process of colonization of the region by the tsarist autocracy, the first sinister step of which was the elimination of the khan's power with the subsequent introduction of a new form of government, convenient for the activities of the administration of the central authorities.

This left its mark on the development of the traditional oral and poetic creativity of the people. The new socio-political conditions brought literature much closer to the vital interests of the masses. The former institute of zhyraustv, brought to life by the interests of the khan's power, was now gradually transformed into the category of akyns, who were much closer to the people and therefore the main content of their work was mainly determined by the direct spiritual needs and interests of ordinary people.

It is this factor that determines the need to consider the laws of the development of national literature of that time in close connection with the history of the people. From the complex problems of the socio-economic life of society to the elementary issues of labor and everyday life of people, it becomes a topic for the creativity of akyns.

At the same time, and perhaps better to say, in connection with this process, anxiety arises in the minds of the people and their advanced representatives, caused by the strengthening of the colonial policy of tsarism, the idea of ​​a national liberation movement is ripening. This is confirmed by the emergence in poetry of the so-called "era of sorrow" and then the appearance of heroic poems reflecting the struggle against colonial enslavement.

According to the scientific project "Patterns of the development of Kazakh literature of a new era (19th century - beginning of the 20th century)", for the first time, the problems of the creative continuity of prominent poets and writers of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century problems of the historical and literary process and the main literary trends.

Three volumes of this ten-volume edition of the history of all national literature are devoted to the history of Kazakh literature of the new era. This period is conventionally divided into three stages.

The first stage is the first half of the 19th century, which, as indicated above, is characterized by the emergence of akyn creativity more close to life.

The next stage, covering the second half of the century, to which the 5th volume is dedicated, is marked by the further improvement of the skills of the creators of the oral-poetic genre and the emergence of a new phenomenon in the history of the people - the movement of enlightenment, the outstanding representatives of which are the first Kazakh scientist Chokan Valikhanov, poet-teacher Ibrai Altynsarin and of course, the genius thinker, the founder of the national written literature Abai Kunanbayev, whose work gave full reason to call the nineteenth century the golden age of Kazakh literature. The third stage, i.e. the beginning of the twentieth century, is devoted to the 6th volume, which examines the problems of the further development of the Altai traditions, in particular, in the light of the creativity of the leaders of the Alash-Orda movement, inspired by the ideas of the first Russian revolutions. By the way, this segment is a new page for the modern history of Kazakh literature, since for political reasons it has remained a blank spot for a long time and is now being considered for the first time in terms of broad scientific research.

In the offer of the 4th volume, in its introductory part, a detailed overview of the akyns' creativity is given. In which the most significant problems of literature are considered in close connection with the laws of development of the socio-political process of that time. Many of them are revealed for the first time in the light of new approaches to certain socio-political phenomena in the life of the people.

Separate chapters are devoted to the largest authors. Among them, it is necessary to highlight such prominent representatives of the era of sorrow as Dulat Babatayuly, Shortanbai Kanayuly, as well as heroic poetry reflecting the theme of the national liberation movement, in the person of Makhambet Utemisov, whose work is presented in the fullest extent and with a deep disclosure of ideological and aesthetic works ...

5 volume. History of Kazakh literature of the 2nd half of the 19th century

By the second half - the end of the nineteenth century, the latest Kazakh literature was widespread and recognized, the literature of this period is characterized by boldly clear realistic features of artistic reality.

The newest period of Kazakh literature is one of the richest, most intense, fruitful and at the same time difficult centuries in the history of verbal art. This period has traditionally been and will be the glorious crown of the multifaceted combination of the mastery of the highly artistic word and the national-civil maturity of the writers and poets of that time.

New horizons of the history of Kazakh literature, widely opened in the first half of the 19th century, thanks to the colorful talented work of original masters - the titans Dulat, Makhambet, Shortanbay, and after them - Abai, Shokan, Ybyray Altynsarin on the eve of the 20th century brought the newest Kazakh fictional literature to the nationwide and value, putting at the head of a complex process - the development of national identity.

The 19th century for the Kazakh people, as well as for many other nations of the world, was the time of awakening of national consciousness. It was this multifaceted socio-political process that was reflected in the literature of that time. That is why the works of akyn and zhyrau of this period are an inexhaustible source of noble motives, high civic morality and love of freedom.

