The history of the reign of princes in Russia in order. All the kings of Russia in order (with portraits): complete list

23.04.2017 09:10

Rurik (862-879)

Rurik Novgorod prince, nicknamed Varangian, as he was called to reign by the Novgorodians from across the Varangian Sea. Rurik is the founder of the Rurik dynasty. He was married to a woman named Efanda, with whom he had a son named Igor. He also raised Askold's daughter and stepson. After his two brothers died, he became the sole ruler of the country. He gave all the surrounding villages and towns to the management of his entourage, where they had the right to independently administer the court. Around this time, Askold and Dir, two brothers who were not in any way related to Rurik by family ties, occupied the city of Kiev and began to rule over the glades.

Oleg (879 - 912)

Kiev prince, nicknamed the Prophet. As a relative of Prince Rurik, he was the guardian of his son Igor. According to legend, he died, stung in the leg by a snake. Prince Oleg became famous for his intelligence and military prowess. With a huge army at that time, the prince went along the Dnieper. On the way, he conquered Smolensk, then Lyubech, and then took Kiev, making it the capital. Askold and Dir were killed, and Oleg showed Rurik's little son Igor as their prince to the glades. He went on a military campaign to Greece and, with a brilliant victory, provided the Russians with preferential rights to free trade in Constantinople.

Igor (912 - 945)

Following the example of Prince Oleg, Igor Rurikovich conquered all neighboring tribes and forced them to pay tribute, successfully repelled the raids of the Pechenegs and also undertook a campaign in Greece, which, however, was not as successful as the campaign of Prince Oleg. As a result, Igor was killed by the neighboring conquered tribes of the Drevlyans for his irrepressible greed in extortions.

Olga (945 - 957)

Olga was the wife of Prince Igor. She, according to the customs of that time, very cruelly avenged the Drevlyans for the murder of her husband, and also conquered the main city of the Drevlyans - Korosten. Olga was distinguished by very good leadership skills, as well as a brilliant, sharp mind. Already at the end of her life, in Constantinople she adopted Christianity, for which she was subsequently canonized and named Equal to the Apostles.

Svyatoslav Igorevich (after 964 - spring 972)

The son of Prince Igor and Princess Olga, who, after the death of her husband, took the reins into her own hands, while her son was growing up, learning the wisdom of the art of war. He succeeded in defeating the army of the Bulgarian king in 967, which greatly alarmed the emperor of Byzantium John, who, in collusion with the Pechenegs, persuaded them to attack Kiev. In 970, together with the Bulgarians and Hungarians, after the death of Princess Olga, Svyatoslav went on a campaign against Byzantium. The forces were not equal, and Svyatoslav was forced to sign a peace treaty with the empire. After his return to Kiev, he was brutally killed by the Pechenegs, and then Svyatoslav's skull was decorated with gold and made from it a bowl for pies.

Yaropolk Svyatoslavovich (972 - 978 or 980)

After the death of his father, Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich, he made an attempt to unite Russia under his rule, defeating his brothers: Oleg Drevlyansky and Vladimir Novgorodsky, forcing them to leave the country, and then annexed their lands to the Kiev principality. He managed to conclude a new treaty with the Byzantine Empire, and also to attract to his service the horde of the Pechenezh Khan Ildeya. He tried to establish diplomatic relations with Rome. Under him, as the Joachim manuscript testifies, Christians were given a lot of freedom in Russia, which caused the displeasure of the pagans. Vladimir Novgorodsky immediately took advantage of this displeasure and, having agreed with the Varangians, again seized Novgorod for himself, then Polotsk, and then besieged Kiev. Yaropolk was forced to flee to Roden. He tried to make peace with his brother, for which he went to Kiev, where he was the Varangians. The chronicles characterize this prince as a peace-loving and meek ruler.

Vladimir Svyatoslavovich (978 or 980 - 1015)

Vladimir Svyatoslavovich Vladimir was the youngest son of Prince Svyatoslav. He was a Novgorod prince from 968. He became the prince of Kiev in 980. He was distinguished by a very warlike disposition, which allowed him to conquer the Radimichi, Vyatichi and Yatvingians. Vladimir also fought wars with the Pechenegs, with the Volga Bulgaria, with the Byzantine Empire and Poland. It was during the reign of Prince Vladimir in Russia that defensive structures were built on the borders of the rivers: Desna, Trubezh, Sturgeon, Sula and others. Vladimir also did not forget about his capital city. It was under him that Kiev was rebuilt with stone buildings. But Vladimir Svyatoslavovich became famous and remained in history thanks to the fact that in 988 - 989. made Christianity the state religion of Kievan Rus, which immediately strengthened the country's authority in the international arena. Under him, the state of Kievan Rus entered the period of its greatest prosperity. Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavovich became an epic character, in which he is referred to as "Vladimir the Red Sun". Canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church, named Equal to the Apostles Prince.

Svyatopolk Vladimirovich (1015 - 1019)

Vladimir Svyatoslavovich, during his lifetime, divided his lands between his sons: Svyatopolk, Izyaslav, Yaroslav, Mstislav, Svyatoslav, Boris and Gleb. After Prince Vladimir died, Svyatopolk Vladimirovich occupied Kiev and decided to get rid of his rival brothers. He gave the order to kill Gleb, Boris and Svyatoslav. However, this did not help him establish himself on the throne. Soon he was expelled from Kiev by Prince Yaroslav of Novgorod. Then Svyatopolk turned to his father-in-law - the King of Poland Boleslav for help. With the support of the Polish king, Svyatopolk again seized Kiev, but soon circumstances developed in such a way that he was again forced to flee the capital. On the way, Prince Svyatopolk committed suicide. This prince was popularly nicknamed the Damned because he took the life of his brothers.

Yaroslav Vladimirovich the Wise (1019 - 1054)

After the death of Mstislav Tmutarakan and after the expulsion of the Holy Regiment, Yaroslav Vladimirovich became the sole ruler of the Russian land. Yaroslav was distinguished by a sharp mind, for which, in fact, he received his nickname - Wise. He tried to take care of the needs of his people, built the cities of Yaroslavl and Yuryev. He also built churches (of St. Sophia in Kiev and Novgorod), realizing the importance of spreading and strengthening the new faith. It was Yaroslav the Wise who published the first set of laws in Russia called "Russian Truth". He divided the allotments of the Russian land between his sons: Izyaslav, Svyatoslav, Vsevolod, Igor and Vyacheslav, bequeathing them to live among themselves in peace.

Izyaslav Yaroslavich the First (1054 - 1078)

Izyaslav was the eldest son of Yaroslav the Wise. After the death of his father, the throne of Kievan Rus passed to him. But after his campaign against the Polovtsy, which ended in failure, the Kievites themselves drove him out. Then his brother Svyatoslav became the Grand Duke. Only after the death of Svyatoslav, Izyaslav returned to the capital city of Kiev. Vsevolod the First (1078 - 1093) Perhaps Prince Vsevolod could well have been a useful ruler, thanks to his peaceful disposition, piety and truthfulness. An educated man himself, knowing five languages, he actively contributed to enlightenment in his principality. But alas. Constant, incessant raids of the Polovtsians, pestilence, famine did not favor the rule of this prince. He remained on the throne thanks to the efforts of his son Vladimir, who would later be called Monomakh.

Svyatopolk II (1093 - 1113)

Svyatopolk was the son of Izyaslav the First. It was he who inherited the Kiev throne after Vsevolod the First. This prince was distinguished by a rare spinelessness, which is why he did not manage to calm the internecine friction between the princes for power in the cities. In 1097, a congress of princes was held in the city of Lubich, at which each ruler, kissing the cross, pledged to own only his father's land. But this shaky peace treaty was not allowed to come true. Prince Davyd Igorevich blinded Prince Vasilko. Then the princes, at a new congress (1100), deprived Prince Davyd of the right to own Volyn. Then, in 1103, the princes unanimously accepted Vladimir Monomakh's proposal for a joint campaign against the Polovtsians, which was done. The campaign ended with a Russian victory in 1111.

