What is the name of the doctor who treats throats? Methods for examining the larynx

In what cases should you contact him? Is it possible to use homemade folk remedies on your own without the intervention of a doctor? The questions are relevant, because recently, environmental pollution, poor nutrition and the increasing use of chemicals in everyday life have led to frequent health problems.

Ear, nose and throat

The specialist who treats these organs is popularly called an ENT specialist. The full name of the doctor's specialty is otorhinolaryngologist. The compound word is actually made up of the roots of four ancient Greek words whose meanings are ear, nose, throat or larynx and science. These organs are anatomically close to each other and also have a functional connection. In addition, there is an undeniable interdependence of the diseases of these organs and, in some cases, the similarity of research methods. Otorhinolaryngology is a broad science. There are narrower specialties in this area, for example:

• an audiologist checks hearing (causes, prevention, treatment and correction of deafness and hearing loss);
• otoneurologist - specialist in ear diseases;
• the phoniatrist pays close attention to the voice (physiology and pathology of voice formation);
• rhinologist is a doctor who treats pathologies of the nose.

The ear, throat, and nose are organs that, as a natural barrier, protect the human body from infections and viruses.

Investigating the causes of diseases of these organs, their treatment and prevention is the main goal that an ENT doctor sets for himself.

Three organs - one doctor

The structure of the ENT organs is interconnected, so pain in the ear may indicate a problem with the throat or nose. It would be a good idea to learn about the most common diseases treated by an otolaryngologist.

1. Otitis is inflammation of the ear. There are external, otitis media and inflammation of the inner ear. The most common infection is inflammation of the middle ear. This disease is rarely primary when infected. As a rule, it is activated during exacerbation of the inflammatory process of the upper respiratory tract. When a person sneezes, coughs, or blows their nose, bacteria can enter the middle ear, in most cases through the auditory tube. A tugging or shooting pain appears in the ear. An ear doctor, after examining the patient, will be able to determine the cause of the disease and prescribe the best treatment.
2. Sensorineural hearing loss manifests itself as a rapid decrease in hearing and is accompanied by severe tinnitus. With cervical osteochondrosis, blood circulation in large blood vessels is disrupted, which can also affect hearing. Children's ears should be given special attention, since more than half of children under 3 years old suffer from one of the ear diseases. If you suspect that your child has ear pain, consult your doctor immediately, as self-medication can only cause harm. A pediatric ENT doctor will prescribe quality treatment.
3. One of the common diseases is rhinitis. This is the name for inflammation of the nasal mucosa. Acute rhinitis is familiar to everyone with unpleasant dryness in the nose, burning, tickling, then swelling and copious mucous discharge from the nose. All this leads not only to a change in voice, stuffy ears, loss of smell, but also to sleep disturbances, loss of taste and appetite.
4. Sometimes a runny nose leads to inflammation of different parts of the paranasal sinuses. This is how sinusitis and sinusitis appear. Problems in the gastrointestinal tract, an increase in the hormone estrogen in the body and allergies contribute to nasal congestion. The doctor's goal is to determine the real cause. In addition, the ENT specialist removes foreign bodies from the nose and ears, and also rinses the ears from wax plugs.
5. A common throat problem is pharyngitis. It manifests itself as soreness and pain when swallowing. Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils on the roof of the mouth. Acute tonsillitis (tonsillitis) affects both the throat itself and the lymph nodes in the neck and tonsils. If treatment is not started on time, an exacerbation can contribute to the development of rheumatism of the joints and heart.

What is the name of the doctor who treats such a variety of diseases? Otorhinolaryngologist or ENT specialist. This specialist is available in all clinics. Seek prompt professional advice and treatment for yourself and your children.

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What does an ENT doctor treat?

Modern medicine is highly specialized, each organ and system has its own doctor, so the question remains quite relevant: what kind of doctor is an ENT doctor, what does he treat and what is the correct name of his profession? This is a doctor who diagnoses and treats diseases of the ear, nose and throat. In common parlance, he is often called an ear, nose and throat doctor, and patients who have problems with these organs often ask – what is another name for an ENT doctor? Official medicine calls such a doctor an otolaryngologist, laryngootorhinologist or otorhinolaryngologist.

What is another name for an ENT doctor?

Since these systems are inextricably linked with each other, they are combined into one direction, in which the ENT doctor or, as he is correctly called, an otolaryngologist, works. The name ENT is a common abbreviation formed by the first letters of the term “laryngo-otorhinologist,” which in Greek means:

As the name suggests, an otolaryngologist deals with the pathological processes of the ears, nose and throat. However, in this case we are talking not just about three separate organs, but about three complex systems of the human body.

ENT doctor – what does he treat?

Patients of all ages come to see an otorhinolaryngologist, because it is within his competence to treat a variety of diseases and disorders of the ear, nose and throat. Among the most common pathologies that people consult with this doctor are:

• laryngitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis and other throat diseases;
• ear infections;
• acute and chronic sinusitis, rhinitis;
• allergy;
• injuries to the ears, nose, throat;
• hearing loss;
• nosebleeds;
• problems with voice and swallowing;
• frequent dizziness;
• malignant and benign formations in the neck and head.

You definitely need an ENT specialist, or as the doctor is called correctly, an otolaryngologist, if the following symptoms occur:

• difficulty breathing through the nose;
• mucous, mucopurulent, bloody discharge from the nasal passages;
• disturbances of smell, hearing, swallowing;
• pain in the throat, ear, nose and forehead;
• frequent nosebleeds;
• enlargement of regional lymph nodes (submandibular, behind-the-ear).

Using special instruments, the otolaryngologist will conduct a thorough examination and give all the necessary recommendations regarding treatment and prevention of the development of the disease.

Appointment with an otolaryngologist at the ABC Clinic

The first thing you should do if you suspect an ENT pathology or have already established a diagnosis is to contact a competent, experienced and competent otolaryngologist who will conduct a thorough examination and prescribe the most effective treatment. These are the ENT doctors who work at the ABC Clinic. A powerful diagnostic and treatment base, an integrated approach to diagnosis and treatment, the use of advanced equipment and new generation drugs ensure the achievement of better results, even with the most complex ENT pathologies.

Doctor treating throat

A sore throat is the most common symptom of any cold or flu.

If you catch a cold during pregnancy or have a sore throat, you should pay special attention to treatment and not let the process take its course (dangerous for the unborn baby, even leading to miscarriage). Be sure to contact a therapist, or better yet, call him at home.

A common cause of sore throat is a microorganism common among humanity - staphylococcus. It is because of his pranks that it hurts for a person to swallow, and his throat is red.

The throat can also hurt due to other pathological processes, for example, the appearance of abscesses in the tonsils, inflammation of the vocal cords after prolonged screaming or singing, oncological processes in the peripharyngeal lymphatic ring. In these cases, you need to contact an ENT doctor or oncologist.