With a deep awareness of national identity, citizenship, free-thinking in Kazakh literature, the process of revival of national identity among the masses begins - a qualitatively new frontier in the centuries-old history of the Kazakh people. The literature of the second half of the 19th century, being the successor of the best traditions of classical Kazakh literature, has been replenished and played with new fresh bold colors and shades. First of all, literary works comprehensively really began to reflect the causes and consequences of reforms in the socio-political life of the Kazakh steppe, transformation in the consciousness of the nation after the establishment of the colonial policy regime of the Russian monarchy. The fertile Kazakh land was declared the state property of the Russian government, a completely new regime of government was established, the system of power and the state system of the Kazakh khanate underwent complete reform and destruction. The changes that took place in the life of the people, the further invasion and the criminal cruelty of tsarist colonialism were harshly criticized in the works of akyns, thinkers of that time. If the main idea and problematics of literary works of the first half of the 19th century was a deep hostility and a sharp opposition to colonialism, which increased in a call for national liberation movements (Dulat, Makhambet, Shortanbai, etc.), then in the second half of the 19th century, the idea of ​​enlightenment prevailed, a desire for political struggle, national independence through state-legal, people's democratic reforms, general education (Abai, Shokan, Ybyrai, Shudi, Mailykozha, etc.).

The directions and genres of traditional literature continued their further development (historical epics, tolgau, philosophical lyrics, aitys, nazira, ritual songs, traditions of sal-seri, songwriters, etc.). Strengthened creative ties with the East, the leading representatives of Russian democratic literature. A whole galaxy of akyns, storytellers, scribes appeared, who, in turn, translated the best examples of oriental literature, created qualitatively new works in the Kazakh language on oriental subjects. It was they who contributed to the rapid development of book printing, periodicals in the Kazakh language in the country, as well as in the cities of neighboring countries.

Research materials of the fifth volume of the "History of Kazakh literature" comprehensively analyze the development and formation of the second final period of the newest Kazakh realistic literature (1850-1900) and are a continuation of the fourth volume.

This study is a generalization of the patterns of development of Kazakh literature from the middle to the very end of the 19th century. The selected problem-thematic, genre-artistic method of research. This principle allows us to single out the most significant, characteristic in the development of literature. The largest masters of the artistic word (Ybyrai Altynsarin, Aқmolla Mұkhamediyaruly, Mұrat Moңkeuly, Bazar-zhyrau Ondasuly, Aқan Koramsauly, Birzhan Kozhagululy, Mailykozha Shotanuly, Arip Tanirbergenuly, etc.) are devoted to monographic chapters.

A special place is given to the work of the great thinker, poet Abai Kunanbayuly and the laboratory of his poetic school.

The scientific publication summarizes the experience of art and aesthetic, social and civic schools, the direction of Kazakh literature. In particular, Kazakh literature of the second half of the 19th century set itself and tried to solve urgent social, moral and aesthetic problems, philosophical issues of the Kazakh society. Particular attention is paid to those works that reflected the dreams and aspirations of the people about freedom, independence, striving for independent, original development. A number of works of this period were for the first time subjected to scientific analysis and research. The book opens with a thorough analysis of the latest Kazakh literature, which identifies trends in the development of the literary process in the second half of the 19th century. The most significant problems of literature are considered in close connection with the patterns of development of the socio-political process of that time, many of which are first revealed in the light of new approaches to the events of national history. The introductory part of the volume provides a detailed overview of the akyns' creativity. Creative portraits of Abay Kunanbayuly, Shokan Ualikhanova, Ybyrai Altynsarin, Akmolla Mukhamediyaruly, Murat Monkeuly, Bazaar zhyrau Odasuly, Akan Koramsauly, Shangerei Bokeeva, Musabek Bayzakuly, Aktan Saleyagulyirov, Shankulyzhan Naimanbayuly represent a separate monographic value. The creative work of dozens of other outstanding representatives of this period are analyzed on the pages of a detailed section - a review. Bibliographic indexes, descriptions of manuscripts, information about researchers and collectors are presented in a separate additional section.

The second half of the 19th century, to which the 5th volume is dedicated, is marked by the further improvement of the skills of the creators of the oral-poetic genre and the emergence of a new phenomenon in the history of the people - the movement of enlightenment, the outstanding representatives of which are the first Kazakh scientist Shokan Ualikhanov, a genius thinker, the founder of the national written literature Abai, and poet-teacher Ibrai Altynsarin, whose work gave full reason to call the nineteenth century the golden age of Kazakh literature.