Vladimir Monomakh (1113 - 1125)

Regardless of the right of seniority of the Svyatoslavichs, when Prince Svyatopolk II died, Vladimir Monomakh was elected Prince of Kiev, wishing to unite the Russian land. Grand Duke Vladimir Monomakh was brave, indefatigable and distinguished himself favorably from the rest by his remarkable mental abilities. He managed to humble the princes with meekness, and he fought successfully with the Polovtsi. Vladimir Monoma is a vivid example of the prince's service not to his personal ambitions, but to his people, which he bequeathed to his children.

Mstislav the First (1125 - 1132)

The son of Vladimir Monomakh, Mstislav the First, was very much like his legendary father, demonstrating the same wonderful qualities of a ruler. All the rebellious princes showed him respect, fearing to anger the Grand Duke and share the fate of the Polovtsian princes, whom Mstislav expelled to Greece for disobedience, and in their place he sent his son to reign.

Yaropolk (1132 - 1139)

Yaropolk was the son of Vladimir Monomakh and, accordingly, the brother of Mstislav the First. During his reign, the idea came to him to transfer the throne not to his brother Vyacheslav, but to his nephew, which caused confusion in the country. It was because of these strife that the Monomakhs lost the Kiev throne, which was occupied by the descendants of Oleg Svyatoslavovich, that is, the Olegovichs.

Vsevolod II (1139 - 1146)

Having become the Grand Duke, Vsevolod II wanted to secure the throne of Kiev for his family. For this reason, he handed over the throne to Igor Olegovich, his brother. But Igor was not accepted by the people as a prince. He was forced to take monastic vows, but even the monastic attire did not protect him from the wrath of the people. Igor was killed.

Izyaslav II (1146 - 1154)

Izyaslav II fell in love with the people of Kiev to a greater extent because with his intelligence, disposition, friendliness and courage he reminded them very much of Vladimir Monomakh, the grandfather of Izyaslav II. After Izyaslav ascended the Kiev throne, the concept of seniority, adopted for centuries, was violated in Russia, that is, for example, while his uncle was alive, his nephew could not be a grand duke. A stubborn struggle began between Izyaslav II and Prince of Rostov Yuri Vladimirovich. Izyaslav was twice driven from Kiev in his life, but this prince still managed to retain the throne until his death.

Yuri Dolgoruky (1154 - 1157)

It was the death of Izyaslav II that paved the way to the throne of Kiev Yuri, whom the people later called Dolgoruky. Yuri became the Grand Duke, but he did not have a chance to reign for long, only three years, after which he died.

Mstislav II (1157 - 1169)

After the death of Yuri Dolgoruky between the princes, as usual, internecine strife for the Kiev throne began, as a result of which Mstislav II Izyaslavovich became the Grand Duke. Prince Andrei Yurievich, nicknamed Bogolyubsky, expelled Mstislav from the Kiev throne. Before the expulsion of Prince Mstislav, Bogolyubsky literally ravaged Kiev.

Andrey Bogolyubsky (1169 - 1174)

The first thing that Andrei Bogolyubsky did when he became the Grand Duke was to move the capital from Kiev to Vladimir. He ruled Russia autocraticly, without squads and veche, pursued all those who were dissatisfied with this state of affairs, but, in the end, he was killed by them as a result of a conspiracy.

Vsevolod the Third (1176 - 1212)

The death of Andrei Bogolyubsky caused strife between the ancient cities (Suzdal, Rostov) and the new ones (Pereslavl, Vladimir). As a result of these confrontations, the brother of Andrei Bogolyubsky, Vsevolod the Third, nicknamed the Big Nest, began to reign in Vladimir. Despite the fact that this prince did not rule and did not live in Kiev, nevertheless, he was called the Grand Duke and was the first to make him swear allegiance not only to himself, but also to his children.

Constantine the First (1212 - 1219)

The title of Grand Duke Vsevolod the Third, contrary to expectations, transferred not to his eldest son Konstantin, but to Yuri, as a result of which strife arose. The father's decision to approve Yuri as Grand Duke was also supported by the third son of Vsevolod the Big Nest - Yaroslav. And Constantine in his claim to the throne was supported by Mstislav Udaloy. Together they won the Battle of Lipetsk (1216) and Constantine nevertheless became the Grand Duke. Only after his death, the throne passed to Yuri.

Yuri II (1219 - 1238)

Yuri fought successfully with the Volga Bulgarians and Mordovians. On the Volga, on the very border of Russian possessions, Prince Yuri built Nizhny Novgorod. It was during his reign in Russia that the Mongol-Tatars appeared, who in 1224, in the battle of Kalka, defeated the Polovtsians, and then the troops of the Russian princes, who came to support the Polovtsians. After this battle, the Mongols left, but thirteen years later they returned under the leadership of Khan Batu. Hordes of Mongols devastated the Suzdal and Ryazan princedoms, and also, in the battle of the City, defeated the army and the Grand Duke Yuri II. In this battle, Yuri died. Two years after his death, hordes of Mongols plundered the south of Russia and Kiev, after which all Russian princes were forced to admit that from now on they all and their lands were under the rule of the Tatar yoke. The Mongols on the Volga made the city of Sarai the capital of the horde.

Yaroslav II (1238 - 1252)

The Khan of the Golden Horde appointed the Grand Duke of Novgorod Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich. During his reign, this prince was engaged in restoring Russia, devastated by the Mongol army.

Alexander Nevsky (1252 - 1263)

At first, being a Novgorod prince, Alexander Yaroslavovich in 1240 defeated the Swedes on the Neva River, for which, in fact, he was named Nevsky. Then, two years later, he defeated the Germans in the famous Battle of the Ice. Among other things, Alexander very successfully fought against Chud and Lithuania. From the Horde, he received a label for the Great Reign and became a great intercessor for the entire Russian people, as he traveled to the Golden Horde four times with rich gifts and bows. Alexander Nevsky was subsequently canonized.

Yaroslav the Third (1264 - 1272)

After Alexander Nevsky died, his two brothers began to fight for the title of Grand Duke: Vasily and Yaroslav, but the khan of the Golden Horde decided to give the label to Yaroslav to reign. Nevertheless, Yaroslav did not manage to get along with the Novgorodians, he treacherously called on even the Tatars to his own people. The metropolitan reconciled Prince Yaroslav the Third with the people, after which the prince again swore an oath on the cross to rule honestly and justly.

Basil the First (1272 - 1276)

Vasily the First was a Kostroma prince, but he claimed the throne of Novgorod, where the son of Alexander Nevsky, Dmitry, reigned. And soon Basil the First achieved his goal, thereby strengthening his principality, previously weakened by division into inheritances.

Dmitry the First (1276 - 1294)

The entire reign of Dmitry the First proceeded in a continuous struggle for the rights of the Grand Duke with his brother Andrei Alexandrovich. Andrei Alexandrovich was supported by the Tatar regiments, from which Dmitry managed to escape three times. After his third escape, Dmitry nevertheless decided to ask Andrey for peace and, thus, received the right to the Pereslavl reign.

Andrew the Second (1294 - 1304)

Andrew II pursued a policy of expanding his principality through the armed seizure of other principalities. In particular, he claimed a principality in Pereslavl, which caused feuds with Tver and Moscow, which, even after the death of Andrei II, were not stopped.

Saint Michael (1304 - 1319)

Prince Mikhail Yaroslavovich of Tver, having paid a large tribute to the khan, received a label from the Horde for a grand duke, bypassing the Moscow prince Yuri Danilovich. But then, while Mikhail was waging a war with Novgorod, Yuri, in agreement with the Horde's ambassador to Kavgadye, slandered Mikhail in front of the khan. As a result, the khan summoned Mikhail to the Horde, where he was brutally killed.

Yuri the Third (1320 - 1326)

Yuri the Third, married the daughter of Khan Konchak, who took the name Agafya in Orthodoxy. It was in her premature death that Yuri cunningly accused Mikhail Yaroslavovich of Tverskoy, for which he suffered an unfair and cruel death at the hands of the Horde Khan. So Yuri received a label for reign, but the son of the murdered Mikhail, Dmitry, also claimed the throne. As a result, Dmitry killed Yuri at the first meeting, avenging his father's death.

Dmitry the Second (1326)

For the murder of Yuri III, he was sentenced to death by the Horde Khan for arbitrariness.