It is difficult to get direct access to such specialized doctors today. The ethics of medical institutions says that you first need to see a therapist, who will decide where you should go next. Remember this and be overly persistent if you think the doctor is wrong.

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What is the correct name for a doctor who treats ears, nose and throat?

What is the name of the ear, nose and throat doctor, who is recommended to be consulted for inflammatory processes developing in the nasopharynx and oral cavity and injuries in these parts of the body? He is called a laryngootorhinologist, otorhinolaryngologist, or otolaryngologist. The science of otolaryngology studies everything related to the ears, throat and nose, which is why an ENT doctor is called that in everyday life. Young patients and elderly people most often need advice from this specialist. For children, an ENT doctor corrects congenital pathologies and treats various diseases caused by opportunistic microflora and viruses. For adults, it corrects age-related changes and provides assistance after injuries.

An otolaryngologist is a highly specialized doctor. His office is equipped with tools that require a certain skill to work with. For effective treatment, techniques using modern equipment are used.

Narrow specialization allows the otolaryngologist to study in detail all diseases of the nasopharynx and hearing organ and possible complications, and provide specialized care in complex cases.

Otolaryngology involves conservative and surgical treatments, with the help of which the patient gets rid of the health problems that forced him to turn to this specialist.

When is an otolaryngologist needed?

An otolaryngologist is often required when pathological conditions associated with the ears, sinuses, septum, and tonsils appear. An ENT doctor has extensive knowledge in such areas of medicine as:

It is addressed if a foreign body is stuck in the narrow passages of the nasal cavity or inner ear. A bone stuck in the throat can be removed by this doctor using special tools. The organs that are examined and, if necessary, treated by an otolaryngologist include:

Adults come to this office when they experience temporary cessation of breathing during sleep. Apnea and snoring can only be cured by an otolaryngologist.

A visit to the office of an otolaryngologist is recommended for children who often suffer from sore throat, suffer from a chronic runny nose, or have a deviated nasal septum. An ENT doctor's office is visited when a foreign body gets into the ear, which has penetrated so deeply that it is impossible to get it out on your own.

You should visit an otolaryngologist if you experience any unpleasant sensations associated with your ears, throat or nose. Using special instruments, the doctor will examine the patient and give recommendations that can help prevent the development of the disease. This applies to people suffering from allergic reactions when interacting with various irritants affecting the nose, throat and ears.

You need to contact him if a facial injury occurs. The doctor will provide assistance and perform reconstructive treatment of abnormalities in the nose and ears. It corrects problems with voice and swallowing, motion sickness in transport.

The principle of the specialist's work

At the first visit to the otolaryngologist, an initial examination is carried out, which, if necessary, includes the use of modern equipment. If there are complaints of hearing loss, the doctor uses a hearing analyzer to determine the causes of hearing loss.

If the patient needs urgent specialized care, therapeutic measures can be carried out in the otolaryngologist’s office aimed at clearing the ears, throat, and nose of accumulated pus and mucus. The doctor provides specialized care not only for the chronic course of the disease, but also in the acute period. It could be:

• therapeutic lavage of the nasal cavity;
• "cuckoo";
• removal of sulfur plugs;
• voice restoration activities;
• correction of the nasal septum.

A deviated nasal septum can only be cured by surgery. With such a congenital or acquired pathology, breathing becomes more difficult and the sense of smell is impaired. Operations performed by an otolaryngologist on an outpatient basis require appropriate equipment.

In some cases, you will need an otolaryngologist who specializes in surgical intervention in the treatment of the ears, throat, nasopharynx and maxillary sinuses. An ENT surgeon performs surgical operations related to cancer of the head and neck. He is needed in the treatment of injuries in these parts of the body, and provides facial plastic and reconstructive surgery services.

An otolaryngologist may perform a stapedectomy. This is the name for an operation performed on the smallest bone in the human skeleton. This doctor performs surgeries used to correct hearing. He inserts a cochlear implant, which is made in the form of a small electrode. It is placed inside the inner ear and improves hearing.

If an earache occurs that does not go away after instillation of warming drops, the help of an otolaryngologist is required. Any inflammatory processes and abscesses that appear on the auricle require examination in a doctor’s office. Timely treatment and proper treatment of one source of infection can prevent the occurrence of pathology in other ENT organs.

The appearance of mucus and pus from the ear opening is a serious reason to visit this doctor.

After examining the ears outside and inside using instruments to clarify the diagnosis, the ENT specialist prescribes treatment. For persistent diseases, he prescribes tests to determine the causative agent of the disease and adjusts the treatment.

For chronic and indolent diseases, an otolaryngologist can prescribe a study and carry out manipulations to alleviate the patient’s condition. In difficult cases, an operation is prescribed, which will be performed by an ENT doctor.

Tools and equipment used

There are a large number of instruments in the otolaryngologist's office. The headlamp is the identifying mark of this specialist. The arsenal includes an endoscope for examining internal cavities. There may be a telelaryngopharyngoscope with a telescope to help carry out complex manipulations. To examine the nasopharynx and nasal cavity, there is a rhinoscope and a nasopharyngeal speculum. There is a special hook for removing foreign bodies from openings in the cabinet.

Well-equipped patient rooms are equipped with a functional chair with a hydraulic drive. Private offices and clinics are often equipped with a specially created ENT unit, where there is a convenient place for examining and treating the patient.

It provides all the necessary systems with the help of which patient examination and medical manipulations are carried out. The kit includes a set of tools necessary for the diagnosis and treatment of ENT diseases.

Using this device, the ear, nose and throat doctor effectively performs the following manipulations:

• sucks fluids from cavities;
• washes them with disinfectant solutions;
• massages the eardrums.

Physiotherapy is used for treatment. The ultrasonic device “Tonsillor” produces a very good effect in treatment, which accelerates the regeneration processes of the affected tissues of the ENT organs. An otolaryngologist can carry out conservative treatment of hypertrophy of the nasopharyngeal tonsil using a laser therapy device.

A doctor of this specialization, working in a well-equipped office, does not need to redirect the patient to other specialists. He does his work independently with the help of support staff.

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What is the name of the doctor who treats the throat, or rather the ligaments?

What does an ENT doctor (otolaryngologist) treat?

