The captain's daughter reason and feelings. What is more important: to think or to feel? Arguments from small stories for writing

Final essay is an exam format that allows you to assess several aspects of a student's knowledge at once. Among them: vocabulary, knowledge of literature, the ability to express your point of view in writing. In a word, this format makes it possible to assess the student's general proficiency in both language and subject knowledge.

1. The final essay is given 3 hours 55 minutes, the recommended length is 350 words.
2. The date of the final essay is 2016-2017. In the 2015-2016 academic year, it was held on December 2, 2015, February 3, 2016, May 4, 2016. In 2016-2017 - December 7, February 1, May 17.
3. The final essay (presentation) is held on the first Wednesday of December, the first Wednesday in February and the first working Wednesday in May.

The purpose of the essay is to reason, competently and clearly built the student's point of view using examples from literature within the framework of a given topic. It is important to note that the topics do not indicate a specific work for analysis, it is of a supra-subject nature.

Themes of the final essay on literature 2016-2017

Topics are formed from two lists: open and closed. The first is known in advance, reflects approximate general themes, they are formulated as concepts that contradict each other.
A closed list of topics is announced 15 minutes before the start of the essay - these are more specific topics.
Open list of topics for the final essay 2016-2017:
1. "Sense and Sense",
2. "Honor and dishonor",
3. "Victory and Defeat",
4. "Experience and mistakes",
5. "Friendship and enmity".
The topics are presented in a problematic way, the names of the topics are antonyms.

An approximate list of references for all those who will write the final essay (2016-2017):
1. A.M. Bitter "Old woman Izergil",
2. A.P. Chekhov "Ionych",
3. A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter", "Eugene Onegin", "Station Keeper"
4. B.L. Vasiliev "Not on the lists",
5.V.A. Kaverin "Two Captains",
6. V.V. Bykov "Sotnikov",
7. V.P. Astafiev "Tsar-fish"
8. Henry Marsh "Do No Harm"
9. Daniel Defoe "Robinson Crusoe",

10. Jack London "White Fang",
11. Jack London "Martin Eden",
12.I.A. Bunin "Clean Monday",
13. I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons",
14. L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace",
15. M. A. Sholokhov "Quiet Don",
16. M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time"
17. F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment", "The Idiot"
18. E. Hemingway "The Old Man and the Sea",
19. E.M. Remarque "All Quiet on the Western Front"
20. E.M. Remarque "Three Comrades".

Argumenyou're on the topic "Sense and Sensibility"

The point of view must be reasoned, in order to formulate it correctly, one should involve literary material corresponding to the topic. The argument is the main component of the essay, is included in the evaluation criteria. The following requirements are imposed on it:
1. Be relevant to the topic
2. Include literary material
3. It is logical to be inscribed in the text, in accordance with the general composition
4. Be presented with quality written language
5. Be competently designed.
For the topic "Reason and Feeling", one can take arguments from the works of I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons", A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit", N.M. Karamzin "Poor Lisa", Jane Austen "Sense and Sensibility".

Examples of final essays

There are a number of final essay templates. They are scored according to five criteria, here is an example of an essay that scored the highest score:
An example of an essay on the topic: "Should the mind prevail over feelings?"
What to listen to, to reason or feelings - every person asks such a question. It is especially acute when the mind dictates one thing, and the feelings contradict it. What is the voice of reason, when it is necessary to listen more precisely to his advice, a person decides for himself, the same with feelings. Without a doubt, the choice in one favor or another depends on the specific situation. For example, even a child knows that in a stressful situation it is impossible to panic, it is better to listen to reason. It is important not only to listen to both reason and feelings, but also to truly learn to distinguish between situations when it is necessary to listen to the first or to the second to a greater extent.

Since the question has always been relevant, it has found wide circulation in both Russian and foreign literature. Jane Austen in the novel Sense and Sensibility, using the example of two sisters, reflected this eternal contradiction. Elinor, the eldest of the sisters, is distinguished by prudence, but she is not devoid of feelings, she just knows how to control them. Mariana is in no way inferior to her older sister, but prudence is not inherent in her in anything. The author showed how their characters affected in the test of love. In the case of her older sister, her prudence almost played a cruel joke with her, thanks to her restrained nature, she did not immediately make it clear to her lover what she was feeling. Mariana, on the other hand, became a victim of feelings, so she was deceived by a young man who took advantage of her gullibility and married a wealthy lady. As a result, the older sister was ready to come to terms with loneliness, but the man of her heart, Edward Ferras, makes a choice in her favor, abandoning not only the inheritance, but also from his word: an engagement to an unloved woman. Marianne, after a serious illness and endured deception, grows up and agrees to an engagement with a 37-year-old captain, to whom she has no romantic feelings, but deeply respects.

A similar choice is made by the characters in the story of A.P. Chekhov's "On Love". However, Alekhin and Anna Luganovich, succumbing to the call of reason, abandon their happiness, which makes their act right in the eyes of society, but in the depths of their souls, both heroes are unhappy.

So what is reason: logic, common sense, or simply boring reason? Can feelings interfere with a person's life or, conversely, provide an invaluable service? There is no unequivocal answer in this dispute, who to listen to: reason or feeling. Both are equally important for a person, so you just need to learn how to use them correctly.

Still have questions? Ask them in our VK group:

An essay on the topic "What controls a person to a greater extent: mind or feelings?"

What controls a person to a greater extent: mind or feelings? In order to answer this question, you need to define its main components. Reason is the ability of a person to think logically: to analyze, establish causal relationships, find meanings, draw conclusions, formulate principles. And feelings are the emotional experiences of a person that arise in the process of his relationship with the world around him. Feelings are formed and developed during the development and education of a person.

It seems to many that it is necessary to live only by reason, and they are somewhat right. Reason is given to a person so that he thinks over everything and makes the right decisions. But feelings are also given to man. They are always fighting with the mind, showing that they should be paid more attention to. Feelings are important for each of us: they help make ours more intense and interesting. Sometimes the heart tells us one thing, and the brain tells us the opposite. How to be? I would like them to live in peace and not argue with each other, but this is unattainable. The soul desires freedom, celebration, fun ... And the mind tells us that we need to work, work, take care of everyday trifles so that they do not accumulate into insoluble everyday problems. Two opposing forces are pulling the reins of power, each of them, so in different situations we are governed by different motives.

Many writers and poets raised the topic of the struggle between reason and feelings. So, for example, in William Shakespeare's tragedy "Romeo and Juliet" the main characters belong to the clans of Montague and Capulet, warring among themselves. Everything is against the feelings of young people, and the voice of reason advises everyone not to succumb to the outbreak of love. But emotions turn out to be stronger, and even in the death of Romeo and Juliet they did not want to part. We never know for sure what will happen if feelings prevail over reason, but Shakespeare showed us a tragic development of events. And we willingly believe him, because a similar plot has been repeated more than once both in world culture and in life. The heroes are just teenagers who probably fell in love for the first time. If they tried to at least calm down the ardor and try to negotiate with their parents, I doubt that Montecs or Capulet would have preferred the death of their children. They would most likely compromise. However, adolescents in this situation did not have enough wisdom and worldly experience to achieve their goal in other, reasonable ways. Sometimes feelings act as our inner intuition, but it also happens that this is just a momentary impulse that is better to contain. I think Romeo and Juliet succumbed to the impulse inherent in their age, and not intuitively established an unbreakable bond. Love would push them to solve the problem, not suicide. Such a sacrifice is only a command of capricious passion.

In the story "The Captain's Daughter" we also observe a clash between reason and feeling. Peter Grinev, having learned that his beloved Masha Mironova is forcibly held by Shvabrin, who wants to force the girl to marry him, in spite of the voice of reason, turns to Pugachev for help. The hero knows that this could threaten him with death, because the connection with a state criminal was severely punished, but he does not deviate from his plan and as a result retains his own life and honor, and later gets Masha as his legal wife. This example is an illustration of the fact that the voice of feeling is necessary for a person in making a final decision. He helped save the girl from unfair oppression. If the young man only thought and thought, he would not be able to love until self-sacrifice. But Grinev did not neglect his reason: he made a mental plan for how to help his beloved as efficiently as possible. He did not register as a traitor, but took advantage of the location of Pugachev, who appreciated the courageous and strong character of the officer.

Thus, I can conclude that both reason and feelings should be strong in a person. Extremes should not be preferred; a compromise must always be found. What choice to make in a given situation: to submit to feelings or to listen to the voice of reason? How to avoid an internal conflict between these two "elements"? Everyone must answer these questions himself. And a person also makes a choice independently, a choice on which sometimes not only the future, but also life itself can depend.