Alexander Tverskoy (1326 - 1338)

The brother of Dmitry II - Alexander - received a label from the khan to the throne of the Grand Duke. Prince Alexander of Tverskoy was distinguished by justice and kindness, but he literally ruined himself by allowing the Tver people to kill Shchelkan, the hated Khan ambassador. The Khan sent an army of 50,000 against Alexander. The prince was forced to flee, first to Pskov, and then to Lithuania. Only 10 years later, Alexander received the khan's forgiveness and was able to return, but, at the same time, he did not get along with the prince of Moscow - Ivan Kalita - after which Kalita slandered Alexander of Tversky in front of the khan. The Khan urgently summoned A. Tverskoy to his Horde, where he was executed.

John the First Kalita (1320 - 1341)

Ioann Danilovich, nicknamed "Kalita" (Kalita - purse) for his stinginess, was very careful and cunning. With the support of the Tatars, he devastated the Tver principality. It was he who took upon himself the responsibility to accept tribute for the Tatars from all over Russia, which also contributed to his personal enrichment. With this money, John bought up entire cities from the appanage princes. Through the efforts of Kalita, the metropolitanate was also transferred from Vladimir to Moscow in 1326. He founded the Assumption Cathedral in Moscow. Since the time of John Kalita, Moscow has become the permanent residence of the Metropolitan of All Russia and becomes the Russian center.

Simeon the Proud (1341 - 1353)

The khan gave Simeon Ioannovich not only a label for the Grand Duke, but also ordered all the other princes to obey only him, so Simeon began to be called the prince of all Russia. The prince died without leaving an heir from a pestilence.

John the Second (1353 - 1359)

Brother of Simeon the Proud. He had a meek and peaceful disposition, he obeyed the advice of Metropolitan Alexei in all matters, and Metropolitan Alexei, in turn, was highly respected in the Horde. During the reign of this prince, relations between the Tatars and Moscow improved significantly.

Dmitry the Third Donskoy (1363 - 1389)

After the death of John the Second, his son Dmitry was still small, therefore the khan gave the label to the grand duke to the Suzdal prince Dmitry Konstantinovich (1359 - 1363). However, the Moscow boyars benefited from the policy of strengthening the Moscow prince, and they managed to achieve the grand duke for Dmitry Ioannovich. The Suzdal prince was forced to submit and, together with the rest of the princes of north-eastern Russia, swore allegiance to Dmitry Ioannovich. The relationship between Russia and the Tatars also changed. Due to civil strife in the horde itself, Dmitry and the other princes took the opportunity not to pay the already familiar quitrent. Then Khan Mamai entered into an alliance with the Lithuanian prince Jagell and marched with a large army to Russia. Dmitry with other princes met the army of Mamai on the Kulikovo field (near the Don river) and at the cost of huge losses on September 8, 1380, Russia won a victory over the army of Mamai and Yagell. For this victory, they called Dmitry Ioannovich Donskoy. Until the end of his life, he cared about strengthening Moscow.

Basil the First (1389 - 1425)

Vasily ascended the princely throne, already having experience in government, since even during his father's life he shared the reign with him. Expanded the Moscow principality. Refused to pay tribute to the Tatars. In 1395, Khan Timur threatened Russia with an invasion, but it was not he who attacked Moscow, but Edigei, the Tatar murza (1408). But he lifted the siege from Moscow, having received a ransom in the amount of 3,000 rubles. Under Vasily the First, the Ugra River was designated as the border with the Lithuanian principality.

Vasily the Second (Dark) (1425 - 1462)

Vasily II the Dark Yuri Dmitrievich Galitsky decided to take advantage of Prince Vasily's minority and claimed his rights to the Grand Duke's throne, but the khan decided the dispute in favor of the young Vasily II, which was greatly facilitated by the Moscow boyar Vasily Vsevolozhsky, hoping in the future to marry his daughter to Vasily, but these expectations did not was destined to come true. Then he left Moscow and assisted Yuri Dmitrievich, and soon he seized the throne, on which he died in 1434. His son Vasily Kosoy began to claim the throne, but all the princes of Russia rebelled against this. Vasily II captured Vasily the Kosoy and blinded him. Then the brother of Vasily the Kosoy Dmitry Shemyak captured Vasily II and also blinded him, after which he took the throne of Moscow. But soon he was forced to give the throne to Basil II. Under Vasily the Second, all the metropolitans in Russia began to be recruited from Russians, and not from Greeks, as before. The reason for this was the adoption of the Florentine union in 1439 by Metropolitan Isidore, who was from the Greeks. For this, Vasily II gave the order to take Metropolitan Isidor into custody and instead appointed Bishop John of Ryazan.

John the Third (1462 -1505)

Under him, the nucleus of the state apparatus began to form and, as a result, the state of Rus. He annexed Yaroslavl, Perm, Vyatka, Tver, Novgorod to the Moscow principality. In 1480, he overthrew the Tatar-Mongol yoke (Standing on the Ugra). In 1497, the "Code of Laws" was drawn up. John the Third launched a large building in Moscow, strengthened the international position of Russia. It was under him that the title "Prince of All Russia" was born.

Basil the Third (1505 - 1533)

"The last collector of the Russian lands" Vasily the Third was the son of John III and Sophia Palaeologus. He was distinguished by a very impregnable and proud disposition. Having annexed Pskov, he destroyed the specific system. He fought with Lithuania twice on the advice of Mikhail Glinsky, a Lithuanian nobleman, whom he kept in his service. In 1514 he finally took Smolensk from the Lithuanians. He fought with the Crimea and Kazan. As a result, he managed to punish Kazan. He recalled all trade from the city, ordering from now on to trade at the Makariev Fair, which was then transferred to Nizhny Novgorod. Vasily the Third, wishing to marry Elena Glinskaya, divorced his wife Solomonia, which further turned the boyars against himself. From a marriage with Elena, Basil the Third had a son, John.

Elena Glinskaya (1533 - 1538)

Was appointed to rule by Basil III himself until the age of their son John. Elena Glinskaya, having barely ascended the throne, dealt very harshly with all the rebellious and disgruntled boyars, after which she made peace with Lithuania. Then she decided to repulse the Crimean Tatars, who boldly attacked the Russian lands, however, these plans of hers were not given to be realized, since Elena died suddenly.

John the Fourth (the Terrible) (1538 - 1584)

John the Fourth, Prince of All Russia, became the first Russian tsar in 1547. Since the late forties, he ruled the country with the participation of the Chosen Rada. During his reign, the convocation of all Zemsky Councils began. In 1550, a new Code of Law was drawn up, as well as reforms of the court and administration (Zemskaya and Gubnaya reforms). John Vasilievich conquered the Kazan Khanate in 1552, and the Astrakhan Khanate in 1556. In 1565, the oprichnina was introduced to strengthen the autocracy. Under John the Fourth, trade relations with England were established in 1553, and the first printing house in Moscow was opened. From 1558 to 1583 the Livonian War continued for access to the Baltic Sea. In 1581, the annexation of Siberia began. The entire internal policy of the country under Tsar John was accompanied by disgrace and executions, for which he was popularly called the Terrible. The enslavement of the peasants increased significantly.

Fyodor Ioannovich (1584 - 1598)

He was the second son of John the Fourth. He was very sickly and weak, did not have a sharp mind. That is why very quickly the actual government of the state passed into the hands of the boyar Boris Godunov, the king's brother-in-law. Boris Godunov, having surrounded himself with exclusively devoted people, became a sovereign ruler. He built cities, strengthened relations with the countries of Western Europe, built the Arkhangelsk harbor on the White Sea. By order and instigation of Godunov, an all-Russian independent patriarchate was established, and the peasants were finally attached to the land. It was he who, in 1591, ordered the assassination of Tsarevich Dmitry, who was a brother to the childless Tsar Fedor, and was his direct heir. 6 years after this murder, Tsar Fyodor himself died.

Boris Godunov (1598 - 1605)

Boris Godunov's sister and wife of the late Tsar Fyodor abdicated the throne. Patriarch Job recommended Godunov's supporters to gather the Zemsky Sobor, at which Boris was elected tsar. Godunov, having become king, feared conspiracies on the part of the boyars and, in general, was distinguished by excessive suspicion, which naturally caused disgrace and exile. At the same time, the boyar Fyodor Nikitich Romanov was forced to take monastic vows, and he became a monk Filaret, and his young son Mikhail was sent into exile to Beloozero. But not only the boyars were angry with Boris Godunov. A three-year crop failure and the pestilence that followed it, which fell on the Muscovite kingdom, forced the people to see the fault of Tsar B. Godunov in this. The king tried as best he could to alleviate the plight of the starving. He increased the earnings of people employed in government buildings (for example, during the construction of the Ivan the Great Bell Tower), generously distributed alms, but people still murmured and willingly believed rumors that the legitimate Tsar Dmitry had not been killed at all and would soon take the throne. In the midst of preparations for the fight against False Dmitry, Boris Godunov died suddenly, while managing to bequeath the throne to his son Fedor.