6 volume. History of Kazakh literature of the early twentieth century

The sixth volume of the "History of Kazakh Literature" is devoted to the consideration of the main trends and features of the development of literature at the beginning of the twentieth century, the definition of the artistic originality of the creative heritage of the figures of that time.

Thus, the fourth to sixth books of the ten-volume edition of the "History of Kazakh Literature", covering a huge period of time, examines the patterns of development of domestic literary literature of an entire era, traces the path of its development from oral and poetic creativity to written forms of professional literature, from the first experiments of realistic depiction of life phenomena to classical forms of artistic development of reality up to the Soviet period.

This period was characterized by the emergence and development of multilateral and multi-genre forms of national literature, the formation and consolidation of fruitful realistic traditions in it. It is also known that this growth of artistic practice was accompanied by an almost simultaneous study of its various historical and theoretical problems.

It should be noted that a whole book of the three-volume part of the "History of Kazakh Literature" was devoted to the academic analysis of the phenomena of artistic creativity of the twentieth century. The foundations of the study of the problems of the development of national literature of the period were laid in the works of M. Auezov, S. Mukanov, E. Ismailov, B. Kenzhebaev, H. Zhumaliev, T. Nurtazin and others.

The native literature of the early 20th century is rich and extremely diverse. But, unfortunately, many names and phenomena of this period, for certain reasons, were subsequently forcibly isolated from the general stream of literary development. But, nevertheless, the studies of M. Auezov "History of Literature" (1927), S. Seifullin "Kazakh Literature" (1932), S. Mukanov "Kazakh Literature of the 20th Century" (1932), withdrawn at one time for the same reasons.

Research work received a new breath during the years of perestroika and glasnost. Thus, the works “Kazakh literature of the twentieth century. Pre-October period "(anthology, 1983)," Poets of five centuries "(3rd volume, 1985)," Kazakh literature of the early twentieth century "(1994)," Kazakh literature of the 1920s and 1930s "(1997), etc.

Completely new conditions and a wide field of activity opened up for literary scholars during the years of Independence. The artistic treasures of the post-Abaevo period were returned to the people, including the priceless treasures of the writers of the so-called Alashorda direction. Accordingly, the need arose for a new vision, new approaches to the study and coverage of this rich heritage.

Already during the preparation of the materials of the fifth volume of this edition, many problems had to be considered in a new way from a methodological point of view, in order to free them from the influence of the previous ideological diktat, from a narrow-class assessment of literary phenomena. And even more so, almost the entire content of the sixth volume was permeated with the spirit of renewal of previous ideas.

At the forefront of this was the need to consider the ideological and aesthetic merits of certain phenomena of literature in close connection with the specific historical features of that time, with persistent calls for social progress. The connection of national literature with the history of the people was put in the foreground, and heightened attention was paid to the organic connection of artistic truth with historical truth. The new realities of the educational-democratic direction in literature were considered in the light of the artistic and aesthetic traditions of the people and in inextricable connection with them.

It was from these positions that the approach to assessing and studying the innovative legacies of Shakarim Kudaiberdiev, Alikhan Bukeikhanov, Akhmet Baitursynov, Mirzhakip Dulatov, Magzhan Zhumabaev, Sabit Donentaev, Sultan-Mahmut Toraigyrov was determined. These legacies, which immensely enriched the spiritual treasury of the people, were viewed as an organic continuation and further development of the great Abai tradition, which became a real stimulus for the subsequent flourishing of national literature.

As a result of the return of previously prohibited names and phenomena, modern Kazakh literature has been significantly enriched, its poetic bar has risen immeasurably, the spiritual connection between society and literature has become more prominent, the influence of spiritual factors on the national identity of the people has increased.

All this determines the general content of the book offered to the reader's attention.

Well-known literary scholars in the Republic were involved in the preparation of the sixth volume. At the same time, the collective publication reflected the views and works of the former prominent specialists in literary criticism, who left a deep mark in the study of the laws of the development of literary literature of this period.

The book offers readers a general overview of the work and bibliographic data of a large number of poets and writers. Monographic portraits (characteristics) are devoted to fifteen of the most famous literary figures. The preface and introduction ("Kazakh literature of the early twentieth century") were written by the doctor of philological sciences, professor, head of the research project A.K. Egeubaev.