* "Experience is the best teacher, only tuition fees are too high" T. Carlyle Download

A list of works of small size, most of them are programmed works that can be quickly re-read and remembered. Download

References for writing the final essay 2016-17

Sense and Sense

• I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons",
• N.M. Karamzin "Poor Liza"
• I.A. Bunin "Clean Monday",
• A.M. Bitter "Old woman Izergil",
• F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment", "The Idiot"
• I. S. Turgenev "Asya"
• A. I. Kuprin "Olesya"
• I. A. Bunin "Dark Alleys", "Natalie", "Sunstroke", "Light Breathing"
• M. A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita"
• Shakespeare "Hamlet"
• M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin "The Wise Gudgeon"
• A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm"
• F.I. Tyutchev "Oh, how deadly we love ..."
• L.N. Tolstoy "After the Ball"
• A.P. Chekhov "Ionych", "Man in a Case"
• M.Yu.Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time"
• J. Austin "Sense and Sensibility" (Elinor's Mind and Marianne's Feelings);
• A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" (Onegin's mind and Tatiana's feelings),
• A. de Saint-Exupery "The Little Prince" (everything in the Prince - both reason and feelings);
• V. Zakrutkin "Human Mother" (feelings that conquered reason);
• A. and B. Strugatsky "Roadside Picnic" (work and relationship of Redrick Shewhart)
• F. Iskander "Dream of God and the Devil"
• L. Ulitskaya "Daughter of Bukhara" (Bukhara, mind and feelings together, feelings that move the mind)
• J. Moyes "Me Before You" (Will's Mind and Louise's Feelings)

Honor and dishonor

• A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter", "Eugene Onegin", "Station Keeper"
• Jack London "White Fang"
• L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace",
• V.V. Bykov "Sotnikov"
• Anton Pavlovich Chekhov "Student"
• Valentin Grigorievich Rasputin "French Lessons", "Fire", "Female Conversation", "Ivan's Daughter, Ivan's Mother"
• Victor Petrovich Astafiev "Sad Detective"
• Oleg Olegovich Pavlov "End of the century"
• N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba"
• A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"

Victory and defeat

• E. Hemingway "The Old Man and the Sea",
• B.L. Vasiliev "Not on the lists",
• EM. Remarque "All Quiet on the Western Front"
• V.P. Astafiev "Tsar-fish"
• Boris Lvovich Vasiliev "The Dawns Here Are Quiet"
• Mikhail Afanasevich Bulgakov "White Guard"
• "A word about Igor's regiment"
• A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"
• M.Yu. Lermontov "Borodino"
• M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man"

Experience and mistakes

• Jack London "Martin Eden",
• A.P. Chekhov "Ionych",
• M.A. Sholokhov "Quiet Don",
• Henry Marsh "Do No Harm"
• Ivan Alekseevich Bunin "Mr. from San Francisco"
• Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov "Quiet Don"
• Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"
• M. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita", "Heart of a Dog"
• I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"

Friendship and enmity

• M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time"
• EM. Remarque "Three comrades",
• Daniel Defoe "Robinson Crusoe",
• V.A. Kaverin "Two Captains"
• Nadezhda Borisovna Vasilyeva "Loon"
• Ivan Alexandrovich Goncharov "Oblomov"
• Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy "War and Peace"
• Alexander Alexandrovich Fadeev "Defeat"
• Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"
• Daniel Pennack "The Eye of the Wolf"
• Mikhail Yurievich Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time"
• Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"
• F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"

Arguments from small stories for writing

EXPERIENCE AND ERRORS

V. Oseev. Grandma (abbreviated, read in 10 minutes).

ND Teleshov. Egret (abbreviated, read in 7 minutes).

V. Oseeva. Why? (read in 6 minutes)

B. Ekimov. Talk, mom, talk. (abridged, read in 5 minutes).

R. Bradbury. Vacation on Mars. October 2026 (abridged, read in 3 minutes).

Go to. Red apples (read in 5 minutes).

K. Simonov. The major brought the boy on a gun carriage ... (read in 3 minutes).

M.A.Sholokhov. Mole (abbreviated, read in 4 minutes).

V. Oseev. Ginger cat (abbreviated, read in 10 minutes).

K.G. Paustovsky. Telegram (abbreviated, read in 8 minutes).

R. Bradbury. Veld. (in abbreviated form, read in 10 minutes).

V. Oseeva. Magic word. (read in 3 minutes).

Yuri Drunin. Zinka (read in 3 minutes).

A. Aleksin. In the meantime, somewhere (in abbreviated form, read in 10 m

A. Mass. Trap (abbreviated, read in 8 minutes).

B. Ekimov. Healing night (abridged, read in 4 minutes).

A. Mass. Difficult exam (abbreviated, read in 3 minutes).

V. Rasputin. French lessons (abbreviated, read in 8 minutes).

V.P. Aksenov. Breakfasts of the forty-third year (abbreviated, read in 6 minutes).

M.A. Sholokhov. The fate of a person (in abbreviated form, read in 5 minutes).

Direction "MIND AND SENSE"

A.S. Pushkin. Eugene Onegin (fragment, read in 3 minutes).

A. Aleksin. In the meantime, somewhere (fragment, read in 10 minutes).

A. Mass. Trap (fragment, read in 8 minutes).

B. Ekimov. Healing night (fragment, read in 4 minutes).

A. Mass. Difficult exam (fragment, read in 3 minutes).

N.V. Gogol. Taras Bulba (fragment, read in 8 minutes).

A. Likhanov. Labyrinth (fragment, read in 5 minutes).

V. Rasputin. French lessons (fragment, read in 8 minutes).

A.P. Chekhov. At the pharmacy (fragment, read in 4 minutes).

Direction "HONOR AND DISHONESTY"

V.P. Aksenov. Breakfasts of the forty-third year (fragment, read in 6 minutes).

A.S. Pushkin. The Captain's Daughter (fragments, read in 12 minutes).

V. Bykov. Sotnikov (fragment, read in 7 minutes).

M.Yu. Lermontov. Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, a young oprichnik and daring merchant Kalashnikov (fragment, read in 5 minutes).

M.A. Sholokhov. The fate of a person (fragment, read in 5 minutes).

A. Likhanov. Clean stones (fragment, read in 10 minutes).

Direction "Friendship and enmity"

V.G. Korolenko "Children of the Underground"

The story of Valentin Petrovich Rasputin "I forgot to ask Lyoshka ..."

EXAMPLES OF DIRECTIONAL ARGUMENTS 2016

"Sense and Sense"

NS. Leskov "Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District"

Katerina Izmailova, the wife of a wealthy merchant, fell in love with the worker Sergei and was expecting a child from him. Fearing exposure and separation from her beloved, she kills with his help her father-in-law and husband, and then little Fedya, a relative of her husband.

B. Ekimov "Night of Healing" The teenager Grisha, the hero of the story, came on vacation to his grandmother, who at night often screams, cries, begs for help: every night she dreams that she has lost her cards and her children will remain hungry. Grisha does not shout to his grandmother: “Be quiet!”, As his mother advised him to do, he acts with his mind: with compassion and love he healed her from terrible memories.

A. Kuprin "Garnet Bracelet" For the little official Zheltkov, love for Princess Vera Sheina became the meaning of life, and his beloved woman became the one in whom "all the beauty of the earth was embodied." This feeling helped him to become morally superior to Bulat-Tuganovsky, Vera's brother, who decided that with the help of the authorities it was possible to forbid love.

Characters: Rodion Raskolnikov

Literary example: Either the act is performed by a person driven by feeling, or the act is performed under the influence of the character's mind. The actions committed by Raskolnikov are usually magnanimous and noble, while under the influence of reason the hero commits a crime (Raskolnikov was influenced by a rational idea and wanted to test it in practice). Raskolnikov instinctively left money on the Marmeladovs' windowsill, but later regretted it. The juxtaposition of feelings and rational spheres is very important for the author, who understood personality as a combination of good and evil.

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

On the pages of world fiction, the problem of the influence of human feelings and reason is raised very often. So, for example, in the epic novel by Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy "War and Peace" two types of heroes appear: on the one hand, impetuous Natasha Rostova, sensitive Pierre Bezukhov, fearless Nikolai Rostov, on the other - the arrogant and calculating Helen Kuragina and her brother, callous Anatol. Many conflicts in the novel arise precisely from the excess of feelings of the heroes, the vicissitudes of which are very interesting to observe. A vivid example of how an impulse of feelings, thoughtlessness, ardor of character, impatient youth, influenced the fate of the heroes, is the case of Natasha, because for her, laughing and young, it was incredibly long to wait for the wedding with Andrei Bolkonsky, could she subdue her unexpected feelings for Anatol the voice of reason? Here we have a real drama of reason and feelings in the soul of the heroine, she faces a difficult choice: to leave the groom and leave with Anatole, or not to succumb to a momentary impulse and wait for Andrey. It was in favor of feelings that this difficult choice was made, only an accident prevented Natasha. We cannot condemn a girl, knowing her impatient nature and thirst for love. It was feelings that dictated Natasha's impulse, after which she regretted her act when she analyzed it.

Characters: Master, Margarita

Literary example: Love between the Master and Margarita flared up as soon as they saw each other: “This is how lightning strikes! This is how the Finnish knife strikes! " The heroine loves the master with all her heart, breathes life into his apartment. She gives her inner strength and energy to the novel of her beloved. The characters are very different. The master is calm, thoughtful. Margarita is strong and sharp. The master embodies thought, thought, Margarita - action. They are so close spiritually that they simply cannot exist separately. Insanely lonely before they meet, the characters gain understanding, support, sincerity and warmth.

For example, in a drama Alexander Nikolaevich Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm" the main character has a struggle of soul and mind inside. Katerina is madly in love with Boris Dikiy and is looking forward to meeting him. This tells us about the manifestation of feelings, but the mind shouts to her that they cannot be together, because she has a husband. When Boris leaves, Katerina realizes that their relationship is hopeless and jumps off the cliff into the water. The heroine commits an act provoked by a high feeling - love. The thoughtlessness of her absurd desire (it is unclear - what?) Led her to the creation of irreparable stupidity.

"Honor and dishonor"

Honor is that high spiritual strength that keeps a person from meanness, betrayal, lies and cowardice. This is the core that strengthens the choice of action when conscience is the judge. Life often tests people, putting them in front of a choice - to act according to honor and take a blow, or be cowardly and go against their conscience in order to get benefits and get away from trouble or even death. A person always has a choice and how he will act depends on his moral principles. The path of honor is difficult, but the retreat from it, the loss of honor is even more painful. Disgrace is always punished. So, apparently, the higher powers dispose.