This doctor specializes in the treatment of various diseases of the ENT organs and pathological structural disorders. In addition, the functionality of an ENT doctor includes diseases of the bronchi, maxillary sinuses, frontal and maxillary sinuses. What diseases are within the competence of an ENT doctor:

• Pharyngitis is an inflammatory process of the mucous membranes of the pharynx;
• Tonsillitis is an infectious disease characterized by inflammation of the tonsils with accompanying symptomatic manifestations of intoxication;
• Sinusitis is an inflammatory process localized in the maxillary sinuses;
• Otitis – inflammation of the hearing organ;
• Sulfur plugs;
• Runny nose (rhinitis) – inflammation of the mucous tissues of the nose;
• Nasal polyps;
• Bronchitis – inflammation of the bronchi;
• Diseases of the thyroid gland (oddly enough, otolaryngologists also deal with this);
• Sinusitis is an inflammation of the paranasal sinuses that occurs against the background of an infectious/bacterial lesion;
• Adenoids;
• Damage to the vocal cords;
• Hearing loss (total or partial) caused by injury;
• Laryngitis – inflammation of the larynx;
• Boils of the ear canal;
• Snore;
• Noise in ears;
• Tubootitis is an inflammation of the mucous tissues of the Eustachian tube, subsequently affecting the eardrum;
• Tympanitis, frontal hearing loss, etc.;

In addition, an ENT doctor is involved in removing foreign objects from the nose, ear or throat. This is rare in adults, but children often see an otolaryngologist with this problem.

Having found out what the ENT doctor treats, we will find out when it is necessary to contact this specialist.

When should you see a doctor?

• Pain when swallowing;
• Redness of the mucous tissues of the throat;
• Dry mouth;
• Violation of normal voice timbre (hoarseness, for example);
• Cough (wet or dry);
• Runny nose, nasal congestion;
• Difficulty breathing;
• Pain in the area of ​​the maxillary sinuses;
• Decreased hearing acuity;
• Pain in the ear;
• Dryness of the nasal mucous membranes;

Many of the listed symptoms are accompanied by a general intoxication syndrome, including such phenomena as: general lethargy and weakness of the body, fever, fever/chills, headache and/or dizziness.

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The throat is an organ of the respiratory system located between the pharynx and trachea. The throat performs respiratory, swallowing and voice-forming functions in the body. Throat cancer is a malignant tumor, mostly of the squamous cell type. What methods of diagnosing throat and larynx cancer are considered the most effective and what first symptoms should you pay special attention to when identifying throat cancer at an early stage?

Diagnosing throat cancer in the early stages of tumor development is the main task of doctors. For timely detection of a malignant focus, efforts must be made by both the person himself and doctors. It is necessary to closely monitor the slightest deterioration in well-being in the throat area.

Throat cancer is a pathology that is very common in the system. Among all low-quality formations, the throat accounts for 2.5%. Among head and neck oncologies, the throat is the leader in the number of its detections.

Such a high risk of disease is important in diagnosis. According to statistics, this disease is more often observed in women, so there are 10 men per patient. The peak of the disease in men occurs at the age of 70 - 80 years, in women 60 - 70 years.

With a low-quality formation of the vestibule of the larynx, or the subglottic area, cancer is often asymptomatic. In comparison, the pathology of the glottis is detected at an earlier stage by signs of dysphonia, in which the cure of the disease can be complete with effective and high-quality treatment.

Symptoms of throat and larynx cancer

Doctors of various specializations need to understand that with long-term hoarseness, more than 15-20 days, in mature men, in the absence of other symptoms, it is possible to determine the development of laryngeal cancer.

Optimal signs that require attention may include:

• persistent cough;
• feeling of a lump in the throat;
• problems with swallowing;
• pain in the hearing aid;
• easily palpable lymph nodes.

How to detect throat cancer?

Diagnosis of throat cancer begins with a questioning, visual examination or palpation of the neck. Particular attention should be paid to the patient’s complaints; based on them, one can assume the location of the tumor and the duration of its development.

All this is important for predicting the subsequent development of tumor formation and its perception of radiation. For example, the formation of the vestibular part of the larynx may be characterized by the patient as a feeling of an obstructing object in the throat and constant pain when swallowing.

When these inconveniences are accompanied by pain in the ear, cancer can be diagnosed on the lateral wall of the larynx on one side. A change in the background of the voice signals intervention in the malignant process of the vocal tract.

Sore throat together with difficulty breathing suggests laryngeal stenosis, which means advanced disease, and if hoarseness of the voice also increases, damage to the subglottic part can be stated. When examining a patient, the doctor carefully evaluates the shape and contours of the neck, the appearance of the skin, and the mobility of the larynx.

As mentioned above, to diagnose throat (larynx) cancer, palpation provides the doctor with a significant part of the information:

• the configuration and volume of the tumor is assessed;
• its displacement relative to neighboring tissues;
• at the same time, listens to the patient’s breathing and voice, so as not to miss possible symptoms of stenosis and dysphonia. Thorough palpation of the lymph nodes is required.

With cancer, metastases can spread to everything. To determine the final diagnosis, it is important to conduct a general clinical examination.

Where does it begin and how is throat cancer diagnosed?

1. It is necessary to do laryngoscopy, examination of the larynx with a special mirror or laryngoscope. Laryngoscopy will help detect the tumor. Also inspect the throat cavity and nasal folds. A laryngoscope is a tube with one end equipped with a video camera. In addition, laryngoscopy is used to collect tissue for biopsy.
2. A biopsy allows you to determine and make a more accurate diagnosis. A biopsy can not only identify cancer, but also its histological type. With the help of this information, it is possible to effectively treat the disease.
3. There are some other methods for diagnosing throat cancer. These are ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET).
4. If several signs are present, direct laryngoscopy is necessary, using special devices (laryngoscope), possibly indirect laryngoscopy. Together with radiography, it is leading in detecting laryngeal cancer.
5. Stroboscopy is an additional study.
6. An X-ray diagnostic method is very common, since the larynx is a hollow organ with its own distinctive properties and is clearly visible on photographs without special contrast.
7. X-ray of the throat is the most accessible and effective way to detect cancer, and at the same time, it is quite informative. With its help, you can get a complete picture of the condition of the larynx and surrounding tissues. Chest radiography provides an assessment of the extent of the neoplasm, and with the help of computed tomography, it is possible to obtain detailed information about it.
8. In examining the subglottic area, the direct fibrolaryngoscopy method is used.
9. Clinical and blood tests are integral in the diagnosis of cancer.

Methods for diagnosing throat cancer and their implementation

Where does diagnosis begin?

• examination of the patient;
• neck examination;
• palpation (feeling) of the cervical lymph nodes.

Before the examination, the doctor asks the patient to tilt his head forward, after which he begins to feel the cervical lymph nodes, as well as the sternocleidomastoid muscle. This helps him assess the condition of the lymph nodes and make a preliminary assumption about the presence of metastases.

Instrumental examination methods

Currently, indirect laryngoscopy, fibrolaryngoscopy, endoscopy with targeted biopsy, radiography, computed tomography of the affected area, ultrasound, and aspiration puncture of regional lymph nodes are widely used.