The following were involved in the writing of monographic portraits: Academician of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Doctor of Philology,

professor S.S. Kirabaev ("Sultan-Makhmut Toraigyrov"); Academician of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Doctor of Philology, Professor R. Nurgali ("AN Bokeikhanov"); Doctor of Philology, Professor Zh. Ismagulov ("Akhmet Baitursynov, Mirzhakip Dulatov"); doctors of philological sciences, professors B. Abdigaziev and M. Bazarbayev ("Shakarim Kudaiberdiev"); Doctor of Philology, Professor B. Abdigaziev (“Shakarim Kudaiberdiev, Narmanbet Ormanbet”); Doctor of Philology, Professor T. Kakishev ("S. Donentaev"), Doctor of Philology S. Baymenshe ("Zhiengali Tlepbergenov"); Doctor of Philology, Professor K. Ergobek ("Mukhametzhan Seralin"); Candidate of Philology K. Sydiykov ("Gumar Karash").

7 volume. History of Kazakh literature of the 20-30s of the twentieth century

The relevance of the book lies in the fact that it meets the needs of defining at a new level the features of stormy historical, literary and artistic phenomena, which until recently were explained in a very one-sided way.

Undoubtedly, gaining the country's independence requires a study of its own history, not as part of a multinational state, as it was before, but a separate study, a broad display of the won and lost, achieved and lost by our nation at various historical passes, which will help to deeper reveal the patterns of the idea of ​​struggle for independence. The history of our literature, which passed along with the people, the culture of the nation, a contradictory path of development needs to be considered from this perspective. The works written earlier on this topic ("Essay on Kazakh Soviet Literature". 1949, 1958. "History of Kazakh Literature", volume 3, 1967.), could not fully cover the entire literary process. The names and works of the so-called "Alashordy" writers (A. Baitursunov, Sh.Kudaiberdiev, M. Dulatov, Zh.Aimauytov, M. Zhumabaev) were consigned to oblivion. Soviet literature was studied in many ways in isolation from previous traditions. Other works were evaluated only according to thematic criteria, in isolation from their artistic merit.

The specificity of the study lies in a new interpretation of these problems, the advancement of fresh concepts, a fair assessment of the work of many poets and writers, a more complete and holistic display of the truth veiled by the previous literature, guided by the principle of evaluating works not by their adaptability to Soviet ideology, as was the case in the past. but according to the extent to which they meet the age-old requirements of the art of speech, artistry. These requirements are fully consistent with the guidelines of the state program "Kazakhstan-2030" and "Cultural Heritage".

The structure of the book is made up of chapters: "Kazakh literature in the 20-30s", "Poetry", "Prose", "Dramaturgy," Literary criticism ", as well as literary portraits of poets and writers:" Zhusipbek Aimautov "," Magzhan Zhumabaev "," Saken Seifullin "," Iliyas Dzhansugurov "," Beimbet Mailin "," Dzhambul Dzhabaev "," Nurpeis Baiganin "," Isa Baizakov ". It also includes carefully prepared subsections:" Chronicle of literary life "and" Brief bibliographic index of Kazakh literature 20 -30s ".

The introduction discusses issues about the conditions that influenced the literary process, the positions of Kazakh writers in relation to the October Revolution, the work to attract writers to the side of the party, discussions during the construction of writers' organizations, the selection of literature cadres, the congresses of writers held in the thirties, the triumph of the principle partisanship in literature, etc.

In the chapter devoted to the works of S.S. Seifullin and M. Zhumabaev, who outlined different directions of literary development in the 1920s, considered their worldview and principles, typifications, artistic achievements and shortcomings generated by the contradictions of the era. Issues of artistic tradition, artistic knowledge and taste, aesthetic perception are thoroughly investigated here. The content, artistic world, peculiarities of poetic searches of poems by M. Zhumabaev "Batyr Bayan", S. Seifullin "Kokshetau", S. Mukanov "Slushash", I. Dzhansugurov "Kyushi", "Kulager", I. Baizakov "Kuralay slu" etc.

The issues of the accelerated development of prose genres are considered on the basis of the first prose works of such writers as S. Seifullin, M. Auezov, Zh.Aymautov, B. Mailin, S. Mukanov, etc. theme and artistic features. New conclusions are drawn on the novels of S. Seifullin "The Thorny Path", Zh. Aymautov "Kartkozha", "Akbilek", S. Mukanov "The Lost", "The Mysterious Banner" ("Botakoz"), their innovative searches and artistic features.