False Dmitry (1605 - 1606)

The fugitive monk Grigory Otrepiev, who was supported by the Poles, declared himself Tsar Dmitry, who miraculously managed to escape from the murderers in Uglich. He entered Russia with several thousand people. An army came out to meet him, but it also went over to the side of False Dmitry, recognizing him as the legitimate king, after which Fyodor Godunov was killed. False Dmitry was a very good-natured man, but with a sharp mind, he diligently dealt with all state affairs, but caused the displeasure of the clergy and boyars, because, in their opinion, he did not respect the old Russian customs enough, and in many even neglected. Together with Vasily Shuisky, the boyars entered into a conspiracy against False Dmitry, spread a rumor that he was an impostor, and then, without hesitation, killed the fake tsar.

Vasily Shuisky (1606 - 1610)

Boyars and townspeople elected the old and inexperienced Shuisky as tsar, thus limiting his power. In Russia, rumors arose again about the salvation of False Dmitry, in connection with which new troubles began in the state, intensified by the rebellion of a servant named Ivan Bolotnikov and the appearance of False Dmitry II in Tushino ("Tushino thief"). Poland went to war against Moscow and defeated the Russian troops. After that, Tsar Basil was forcibly tonsured into a monk, and a troubled interregnum, lasting three years, came to Russia.

Mikhail Fedorovich (1613 - 1645)

The diplomas of the Trinity Lavra, sent out throughout Russia and calling for the protection of the Orthodox faith and the fatherland, did their job: Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, with the participation of the Zemstvo head of the Nizhny Novgorod Kozma Minin (Sukhoroky), gathered a large militia and moved to Moscow in order to cleanse the capital of rebels and Poles, which was done after painful efforts. On February 21, 1613, the Great Zemstvo Duma gathered, at which Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was elected Tsar, who, after long denials, nevertheless ascended the throne, where the first thing he did was to pacify both external and internal enemies.

He concluded the so-called pillar treaty with the Kingdom of Sweden, in 1618 he signed the Deulinsky treaty with Poland, according to which Filaret, who was the king's parent, was returned to Russia after a long captivity. Upon his return, he was immediately elevated to the rank of patriarch. Patriarch Filaret was an advisor to his son and a reliable co-ruler. Thanks to them, by the end of the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich, Russia began to enter into friendly relations with various Western states, practically recovering from the horror of the time of troubles.

Alexey Mikhailovich (Quiet) (1645 - 1676)

Alexei Mikhailovich Tsar Alexei is considered one of the best people in ancient Russia. He had a meek, humble disposition, was very pious. He could not endure quarrels at all, and if they happened, he suffered a lot and tried in every possible way to reconcile with the enemy. In the first years of his reign, his closest adviser was his uncle, boyar Morozov. In the fifties, Patriarch Nikon became his adviser, who decided to unite Russia with the rest of the Orthodox world and ordered everyone to be baptized in the Greek manner from now on - with three fingers, which caused a split among the Orthodox in Russia. (The most famous schismatics are Old Believers who do not want to deviate from the true faith and be baptized with a "fig", as ordered by the patriarch - boyarina Morozova and archpriest Avvakum).

During the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, riots broke out in different cities, which were suppressed, and the decision of Little Russia to voluntarily join the Moscow state provoked two wars with Poland. But the state held out thanks to the unity and concentration of power. After the death of his first wife, Maria Miloslavskaya, in marriage with whom the tsar had two sons (Fedor and John) and many daughters, he married again to the girl Natalya Naryshkina, who bore him a son, Peter.

Fedor Alekseevich (1676 - 1682)

During the reign of this tsar, the issue of Little Russia was finally resolved: its western part went to Turkey, and the East and Zaporozhye to Moscow. Patriarch Nikon was returned from exile. And also abolished parochialism - the ancient boyar custom to take into account the service of ancestors when occupying government and military posts. Tsar Fyodor died without leaving an heir.

Ivan Alekseevich (1682 - 1689)

Ivan Alekseevich, together with his brother Peter Alekseevich, was elected tsar thanks to the rifle revolt. But Tsarevich Alexei, suffering from dementia, did not take any part in state affairs. He died in 1689 during the reign of Princess Sophia.

Sophia (1682 - 1689)

Sophia remained in history as the ruler of an extraordinary mind and possessed all the necessary qualities of a real queen. She managed to calm the unrest of the schismatics, curb the archers, conclude "eternal peace" with Poland, very beneficial for Russia, as well as the Treaty of Nerchinsk with distant China. The princess undertook campaigns against the Crimean Tatars, but fell victim to her own lust for power. Tsarevich Peter, however, having figured out her plans, imprisoned his half-sister in the Novodevichy Convent, where Sophia died in 1704.

Peter the Great (the Great) (1682 - 1725)

The greatest tsar, and since 1721 the first Russian emperor, statesman, cultural and military leader. He made revolutionary reforms in the country: collegia, the Senate, bodies of political investigation and state control were created. He made divisions in Russia into provinces, and also subordinated the church to the state. Built a new capital - St. Petersburg. Peter's main dream was to eliminate the backwardness of Russia in development in comparison with European countries. Taking advantage of Western experience, Petr Alekseevich tirelessly created manufactories, factories, shipyards.

To facilitate trade and for access to the Baltic Sea, he won the Northern War, which lasted 21 years, from Sweden, thereby “cutting through” the “window to Europe”. He built a huge fleet for Russia. Thanks to his efforts, the Academy of Sciences was opened in Russia and the civil alphabet was adopted. All reforms were carried out by the most brutal methods and caused numerous uprisings in the country (Streletskoye in 1698, Astrakhan from 1705 to 1706, Bulavinskoye from 1707 to 1709), which, however, were just as ruthlessly suppressed.

Catherine the First (1725 - 1727)

Peter the First died without leaving a will. So, the throne passed to his wife Catherine. Catherine became famous for equipping Bering on a trip around the world, and also established the Supreme Privy Council at the instigation of a friend and colleague of her late husband Peter the Great - Prince Menshikov. Thus, Menshikov concentrated virtually all state power in his hands. He persuaded Catherine the heir to the throne to appoint the son of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich, to whom his father, Peter the Great, had passed the death sentence for his aversion to reforms - Peter Alekseevich, and also to agree to his marriage with Menshikov's daughter Maria. Until the age of majority of Peter Alekseevich, Prince Menshikov was appointed the ruler of Russia.

Peter II (1727 - 1730)

Peter II did not rule for long. Having barely got rid of the imperious Menshikov, he immediately fell under the influence of the Dolgoruks, who, in every possible way distracting the emperors from state affairs with amusement, actually ruled the country. They wished to marry the emperor to Princess E. A. Dolgoruka, but Pyotr Alekseevich suddenly died of smallpox and the wedding did not take place.

Anna Ioannovna (1730 - 1740)

The Supreme Privy Council decided to somewhat limit the autocracy, so they chose Anna Ioannovna, the Dowager Duchess of Courland, daughter of Ioann Alekseevich, as Empress. But she was crowned on the Russian throne as an autocratic empress and, first of all, having entered into law, she destroyed the Supreme Privy Council. She replaced him with the Cabinet and, instead of the Russian nobles, distributed posts to the Germans Ostern and Minich, as well as to the Courland Biron. The cruel and unjust government was later called "Biron region".

Russia's interference in the internal affairs of Poland in 1733 cost the country dearly: the lands conquered by Peter the Great had to be returned to Persia. Before her death, the empress appointed her niece Anna Leopoldovna's son as her heir, and appointed Biron as regent for the baby. However, Biron was overthrown in a short time, and Anna Leopoldovna, whose reign could not be called long and glorious, became the empress. The guards staged a coup and proclaimed Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, daughter of Peter the Great.