Indirect laryngoscopy is used to determine the location and extent of the tumor, visual assessment of the mucous membrane of the larynx and glottis, and attention is paid to the level of mobility of the vocal cords.

Fibrolaryngoscopy is considered the method of choice for trismus to diagnose throat cancer; it can be used to determine the condition of the fixed area of ​​the epiglottis and subglottic region. When using endoscopy, it is advisable to conduct a targeted biopsy to determine the degree of malignancy of the formation.

Diagnosis of throat cancer, like the examination of any other organs suspicious for cancer, is very doubtful without histological examination. If the secondary biopsy does not show oncology, and the clinic can diagnose cancer, intraoperative diagnosis is used with mandatory histological examination to confirm or refute cancer.

Detection of metastases in regional lymph nodes gives a disappointing prognosis, so it is important to be able to detect them in a timely manner. During ultrasound, nodes with existing hypoechoic areas will be suspected. When such nodes are found, it is necessary to perform a fine-needle aspiration puncture, the taken biological material is subjected to histological examination, and a repeat puncture will be required to be convincing. The accuracy of the method with a positive result is 100%.

Indirect laryngoscopy

Indirect laryngoscopy is an examination of the larynx, which is performed directly in the doctor’s office. The technique is quite simple, but outdated, due to the fact that the specialist cannot fully examine the larynx. In 30–35% of cases, the tumor is not detected at an early stage.

With indirect laryngoscopy, the following is determined:

• tumor location;
• tumor boundaries;
• growth pattern;
• condition of the laryngeal mucosa;
• condition (mobility) of the vocal cords and glottis.

Before the study, you should not consume (drink) liquids or eat food for some time. Otherwise, during laryngoscopy, a gag reflex may occur and vomiting may occur, and vomit may enter the respiratory tract. It should also be noted that it is recommended to remove dentures before the examination.

Research process by a specialist:

• the doctor sits the patient opposite him;
• using a spray to prevent vomiting, administers local anesthesia;
• the doctor asks the patient to stick out his tongue and holds it with a napkin, or presses on it with a spatula;
• with the other hand, the doctor inserts a special mirror into the patient’s mouth;
• using a second mirror and lamp, the doctor illuminates the patient’s mouth;
• During the examination, the patient is asked to say “a-a-a” - this opens the vocal cords, which facilitates the examination.

The entire period of diagnosing the larynx takes no more than 5–6 minutes. The anesthetic loses its effect after about 30 minutes and during this time you should not eat or drink.

Direct laryngoscopy

When performing direct laryngoscopy, a special flexible laryngoscope is inserted into the larynx. Direct laryngoscopy is more informative than indirect. During the study, you can clearly see all three sections of the larynx. Today, most clinics adhere to this particular examination technique.

With direct laryngoscopy, you can take a fragment of the tumor for a biopsy and remove the papilloma.

A flexible laryngoscope is a type of tube.

Before the study, the patient is prescribed medications to suppress the formation of mucus. Using a spray, a specialist administers local anesthesia and instills vasoconstrictor drops into the nose, which reduce swelling of the mucous membrane and facilitate the passage of the laryngoscope. The laryngoscope is inserted through the nose into the larynx and examined. During direct laryngoscopy, some discomfort and nausea may occur.

Biopsy

This is the removal of a piece of a tumor or lymph node for examination under a microscope. This study makes it possible to fairly accurately diagnose the malignant process, its type and stage.

If malignant cells are found during examination of the lymph node, then the diagnosis of laryngeal cancer is considered 100% accurate. Typically, the biopsy is taken with a special instrument during direct laryngoscopy.

Oncological lesions removed during surgery are also required to be sent to the laboratory for examination. To identify metastases, lymph nodes are examined. The material is obtained using a needle that is inserted into the lymph node.

Ultrasound of the neck

An ultrasound of the neck helps the specialist evaluate the lymph nodes. Using ultrasound, the smallest lymph nodes with metastases are identified that are not detected during palpation (palpation with hands). To perform a biopsy, the doctor identifies the most suspicious lymph nodes.

Ultrasound examination of the neck for laryngeal cancer is carried out using conventional devices designed for ultrasound diagnostics. Based on the image on the monitor, the doctor assesses the size and consistency of the lymph nodes.

Chest X-ray

Chest X-ray helps identify metastases and intrathoracic lymph nodes. X-ray photographs of the chest are taken in frontal (full face) and lateral (profile) projections.

CT and MRI

CT and MRI are modern methods for diagnosing both throat cancer and tumors of other localizations, with the help of which one can obtain a high-quality three-dimensional image or layer-by-layer sections of the organ.

Using CT and MRI, you can determine:

• position of the tumor;
• its dimensions;
• prevalence;
• germination into neighboring organs;
• metastases to lymph nodes.

These techniques provide a more accurate picture compared to radiography.

The principles of CT and MRI are similar. The patient is placed in a special apparatus, in which he must remain motionless for a certain time.

Both studies are safe, since there is no radiation exposure to the patient’s body (MRI), or it is minimal (CT). During an MRI, the patient should not have any metal objects with him (the presence of a pacemaker and other metal implants is a contraindication for MRI).

Electrocardiography (ECG)

First of all, this study is intended to assess the condition of the heart in case of laryngeal cancer, which is included in the mandatory diagnostic program.

The patient is placed on a couch, and special electrodes are placed on the arms, legs and chest. The device records the electrical impulses of the heart in the form of an electrocardiographic curve, which can be displayed on tape or, in the presence of modern devices, on a computer monitor.

Bronchoscopy

Endoscopic examination of the bronchi is carried out using a special flexible instrument - an endoscope. This study is carried out only when indicated. For example, if changes are detected during a chest x-ray.

What needs to be done before preparing a patient for the study?

1. as prescribed by the doctor, some time before the study, the patient is administered medications;
2. it is necessary to remove dentures and piercings;
3. the patient is seated or laid on the couch;
4. local anesthesia is administered: the mucous membranes of the mouth and nose are irrigated with an aerosol of anesthetic;
5. the bronchoscope is inserted into the nose (sometimes into the mouth), advanced into the larynx, then into the trachea and bronchi;
6. examine the bronchial mucosa. If necessary, a photo is taken and a biopsy is taken.

Lab tests

Laboratory diagnosis of throat cancer includes general clinical examinations, which include a general blood test, urine test, blood sugar test, RV, determination of blood group and rhesus.

When metastases are detected, a biochemical blood test is also prescribed, which allows one to judge the metabolic processes occurring in the body, the functioning of the digestive tract, kidneys, and endocrine system.

Worth knowing! An increase in ESR and leukocytosis without signs of inflammation indicates a possible malignant process occurring in the body.