Moral decay, the fall of moral foundations leads to the collapse of both an individual and an entire people. That is why the great importance of the great Russian classical literature, which is the moral foundation and helper for many generations of people, is so enormous. Vivid images, created by writers with love and vitality, seem to acquire materiality. They live among us and are an example of morality and honor.

The concept of honor is brought up in a person from childhood. So in the story of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" we see how this happens and what results it leads to.

A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" Alexey Ivanovich Shvabrin is a nobleman, but he is dishonest: having wooed Masha Mironova and being refused, he takes revenge by speaking ill of her; during a duel with Grinev, he stabs him in the back. The complete loss of ideas about honor also predetermines social treason: as soon as Pugachev gets the Belogorsk fortress, Shvabrin goes over to the side of the rebels.

In Russian literature there are many great works that can educate a person, make him better, cleaner. Reading the lines of Pushkin's story "The Captain's Daughter", together with Pyotr Grinev we go through the path of trials, mistakes, the path of knowing the truth, comprehending wisdom, love and mercy. It is no coincidence that the author prefaces the story with the epigraph: "Take care of honor from your youth." When reading great lines, I want to follow this rule.

The Death of a Poet by M.Yu. Lermontov. Another genius poet M.Yu. Lermontov speaks of Pushkin, who fell victim to dishonest and vicious envious people. Defending the honor of his wife and his honor, Pushkin challenged Dantes to a duel, who with dubious behavior could defame the good name of the Pushkin couple. Alexander Sergeevich could not live "slandered by rumor" and put an end to dishonor at the cost of his own life.

The poet's soul could not bear

Shame on petty grievances

He rebelled against the opinions of the world

Alone, as before ... and killed!

But Pushkin's "wondrous genius" illuminates the life of many, many generations of descendants with its radiant light, and Dantes's "empty heart" did not find happiness on earth and good memory after death. And as Lermontov said of "Freedom, Genius and Glory, the executioners" will not be able to wash away the righteous blood with their "black blood of the Poet!"

F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"

Literary example: Raskolnikov decides to commit a crime for the sake of his loved ones, driven by a thirst for revenge for all the disadvantaged and poor people of that time. He is guided by a great idea - to help all the humiliated, disadvantaged and desecrated modern society. However, this desire is being realized not entirely noble. No solution to the problem of immorality and lawlessness was found. Raskolnikov became a part of this world with its violations and filth. HONOR: Sonya saved Raskolnikov from a spiritual fall. This is the most important thing for the author. You can get lost and confused. But getting on the right path is a matter of honor.

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" Also noteworthy is the duel between Pierre Bezukhov and Dolokhov, described by Leo Tolstoy in his epic novel War and Peace.

Pierre Bezukhov is a purely civilian man, inclined to philosophical reflections, far from everyday vanity and strife. He did not know how to handle weapons at all. But he wounds Dolokhov, a fearless warrior, in a duel. Here Tolstoy, as it were, confirms the idea that justice is being administered and vice should be punished. At first, Pierre sincerely trusted Dolokhov, since being an honest person, he could not assume dishonor in others. He brought him into his house, helped him with money in memory of his old friendship, and Dolokhov disgraced Bezukhov by seducing his wife. Pierre Bezukhov stood up for his honor, but realizing that stupid and cruel Helen does not deserve a murder because of her, he regrets what happened. He thanks God for not killing the man. He is ready to repent already before the duel, but not out of fear, but because he is sure of Helene's guilt.

Tolstoy shows honor and dishonor by painting the images of two generals, Kutuzov and Napoleon, the defender of the Fatherland and the invader. The invading enemy cannot be honest. The essence of his act is the capture of someone else's, not belonging to him, as well as murder. Napoleon is depicted in the novel as selfish and narcissistic, arrogant and arrogant. He wanted to enslave the Russian people and claimed world domination. The opposite of Napoleon is the figure of Kutuzov. He is depicted as the leader of a just people's war, connected with the people by close spiritual ties. This was his strength as a general. Kutuzov's deep patriotic feelings, his love for the Russian people and hatred for the enemy, his closeness to the soldier distinguished him as a man of honor and high morality.

Tolstoy sees in the people the source of spirituality and morality, necessary for the entire society. According to Tolstoy, those nobles who are closer to the people are moral and honest. They have a stronger patriotic feeling. Conversely, those nobles who distance themselves from their people and abhor them are callous and soulless.

Honor: Natasha Rostova, Petya Rostov, Pierre Bezukhoye, Captain Timokhin, Vasily Denisov, Marya Bolkonskaya, Andrey Bolkonsky, Nikolay Rostov

Outcast: Vasil Kuragin and his children: Helen, Ippolit and Anatole

Argument: The Patriots are ready to fight the French. They want to free the Russian lands. Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov, Vasily Denisov and Captain Timokhin were striving for this goal. Young Petya Rostov gives his life for her. Natasha Rostova and Marya Bolkonskaya wish victory over the enemy with all their hearts. There is no reason to doubt the truth of the patriotic feelings that possessed both the old prince Bolkonsky and Nikolai Rostov. At the same time, the writer convinces us of the complete absence of patriotism among such people as Prince Vasily Kuragin and his children: Ippolit, Anatole and Helen. It is not at all love for the Motherland (they do not have this love) that Boris Drubetskoy and Dolokhov, entering the active army, are guided. The first learns the "unwritten chain of command" in order to make a career. The second tries to excel in order to quickly regain his officer rank, and then receive awards and ranks. The military official Berg in Moscow, abandoned by the residents, is buying things for a cheap price ...

M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita"

Heroes: Woland, Master, Margarita

Literary example. Lies, fear and dishonor permeate the novel. All lie, fear and dissemble. Woland and his retinue bring out the lying townspeople, but immediately deceive all those gathered in the variety show, skillfully playing on their passions. He also deceives the Master and Margarita, not allowing them to live a day of the promised happy life in the basement. Deal with the devil - a grandiose deception, crowned with destruction. Both heroes, having served the unclean man and having received from him the promise of fulfilling their desires, were poisoned at his direction on the same day, they did not have time to enjoy freedom.

A. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"(As you know, A.S. Pushkin died in a duel, fighting for the honor of his wife. M. Lermontov in his poem called the poet "a slave of honor." , Alexander Sergeevich retained his honor and good name in the memory of people. In his story "The Captain's Daughter" Pushkin portrays Petrusha Grineva with high moral qualities. a man worthy of respect and pride. He could not leave Shvabrin's slander against Masha unpunished, so he challenged him to a duel. Grinev retained his honor even under pain of death).

M. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man"(In a short story, Sholokhov touched on the topic of honor.Andrei Sokolov is a simple Russian man, he had a family, a loving wife, children, his own home. endure all the hardships of the war with his head held high. One of the main episodes revealing the strength and staunch character of a person is the scene of the interrogation of Andrei Müller. A weak, hungry soldier surpassed the fascist in fortitude. The refusal to drink to the victory of German weapons was unexpected for the Germans: “Yes, so that I, a Russian soldier, drink to the victory of German weapons?” The fascists appreciated the courage of the Russian soldier by saying: “You are a brave soldier. life.Andrei Sokolov personifies honor and dignity. For them he is ready to give even his life.))

M. Lermontov. The novel "A Hero of Our Time"(Pechorin knew about Grushnitsky's intentions, but nevertheless did not wish him harm. An act worthy of respect. Grushnitsky, on the contrary, committed a dishonorable act, offering Pechorin an unloaded weapon for a duel).

M. Lermontov "Song of Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich ..."... (Lermontov tells about the permissiveness of people in power. Such is Kiribeyevich, who encroached on a married wife. For him the laws are not written, he is not afraid of anything, even Tsar Ivan the Terrible supports him, so he agrees to fight with the merchant Kalashnikov. Merchant Stepan Paramonovich Kalashnikov is a man of truth, a loyal husband and a loving father. And even despite the risk of losing to Kiribeyevich, for the honor of his wife Alena he challenged him to a fist fight. By killing the oprichnik, the Merchant Kalashnikov aroused the Tsar's anger, who ordered him to be hanged. Of course, Stepan Paramonovich could have yielded to the tsar, avoided his death, but for him the honor of the family turned out to be more precious.Using the example of this hero, Lermontov showed the real Russian character of a simple man of honor - strong in spirit, unshakable, honest and noble.)

N. Gogol "Taras Bulba"... (Ostap accepted death with dignity).

6. V.Rasputin "French Lessons". (The boy Vova withstands all trials with honor in order to get an education, to become a human being)

A. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter".(Shvabrin is a vivid example of a person who has lost his dignity. He is the complete opposite of Grinev. This is a person for whom the concept of honor and nobility does not exist at all. He walked over the heads of others, stepping over himself to please his momentary desires. dress again, but honor from a young age. "Once your honor is stained, you can hardly ever restore your good name.)

"Experience and mistakes"

A.P. Chekhov "Ionych" Doctor Startsev, a talented doctor in his youth,

gradually getting rich, it becomes important and rude, he has only one passion in life - money.

B. Yekimov "Speak, Mom, Speak ..." Old lady Katerina's daughter lives in the city.

It is hard for the mother alone on the farm, but her daughter bought her a mobile phone. Katerina wanted to tell her daughter a lot, but she, saving money, got off with only a request to talk specifically about her health. But the little things in the life of the mother, the closest person, are also important. Fortunately, the daughter realized her mistake in time, and Katerina immediately felt how much she loved her daughter, how much she needed to communicate with her.

V. Tendryakov "Finding"

The gloomy, stern fishery inspector Trofim Rusanov found an abandoned newborn child in a remote forest hut. The inspector failed to save the baby, but this incident and subsequent events forced him to reconsider his attitude towards people, to sympathize with them.