Enough is said about the evenings of amateur performances of young people that stimulated the development of the performing arts and the birth of dramatic works. It is also said that the founders of the first genres of this kind were Zh. Aymautov, M. Auezov, S. Seifullin. The book analyzes all the plays of this period, such as: Zh. Aymautov "Rabiga", "Careerists", "Kanapiya-Sharbanu", M. Auezov "Enlik-Kebek", "Baibishe-Tokal", "Karakoz", S. Seifullin "On the Way to Happiness", "Red Falcons", B. Mailin "Mulla Shanshar", "School", "Marriage", "Glasses", Zh. Shanin "Batyr Arkalyk", K. Kemengerova "Golden Ring", Zh. Tlepbergenova "Perizat-Ramazan". Attention is paid to the historical conclusion and artistic quality of the first dramatic works related to the development of Kazakh theatrical art. Plays by M. Auezov "Enlik-Kebek", "Aiman-Sholpan", G. Musrepov "Kyz-Zhibek", "Kozy Korpesh-Bayan Slu" and others are also widely represented.

Samples of literary criticism, discussions about the ways of development of literature, different opinions in assessing the works of S. Seifullin, M. Zhumabaev, M. Auezov about ways to understand the role of socialist realism, about contradictory concepts in the assessment of cultural heritage, etc. an example of the works of A. Baitursunov "Literary Guide", M. Auezov "History of Literature", X. Dosmukhamedov "Literature of the Kazakh people" (in Russian), S. Seifullin "Kazakh literature of the XX century", K. Zhumaliev "Theory of Literature", E. Ismailova "Questions of the theory of literature".

The following features are characteristic of all monographic sections: an abundance of materials covering the truth of those years, their specific analysis. On this basis, the creative features of each of the poets and writers, their place in the history of national literature have been clarified.

8 volume. History of Kazakh literature 40-60 years of the twentieth century

The 8th volume of the "History of Kazakh Literature" is devoted to Kazakh literature of the Soviet period 1940-1950. It examines the development paths, changes in genre forms and other aspects of the literary movement in Kazakhstan, from the Great Patriotic War (1941) to the middle of 1950. In this volume, as well as in the previous one, the literature that developed under the influence of the ideology of the Soviet period. The work identifies the features of the creative laboratory, gives a new assessment of the artistry of literary works. In this direction, the researchers sought to show the achievements and mistakes, as well as the influence of politics on Kazakh literature, which developed in parallel with Russian and world literature. They tried to draw attention to the national literary interest and the struggle for independence during this period. All of the above goals and objectives fully coincide with the state programs "Kazakhstan - 2030" and "Cultural Heritage".

The book consists of the following chapters: "Kazakh literature in the 40-50s", "Poetry", "Prose", "Dramaturgy", "Literary criticism" and literary portraits of poets and writers: "Mukhtar Auezov", "Sabit Mukanov", " Gabit Musrepov, Gabiden Mustafin, Tair Zharokov, Abdilda Tazhibaev, Gali Ormanov, Kasym Amanzholov, Kalizhan Bekkhozhin. In addition, there are chapters: "Literary connections", "Literature of the Kazakhs of Mongolia and China", "Chronicle of literary life", "Bibliographic index of Kazakh literature of the 40-50s".

The introduction examines the features of the literary process of that period, political and social factors that influenced literature. The reflection of the theme of the front and rear in the years of the Great Patriotic War in literature is also considered.

The chapter on poetry explores in detail the lyrics and poem of Kazakh literature. The author analyzes front songs created during the Great Patriotic War (K. Amanzholov, J. Sain, A. Sarsenbaev, D. Abilev), and poetry of the post-war peace time. Here are considered the poems that have enriched the Kazakh fiction; among them are the works of K. Bekkhozhin "Maria - the daughter of Yegor", H. Ergaliev "Kurmangazy", G. Kairbekov "Bell in the steppe", J. Moldagaliev "I am a Kazakh", M. Alimbaev "My Kazakhstan", A. Tazhibaev " Portraits "and others.

The development of the prose genre in the 40-50s is considered; the leading role of the novel is determined. New conclusions and conclusions on the study of searches and artistic achievements in such works as, the second book of the novel "Abai" by M. Auezov, a revised version of the novel "Botagoz" ("The Mysterious Flag") and "Syr-Dariya" by S. Mukanov, "Kazakh soldier ”and“ Awakened Land ”by G. Musrepov,“ Millionaire ”and“ Karaganda ”by G. Mustafin.