Elizaveta Petrovna (1741 - 1761)

Elizabeth destroyed the Cabinet established by Anna Ioannovna and returned the Senate. Issued a decree abolishing the death penalty in 1744. In 1954, she founded the first borrowed banks in Russia, which was a great boon for merchants and nobles. At the request of Lomonosov, she opened the first university in Moscow and in 1756 - opened the first theater. During her reign, Russia fought two wars: with Sweden and the so-called "seven-year", in which Prussia, Austria and France took part. Thanks to the peace treaty with Sweden, part of Finland was ceded to Russia. The "Seven Years" War ended with the death of Empress Elizabeth.

Peter the Third (1761 - 1762)

He was absolutely unadapted to governing the state, but his disposition was complacent. But this young emperor managed to turn against himself absolutely all strata of Russian society, since, to the detriment of Russian interests, he showed a craving for everything German. Peter the Third, not only did he make a lot of concessions in relation to the Prussian emperor Frederick II, he also reformed the army according to the same Prussian model, dear to his heart. He issued decrees on the destruction of the secret office and the free nobility, which, however, were not distinguished by certainty. As a result of the coup, due to his relationship to the empress, he quickly signed an abdication and died soon after.

Catherine the Second (1762 - 1796)

The time of her reign was one of the greatest after the reign of Peter the Great. Empress Catherine ruled harshly, suppressed the peasant uprising of Pugachev, won two Turkish wars, which resulted in the recognition of the independence of the Crimea by Turkey, and Russia withdrew the coast of the Sea of ​​Azov. Russia acquired the Black Sea Fleet, and active construction of cities began in Novorossia. Catherine II established the collegiums of education and medicine. Cadet corps were opened, and for the training of girls - the Smolny Institute. Catherine II, herself possessing literary abilities, patronized literature.

Paul the First (1796 - 1801)

He did not support the transformations initiated by his mother, Empress Catherine, in the state system. Of the achievements of his reign, it should be noted that the life of serfs was greatly facilitated (only a three-day corvee was introduced), the opening of a university in Dorpat, as well as the emergence of new women's institutions.

Alexander the First (Blessed) (1801 - 1825)

The grandson of Catherine II, ascending the throne, vowed to rule the country "according to the law and heart" of his crowned grandmother, who, in fact, was engaged in his upbringing. At the very beginning, he undertook a number of different liberation measures aimed at different sectors of society, which aroused undoubted respect and love of people. But external political problems distracted Alexander from internal reforms. Russia in an alliance with Austria was forced to fight against Napoleon, the Russian troops were defeated at Austerlitz.

Napoleon forced Russia to abandon trade with England. As a result, in 1812 Napoleon nevertheless, having violated the treaty with Russia, went to war against the country. And in the same year, 1812, Russian troops defeated Napoleon's army. Alexander the First established a state council in 1800, ministries and a cabinet of ministers. In St. Petersburg, Kazan and Kharkov, he opened universities, as well as many institutes and gymnasiums, the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. He made the life of the peasants much easier.

Nicholas the First (1825 - 1855)

He continued the policy of improving peasant life. He founded the Institute of St. Vladimir in Kiev. Published a 45-volume complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire. Under Nicholas I in 1839, the Uniates were reunited with Orthodoxy. This reunification was the result of the suppression of the uprising in Poland and the complete destruction of the Polish constitution. A war was fought with the Turks, who oppressed Greece, as a result of the victory of Russia, Greece gained independence. After breaking off relations with Turkey, which sided with England, Sardinia and France, Russia had to join a new struggle.

The emperor died suddenly during the defense of Sevastopol. During the reign of Nicholas I, the Nikolaev and Tsarskoye Selo railways were built, the great Russian writers and poets lived and worked: Lermontov, Pushkin, Krylov, Griboyedov, Belinsky, Zhukovsky, Gogol, Karamzin.

Alexander II (Liberator) (1855 - 1881)

Alexander II had to end the Turkish war. The Paris Peace was concluded on very unfavorable terms for Russia. In 1858, according to an agreement with China, Russia acquired the Amur region, and later - Usuriisk. In 1864, the Caucasus finally became part of Russia. The most important state transformation of Alexander II was the decision to free the peasants. Killed by an assassin in 1881.

Alexander the Third (1881 - 1894)

Nicholas II - the last of the Romanovs, ruled until 1917. This ends a huge period of development of the state, when the tsars were in power.

After the October Revolution, a new political structure appeared - the republic.

Russia during and after the Soviet Union The first few years after the revolution were difficult. Among the rulers of this period, one can single out Alexander Fedorovich Kerensky.

After the legalization of the USSR as a state and until 1924, Vladimir Lenin was in charge of the country.

Nikita Khrushchev was the First Secretary of the CPSU after Stalin's death until 1964;
- Leonid Brezhnev (1964-1982);

Yuri Andropov (1982-1984);

Konstantin Chernenko, General Secretary of the CPSU (1984-1985); After Gorbachev's betrayal, the USSR was destroyed:

Mikhail Gorbachev, the first president of the USSR (1985-1991); After Yeltsin's drunkard, independent Russia was on the verge of collapse:

Boris Yeltsin, leader of independent Russia (1991-1999);

The current head of state, Vladimir Putin, has been the President of Russia since 2000 (with a break of 4 years, when the state was headed by Dmitry Medvedev) Who are they - the rulers of Russia? All the rulers of Russia, from Rurik to Putin, who have been in power for the entire more than a thousand-year history of the state, are patriots who wanted the flourishing of all the lands of the vast country. Most of the rulers were not random people in this difficult field and each made their own contribution to the development and formation of Russia.

Of course, all the rulers of Russia wanted good and prosperity for their subjects: the main forces were always directed at strengthening the borders, expanding trade, and strengthening the defenses.