The presence of changes in laboratory tests in combination with the patient’s complaints is an indispensable condition for seeing a doctor to clarify the diagnosis. Determining laryngeal cancer, the diagnosis of which is often based on additional examinations, can be a labor-intensive process. However, making an early diagnosis is quite important, as this can lead to a complete recovery or prolongation of the patient’s life.

Stages of development of throat cancer, course and prognosis

Depending on the location and spread of the malignant lesion, the stages of disease development are distinguished:

1. Stage 0 - diagnosing throat cancer at stage zero is extremely rare, since there are almost no symptoms during this period. And yet, if the diagnosis of cancer is made at this stage, then the success rate of getting rid of it is quite high, while the survival rate of patients over the next five years is 100%;
2. Stage 1 - the tumor extends beyond the boundaries of the laryngeal mucosa. But it does not spread to neighboring tissues and organs. With first-degree laryngeal cancer, vibration of the vocal folds and generation of sounds are observed. A successfully chosen treatment gives patients a chance to live another 5 years, the number of such people corresponds to 80%;
3. Stage 2 - cancer spreads to one of the areas of the larynx and completely affects it. Does not leave the boundaries of its occupied area. The vocal cords remain mobile. Metastases at this stage have not yet formed, or are isolated in the lymph nodes. With an adequate choice of treatment, second-stage laryngeal cancer allows the patient to live another five years in 70% of cases;
4. Stage 3 - the malignant formation has a large volume and is already damaging nearby tissues and neighboring organs. The tumor gives single or multiple metastases. The vocal cords lose their mobility. The person's voice becomes hoarse or absent altogether. With optimal treatment, the five-year survival rate for patients with cancer at this stage is 60%;
5. Stage 4 - the tumor reaches an impressive size and affects all neighboring tissues. It acquires such volumes that it can fill almost the entire larynx. Stage 4 laryngeal cancer is no longer treatable. All neighboring tissues are affected, the tumor has deepened too much. Some organs are affected by cancer, for example, and. In this interval, many regional and distant metastases are detected. Here, only supportive treatment and pain relief will help alleviate the patient’s suffering. The survival rate for such patients over the next five years is predicted to be only 25%.

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When meeting a patient who complains of a sore throat or difficulty breathing, the doctor first of all assesses his general condition, the respiratory function of the larynx, predicts the possibility of acute stenosis and, if indicated, provides emergency assistance to the patient.

Anamnesis

Already from the first words, by the nature of the sound of the patient’s voice (nasality, hoarseness, aphonicity, voice rattling, shortness of breath, stridor, etc.), one can get an idea of ​​a possible disease. When assessing a patient’s complaints, attention is paid to their nature, duration, frequency, dynamics, dependence on endo- and exogenous factors, and concomitant diseases.

Visual inspection. The area of ​​the larynx, which occupies the central part of the anterior surface of the neck, the submandibular and suprasternal areas, the lateral surfaces of the neck, as well as the supraclavicular fossa, is subjected to external examination. During the examination, the condition of the skin, the condition of the venous pattern, the shape and position of the larynx, the presence of swelling of the subcutaneous tissue, swelling, fistulas and other signs indicating inflammatory, tumor and other lesions of the larynx are assessed.

Palpation

Palpation of the larynx and the anterior surface of the neck is carried out with the head in the usual position and when it is thrown back, while the relief of the palpated area is assessed (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Protrusions and depressions of the preglottic region: 1 - protrusion of the hyoid bone; 2 - hypoglossal-thyroid cavity; 3 - protrusion of the thyroid cartilage (Adam's apple, Adam's apple); 4 - intercricoid-thyroid fossa; 5 — protrusion of the cricoid cartilage arch; 6 - subglottal protrusion formed by the first rings of the trachea; 7 - suprasternal cavity; pyak - hyoid bone; schkh - thyroid cartilage; px - cricoid cartilage; gr - sternum

At superficial palpation evaluates the consistency, mobility and turgor of the skin covering the larynx and surrounding areas. At deep palpation examines the area of ​​the hyoid bone, the space near the corners of the lower jaw, then descends along the anterior and posterior edges of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, determining the condition of the lymph nodes. The supraclavicular fossa and attachment areas of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, lateral and occipital surfaces of the neck are palpated, and only then proceed to palpation of the larynx. It is covered on both sides with the fingers of both hands, fingering its elements. The shape, consistency are assessed, and the possible presence of pain and other sensations is determined. Then the larynx is shifted to the right and left, assessing its mobility, as well as the possible presence of sound phenomena - crunching (for cartilage fractures), crepitus (for emphysema). When palpating the area of ​​the cricoid cartilage and conical ligament, the isthmus of the thyroid gland covering them is often revealed. Feeling the jugular fossa, ask the patient to make a swallowing movement: if there is an ectopic lobe of the thyroid gland, its push may be felt.

Laryngoscopy

Laryngoscopy is the main type of examination of the larynx. The complexity of the method lies in the fact that the longitudinal axis of the larynx is located at a right angle to the axis of the oral cavity, which is why the larynx cannot be examined in the usual way. Inspection of the larynx can be done either using a laryngeal speculum ( indirect laryngoscopy), when using which the laryngoscopic picture is presented in the form of a mirror image, or using special directoscopes designed for direct laryngoscopy.

For indirect laryngoscopy, flat laryngeal mirrors are used, similar to those used for posterior mirror epipharyngoscopy. To avoid fogging of the mirror, it is heated on an alcohol lamp with the mirror surface facing the flame or in hot water. Before inserting the mirror into the oral cavity, check its temperature by touching the back metal surface to the skin of the dorsal surface of the examiner’s hand.

Indirect laryngoscopy is carried out in three positions of the subject: 1) in a sitting position with the body slightly tilted forward and the head slightly tilted backward; 2) in Killian’s position (Fig. 2, a) for a better view of the posterior parts of the larynx; in this position, the doctor examines the larynx from below, standing in front of the person being examined on one knee, and he tilts his head down; 3) in the Turk position (b) to examine the anterior wall of the larynx, in which the examinee throws back his head, and the doctor examines from above, standing in front of him.

Rice. 2. The direction of the rays and the axis of vision during indirect laryngoscopy in the position of Killian (a) and Turk (b)

The doctor with his right hand takes the handle with a mirror fixed in it, like a writing pen, so that the mirror surface is directed at an angle downward. The subject opens his mouth wide and sticks out his tongue as much as possible. The doctor, with the first and third fingers of the left hand, grabs the tongue wrapped in a gauze napkin and holds it protruded, at the same time, with the second finger of the same hand, lifts the upper lip for a better view of the area being examined, directs a beam of light into the oral cavity and inserts a mirror into it. The back surface of the mirror presses against the soft palate, moving it backwards and upwards. When introducing a mirror into the oral cavity, you should not touch the root of the tongue and the back wall of the pharynx, so as not to cause a pharyngeal reflex. The rod and handle of the mirror rest on the left corner of the mouth, and its surface should be oriented so that it forms an angle of 45° with the axis of the oral cavity. The light flux directed at the mirror and reflected from it illuminates the cavity of the larynx. The larynx is examined during quiet and forced breathing of the subject, then during phonation of the sounds “i” and “e”, which facilitates a more complete examination of the supraglottic space and larynx. During phonation, the vocal folds close.