In the chapter "Dramaturgy" based on the plays of M. Auezov "Karakoz", "Night motive", "In the hour of trials", "Amangeldy" (co-authored with G. Musrepov), "Abai" (co-authored with L. Sobolev), plays by G. Musrepov "Kozy-Korpesh and Bayan-Sulu", "Akan seri - Aktokty", S. Mukanov "Chokan Valikhanov", A. Tazhibayev "Maira", "We are Kazakhs!", "One tree is not a forest" , Sh.Kusainova "Spoiled sissy?", "Shansharlar", "Aldar kose", it was demonstrated how the Kazakh drama rose to the classical level.

The main achievements of national drama in the 40-50s were plays on historical-biographical and legendary-epic themes. Many of them entered the golden fund of the national drama and became a classic example of this genre. The development of the national theatrical art is closely related to these works.

In the same period, the formation of national literary criticism took place. The folklore studies of the previous years by M. Auezov, H. Dosmukhamedov, S. Seifullin were systematized according to the genre. The first volume of "History of Kazakh literature" (1948), "Essays on the history of Kazakh Soviet literature" edited by K. Zhumaliev (1949), monographs about the works of prominent representatives of Kazakh literature, which were an achievement in the field of criticism and literary criticism, were published.

The heritage of S. Seifullin, B. Mailin, I. Zhansugurov took a worthy place in the history of literature and their work became the object of scientific research. Along with E. Ismailov, T. Nurtazin, a new wave of young literary scholars such as A. Nurkatov, S. Kirabaev, Z. Kabdolov, T. Alimkulov, R. Berdibay, M. Bazarbaev, B. Sakhariev came to literary criticism.

For the first time in the history of Kazakh literature, the literature of the Chinese and Mongolian Kazakhs of the 1920s-1950s has been studied. A separate chapter examines the stages of the formation and development of the literature of Chinese and Mongolian Kazakhs by genre, tells about the creative laboratories of prominent representatives of different genres.

The following features are characteristic of all monographic sections: an abundance of materials covering the literary process of those years, a specific analysis of works. The article considers the creative features and searches of prominent poets and writers of this period, their place in the history of national literature.

Prominent representatives of Kazakh literary science took part in the collective research.

9 volume. History of Kazakh literature 60-80 years of the twentieth century

The 9th volume of the "History of Kazakh Literature" covers the third last stage in the development of Kazakh verbal art of the Soviet period (1956-1990).

As a continuation of the literary process studied in volumes 7-8, this period, compared with the previous ones, is marked by a number of peculiarities. This is primarily due to the changes that have taken place in the socio-political life of the country after the exposure of the personality cult of Stalin. There was a reassessment of many values, the policy of mistrust in a person, suspicion of a potential enemy in him, a policy of economic and political isolation from the rest of the world was sharply criticized. The thaw that took place in the life of the country had a beneficial effect on the development of multinational literature and art. Measures have been taken to correct the mistakes made in the party resolutions of 1946-1948. The illegally repressed writers and poets / S. Seifullin, B. Mailin, I. Dzhansugurov and others / were rehabilitated. As a result, the social and creative activity of artists of the word increased, who in their new works subjected the inhuman essence of Stalinism to severe condemnation.

The generation of "sixties" took shape and got stronger (K. Myrzaliev, T. Moldagaliev, S. Zhunisov, M. Makataev, A. Kekilbaev, M. Magauin, D. Isabekov, O. Bokeev, and others). Literature opened up new social conflicts in which the essence of the era was truthfully reflected, created images of heroes with relaxed free thought, clearing itself of dogmatic distortions that fettered creative searches. In collaboration with front-line writers (J. Moldagaliev, S. Maulenov, T. Akhtanov, A. Nurpeisov), they boldly overcame the frozen norms of socialist realism, trying to portray the milestones of history from new life positions. In poetry, lyric poetry on topics previously not encouraged, or even completely forbidden (about love and nature), has received wide scope; in prose, an opportunity has opened up for a deep and comprehensive disclosure of human destinies by means of psychological analysis.

The study summarizes the experience of the ideological and aesthetic achievements of Kazakh literature, which have received recognition in the all-Union and world arenas, its inextricable connection with life. Particular attention is paid to those works of national literature, which reflect the eternal dreams of the people of freedom and independence. Their pathos is consonant with the ideas set forth in the state programs "Kazakhstan-2030", "Cultural heritage".