1. Dates of the 9th-10th centuries, in accordance with tradition, are given by PVL, except for those cases when there is a generally accepted specification from independent sources. For Kiev princes, the exact dates within the year (time of year or month and day) are indicated if they are named in sources or when there is reason to believe that the departure of the previous prince and the arrival of a new one took place at the same time. As a rule, the annals recorded the dates when the prince sat on the throne, left it posthumously, or was defeated in an open battle with rivals (after which he never returned to Kiev). In other cases, the date was usually not given from the table and therefore cannot be accurately determined. Sometimes the opposite situation occurs, in which it is known on what day the table was left by the former prince, but it is not said when the prince-successor took it. The dates for the Vladimir princes are indicated in a similar way. For the Horde era, when the right to the Vladimir Grand Duchy was transferred according to the khan's label, the beginning of the reign indicates the date when the prince sat down at the table in Vladimir itself, and the end when he actually lost control of the city. For Moscow princes, the beginning of the reign is indicated from the date of death of the previous prince, and for the period of Moscow strife, according to the actual possession of Moscow. For Russian tsars and emperors, the beginning of reign, as a rule, is indicated from the date of death of the previous monarch. For the presidents of the Russian Federation - from the date of taking office.
2. A. A. Gorsky Russian lands in the XIII-XIV centuries: Ways of political development. M., 1996. P.46.74; Glib ivakin Historical development of Kiev XIII - the middle of the XVI century. K., 1996; BDT. Volume Russia. M., 2004. P.275, 277. The opinion often found in the literature about the transfer of the nominal capital of Russia from Kiev to Vladimir in 1169 is a widespread inaccuracy. Cm. Tolochko A.P. History of Russian Vasily Tatishchev. Sources and news. M., - Kiev, 2005.S. 411-419. A. A. Gorsky Russia from Slavic Settlement to Muscovy. M., 2004. - P.6. The rise of Vladimir as an alternative to Kiev all-Russian center began in the middle of the XII century (from the reign of Andrei Yuryevich Bogolyubsky), but became final only after the Mongol invasion, when the Grand Dukes of Vladimir Yaroslav Vsevolodovich () and Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky () were recognized in the Horde as the oldest among all Russian princes. They received Kiev, but preferred to leave Vladimir as their residence. From the beginning. XIV century the great dukes of Vladimir bore the title "All Russia"... With the approval of the Horde, the Vladimir table was received by one of the appanage princes of North-Eastern Russia, from 1363 it was occupied only by Moscow princes, from 1389 it became their hereditary possession. The territory of the united Vladimir and Moscow principality became the nucleus of the modern Russian state.
3. He began to reign in 6370 (862) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 19-20). He died in 6387 (879) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 22). According to the Laurentian list of PVL and the Novgorod I Chronicle, villages in Novgorod, according to the Ipatiev list - in Ladoga, in 864 he founded Novgorod and moved there (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 20, vol. III<НIЛ. М.;Л., 1950.>- P. 106, PSRL, vol. II, stb. fourteen). As archaeological research shows, Novgorod did not yet exist in the 9th century; mentions of it in the annals refer to the Settlement.
4. He began to reign in 6387 (879) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 22). In the PVL and the Russian-Byzantine treaty of 911 - the prince, tribesman or relative of Rurik, who ruled during Igor's youth (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 18, 22, 33, PSRL, vol. II, stb. 1). In the Novgorod I Chronicle he appears as a voivode under Igor (PSRL, vol. III, p. 107).
5. He began to reign in 6390 (882) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 23), most likely in the summer, as he was supposed to go on a campaign from Novgorod in the spring. He died in the autumn of 6420 (912) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 38-39). According to the Novgorod I Chronicle, he died in 6430 (922) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 109).
6. The beginning of the reign is marked in the chronicle 6421 (913) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 42). Either this is just a feature of the annals design, or it took him a while to sit down in Kiev. Igor is not mentioned when describing Oleg's death and funeral. According to the chronicle, he was killed by the Drevlyans in the fall of 6453 (945) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 54-55). The story of Igor's death is placed immediately after the Russian-Byzantine treaty, which was concluded in 944, so some researchers prefer this year. The month of death may have been November, since, according to Konstantin Porphyrogenitus, it was in November that polyudye began. ( Litavrin G.G. Ancient Russia, Bulgaria and Byzantium in the 9th-10th centuries // IX International Congress of Slavists. History, culture, ethnography and folklore of the Slavic peoples. M., 1983 .-- S. 68.).
7. He ruled Rus during the period of Svyatoslav's minority. In the annals (in the list of Kiev princes in article 6360 of the PVL and in the list of Kiev princes at the beginning of the Ipatiev Chronicle), she is not called the ruler (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 1, 13, 46), but appears as such in synchronous Byzantine and Western European sources. She ruled until at least 959, when her embassy to the German king Otto I is mentioned (Chronicle of the Continuer of Reginon). At Olga's request, the German bishop Adalbert was sent to Russia, but when he arrived in 961, he could not take up his duties and was expelled. Obviously, this indicates the transfer of power to Svyatoslav, who was a zealous pagan. (Ancient Russia in the light of medieval sources. T.4. M., 2010. - P.46-47).
8. The beginning of his reign in the annals is marked by the year 6454 (946), and the first independent event - by the year 6472 (964) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 57, 64). Probably, independent rule still began earlier - between 959 and 961. See previous note. Killed in early spring 6480 (972) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 74).
9. Planted in Kiev by his father, who went on a campaign against Byzantium in 6478 (970) (according to the chronicle, PSRL, vol. I, stb. 69) or in the fall of 969 (according to Byzantine sources). After the death of his father, he continued to reign in Kiev. Expelled from Kiev and killed, the chronicle dates it 6488 (980) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 78). According to “In memory and praise of the Russian prince Vladimir” by Jacob Mnich, Vladimir entered Kiev June 11 6486 (978 ) of the year.
10. According to the list of reigns in article 6360 (852) PVL, he reigned for 37 years, which indicates the year 978. (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 18). According to all the chronicles, he entered Kiev in 6488 (980) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 77, vol. III, p. 125), according to “In memory and praise to the Russian prince Vladimir” by Jacob Mnikh - June 11 6486 (978 ) of the year (Library of Literature of Ancient Rus. Vol. 1. - P.326. Milyutenko N.I. Holy Equal-to-the-Apostles Prince Vladimir and the Baptism of Rus. M., 2008. - S. 57-58). The dating of 978 was especially actively defended by A. A. Shakhmatov. Died July 15 6523 (1015) years (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 130).
11. At the time of his father's death, he was in Kiev (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 130, 132). Defeated by Yaroslav in the late autumn of 6524 (1016) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 141-142).
12. He began to reign in the late autumn of 6524 (1016) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 142). Broken in the Battle of the Bug July 22(Titmar of Merseburg. Chronicle VIII 31) and fled to Novgorod in 6526 (1018) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 143).
13. Sat on the throne in Kiev August 14 6526 (1018) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 143-144, Titmar of Merseburg... Chronicle VIII 32). According to the chronicle, he was expelled by Yaroslav in the same year (apparently, in the winter of 1018/19), but usually his exile is dated to 1019 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 144).
14. He sat in Kiev in 6527 (1019) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 146). He died in 6562, according to the Laurentian Chronicle on the first Saturday of Lent on the day of St. Theodore (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 162), i.e. 19 february, in the Ipatiev Chronicle, the exact date is added to the indication for Saturday - February 20. (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 150). The chronicle used the March style and 6562 corresponds to 1055, but from the date of fasting it follows that the correct year is 1054 (in 1055 fasting began later, the author of the PVL used the March style of chronology, erroneously increasing the term of Yaroslav's reign by one year. Milyutenko N.I. Holy Equal-to-the-Apostles Prince Vladimir and the Baptism of Rus. M., 2008. - S. 57-58). The year 6562 and the date Sunday February 20 are shown in graffiti from Hagia Sophia. The most probable date is determined by the ratio of the number and day of the week - Sunday 20 February 1054.
15. He arrived in Kiev after the death of his father and sat on the throne in accordance with his father's will (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 162). Probably, this happened quite quickly, especially if he was in Turov, and not Novgorod (Yaroslav's body was transported from Vyshgorod to Kiev, according to the chronicle, Vsevolod, who was with his father at the time of death, was involved in organizing the funeral, according to Nestor's Reading about Boris and Gleb) - Izyaslav buried his father in Kiev). The beginning of his reign is marked in the annals of 6563, but this is probably a mistake of the chronicler, who attributed the death of Yaroslav to the end of March 6562. Expelled from Kiev September 15th 6576 (1068) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 171).
16. Sat on the throne September 15th 6576 (1068), reigned 7 months, that is, until April 1069 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 172-173).
17. Sat on the throne May 2 6577 (1069) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 174). Exiled in March 1073 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 182).
18. Sat on the throne March 22 6581 (1073) years (PSRL, vol. I, article 182). Died December 27th 6484 (1076) years (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 199).
19. Sat on the throne January 1st March 6584 (1077) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 190). In the summer of the same year, he ceded power to his brother Izyaslav (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 190).