The most common obstacle to indirect laryngoscopy is a pronounced pharyngeal reflex. There are some techniques to suppress it. For example, the subject is asked to mentally count down two-digit numbers or, clasping his hands, pull them with all his might. The subject is also asked to hold his tongue himself. This technique is also necessary when the doctor needs to perform some manipulations in the larynx, for example, removing fibroids on the vocal fold.

In case of an indomitable gag reflex, they resort to topical anesthesia of the pharynx and root of the tongue. In young children, indirect laryngoscopy is practically impossible, therefore, if a mandatory examination of the larynx is necessary (for example, with its papillomatosis), they resort to direct laryngoscopy under anesthesia.

Laryngoscopy picture larynx with indirect laryngoscopy, it appears in a mirror image (Fig. 3): the anterior parts of the larynx are visible from above, often covered at the commissure by the epiglottis; the posterior sections, including the arytenoid cartilages and the interarytenoid space, are displayed in the lower part of the speculum.

Rice. 3. Internal view of the larynx during indirect laryngoscopy: 1 - root of the tongue; 2 - epiglottis; 3 - tubercle of the epiglottis; 4 - free edge of the epiglottis; 5 - aryepiglottic fold; 6 - folds of the vestibule; 7 - vocal folds; 8 - ventricle of the larynx; 9 - arytenoid cartilage with corniculate cartilage; 10 - wedge-shaped cartilage; 11 - interarytenoid space

With indirect laryngoscopy, examination of the larynx is possible with only one left eye looking through the opening of the frontal reflector (which is easy to verify when this eye is closed). Therefore, all elements of the larynx are visible in the same plane, although the vocal folds are located 3-4 cm below the edge of the epiglottis. The lateral walls of the larynx are visualized sharply shortened. From above, that is, actually from the front, part of the root of the tongue with the lingual tonsil (1) is visible, then the pale pink epiglottis (2), the free edge of which rises when the sound “i” is phonated, freeing up the laryngeal cavity for viewing. Directly below the epiglottis, in the center of its edge, you can sometimes see a small tubercle of the epiglottis (3), formed by the stalk of the epiglottis. Below and posterior to the epiglottis, diverging from the angle of the thyroid cartilage and commissure to the arytenoid cartilages, there are vocal folds (7) of a whitish-pearlescent color, easily identified by characteristic tremulous movements, sensitively reacting even to a slight attempt at phonation.

Normally, the edges of the vocal folds are even and smooth; when inhaling, they diverge somewhat; during a deep breath, they diverge to the maximum distance and the upper rings of the trachea, and sometimes even the keel of the tracheal bifurcation, become visible. In the superolateral regions of the laryngeal cavity, pink and more massive folds of the vestibule are visible above the vocal folds (6). They are separated from the vocal folds by the entrance to the ventricles of the larynx. The interarytenoid space (11), which is like the base of the triangular slit of the larynx, is limited by the arytenoid cartilages, which are visible in the form of two club-shaped thickenings (9), covered with pink mucous membrane. During phonation, you can see how they rotate towards each other with their front parts and bring the vocal folds attached to them closer together. The mucous membrane covering the posterior wall of the larynx becomes smooth when the arytenoid cartilages diverge during inspiration; during phonation, when the arytenoid cartilages come together, it gathers into small folds. In some individuals, the arytenoid cartilages touch so closely that they seem to overlap each other. From the arytenoid cartilages, the aryepiglottic folds (5) are directed upward and forward, which reach the lateral edges of the epiglottis and together with it serve as the upper boundary of the entrance to the larynx. Sometimes, with a subatrophic mucous membrane, in the thickness of the aryepiglottic folds you can see small elevations above the arytenoid cartilages - these are corniculate (Santorini) cartilages; Lateral to them are the Wriesberg cartilages (10).

The color of the laryngeal mucosa must be assessed in accordance with the medical history and other clinical signs, since normally it is not constant and often depends on bad habits and exposure to occupational hazards. In hypotrophic individuals of asthenic physique, the color of the mucous membrane of the larynx is usually pale pink; for normosthenics - pink; in obese, overweight people (hypersthenics) or smokers, the color of the mucous membrane of the larynx can be from red to bluish without pronounced signs of disease of this organ. When exposed to occupational hazards (dust, vapors of caustic substances), the mucous membrane acquires a varnished tint - a sign of the atrophic process.

Direct laryngoscopy

Direct laryngoscopy allows you to examine the internal structure of the larynx in a direct image and perform various manipulations on its structures to a fairly wide extent (removal of polyps, fibroids, papillomas using conventional, cryo- or laser surgical methods), as well as carry out emergency or planned intubation. This method was introduced into practice by M. Kirshtein in 1895 and was subsequently improved several times. The method is based on the use of hard directoscope, the introduction of which into the hypopharynx through the oral cavity becomes possible due to the elasticity and pliability of the surrounding tissues.

Indications to direct laryngoscopy are numerous, and their number is continuously growing. This method is widely used in pediatric otorhinolaryngology. For young children, a one-piece laryngoscope with a non-removable handle and a fixed spatula is used. For adolescents and adults, laryngoscopes with a removable handle and a retractable spatula plate are used.

Contraindications severe stenotic breathing, cardiovascular insufficiency, epilepsy with a low threshold of convulsive readiness, lesions of the cervical vertebrae that do not allow the head to be thrown back, and aortic aneurysm. Temporary or relative contraindications include acute inflammatory diseases of the mucous membrane of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, bleeding from the pharynx and larynx.

In young children, direct laryngoscopy is performed without anesthesia; in young children - under anesthesia; older people - either under general anesthesia or under local anesthesia with appropriate premedication, as in adults. For local anesthesia, various topical anesthetics can be used in combination with sedatives and anticonvulsants. To reduce general sensitivity, muscle tension and salivation, the subject is given one tablet 1 hour before the procedure phenobarbital(0.1 g) and one tablet sibazon(0.005 g). 0.5-1.0 ml of 1% solution is injected subcutaneously over 30-40 minutes promedola and 0.5-1 ml of 0.1% solution atropine sulfate. 10-15 minutes before the procedure, topical anesthesia is performed (2 ml of a 2% solution dicaine). 30 minutes before the specified premedication, in order to avoid anaphylactic shock, intramuscular injection of 1-5 ml of a 1% solution is recommended diphenhydramine or 1-2 ml of 2.5% solution diprazine(pipolfen).