F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"

Characters: Rodion Raskolnikov

Literary example: Raskolnikov's theory is anti-human in nature. The hero reflects not so much on the possibility of murder as such, as on the relativity of moral laws; but it does not take into account the fact that the "ordinary" is not capable of becoming "superhuman." Thus, Rodion Raskolnikov becomes a victim of his own theory. The idea of ​​permissiveness leads to the destruction of the human personality or to the generation of monsters .. The fallacy of the theory is exposed, which is the essence of the conflict in Dostoevsky's novel.

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

Argument: While living in France, Pierre was imbued with the ideas of Freemasonry, it seemed to Pierre that he had found like-minded people, that with their help he could change the world for the better. But he soon became disillusioned with Freemasonry.

Pierre Bezukhov is still very young and inexperienced, he is looking for the purpose of his life, but comes to the conclusion that nothing can be changed in this world and falls under the bad influence of Kuragin and Dolokhov. Pierre begins to "burn through life", spends his time at balls and social events. Kuragin marries him to Helen. Bezukhov was inspired by passion for Helen Kuragina, he rejoiced at the happiness of marrying her. But after a while, Pierre noticed that Helen was just a beautiful doll with an ice heart. The marriage with Helen Kuragina brought only pain and disappointment to Pierre Bezukhov in the female field. Tired of a riotous life, Pierre rushes to work. He begins to carry out reforms in his lands.

Pierre found his happiness in marriage with Natasha Rostova. A long way of wandering, sometimes erroneous, sometimes ridiculous and absurd, nevertheless led Pierre Bezukhov to the truth. It can be said that the end of Pierre's life searches is good, because he achieved the goal that he initially pursued. He tried to change this world for the better.

M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita"

Heroes: Pontius Pilate

Literary example: Pilate does not dare to go against the will of the Sanhedrin, feeling that he has made an irreparable mistake, he announces his decision to the crowd. After this fatal act, terrible thoughts rush through the hegemon's head: "Immortality ... Immortality has come ... Whose immortality has come?" The hero was doomed to eternal suffering. After the execution of the innocent Yeshua, Pilate suffers from terrible remorse. He clearly feels his mistake, but is no longer able to correct anything: "It was clear to him that this afternoon he irrevocably missed something, and now he wants to correct what he has missed with some petty and insignificant, and most importantly, belated actions." ...

"Victory and Defeat"

V.G. Korolenko "Paradox" (victory over oneself)

Jan Załuski is a cripple, but he believes that "man is created for happiness, like a bird for flight." The innate misfortune of the hero made him learn to masterfully, paradoxically, master his body, surprising those around him and making them believe that every person is the creator of his own happiness.

A.P. Chekhov "Jumping"(victory over the disease) Doctor Dymov, saving a boy who fell ill with diphtheria, sucks his diphtheria films through a tube, becomes infected himself, and then dies.

B. Vasiliev "The Dawns Here Are Quiet"(victory in the battle with the Germans, at the cost of the lives of female anti-aircraft gunners, who were not afraid of the numerical superiority of the enemy. The Great Patriotic War is a glorious and at the same time tragic page in the history of Russia. How many millions of lives it took! How many people became heroes defending the Motherland!

The war does not have a woman's face - this is the leitmotif of B. Vasiliev's story "And Here Are Quiet." A woman whose natural destiny is to give life, to be the keeper of the family hearth, to personify tenderness, love, puts on soldier's boots, uniform, takes up arms and goes to kill. What could be scarier?

Five girls - Zhenya Komelkova, Rita Osyanina, Galina Chetvertak, Sonya Gurvich, Liza Brichkina - died in the war with the Nazis. Each had their own dreams, each wanted love, and just life. ("... all nineteen years I lived in the feeling of tomorrow.")

But all this was taken away from them by the war. ("It was so stupid, so absurd and improbable to die at the age of nineteen.")

Heroines die in different ways. So, Zhenya Komelkova accomplishes a true feat, leading the Germans away from their comrades, and Galya Chetvertak, simply frightened by the Germans, screams in horror and runs away from them. But we understand each of them. War is a terrible thing, and the fact that they went to the front, voluntarily, knowing that death could await them, is already a feat of these young, fragile, gentle girls.

Yes, the girls died, the lives of five people were cut short - this, of course, is a defeat. It is no coincidence that Vaskov, this battle-hardened man, is crying, it is no coincidence that his terrible, hate-filled face terrifies the Nazis. He alone took several people prisoner! But nevertheless it is also a victory - a victory of the moral spirit of the Soviet people, their unshakable faith, their steadfastness and heroism. And the son of Rita Osyanina, who became an officer, is a continuation of life. And if life goes on, this is already a victory - a victory over death!

B. Polevoy "The Story of a Real Man" Pilot Alexey Maresyev, the hero of the story,

only thanks to his will and courage he survived even after his frostbitten legs were amputated, when he crawled to our rear of the enemy. The hero subsequently returned to his squadron, proving to everyone that he was in control of his fate.

E. Hemingway "The Undefeated" The old matador, for the sake of a piece of bread and out of a professional sense, does not want to admit that he is an invalid. He enters the arena and even a badly wounded bull remains undefeated to the end.

E. Hemingway "The Old Man and the Sea" The old fisherman Santiago is a die-hard man. “Man is not made to fail,” he says. His duel with a big fish is an example of unbending courage, fortitude, invincibility.

F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"

Characters: Rodion Raskolnikov, Sonya Marmeladova

Literary example: In the novel, Dostoevsky leaves victory not for the strong and proud Raskolnikov, but for Sonya, seeing in her the highest truth: suffering purifies. Sonya professes moral ideals, which, from the point of view of the writer, are closest to the broad masses of the people: the ideals of humility, forgiveness, obedience. "Crime and Punishment" contains a deep truth about the intolerance of life in a capitalist society, where the Luzhins and Svidrigailovs win with their hypocrisy, meanness, selfishness, as well as the truth that evokes not a feeling of hopelessness, but irreconcilable hatred of the world of hypocrisy.

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

Victory: Battle of Shengraben. The French army outnumbered the Russian. One hundred thousand versus thirty-five. The Russian army, led by Kutuzov, won a small victory at Krems and had to move to Znaim to escape. Kutuzov no longer trusted his allies. The Austrian army, not waiting for the reinforcement of the Russian troops, launched an attack on the French, but seeing their superiority, surrendered. Kutuzov had to retreat, because the inequality of forces did not bode well. The only salvation was to get to Znaim before the French. But the Russians' road was longer and more difficult. Then Kutuzov decides to send Bagration's vanguard to cut across the enemy, that he, as he could, delayed the enemy. And here, chance saved the Russians. The French envoy Murat, seeing Bagration's detachment, decided that it was the entire Russian army, and proposed an armistice for three days. Kutuzov took advantage of this "rest". Of course, Napoleon, immediately understood the deception, but while his messenger was driving to the army, Kutuzov had already managed to get to Znaim. When the vanguard of Bagration went into retreat, the small battery of Tushin, stationed near the village of Shengraben, was forgotten and abandoned by the Russians.

Defeat: Battle of Austerlitz. The main role in the conduct of this war was assumed by the Austrian military leaders, especially since the battles were fought on the territory of Austria. And the battle near the town of Austerlitz in the novel "War and Peace" was also thought out and planned by the Austrian general Weyrother. To take into account the opinion of Kutuzov or anyone else, Weyrother did not consider it necessary.

The military council before the Battle of Austerlitz resembles not a council, but an exhibition of vanities, all the disputes were conducted not with the aim of achieving a better and correct solution, but, as Tolstoy writes: to General Weyrother, so self-confident as to the schoolchildren, who read his disposition, that he dealt not with fools alone, but with people who could teach him in military affairs. " Having made several useless attempts to change the situation, Kutuzov slept all the time while the council lasted. Tolstoy makes it clear how much Kutuzov is sickened by all this pomp and complacency, the old general understands perfectly well that the battle will be lost.

Conclusion: The history of mankind consists of victories and defeats in wars. In the novel War and Peace, Tolstoy describes the participation of Russia and Austria in the war against Napoleon. Thanks to Russian troops, the Battle of Schöngraben was won, and this gave strength and inspiration to the sovereigns of Russia and Austria. Blinded by victories, preoccupied with self-admiration, holding military reviews and balls, these two men led their armies to defeat at Austerlitz. The battle of Austerlitz in the novel "War and Peace" by Tolstoy became decisive in the war of the "three emperors". Tolstoy shows the two emperors, first pompous and self-righteous, and after defeat, confused and unhappy people. Napoleon managed to outwit and defeat the Russian-Austrian army. The emperors fled from the battlefield, and after the end of the battle, Emperor Franz decided to submit to Napoleon on his terms.

M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita"

Heroes: Pontius Pilate

Literary example: In a dream, the procurator gives the impression of a completely different person. Pilate agrees with Yeshua's idea that they will now always be together. The procurator ceases to feel the disgust that arose in him in relation to everything that was associated with the teachings of Jesus.

As soon as a person gains wealth, he immediately begins to fear losing it.

Sleep allows Pilate to do what he could not decide in life. Often, literary critics assess Pilate's dream, his walk along the "moonlit road" as the highest victory of man over himself.

"Friendship and enmity"

Friends are always ready to help, save. (Example: friendship of A.S. Pushkin with lyceum students... The poet in his poem "October 19" wrote:

My friends, our union is wonderful!

He, like a soul, is inseparable and eternal ...)