20. Sat on the throne July 15 6585 (1077) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 199). Killed 3 october 6586 (1078) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 202).
21. He sat on the throne in October 1078 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 204). Died 13 april 6601 (1093) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 216).
22. Sat on the throne 24 april 6601 (1093) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 218). Died 16 april 1113 year. The ratio of the March and Ultramart years is indicated in accordance with the research of N.G. Berezhkov, in the Laurentian and Trinity Chronicles 6622 the Ultramart year (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 290; Trinity Chronicle. SPb, 2002. - p. 206), according to Ipatievskaya annals 6621 March year (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 275).
23. Sat on the throne 20 April 1113 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 290, vol. VII, p. 23). Died May 19 1125 (March 6633 according to the Laurentian and Trinity Chronicles, Ultramart 6634 according to the Ipatiev Chronicle) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 295, vol. II, stb. 289; Trinity Chronicle. P.208).
24. Sat on the throne May 20 1125 (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 289). Died April 15 1132 on Friday (in the Laurentian, Trinity and Novgorod first annals on April 14, 6640, in the Ipatiev chronicle on April 15, 6641 of the Ultramart year) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 301, vol. II, stb. 294, vol. III, p. . 22; Trinity Chronicle. P.212). The exact date is determined by the day of the week.
25. Sat on the throne 17 april 1132 (Ultramart 6641 in the Ipatiev Chronicle) year (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 294). Died 18th of Febuary 1139, in the Laurentian Chronicle, March 6646, in the Ipatiev Chronicle, Ultramart 6647 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 306, vol. II, stb. 302) In the Nikon Chronicle, November 8, 6646 (PSRL, vol. IX, stb. 163).
26. Sat on the throne February 22 1139 on Wednesday (March 6646, in the Ipatiev Chronicle on February 24 of Ultramart 6647) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 306, vol. II, stb. 302). The exact date is determined by the day of the week. 4 march retired to Turov at the request of Vsevolod Olgovich (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 302).
27. Sat on the throne 5th of March 1139 (March 6647, Ultramart 6648) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 307, vol. II, stb. 303). According to the Ipatiev and Resurrection Chronicles, he died August 1(PSRL, vol. II, stb. 321, vol. VII, p. 35), according to the Lavrentiev and Novgorod fourth annals - July 30th 6654 (1146) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 313, vol. IV, p. 151).
28. He sat on the throne the day after his brother's death. (HIL., 1950. - p. 27, PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 227) (possibly August 1 due to the discrepancy in the date of Vsevolod's death by 1 day, see the previous note). 13 august In 1146 he was defeated in battle and fled (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 313, vol. II, stb. 327).
29. Sat on the throne 13 august 1146. Defeated in battle on 23 August 1149 and retreated to Kiev, and then left the city (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 383).
30. Sat on the throne August 28 1149 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 322, vol. II, stb. 384), date 28 is not indicated in the annals, but it is calculated almost flawlessly: the next day after the battle, Yuri entered Pereyaslavl, spent three days there and headed to Kiev, namely the 28th was Sunday, more suitable for accession to the throne. Exiled in 1150, in the summer (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 396).
31. He entered Kiev in August 1150 and sat in the Yaroslav's yard, however, after protests from the Kievites and negotiations with Izyaslav Mstislavich, he left the city. (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 396, 402, vol. I, stb. 326).
32. He sat on the throne in 1150 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 326, vol. II, stb. 398). A few days later he was expelled (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 327, vol. II, stb. 402).
33. He sat on the throne in 1150, around August (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 328, vol. II, stb. 403), after that in the annals (vol. II, stb. 404) the Feast of the Exaltation of the Cross is mentioned (14 September). He left Kiev in the winter of 6658 (1150/1) (PSRL, vol. I, art. 330, vol. II, art. 416).
34. He sat on the throne in March or early April 6658 (1151) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 330, vol. II, stb. 416). Died the 13th of November 1154 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 341-342, vol. IX, p. 198) (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle on the night of November 14, according to the Novgorod First Chronicle - November 14 (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 469 ; vol. III, p. 29).
35. As the eldest of the sons of Vladimir Monomakh, he had the greatest rights to the Kiev table. He sat down in Kiev with his nephew in the spring of 6659 (1151), probably in April (PSRL, vol. I, art. 336, vol. II, art. 418) (or already in the winter of 6658 (PSRL, vol. IX, p. 186) He died at the end of 6662, shortly after the beginning of Rostislav's reign (PSRL, vol. I, art. 342, vol. II, art. 472).
36. He sat on the throne in 6662 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 342, vol. II, stb. 470-471). Like his predecessor, he recognized Vyacheslav Vladimirovich as his senior co-ruler. According to the Novgorod First Chronicle, he arrived in Kiev from Novgorod and sat for a week (PSRL, vol. III, p. 29). He was defeated in battle and left Kiev (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 343, vol. II, stb. 475).
37. He sat on the throne in the winter of 6662 (1154/5) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 344, vol. II, stb. 476). He ceded power to Yuri (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 477).
38. He sat on the throne in the spring of 6663 according to the Ipatiev Chronicle (at the end of winter 6662 according to the Laurentian Chronicle) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 345, vol. II, stb. 477) on Palm Sunday (that is 20th of March) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 29, see N. Karamzin, History of the Russian State. Vol. II-III. M., 1991. - p. 164). Died May 15 1157 (March 6665 according to the Laurentian Chronicle, ultramart 6666 according to the Ipatiev Chronicle) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 348, vol. II, stb. 489).
39. Sat on the throne May 19 1157 (Ultramart 6666, so in the Khlebnikov list of the Ipatiev Chronicle, in its Ipatiev list it is erroneous on May 15) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 490). In the Nikon Chronicle on May 18 (PSRL, vol. IX, p. 208). Expelled from Kiev in the winter of March 6666 (1158/9) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 348). According to the Ipatiev Chronicle, he was expelled at the end of Ultramart 6667 (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 502).
40. Sat in Kiev December 22 6667 (1158) according to the Ipatiev and Resurrection Chronicles (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 502, vol. VII, p. 70), in the winter of 6666 according to the Laurentian Chronicle, according to the Nikon Chronicle on August 22, 6666 (PSRL, vol. IX , p. 213), expelling Izyaslav from there, but then in the spring of the following year ceded him to Rostislav Mstislavich (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 348).
41. Sat in Kiev 12th of April 1159 (Ultramart 6668 (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 504, date in the Ipatiev Chronicle), in the spring of March 6667 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 348). Left besieged Kiev on February 8, Ultramart 6669 (1161) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 515).
42. Sat on the throne 12th of February 1161 (Ultramart 6669) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 516) In the Sofia First Chronicle - in the winter of March 6668 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 232). Killed in action March, 6 1161 (Ultramart 6670) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 518).
43. He ascended the throne again after the death of Izyaslav. Died March 14th 1167 (according to the Ipatiev and Resurrection Chronicles, died March 14, 6676 of the Ultramart year, buried on March 21, according to the Lavrentiev and Nikon Chronicles, died on March 21, 6675) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 353, vol. II, stb. 532 , vol. VII, p. 80, vol. IX, p. 233).
44. By right of seniority, he was the main contender for the throne after the death of his brother Rostislav. According to the Laurentian Chronicle, he was expelled from Kiev by Mstislav Izyaslavich in 6676 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 353-354). In the Sofia First Chronicle, the same message is placed twice: under 6674 and 6676 years (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 234, 236). Also, this plot is presented by Jan Dlugosh ( Shchaveleva N.I. Ancient Russia in the "Polish History" by Jan Dlugosz. M., 2004. - p. 326). The Hypatian Chronicle does not mention his reign at all, instead it says that Mstislav Izyaslavich ordered Vasilko Yaropolchich to sit in Kiev before his arrival (according to the literal meaning of the message, Vasilko was already in Kiev, but the chronicle does not directly speak of his entry into the city) , and the day before the arrival of Mstislav, Yaropolk Izyaslavich entered Kiev (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 532-533). Based on this message, some sources include Vasilko and Yaropolk among the Kiev princes.
45. According to the Ipatiev Chronicle, he sat on the throne May 19 6677 (that is, in this case 1167) years. In the annals, the day is called Monday, but according to the calendar it is Friday, and therefore the date is sometimes corrected for May 15 ( Berezhkov N.G. Chronology of Russian annals. M., 1963 .-- S. 179). However, the confusion can be explained by the fact that, as the chronicle notes, Mstislav left Kiev for several days (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 534-535, for the date and day of the week see. Pyatnov A.P. Kiev and the Kiev land in 1167-1169 // Ancient Rus. Questions of medieval studies / №1 (11). March, 2003. - C. 17-18.). The combined army moved to Kiev, according to the Laurentian Chronicle, in the winter of 6676 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 354), along Ipatievskaya and Nikonovskaya, in the winter of 6678 (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 543, vol. IX, p. 237 ), according to the Sofia first, in the winter of 6674 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 234), which corresponds to the winter of 1168/69. Kiev was taken March 12, 1169, on Wednesday (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle, March 8, 6679, according to the Resurrection, 6678, but the day of the week and the indication of the second week of fasting corresponds exactly to March 12, 1169 (see. Berezhkov N.G. Chronology of Russian annals. M., 1963. - S. 336.) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 545, vol. VII, p. 84).