The position of the subject can be different and is determined mainly by the condition of the patient. The study can be carried out in a sitting position, lying on your back, less often in a position on your side or stomach.

The direct laryngoscopy procedure consists of three stages (Fig. 4).

Rice. 4. Stages of direct laryngoscopy: a - first stage; b - second stage; c - third stage; The circles show the endoscopic picture corresponding to each stage; arrows indicate the directions of pressure on the laryngeal tissue of the corresponding parts of the laryngoscope

First stage(a) can be carried out in three ways: 1) with the tongue protruding, which is held with a gauze napkin; 2) with the normal position of the tongue in the oral cavity; 3) when inserting a spatula from the corner of the mouth. With all options, the upper lip is pushed upward and the patient's head is tilted slightly back. The first stage is completed by pressing the root of the tongue down and passing the spatula to the edge of the epiglottis.

On second stage(b) the end of the spatula is slightly raised, placed over the edge of the epiglottis and advanced 1 cm; after this, the end of the spatula is lowered down, covering the epiglottis. During this movement, the spatula puts pressure on the upper incisors (this pressure should not be excessive; if you have removable dentures, they are removed first). The correct insertion of the spatula is confirmed by the appearance of the vocal folds in the field of view.

Before third stage(c) the patient’s head is tilted back even more. The tongue, if held, is released. The examiner increases the pressure of the spatula on the root of the tongue and the epiglottis (see the direction of the arrows) and, adhering to the median plane, places the spatula vertically (if the subject is sitting) or according to the longitudinal axis of the larynx (if the subject is lying down). In both cases, the end of the spatula is directed to the middle part of the respiratory gap. In this case, the posterior wall of the larynx comes into view first, then the vestibular and vocal folds, and the ventricles of the larynx. For a better view of the anterior parts of the larynx, the root of the tongue should be slightly pressed downwards.

Special types of direct laryngoscopy include supporting And hanging laryngoscopy(Fig. 5).

Rice. 5. Devices for supporting (a) direct laryngoscopy; b - schematic representation of direct suspension laryngoscopy

Modern laryngoscopes for suspension and support laryngoscopy are complex complexes that include spatulas of various sizes and sets of various surgical instruments specially adapted for endolaryngeal micromanipulation. These complexes are equipped with devices for injection ventilation of the lungs, anesthesia and video equipment that allows surgical interventions to be performed using an operating microscope and a video monitor.

For visual examination of the larynx, the method is widely used microlaryngoscopy, allowing you to enlarge the internal structures of the larynx. More convenient for examining hard-to-reach areas are fiber-optic devices, which are used, in particular, for functional disorders of the larynx.

Indications Microlaryngoscopy includes: doubt in the diagnosis of precancerous formations and the need for a biopsy, as well as the need for surgical elimination of defects that impair vocal function. Contraindications the same as with conventional direct laryngoscopy.

The use of microlaryngoscopy requires endotracheal anesthesia using a small caliber intubation catheter. Jet ventilation of the lungs is indicated only in particularly cramped anatomical conditions.

X-ray examination of the larynx

Due to the fact that the larynx is a hollow organ, there is no need for contrast during X-ray examination, but in some cases this method is used by spraying a radiopaque substance.

At overview And tomographic radiography is used direct And lateral projections. With a direct projection, the overlap of the spine on the cartilages of the larynx almost completely obscures them, therefore, in this projection, X-ray tomography is used, which removes the shadow of the spine beyond the image plane, keeping only the radiopaque elements of the larynx in focus (Fig. 6).

Rice. 6. X-ray tomographic image of the larynx in a direct projection (a) and a diagram of identifying elements (b): 1 - epiglottis; 2 - folds of the vestibule; 3 - vocal folds; 4 - pyriform sinuses

Using a tomographic examination, clear radiographs of frontal sections of the larynx are obtained, and it becomes possible to identify space-occupying formations in it. With functional radiography (during deep inspiration and phonation), the symmetry of her motor function is assessed.

When analyzing the results of an X-ray examination of the larynx, one should take into account the patient’s age and the degree of calcification of its cartilage, islands of which can appear from 18-2 years of age. The thyroid cartilage is most susceptible to this process.

As already noted, in some cases they resort to contrast radiography using aerosol spraying of a radiopaque substance (Fig. 7).

Rice. 7. X-ray of the larynx using a radiopaque substance by spraying: a - X-ray in a lateral projection and a schematic representation of its identifying features (b): 1 - oropharynx; 2 - laryngopharynx; 3 - supraglottic space; 4 - sub-fold space; 5 - interfold space; 6 - trachea; 7 — contours of the larynx, visualized by aerosol spraying of a contrast agent; c - X-ray of the larynx with spraying in a direct projection

Methods for functional research of the larynx

Voice function test begins already during a conversation with the patient when assessing the timbre of the voice and sound paraphenomena that arise when respiratory and vocal functions are impaired. Aphonia or dysphonia, stridorous or noisy breathing, distorted voice timbre and other phenomena may indicate the nature of the pathological process.

At volumetric processes In the larynx, the voice is compressed, muffled, its individual timbre is lost, and the conversation is often interrupted by a slow, deep breath. At “fresh” constrictor paralysis glottis, the voice loses sonority, a large amount of air is spent through the gaping glottis to pronounce a word, so the patient does not have enough air in the lungs to pronounce a whole phrase, which is why his speech is interrupted by frequent breaths, the phrase is fragmented into individual words and during a conversation hyperventilation occurs with respiratory pauses.

With chronic dysfunction of the vocal folds, when compensation of the vocal function occurs due to the folds of the vestibule, the voice becomes rough, low, hoarse. If there is a polyp, fibroma or papilloma on the vocal fold, the voice becomes as if cracked, rattling with admixtures of additional sounds resulting from vibration of the formation located on the vocal fold. Laryngeal stenosis is recognized by a stridor sound that occurs during inspiration.

Study of the vocal function of the larynx

Vibrometry- one of the most effective methods for studying the vocal function of the larynx. For this they use accelerometers, in particular the so-called maximum accelerometer, measuring the moment a vibrating body reaches a given sound frequency or maximum acceleration in the range of phonated frequencies, that is, vibration parameters. The state and dynamics of these parameters are assessed both normally and in various pathological conditions.