Friendship of Pushkin and Pushchin / Analysis of Pushkin's poem “I. I. Pushchin "

Among his lyceum friends, Alexander Pushkin especially singled out Ivan Pushchin, with whom the poet had a very warm and trusting relationship. The last time the friends met was on the eve of these tragic events, in the winter of 1825. Ivan Pushchin came to him in Mikhailovskoye in order to brighten up his loneliness and distract the author from gloomy thoughts about his own fate. At this moment, the best friend morally supported Pushkin, who was on the verge of despair, believing that his career was ruined, and his life was hopeless. Therefore, when Pushchin found himself in a similar situation, the author considered it his duty to send him an encouraging poetic message, in which he confessed: "I pray to the holy providence." By this, the poet wanted to emphasize that he not only worries about the fate of his friend, but also believes that his sacrifice was not made to society in vain, and future generations will be able to appreciate this selfless act.

Pushkin was very upset about the separation from his friend, and subsequently he addressed several more poems to him. H

N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba, The central character of the story believed that partnership is higher than family, higher kinship by blood, higher than everything earthly.

D. London "In the Far Land", "Love of Life". Companionable support is, according to the writer, a decisive condition for victory over nature. The moral of the North is based on trust and mutual honesty. The harsh conditions reveal the true value of a person. A coward, an insignificant person, according to the author's conviction, would sooner perish than a brave one. This is how gold miners who lost their composure perish in the short story "In a Far Land" and Bill, who abandoned his comrade, in the story "Love of Life"

F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"

Characters: Rodion Raskolnikov, Dmitry Prokofievich Razumikhin

Literary example: FRIENDSHIP: Dostoevsky introduces the image of Dmitry Prokofievich Razumikhin into the novel. This is Rodion's loyal university friend who supports him. The friendship of Raskolnikov and Razumikhin is contrasted in the novel with showing the disunity of people as a whole. Razumikhin and Raskolnikov are contrasted with the help of their speaking surnames ("reason" - "split") according to the principle of their attitude to life. These friends also have something in common that brought them closer together: they are smart, educated, deep, noble young people capable of sincere feelings.

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

One of the central lines of the novel, one of the greatest values, according to Tolstoy, is, of course, the friendship between Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov. They are both alien to the society in which they find themselves. Both of them are above him in their thoughts and moral values, only Pierre needs time to understand this. Andrei is confident in his own, special purpose, and the empty, unchanging life is not according to him.He tries to convince Pierre, who is the only one whom he respects in that environment thanks to the contrast with the empty elite, so that he would stay away from this life. But Pierre is still convinced of this on his own, through his own experience. He, so simple and unpretentious, finds it difficult to resist the temptation. The friendship between Andrei and Pierre can be considered true, beautiful and immortal, because the soil on which it stood was the most worthy and noble. There was not a drop of search for self-interest in this friendship, and neither money nor influence was a reference point for any of them, neither in their relationship, nor in the life of each separately. This should unite people if they live in a society where all feelings can be bought and sold so coldly.

Fortunately, in Tolstoy's novel, these heroes found each other, thereby finding salvation from moral loneliness and finding a worthy ground for the development of morality and real ideas that should not be lost at least by a minority of people.

M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita"

Heroes: Master, members of MASSOLIT

Literary example. Through the fault of the members of MASSOLIT - representatives of the literary elite - the Master's novel has not been published. Because of them, he burned the work that he had been creating for so long. And it is they who are guilty of the fact that the Master is in the clinic for the mentally ill. After vain attempts he had nothing left. Ivan Bezdomny is a typical representative of the elite literary world. And this world is hateful not only to the hero of the novel, but also to the author himself. The master is seized by apathy, and, hating the manifested enemies, he does not seek to resist the essential enemies, he is completely possessed.

In the novel Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin "Dubrovsky»We see two old friends - Kirila Petrovich Troekurov and Andrey Gavrilovich Dubrovsky. They were once comrades in the service. Dubrovsky was distinguished by pride and decisiveness of character, for which he was appreciated and respected by Troyekurov. Andrei Gavrilovich was an interesting conversationalist, and Kirila Petrovich was bored when his colleague was not around. The author explained their friendship by the fact that both of them were the same age, had the same upbringing, were early widowed and raised one child each. All this brought them closer together. All the landlord neighbors were jealous of their agreement and friendship.

But one day, in their friendly relations, there came a time of discord and terrible, violent enmity. It happened when Paramoshka, a servant of the landowner, insulted Troyekurov during an inspection of his beloved kennel.

Dubrovsky, humiliated his dignity. "An accident upset and changed everything." After leaving Pokrovskoe, Andrei Gavrilovich demanded that the servant appear at the trial. But the wayward rich man did not want to seriously understand this, but began to mercilessly take revenge on Dubrovsky, humiliating him even more. Why did this friendship turn out to be fragile? Why is there such a gap between former friends? The wealth and nobility of Troekurov, his arrogance and arrogance did not allow him to stop and reflect on

everything that happened. And the hot temper and fervor of the landowner added fuel to the fire. And a murderous revenge began ... Satisfied with his thirst for revenge, Troekurov realizes what he has done. Recovering himself, Troekurov wanted to correct this situation. But it was too late. He drove a friend to madness and death. Reading the novel by A.S. Pushkin, we are once again convinced that any enmity does not do good.

In the novel M.Yu. Lermontov "Hero of our time»We also see an example of friendship-enmity in relations between Pechorin and Grushnitsky. They are peers, colleagues. Pechorin declares: "In friendship, one is the slave of another." A slave relationship cannot maintain friendship, it is humiliating. At heart, the heroes do not have a warm relationship with each other. Pechorin in relation to Grushnitsky is ruthless, does not know how

forgiving weakness, confident, judicious, selfish, sarcastic. He sees right through Grushnitsky and laughs at him. Is this friendship? “I understood him, and he dislikes me for it, although

outwardly we are on friendly terms. " And we are once again convinced that friendship is in great need of the manifestation of good human feelings and qualities, in sincerity. And Grushnitsky? A completely different person:

enthusiastic, soft-bodied, does not have bright features, envious, vain, spiteful, wordy. "He speaks quickly and pretentiously." Grushnitsky as a cadet, he is twenty-one years old. What can we call the relationship of these heroes?

Their opposition to M.Yu. Lermontov shows in the chapter "Princess Mary". The chasm in the relationship of young people is widening, hostility grows when Princess Mary was carried away by Pechorin. The duel is

denouement in a relationship. Pechorin kills his former friend. What's the matter? What is the reason for this sad outcome? There can be no slavish relationship in friendship. We understand that a person, first of all, should be a friend himself. And Pechorin does not have this understanding, so he did not have real friends. Only warm human relationships strengthen friendship, and do not turn it into enmity.

AI Pristavkin "A golden cloud spent the night"

War. This is the hardest test for people, especially for children. It is the children who are the main characters of A. Pristavkin's work "A golden cloud spent the night"

The cause of any war is enmity. It is she who makes people cruel, soulless, and it is in war that many moral qualities of a person, the beauty of his soul, are often revealed.

The main characters of the story are Kuzmins Kolka and Sashka, brothers, inmates of an orphanage. Their orphanage was moved to the North Caucasus, which had just been liberated from the Germans. Mass migration of peoples was carried out during the war years, in 1943-1944.

The reader sees what is happening with children's eyes. Children appreciate people by whether they have taken food from them or not; they do not understand why from a passing carriage children stretch out their hands and ask for what, but in their eyes there are tears. They cannot understand why people are so cruel. Let us recall the terrible picture when Kolka saw his executed brother.

There is no division of people by nationality for children. Good means your own, evil, cruel enemy. It is no coincidence that Kolka and the eleven-year-old Chechen boy Alkhuzor become friends. Both of them are lonely and unhappy, they found spiritual closeness and support from each other. And what does it matter that one is Russian and the other is Chechen. They became friends. Grief brought them closer together. In the orphanage, where the children ended up, there were the Crimean Tatar Musa, and the German Lida Gross "from the big river", and the Nogai Balbek. All of them were united by a common terrible fate; they were drawn into the maelstrom of adult problems, witnesses to the extermination of peoples, enmity between them, it was they who experienced all the horrors of this struggle of adults.

The world of enmity is terrible. He destroys the destinies of people. It is necessary to stop hostility, to be tolerant towards people, not to allow the destruction of our own people - this is what the author calls for. “There are no bad peoples, there are only bad people,” says the teacher Regina Petrovna.

Children's souls are so pure and innocent, like "golden clouds", they are able to understand each other. It's scary if these "clouds" break on the top of the cliff - about the indifference and cruelty of people.

Adults could learn from children the desire to live in friendship, understand how terrible enmity is. “I think that all people are brothers,” Sashka will say, and they will sail far, far, to the place where the mountains descend into the sea and people have never heard of a war where a brother kills a brother.

A.M. Gorky "Childhood"

Alexey Peshkov - the main character of AM Gorky's story "Childhood" - was left without parents early. Life in the house of his grandfather Kashirin was difficult. "Strange life" here began to remind him of a "harsh fairy tale", "well told by a kind, but painfully truthful genius." Constant enmity surrounded the boy in the house. “The house of my grandfather is filled with a hot fog of mutual enmity between everyone and everyone.” The relationship between the adults - Alyosha's uncles - and between their children were far from kinship and friendship. The uncles were waiting for their share of the inheritance, they always quarreled, and the children did not lag behind them. Constant complaints, denunciations, the desire to hurt another, the pleasure experienced by the fact that someone is bad - this is the situation in which the hero lived. There was no question of any friendship with cousins.

However, there were people here, to whom Alyosha was drawn. This is both the blind-eyed master Grigory, whom the boy sincerely regrets, and the apprentice Tsyganok, to whom his grandfather prophesied a great future (Tsyganok died when he carried an unbearable cross to the grave of the boy's grandfather's wife), and Good Deed, who taught him to read.