The structure of the book is made up of lava reviews by genre: "Literature of the 60s-80s", "Prose", "Poetry", "Dramaturgy", "Criticism and Literary Criticism", as well as creative portraits of writers-poets who distinguished themselves in their time as outstanding achievements such as I. Esenberlin, H. Ergaliev, J. Moldagaliev, S. Maulenov, T. Akhtanov, A. Nurpeisov, K. Mukhamedzhanov, G. Kaiyrbekov, S. Zhunisov, M. Makataev, K. Myrza-Ali, T . Moldagaliev, A. Kekilbaev, M. Magauin, K. Iskakov, Sh. Murtaza. Materials from these chapters supplement the sections: "Literary connections", "Literature of Mongolia and China." "Russian-language Kazakh literature", as well as "Chronicle of literary life 60-80s", "Bibliographic index of Kazakh literature 60-80s".

In conducting, based on the analysis of a number of prominent works of verbal art, trends in the development of the literary process of the 60s-80s are determined. Questions of the ways of development of the history of Kazakh literature, especially those of them that for a long time it was under the pressure of the party authorities, censorship control, many other problems, such as time, society and personality - all these problems are considered in their interconnection and interdependence.

The chapter devoted to the genre of poetry is examined in two of its components: lyrics and a poem. The study emphasizes the efficiency, responsiveness of the lyrics to the advanced ideas of the time, marks the features, thanks to which its artistic level was raised to a qualitatively new level. It talks about the uneven development of the epic genre, about its causes and consequences. A scientific assessment is given and the place of modern Kazakh poetry is determined, meaningful, vivid poems of poets such as A. Sarsenbayev, G. Kairbekov, T. Zharokov, J. Moldagaliev, S. Zhienbaev, H. Ergaliev, A. Shamkenov, T. Abdrakhmanova, M Shakhanov, K. Myrzaliev, F. Ungarsynova, K. Zhumagaliev.

The development of the prose genre is considered on the basis of the works of prominent writers. Prose has been researched according to its main genres: story, story, novel (on historical and contemporary themes). The object of study was the works of T. Alimkulov, O. Bokeev, T. Nurmagambetov, D. Isabekov and other writers who made a significant contribution to the flourishing of the genre of the story.

The main features of the genre of the story are defined in the works of G. Musrepov, "Ulpan", A. Sharipov "The Daughter of the Partisan", N. Gabdullin

"Kesteli oramal", B. Sokpakbayeva "Kolgabys", S. Shaimerdenova "Mezgil", T. Alimkulova "Kok karshyka", K. Zhumadilov "Kokeikesti", M. Magauin "kara kyz", T. Nurmagambetova " and etc.

In the chapter "Contemporary Novel" works of the sixties and eighties are evaluated from the point of view of the present day. The novels on contemporary themes by T. Akhtanov, Z. Shashkin, K. Zhumadilov, D. Isabekov, D. Doszhanov and others are analyzed. In the process of researching the novel "Khan Kene" by I. Yesenberlin, who was considered the ancestor of the historical novels of recent years, as well as the novels by M. Magauin "Spring Waters", A. Alimzhanov "The Messenger". S.Smataeva "Dear side", A. Kekilbaeva "Urker", "Helen-Alan", K. Zhumadilov "Daraboz", the originality and innovation of their artistic searches are revealed.

The book speaks in detail about the achievements of the Kazakh drama of the period under review, which, consistently following the best traditions, was enriched with full-fledged works born in the spirit of its time. Plays on historical themes by Sh.Murtaz, O. Bodykov, on themes of the present by T. Akhtanov, S. Zhunisov are studied. The successful, truly innovative breakthroughs of the plays of O. Bokei, D. Isabekov, N. Orazalin, A. Suleimenov, S. Balgabaev, in which creative courage and philosophical depth are observed in the study of social phenomena, the organization of event avoid common places, beaten paths.

Criticism and literary criticism developed in full accordance with the requirements of the time. They reflect the movement of the literary process of the period under study, posed and solved a number of urgent problems of the development of national literature.

An analysis is given of the life and creative path of poets-writers, whose works have been translated into foreign languages, the distinctive features of the artistic searches of each of the writers, their connections with the traditions of world literature. This made it possible to assess the contribution of the masters of the artistic word to the national treasury, to determine their place in the history of Kazakh literature.