Rheography of the larynx (glotography)

The method is based on recording changes in ohmic resistance to electric current that occur when the vocal folds approach and diverge, as well as when their volume changes during phonation. Changes in resistance to electric current occur synchronously with the phonatory vibration of the vocal folds and are recorded in the form of oscillations (rheogram) using a special electrical device - a rheograph. The shape of the rheolaringogram reflects the state of the motor function of the vocal folds. During quiet breathing (without phonation), the rheogram appears as a straight line, slightly undulating in time with the respiratory excursions of the vocal folds. During phonation, oscillations arise that are close in shape to a sinusoid, the amplitude of which correlates with the volume of the sound emitted, and the frequency is equal to the frequency of this sound. Normally, the glotgram parameters are characterized by high regularity (constancy). In case of disturbances in motor (phonatory) function, these disturbances are displayed on recordings in the form of characteristic changes characteristic of organic and functional disorders. Often glotography is carried out simultaneously with registration phonograms. This type of research is called phonoglotography.

Stroboscopy of the larynx

Laryngeal stroboscopy is one of the most important methods of functional research, allowing visualization of the movements of the vocal folds at different frequencies of the stroboscopic effect. This allows you to visualize the movements of the vocal folds during phonation at a slow pace or even “stop” them in a certain state of spreading or collapsing.

Stroboscopy of the larynx is performed using special devices called strobe lights(from Greek strobos- whirling, erratic movement and skopo- I'm watching). Modern stroboscopes are divided into mechanical or optical-mechanical, electronic and oscillographic. In medical practice, video stroboscopic installations with wide multifunctional capabilities have become widespread (Fig. 8).

Rice. 8. Block diagram of a video stroboscopic installation (model 4914; Brühl and Kjær): 1 - video camera with a rigid endoscope; 2 — software electronic stroboscopic control unit; 3 — video monitor; M - socket for connecting a microphone; P - socket for connecting the strobe control pedal; IT - indicator board

In pathological conditions of the vocal apparatus, various stroboscopic patterns can be observed. When assessing these pictures, it is necessary to take into account visually the level of position of the vocal folds, the synchronicity and symmetry (mirroring) of their vibrations, the nature of their closure and auscultation the timbre color of the voice. Modern video stroboscopes make it possible to simultaneously record in dynamics the stroboscopic picture of the larynx, the amplitude-frequency characteristics of the phonated sound, the phonogram of the voice, and then perform a correlation analysis between the recorded parameters and the video stroboscopic image. In Fig. 9, a photograph of a stroboscopic picture of the larynx is shown.

Rice. 9. Videolaryngostroboscopic images of the vocal folds during normal phonation (according to D. M. Tomassin, 2002): a - phase of closure of the vocal folds: b - phase of opening of the vocal folds

Otorhinolaryngology. IN AND. Babiyak, M.I. Govorun, Ya.A. Nakatis, A.N. Pashchinin

What is the name of an “ear, nose and throat” doctor? This question is very often asked by patients who have problems with the mentioned organs. After all, such a phrase is an unofficial name for a doctor. In this regard, in this article we will give a comprehensive answer to the question of who is an “ear, nose, throat” doctor. Among other things, from the presented article you will learn what diseases this doctor treats, when you need to contact him, etc.

general information

“Ear, nose, throat” doctor - what is this specialist called? In official medicine, such a doctor is called an otolaryngologist. As you know, patients come to him with complaints of ENT diseases. The work of such a doctor is related to the organs of smell and hearing, as well as the throat, neck and head.

Why is a doctor needed?

An otolaryngologist is a specialist who diagnoses and then treats various diseases associated with the ENT organs. It is not for nothing that such a doctor is available in almost every clinic. After all, the health of the ears, nose and throat is of particular importance. It is these organs that create the crossroads of the digestive and respiratory tracts, which react earlier than others to the effects of foreign agents, allergens, bacteria and pathogenic viruses.

Features of diseases of the ENT organs

“Ear, nose, throat” doctor - what is such a doctor called? If you urgently need this specialist, then in the hospital you should look for an office with a sign “otolaryngologist”. It should be especially noted that all inflammatory processes, which become the causes of diseases of the ENT organs, can occur in both young children and adults. Typically, such deviations indicate problems with the immune system. If it is lowered, then various viruses begin to freely enter the human body, which primarily affect the throat, nose and ears. If treatment of these organs is not started immediately, pathogenic microorganisms will spread throughout the body, leading to irreversible consequences.

What does an ear, nose and throat doctor do?

We found out what such a specialist is called. Now I would like to talk about what an otolaryngologist does when a patient comes to him.

• Based on examination and tests, he makes a diagnosis and then prescribes the necessary treatment to the patient.
• Performs operations for abnormalities such as abscess and hematoma in the ear or nose. In addition, the otolaryngologist performs punctures of the maxillary sinus, opening of tumors, washing, removal of hematomas and polyps.
• He deals with tonsillectomy and adenotomy, that is, he performs throat operations.
• Performs operations on the middle ear.
• Performs also on the nose (to correct the position of the septum).
• Performs hearing-improving procedures.

What does an otolaryngologist treat?

Not everyone knows what diseases such a specialist treats. If you are planning an appointment with this doctor, you should definitely find out whether you really need an otolaryngologist.

So, the competence of this doctor is the process of treating various diseases of the ear, nose, larynx, and pharynx. In addition, you can contact him with the following deviations:

When should you see a doctor?

In modern clinics there are two specialists in this area: a pediatric otolaryngologist and an adult otolaryngologist. They both treat ENT organs, but their approach to patients is completely different. After all, infants and older children require special attention from a doctor.

So when is it necessary to contact an otolaryngologist? You should go to such a specialist if you or your child exhibit at least one of the following signs:

• Mild tingling in one ear, noticeable hearing loss, or waxy discharge.
• Pain, inflamed tonsils, discharge of pus, problems with the thyroid gland or larynx.
• Difficulty in nasal breathing, frequent dizziness, severe snoring, sleep disorders, constant and disturbances in the growth of the facial skeleton.

What tests should be taken to see an otolaryngologist?

If you are planning an appointment with an ENT doctor, it is recommended to take the following tests in advance:

• Smears and cultures. They are taken from the nasopharynx, pharynx and nose to identify meningococci, staphylococci and streptococci.
• Taking material from the tonsils, maxillary sinuses and

If these tests are not enough to make a diagnosis, your doctor may prescribe another examination.

used by an otolaryngologist

To quickly make a diagnosis and prescribe effective treatment, each doctor uses his own methods. As for the otolaryngologist, he applies the following:

• Endoscopic methods. They are considered the most accurate among all existing ones. They allow you to quickly identify the existing disease and its causative agent. To make a diagnosis, specialists take tissue for further examination.
• Computed tomography is a unique method that makes it possible to obtain a “layered” image of organs and their tissues.
• Magnetic resonance examination. This diagnostic method is carried out by exposing the human body to electromagnetic waves.
• Ultrasonography. Used for tissue diagnostics using ultrasonic waves. The positive side of this method is that it does not have a harmful effect on the human body.
• Rhinoscopy and audiometry.

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