His grandmother, Akulina Ivanovna, became a real friend for Alyosha, a kind, intelligent, cheerful woman, despite her hard life, despite the fact that she was always beaten by her husband. Her eyes burned with “an inextinguishable, cheerful and warm light.” He seemed to be asleep before her, “hidden in the dark,” but she woke up, brought out into the light, immediately became a friend for life, the closest, understandable and dear person.

There was a lot of enmity around the boy. But there is also a lot of kindness and understanding. It was friendly relations with people that did not allow his soul to harden. Alyosha became a kind, sensitive, compassionate person. Friendship can help a person in difficult times to preserve the best moral human qualities.

It all starts from childhood. It is so important during this period that children are surrounded by kind, decent people, because in many respects it depends on them how the child will grow up. The author brings the readers to this conclusion.

DIRECTIONS OF THE FINAL WORKS - 2016-2017

1. "Sense and Sensibility"
2. "Honor and dishonor"
3. "Victory and Defeat"
4. "Experience and mistakes",
5. "Friendship and enmity".

1. "Sense and Sense"... The direction involves thinking about reason and feeling as two most important components of a person's inner world, which affect his aspirations and actions. Reason and feeling can be considered both in harmonious unity and in a complex confrontation that constitutes the inner conflict of the personality.
The topic of reason and feeling is interesting for writers of different cultures and eras: the heroes of literary works often find themselves faced with a choice between the dictates of feeling and the prompting of reason.

2. "Honor and dishonor". The direction is based on polar concepts associated with a person's choice: to be faithful to the voice of conscience, to follow moral principles, or to follow the path of betrayal, lies and hypocrisy.
Many writers have focused on portraying various manifestations of a person: from loyalty to moral rules to various forms of compromise with conscience, to the deep moral decline of the individual.

3. "Victory and Defeat"... The direction allows you to think about victory and defeat in different aspects: socio-historical, moral-philosophical, psychological. Reasoning can be connected both with external conflict events in the life of a person, country, world, and with the internal struggle of a person with himself, its causes and results.
In literary works, the ambiguity and relativity of the concepts of "victory" and "defeat" in different historical conditions and life situations are often shown.

4. "Experience and mistakes." Within the framework of the direction, it is possible to reason about the value of the spiritual and practical experience of an individual, people, humanity as a whole, about the cost of mistakes on the way of knowing the world, gaining life experience.
Literature often makes one think about the relationship between experience and mistakes: about experience that prevents mistakes, about mistakes without which it is impossible to move along the path of life, and about irreparable, tragic mistakes.

5. "Friendship and enmity". The direction aims at reasoning about the value of human friendship, about ways to achieve mutual understanding between individuals, their communities and even entire nations, as well as about the origins and consequences of enmity between them.
The content of many literary works is associated with the warmth of human relations or the hostility of people, with the development of friendship into enmity, or vice versa, with the image of a person who is able or not able to value friendship, who knows how to overcome conflicts or sow enmity.

When composing topics for the final essay, the following requirements are observed:

• compliance with open thematic areas;
• ensuring the over-subject nature of the final essay (topics should not be aimed at a literary analysis of a particular work);
• ensuring the literary-centered nature of the final essay (topics should provide an opportunity for a wide choice of literary material for argumentation);
• focus on reasoning (there is a problem in the wording);
• compliance with the age characteristics of graduates, the time allotted for writing an essay (3 hours 55 minutes);
• clarity, literacy and variety of wording of the themes of the essays.

31.12.2020 - At the site's forum, work has ended on writing essays 9.3 on the collection of tests for the OGE 2020, edited by I.P. Tsybulko. "

10.11.2019 - At the site's forum, work has ended on writing essays on the collection of tests for the USE 2020, edited by I.P. Tsybulko.

20.10.2019 - On the site's forum, work has begun on writing essays 9.3 on the collection of tests for the OGE 2020, edited by I.P. Tsybulko.

20.10.2019 - At the site's forum, work has begun on writing essays on the collection of tests for the USE 2020, edited by I.P. Tsybulko.

20.10.2019 - Friends, many materials on our site are borrowed from the books of the Samara methodologist Svetlana Yurievna Ivanova. From this year on, all of her books can be ordered and received by mail. She sends collections to all parts of the country. All you have to do is call 89198030991.

29.09.2019 - For all the years of our site's work, the most popular was the material from the Forum, dedicated to the works based on the collection of I.P. Tsybulko in 2019. More than 183 thousand people watched it. Link >>

22.09.2019 - Friends, please note that the texts of the statements at the OGE 2020 will remain the same

15.09.2019 - A master class on preparation for the Final Essay in the direction of "Pride and Humility" has started on the website's forum

10.03.2019 - At the site's forum, work on writing essays on the collection of tests for the Unified State Examination by I.P. Tsybulko has been completed.

07.01.2019 - Dear visitors! In the VIP section of the site, we have opened a new subsection, which will interest those of you who are in a hurry to check (finish writing, clean up) your essay. We will try to check quickly (within 3-4 hours).

16.09.2017 - Collection of stories by I. Kuramshina "Filial duty", which also includes stories presented on the bookshelf of the site Kapkany Unified State Exam, can be purchased both in electronic and paper form at the link >>

09.05.2017 - Today Russia celebrates the 72nd anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War! Personally, we have one more reason to be proud: it was on Victory Day, 5 years ago, that our website was launched! And this is our first anniversary!

16.04.2017 - In the VIP section of the site, an experienced expert will check and correct your work: 1. All types of essays on the exam in literature. 2. Essays on the exam in the Russian language. P.S. The most profitable monthly subscription!

16.04.2017 - On the site, the work on writing a new block of essays based on the OBZ texts has ended.

25.02 2017 - The site has begun work on writing essays on the texts of OB Z. Essays on the topic "What is good?" you can already watch.

28.01.2017 - On the site there are ready-made condensed statements on the texts of the OBZ FIPI,

"Sense and Sense"

Official comment:

The direction involves thinking about reason and feeling as two most important components of a person's inner world, which affect his aspirations and actions. Reason and feeling can be considered both in harmonious unity and in a complex confrontation that constitutes the inner conflict of the personality. The topic of reason and feeling is interesting for writers of different cultures and eras: the heroes of literary works often find themselves faced with a choice between the dictates of feeling and the prompting of reason.

Aphorisms and sayings of famous people:

There are feelings that replenish and darken the mind, and there is mind that chills the movement of the senses. MM. Prishvin

If feelings are not true, then our whole mind will be false. Lucretius

A feeling held captive by a gross practical need has only a limited meaning. Karl Marx

No imagination can come up with so many conflicting feelings that usually coexist in one human heart. F. La Rochefoucauld

Seeing and feeling is to be, to think, it is to live. W. Shakespeare

The dialectical unity of reason and feeling is the central problem of many works of fiction in world and Russian literature. Writers, depicting the world of human intentions, passions, actions, judgments, in one way or another relate to these two categories. Human nature is arranged in such a way that the struggle between reason and feeling inevitably generates an internal conflict of the personality, and therefore provides fertile ground for the work of writers - artists of human souls.

List of literature in the direction of "Sense and Sensibility"

A.I. Kuprin "Garnet Bracelet"

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm"

A.M. Bitter "At the bottom"

A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"

F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"

I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"

A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"

Guy de Maupassant "Necklace"

N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba"

N.M. Karamzin "Poor Liza

A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"

MATERIALS to Literary Arguments.

( Introduction )

What is love? Each person will answer this question differently. For me, love is the desire to always be near, despite quarrels, problems, resentments and misunderstandings, the desire to find a compromise, the ability to forgive and support in a difficult situation. Great happiness if love is mutual. But in life there are situations when an unrequited feeling arises. Unrequited love brings great suffering to a person. But the worst thing is when an unrequited feeling becomes beyond the control of reason and leads to an irreparable tragedy.(69 words)

(Argument)

Love is an eternal theme of world fiction. Many authors describe this great feeling in their writing. And I would like to recall Kuprin's wonderful story "Garnet Bracelet". On the first pages of the work, the life of the Shein family is revealed to us. There is no more love in a married couple, and Vera Nikolaevna is disappointed in her marriage. She feels discouraged in her soul. We can only guess that she, like any woman, wants attention, affection, care. Unfortunately, the main character does not understand that all this is very close. A petty official, Georgy Zheltkov, has been loving Vera Nikolaevna for eight years with an unusually strong and sincere love. He loved her at first sight and was happy because God rewarded him with this feeling. But the main character did not pay attention to the person of common origin. Vera Nikolaevna is getting married, and asks Zheltkov not to write to her again. We can only guess what difficulties this brought to our hero and marvel at his strength of mind. George did not have the opportunity to be close to Vera, to be loved by her, but he is happy, because she simply is, because Vera lives in this world. Zheltkov gives Vera Nikolaevna a pomegranate bracelet for her birthday. He does not expect Mrs. Sheina to wear the present. But George is warmed by the thought that his beloved will simply touch this decoration. This bracelet evokes a feeling of anxiety on Vera, the overflow of stones reminds her of drops of blood. Thus, the author lets us know that a reciprocal feeling towards Zheltkov begins to emerge in the main character. She worries about him, feels the approach of trouble. Vera raises the topic of love in a conversation with a friend of her parents, whom she considers to be a grandfather, and she begins to understand that Zheltkov's love is that very real and rare sincere love. But Vera's brother, Nikolai Nikolayevich, outraged by Georgy's gift, intervenes and decides to talk to Zheltkov. The protagonist of the work understands that he cannot get away from his love. Neither departure nor prison will help him. But he feels that he is interfering with his beloved, Georgy worships Vera, he is ready to do everything for her well-being, but he cannot overcome his feelings, and Zheltkov decides to commit suicide. This is how strong unrequited love led to tragedy. And Vera, unfortunately, realized too late that a very rare and sincere love had passed by her. Nobody and nothing can fix the situation if the person is gone.(362 words)

(Output)

Love is a great feeling, but it is very scary when it leads to tragedy. No matter how strong the feelings are, you cannot lose your mind. Life is the best that is bestowed on a person. The same can be said about love. And no matter what trials arise on our way, we must keep our feelings and mind in harmony.(51 words)

A. I. Kuprin story "Garnet Bracelet" "Sense and Sensibility"

(Argument 132)

The hero of Kuprin's story "Pomegranate Bracelet", Georgy Zheltkov, could not cope with his feelings. This man, seeing Vera Nikolaevna once, fell in love with her for life. George did not expect reciprocity from the married princess. He understood everything, but he could not help himself. Faith was a small meaning of Zheltkov's life, and he believed that God had rewarded him with such love. The hero showed his feelings only in letters, without showing himself to the princess's eyes. On the day of the angel of Faith, the fan presented his beloved with a garnet bracelet and attached a note in which he asked for forgiveness for the once disturbed. When the princess's husband, together with her brother, sought out Zheltkov, he admitted the indecency of his behavior and explained that he sincerely loves Vera and only death can extinguish this feeling. Finally, the hero asked Vera's husband for permission to write her the last letter, and after the conversation he said goodbye to life.