Prominent representatives of Kazakh literary science took part in the collective research.

10 volume. History of Kazakh literature of the period of independence

The 10th volume of the "History of Kazakh Literature" is devoted to the study of the ways of development of Kazakh verbal art of the late XX, early XXI centuries / 1991-2001 /. This period, as you can see, covers a relatively short period of time - ten years - however, in terms of the level of ideological and artistic renewal, it represents an entire era in the centuries-old history of Kazakh literature. The efforts of the team of authors were aimed, first of all, at determining the nature of this renewal, revealing its laws that arise in the depths of artistic development under the influence of the socio-economic and spiritual transformations of recent years.

The structure of the volume is defined adequately to the specifics of the study. Due to the fact that the circle of artists who have a decisive influence on the ideological and aesthetic direction and style of literature of the period of independence has not yet fully formed, it was decided for the time being to refrain from creating literary portraits of prominent writers and poets. The main attention is paid to the comprehension of the phenomena of the literature of the decade according to the system of genre differentiation, the originality of their themes and problems. Hence the title of the chapters: "Prose: Novel", "Story", "Story", "Lyrics", "Poem".

As in the previous volumes, the book includes sections: "Chronicle of literary life", "Bibliographic index of Kazakh literature", this time covering only one decade - 1991-2001.

The preface and introduction contain a reference apparatus regarding the structure of the book, the topic of the chapters and information about their authors, as well as the initial part of the research that guides readers in the presentation of the initial concepts, explaining the peculiarities of the formulation and development of the topic, revealing the meaning of the book and its connection with the national program "Cultural Heritage ".

It also provides a definition of both the ideological and aesthetic originality of the works of the decade, a special period in the development of Kazakh literature, a distinctive feature of which lies primarily in the interpretation of the purpose of art itself. Modern Kazakh literature, all its genres: prose, poetry, drama, criticism and literary criticism, imbued with the spirit of independence and freedom of creativity, acquired features that together gave literature a different look. The most characteristic of its current post-Soviet stage are, in particular, the following components:

rejection of the canons of socialist realism with its rigid tendentiousness, the immutable requirements of depicting class enmity between different strata of the people, mythologizing utopian ideals that contradict reality;

deepening the historical and objective approach to the phenomena of life, highlighting the interests of the nation, country;

the appearance of signs of de-ideologization of literature. Tolerance and respect for other people's opinions. Pluralism, which sometimes allows the appearance of works written in the mainstream of socialist realism or from the position of postmodernism.

The chapter on the prose of the decade analyzes a large number of novels, novellas and short stories on themes from the past and present. The spiritual and moral results of the decade are especially tangible in the novels by A. Nurpeisov "The Last Duty", Z. Kabdulov "My Auezov", K. Isabaev "Shon Bi", Sh. Murtaza "The Moon and Aisha", A. Tarazi "Retribution", K .Segizbaeva "Pass", B. Mukai "Wasted Life", K. Zhumadilov "Daraboz", A. Altai "Ballad of Altai" and others. ... Small genres of prose, a number of novellas and stories, demonstrating their mobility, actively participated in the creation of the image of the heroes of the new era, in the development of burning problems put forward by market relations.

For the first time, the book gives a place to separate genres of prose, such as: nonfiction, problems of modern satire, the world of fantasy.

The chapters "Lyrics", "Poem" reflect the current state of the oldest kind of national literature - poetry. The object of the research was the lyrical works of N. Orazalin, T. Moldagaliev, M. Shakhanov, F. Ungarsynova and many others, whose poems are characterized by the scale of the poetic vision, connecting the layers of all the fateful stages of national history, civic tone, a wealth of spiritual, journalistic, critical intonations. It also examines poems in which the spirit of different eras, the diversity of modern life are figuratively embodied.

During the period under study, the genre of drama was enriched with national liberation themes.

Two chapters of the volume are devoted to literary criticism and criticism. Their increased activity is noted, especially in the elimination of the so-called white spots in the history of literature. These are works about the life and work of Sh. Kudaiberdiev, M. Zhumabaev, A. Baitursunov, M. Dulatov, Zh. Aimautov. The works of prominent figures of the Soviet era literature are also considered from the point of view of the present.

The volume includes chapters: "Literature of the peoples of Kazakhstan", "Literary connections".