A. I. Kuprin story "Garnet Bracelet" Love or Crazy? "Sense and Sense"

(Intro 72) Love is one of the warmest feelings that a person can experience. She is able to fill the heart with joy, inspire and give vitality to a lover, But, unfortunately, this feeling does not always make a person happy. The lack of reciprocity breaks people's hearts, condemns them to suffering, and then a person can lose his mind, turning the object of adoration into a kind of deity, whom he is ready to worship forever. We often hear that lovers are called crazy. But where is this fine line between lucid feeling and addiction?

(Argument 160) This question makes readers think about the work of AI Kuprin "Garnet Bracelet". The main character pursued his beloved for many years, and then committed suicide. What prompted him to these actions: love or madness? I believe that it was still a conscious feeling. Zheltkov fell in love with Vera. Seeing her just once. As a minor official, he was aware of the social inequality with his beloved, and therefore did not even try to gain her favor. It was enough for him to admire the princess from the side, without intruding into her life. Zheltkov shared his feelings with Vera in letters. The hero wrote to his beloved even after her marriage, although he admitted the indecency of his behavior. The spouse of the princess treated Grigory Stepanovich with understanding. Shein told his wife that Zheltkov loved her, and was not at all crazy. Of course, the hero showed weakness, deciding to commit suicide, but he came to this consciously, concluding that only death could cut his love off. He knew that without Vera he would not be happy and, at the same time, did not want to interfere with her.

(Argument 184) N In the pages of world fiction, the problem of the influence of feelings and reason is raised very often. So, for example, in the novel - the epic of Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy "War and Peace", two types of heroes appear: on the one hand, impetuous Natasha Rostova, sensitive Pierre Bezukhov, fearless Nikolai Rostov, on the other, the arrogant and calculating Helen Kuragina and her brother, callous Anatol. Many conflicts in the novel occur precisely because of the excess of feelings of the heroes, the vicissitudes of which are very interesting to observe. A vivid example of how an impulse of feelings, thoughtlessness, ardor of character, impatient youth, influenced the fate of the heroes, is the case with Natasha, because for her, laughing and young, it was incredibly long to wait for the wedding with Andrei Bolkonsky, could she subdue her unexpectedly flared feelings for Anatol the voice of reason? Here we have a real drama of reason and feelings in the soul of the heroine, she faces a difficult choice: to leave the groom and leave with Anatole, or not to succumb to a momentary impulse and wait for Andrey. It was in favor of feelings that this difficult choice was made, only an accident prevented Natasha. We cannot condemn a girl, knowing her impatient character and thirst for love. It was feelings that dictated Natasha's impulse, after which she regretted her act when she analyzed it.

L. N Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" "Reason and Feeling"

(Argument 93) The main heroine of the novel - Leo Tolstoy's epic War and Peace, young Natasha Rostova, needed love. Being separated from her fiancé, Andrei Bolkonsky, the naive girl, in search of this feeling, trusted the insidious Anatol Kuragin, who did not even think of connecting his life with Natasha. An attempt to escape with a person of ill fame is a risky act, which Natasha Rostova decided on, relying primarily on feelings. The sad result of this adventure is known to everyone: the engagement of Natasha and Andrei was terminated, the former lover is suffering, the reputation of the Rostov family has been shaken. If Natasha had thought about the possible consequences, she would not have found herself in such a position.

L. N Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" "Reason and Feeling"

(Argument 407) In the epic novel by L.N. Tolstoy's War and Peace, the categories of reason and feeling are brought to the fore. They are expressed in two main characters: Andrei Bolkonsky and Natasha Rostova. A girl lives by feelings, a man by reason. Andrei is guided by patriotism, he feels responsible for the fate of the Fatherland, for the fate of the Russian army and considers it necessary to be where it is especially difficult, where the fate of what is dear to him is being decided. Bolkonsky begins his military service with lower ranks among adjutants at Kutuzov's headquarters, Andrei is not looking for an easy career and awards. Everything in Natasha's life is based on feelings. The girl has a very light character, Natasha enjoys life. She illuminates and warms her loved ones and relatives like the sun. When we meet Andrey, we see him as a restless person, dissatisfied with his real life. The birth of a child and, at the same time, the death of his wife, before whom he felt guilty, in my opinion, aggravated, so to speak, Bolkonsky's spiritual crisis. Natasha became the cause of Bolkonsky's spiritual revival. Love for the cheerful, poetic Natasha gives rise to dreams of family happiness in Andrey's soul. Natasha became a second, new life for him. She had something that was not in the prince, and she harmoniously complemented him. Next to Natasha Andrey felt revived and rejuvenated. All her lively emotions gave strength to him, and inspired him to new deeds and events. After confessing to Natasha, Andrei's ardor subsides. Now he feels responsible for Natasha. Andrey proposes to Natasha, but at the request of his father postpones the wedding for a year. Natasha and Andrey are very different people. She is young, inexperienced, gullible and spontaneous. He already has a whole life behind him, the death of his wife, his son, trials by difficult war times, a meeting with death. Therefore, Andrei cannot fully understand what Natasha feels, that waiting is very painful for her, she cannot restrain her feelings, her desire to love and be loved. This led to the fact that Natasha was cheating on Andrei, and they part. Bolkonsky goes to war and is mortally wounded. Experiencing tremendous suffering, realizing that he is dying, he, before the threshold of death, experiences a feeling of universal love and forgiveness. At this tragic moment, another meeting between Prince Andrei and Natasha takes place. War and suffering made Natasha an adult, now she understands how cruel she treated Bolkonsky, betrayed such a wonderful person because of her childhood passion. Natasha on her knees asks the prince for forgiveness. And he forgives her, he loves her again. He loves with an unearthly love, and this love brightens up his last days in this world. Only at that moment Andrei and Natasha were able to understand each other, acquired what they lacked so much. But it was too late.

(Argument 174) Talking about real and sincere feelings, I would like to turn to the play "The Thunderstorm". In this work, A. N. Ostrovsky was able to convey the emotional torment of the main character with all the brightness of emotions. In the 19th century, a huge number of marriages were not made for love, parents tried to marry someone who is richer. The girls were forced to live with an unloved person all their lives. Katerina found herself in a similar situation; she was married off to Tikhon Kabanov from a wealthy merchant family. Katya's husband was a pitiful sight. Irresponsible and childish, he was not capable of anything but drunkenness. Tikhon's mother, Martha Kabanova, embodied the ideas of tyranny and hypocrisy inherent in the entire "dark kingdom", so Katerina was constantly under pressure. The heroine strives for freedom, it was difficult for her in the conditions of slavish worship of false idols. The girl found solace in communication with Boris. His care, affection and sincerity helped the unfortunate heroine forget about the oppression from Kabanikha. Katerina realized that she was doing wrong and could not live with it, but her feelings turned out to be stronger, and she cheated on her husband. Tormented by remorse, the heroine repented before her husband, after which she threw herself into the river.

A. N. Ostrovsky play "Thunderstorm" "Mind and Feeling"

(Argument 246) Arguing about real and sincere feelings, I would like to turn to the work of A. N. Ostrovsky "The Thunderstorm". The play is set in the fictional city of Kalinov on the banks of the Volga. The main characters in the play are Katerina and Kabanikha. In the nineteenth century, girls were not married for love, everyone wanted to give their daughter to a richer family. Katerina found herself in such a situation. She finds herself in the world of Kabanikha, where outdated patriarchal morality reigns. Katerina, on the other hand, seeks to free herself from the shackles of compulsion and admiration. She is attracted by a dream, spirituality, sincerity.The character of Katherine is a place where fear of God and sinful, illegal passions collide. Intellectually, the main character understands that she is a "husband's wife", but Katerina's soul requires love. main characterfalls in love with another man, although he tries to resist it.The heroine is given an alluring opportunity to commit this sin, having met with her beloved, to overstep what is permitted, but only on the condition that outsiders do not find out about it. Katerina takes the key to the gate in the Kabanovs' estate, which Varvara gives her, she accepts her sin, she takes up a protest, but dooms herself to death from the very beginning.For Katerina, the commandments of the church and the patriarchal world are of the utmost importance. She wants to be clean and flawless. After her fall, Katerina could not hide her guilt before her husband and people. She realizes the sin she has committed and at the same time wants to know the happiness of true love. She does not see herself forgiveness and the end of her pangs of conscience; she considers her soul to be ruined. Feeling defeated Katerina's mind, she cheated on her husband, but the main character could not live with it, so she decides on an even more terrible sin from a religious point of view - suicide.

(Argument232) The plot of the play is the life of the inhabitants of the flophouse, people who have nothing: no money, no status, no social status, no simple bread. They do not see the meaning of their existence. But even in seemingly unbearable conditionstopics such as the question of truth and lies are raised ... Reflecting on thistheme , the author compares the central characters of the play. Satin and the wanderer Luke are heroes - antipodes. When the old man Luka appears in the shelter, he tries to inspire each of the residents. With all the sincerity of his feelings, he tries to inspire the unfortunate, not to let them wither away. According to Luke, they could not be helped by telling the truth that nothing would change in their lives. Therefore, he lied to them, thinking that it would bring salvation for them. Will change their attitude to what is happening, give them hope. The hero from the bottom of his heart wanted to help the unfortunate, to instill hope in them. The hero from the bottom of his heart wanted to help the unfortunate, to make their life at least a little brighter. He did not think that a sweet lie is worse than a bitter truth. Satin was harsh. He relied only on his thoughts and looked at the situation soberly. “Luka’s fairy tales made him angry, because he was a realist and was not used to“ fictitious happiness ”. This hero called people not to blind hope, but to fight for their rights. Gorky posed the question to his readers - which of them is more right? I think that it is impossible to give an exact answer to this question, because it is not for nothing that the author will leave it open. Everyone should decide for himself.

M. Gorky play "At the Bottom" "Reason and Feeling"

(Intro 62) Which is better - truth or compassion? It is impossible to unequivocally answer this question. If the question sounded which is better - true or false, my answer would be unambiguous. But the concepts of truth and compassion cannot be opposed to each other. You need to look for a fine line between them. There are situations when telling the bitter truth is the only right decision. But sometimes people need sweet lies, compassion for support, to lift their spirits.

(Argument 266) Fiction convinces me of the correctness of this point of view. Let us turn to the play by M. Gorky "At the Bottom". The action takes place in the little house near the Kostylevs, in which people are completely different. Together they were brought together by their difficult fate. And so in the lives of people who have lost everything, the elder Luke appears. He tells them what a wonderful life awaits them, how everything will change, if you just want it. The inhabitants of this shelter no longer hope to break out back into the people; they have resigned themselves to the fact that their life is doomed, they will not get out of poverty. But Luke is by nature a kind person, feeling sorry for them inspires hope. His comforting speeches affected each person in a different way. Anna and Actor are two of the most prominent examples. Anna was seriously ill, she was dying. Luka calms her down, says that only good awaits her in the afterlife. The elder became the last family in her life, she asked to sit next to her and talk to her. Luke helped Anna with his compassion, he eased her last days of thirst, brought joy and hope to them. And Anna left the world with a calm soul. But with the Actor, compassion played a cruel joke. Luca told him about the hospital, where the body is rid of the effects of alcohol. The actor was very worried about the fact that his body was poisoned and was glad about Luka's stories, giving him hope for a better life. But when the Actor found out that such a hospital did not exist, he broke down. The man believed in a better future, and then learned that his hopes were doomed. The actor could not cope with such a blow of fate and committed suicide. Chklovek is a man's friend. We must help each other, show compassion, compassion, but we must not harm this. Sweet lies can bring more trouble than hard truths.

(Argument 86) The opposite hero of Luke is Satin. The old man's stories irritated him, because he is a realist. He was used to the brutal reality. Satin is very harsh, he thinks. That you need not blindly hope, but fight for your happiness. Did Satin somehow help his roommates with the truth? Did the flop dwellers need another reminder that their lives were at the bottom? I don't think so. Gorky posed a question to the readers - who is right, Luke or Satin? I think that it is impossible to give an exact answer to this question, because it was not for nothing that the author left it open in his work.

(Conclusion 70) Each person must choose his own path. But we must help each other. It is everyone's choice to tell the truth or show compassion. It is necessary to act depending on the situation. The main thing is not to harm your intervention. After all, not only our life depends on us, but also the life of our environment. By our words, by our actions, we influence our loved ones and friends, so in each situation we should think about what is better - truth or compassion?

(Argument205) The crown of the creation of the famous Russian writer A. S. Griboyedov is the play "Woe from Wit" It is in this work that the author touches on such important topics. As harm to honor and bureaucracy, the inhumanity of serfdom, issues of education and enlightenment, honesty in serving the fatherland and duty, the originality, nationality of Russian culture. Also, the writer denounces the vices of people, which to this day are in each of us. Using the example of the central characters of the play, Griboyedov makes us think: is it always worth doing according to the will of the heart, or is cold calculation still better? Alexey Stepanovich Molchalin is the personification of commercialism, sycophancy, and lies. This character is not harmless at all. With his obsequiousness, he successfully pushes his way into high society. His "talents" - "moderation and accuracy" - provide him with a pass to "high society." Molchalin is a staunch conservative who depends on the opinions of others and indulges "all people without exception." It would seem that this is the right choice, a cold mind and a tough calculation are better than vague feelings of the heart, but the author makes fun of Alexei Stepanovich, showing the reader the insignificance of his existence. Mired in the world of hypocrisy and lies, Molchalin lost all his light and sincere feelings, which led to the complete collapse of his sinister plans. Therefore, we can say with confidence that the great Russian writer wanted to convey to the hearts of readers that the most important thing is to remain yourself, act according to your conscience and listen to your heart.

A. S. Griboyedov play "Woe from Wit" "Reason and Feeling"

(Argument 345) Let us turn to the play by A. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit". A young, brilliant mind and wit, Alexander Andreevich Chatsky, arrives at the mansion of the Moscow noble landowner Famusov. His heart burns with love for Sofya Famusova, it is for her sake that he returns to Moscow. In the recent past, Chatsky managed to recognize Sophia as an intelligent, outstanding, decisive girl and fell in love with her for these qualities. When he, having matured, gained intelligence, returns to his homeland, we understand that his feelings have not cooled. He is happy to see Sofya who has become prettier during the time of separation and is sincerely happy to meet. When the hero finds out that Sophia's chosen one is Molchalin, her father's secretary, he cannot believe it. The hero perfectly sees what Molchalin really is, he does not love Sophia. Molchalin wants to move up the career ladder using a girl. For this, he does not disdain either hypocrisy or meanness. Chatsky's mind refuses to believe in Sophia's love for Molchalin, because he remembers her as a teenager, when falling in love broke out between them, he thinks that Sophia could not change over the years. Chatsky cannot understand in any way that in the three years that he was gone, the Famus society left its ugly imprint on the girl. Sophia really went through a good school in her father's house, she learned to pretend, lie, dodge, but she does this not out of selfish interests, but trying to protect her love. We see that Sophia rejects Chatsky not only out of female pride, but also for the same reasons that Famus's Moscow does not accept him: his independent and mocking mind scares Sophia, he is from a different circle. Sophia is even ready to insidiously take revenge on an old close friend who is madly in love with her: she spreads a rumor about Chatsky's madness. The hero breaks not only the threads connecting him with the Famus society, he breaks off his relationship with Sophia, offended and humiliated by her choice to the core. Sophia blames herself for everything that happened. Her position seems hopeless, because, having rejected Molchalin, having lost her devoted friend Chatsky and left with an angry father, she is again alone. Sophia tried to live with a mind perverted in the concept of Famus society, but she could not give up her feelings, this led to the heroine getting confused, Sophia lost her love, but not only the heroine suffered from this, Chatsky's heart was broken.

N. V. Gogol story "Taras Bulba"

After graduating from the Kiev Academy, two of his sons, Ostap and Andrii, visit the old Cossack colonel Taras Bulba. Two hefty

After a long journey, Sich meets Taras with his sons with his riotous life - a sign of the Zaporozhye will. Cossacks do not like to waste time on military exercises, collecting abusive experience only in the heat of battle. Ostap and Andrii rush with all the ardor of youths into this riotous sea. But old Taras does not like an idle life - he does not want to prepare his sons for such an activity. Having met with all his companions, he still thinks out how to raise the Cossacks on a campaign, so as not to waste Cossack prowess on incessant feasting and drunken fun. He persuades the Cossacks to re-elect the Koshevoy, who keeps peace with the enemies of the Cossacks. The new koshevoy, under the pressure of the most militant Cossacks, and above all Taras, decides to go to Poland in order to celebrate all the evil and shame of faith and Cossack glory.

Andrii realized that he was betraying his father, went on about his feelings. Feelings are stronger than reason

And soon the entire Polish south-west becomes the prey of fear running ahead of the ear: “Cossacks! The Cossacks showed up! " In one month the young Cossacks matured in the battles, and old Taras loves to see that both of his sons are among the first. The Cossack army is trying to take the city of Dubna, where there are many treasury and wealthy inhabitants, but they meet desperate resistance from the garrison and residents. The Cossacks lay siege to the city and wait for famine to begin. With nothing to do, the Cossacks devastate the surroundings, burn out defenseless villages and unharvested grain. The young, especially the sons of Taras, do not like this kind of life. Old Bulba calms them down, promising hot fights soon. One of the dark nights Andria is awakened from sleep by a strange creature that looks like a ghost. This is a Tatar woman, a servant of the very Polish woman with whom Andriy is in love. The Tatarka says in a whisper that the lady is in the city, she saw Andriy from the city rampart and asks him to come to her, or at least give a piece of bread for her dying mother. Andriy loads the bags with bread as much as he can carry, and the Tatar woman leads him to the city along the underground passage. Having met his beloved, he renounces his father and brother, comrades and homeland: “The homeland is what our soul is looking for, which is dearer to her than anything. You are my homeland. " Andriy stays with the little girl to protect her from her former comrades until her last breath.