46. He sat on the throne on March 12, 1169 (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle, 6679 (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 545), according to the Laurentian Chronicle, in 6677 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 355).
47. He sat on the throne in 1170 (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle in 6680), in February (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 548). Left Kiev the same year on Monday, in the second week after Easter (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 549).
48. He sat down again in Kiev after the expulsion of Mstislav. He died, according to the Laurentian Chronicle, in the ultramart year 6680 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 363). Died January 20th 1171 (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle, this is 6681, and the designation of this year in the Ipatiev Chronicle exceeds the March count by three units) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 564).
49. Sat on the throne February, 15 1171 (in the Ipatiev Chronicle it is 6681) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 566). Died Monday Russian week May 10 1171 (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle, this is 6682, but the correct date is set by the day of the week) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 567).
50. His reign in Kiev is reported in the Novgorod First Chronicle under 6680 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 34). A short time later, without support from Andrei Bogolyubsky, he lost the table to Roman Rostislavich ( A. V. Pyatnov Mikhalko Yurievich // BRE. T.20. - M., 2012. - S. 500).
51. Andrei Bogolyubsky ordered him to sit on the throne in Kiev in the winter of Ultramart 6680 (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle - in the winter of 6681) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 364, vol. II, stb. 566). He sat on the throne in the "month of July" in 1171 (in the Ipatiev Chronicle it is 6682, according to the Novgorod First Chronicle - 6679) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 568, vol. III, p. 34) Later, Andrei ordered Roman to leave Kiev, and he went to Smolensk (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 570).
52. Mikhalko Yurievich, whom Andrei Bogolyubsky ordered to take the Kiev table after Roman, sent his brother to Kiev in his place. Sat on the throne 5 weeks(PSRL, vol. II, stb. 570). In ultramart 6682 (both in the Ipatiev and Laurentian annals). Together with his nephew Yaropolk, he was taken prisoner by David and Rurik Rostislavich to praise the Holy Mother of God - March 24(PSRL, vol. I, stb. 365, vol. II, stb. 570).
53. Was in Kiev with Vsevolod (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 570)
54. He sat on the throne after the capture of Vsevolod in 1173 (6682 Ultramart year) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 571). When Andrei sent his army south in the same year, Rurik left Kiev in early September (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 575).
55. In November 1173 (Ultramart 6682) he sat on the throne by agreement with the Rostislavichi (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 578). He reigned in Ultramart in 6683 (according to the Laurentian Chronicle), defeated by Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 366). According to the Ipatiev Chronicle, in the winter of 6682 (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 578). In the Resurrection Chronicle, his reign is once again mentioned under the year 6689 (PSRL, vol. VII, pp. 96, 234).
56. Sat in Kiev 12 days in January 1174 or at the end of December 1173 and returned to Chernigov (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 366, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 240) (In the Resurrection Chronicle under 6680 (PSRL, vol. VII, p. . 234)
57. He sat down again in Kiev, having concluded an agreement with Svyatoslav, in the winter of Ultramart in 6682 (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 579). Kiev lost to Roman in 1174 (Ultramart 6683) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 600).
58. He sat down in Kiev in 1174 (Ultramart 6683) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 600, vol. III, p. 34). In 1176 (Ultramart 6685) he left Kiev (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 604).
59. I entered Kiev in 1176 (Ultramart 6685), on Ilyin's day ( July 20) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 604). In July, he left Kiev due to the approach of the troops of Roman Rostislavich and his brothers, however, as a result of negotiations, the Rostislavichs agreed to cede Kiev to him. He returned to Kiev in September (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 604-605). In 6688 (1180) he left Kiev (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 616).
60. He sat on the throne in 6688 (1180) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 616). But a year later he left the city (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 621). In the same year, he made peace with Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich, according to which he recognized his seniority and ceded Kiev to him, and in return received the rest of the territory of the Kiev principality (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 626).
61. He sat on the throne in 6688 (1181) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 621). He died in 1194 (in the Ipatiev Chronicle in March 6702, according to the Laurentian Chronicle in Ultramart 6703) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 412), in July, on the Monday before Maccabees day (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 680) ... Its co-ruler was Rurik Rostislavich, who owned the Kiev principality (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 626). In historiography, their joint reign has received the designation "duumvirate", but Rurik is not included in the lists of Kiev princes, since he did not sit on the Kiev table (unlike the similar duumvirate of the Mstislavichs with Vyacheslav Vladimirovich in the 1150s).
62. He sat on the throne after the death of Svyatoslav in 1194 (March 6702, Ultramart 6703) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 412, vol. II, stb. 681). Expelled from Kiev by Roman Mstislavich in Ultramart 6710. During the negotiations, Roman was in Kiev at the same time as Rurik (he occupied Podol, and Rurik remained on the Mountain). (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 417)
63. He sat on the throne in 1201 (according to the Laurentian and Voskresenskaya annals in ultramart 6710, according to the Trinity and Nikon annals in March 6709) by the will of Roman Mstislavich and Vsevolod Yurievich (PSRL, vol. I, stb. P. 418; vol. VII, stb. 418; vol. VII. ; v. X, p. 34; Trinity Chronicle. P.284).
64. Took Kiev January 2, 1203(6711 Ultramart) year (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 418). In the Novgorod First Chronicle on January 1, 6711 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 45), in the Novgorod Fourth Chronicle on January 2, 6711 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 180), in the Trinity and Resurrection Chronicles on January 2, 6710 ( Trinity Chronicle.P.285; PSRL, vol. VII, p. 107). In February 1203 (6711) Roman opposed Rurik and laid siege to him in Ovruch. In connection with this circumstance, some historians express the opinion that Rurik, after the sack of Kiev, left the city, not becoming to reign in it ( Grushevsky M.S. Essay on the history of the Kiev land from the death of Yaroslav to the end of the XIV century. K., 1891 .-- p. 265). As a result, Roman made peace with Rurik, and then Vsevolod confirmed the rule of Rurik in Kiev (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 419). After a quarrel that occurred in Trepol at the end of a joint campaign against the Polovtsy, Roman captured Rurik and sent him to Kiev, accompanied by his boyar Vyacheslav. Upon arrival in the capital, Rurik was forcibly tonsured a monk. This happened in the "fierce winter" in 6713 according to the Laurentian Chronicle (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 420, in the Novgorod first junior edition and Trinity Chronicles winter 6711 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 240; Trinity Chronicle. P .286), in the Sofia First Chronicle 6712 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 260). The fact that Rurik was escorted by Vyacheslav is reported in the Novgorod First Chronicle of the junior edition (PSRL, vol. III, p. . 240; A. V. Gorovenko Roman Galitsky's sword. Prince Roman Mstislavich in history, epic and legends. M., 2014. - S. 148). In the list of Kiev princes compiled by L. Makhnovts, Roman is indicated by the prince for two weeks in 1204 ( L.E. Makhnovets Great princes of Kiev // Russian Chronicle / Under the Ipat list. - K., 1989. - S. 522), in the list compiled by A. Poppé - in 1204-1205 ( Podskalski G. Christianity and theological literature in Kievan Rus (988 - 1237). SPb., 1996. - P. 474), but the annals do not say that he was in Kiev. This is reported only in the so-called news of Tatishchev. Nevertheless, from 1201 to 1205, Roman actually put his henchmen on the Kiev table (unlike Andrei Bogolyubsky in a similar situation 30 years ago, he personally came to the Kiev principality for this). The actual status of Roman is reflected in the Ipatiev Chronicle, where he is included in the list of Kiev princes (between Rurik and Mstislav Romanovich) (PSRL.Vol. II, stb. 2) and named the prince "All Russia"- such a definition was applied only to the princes of Kiev (PSRL. Vol. II, article 715).
65. Seated on the throne by agreement of Roman and Vsevolod after Rurik's tonsure in winter (that is, at the beginning of 1204) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 421, vol. X, p. 36). Soon after the death of Roman Mstislavich ( June 19 1205) ceded Kiev to his father.
66. He took his hair off after the death of Roman Mstislavich, which followed on June 19, 1205 (Ultramart 6714) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 426) In the Sofia First Chronicle under 6712 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 260), in Trinity and Nikon annals under 6713 (Trinity Chronicle. P.292; PSRL, vol. X, p. 50) and again sat on the throne. After an unsuccessful campaign against Galich in March 6714, he retired to Ovruch (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 427). According to the Laurentian Chronicle, he sat down in Kiev (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 428). In 1207 (March 6715) he again fled to Ovruch (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 429). It is believed that messages under 1206 and 1207 duplicate each other (see also PSRL, vol. VII, p. 235: interpretation in the Resurrection Chronicle as two reigns)
67. He sat down in Kiev in March 6714 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 427), around August. Date 1206 is specified in sync with the campaign to Galich. According to the Laurentian Chronicle, in the same year he was expelled by Rurik (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 428).
68. He sat down in Kiev, expelling Vsevolod from there (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 428). He left Kiev the next year when Vsevolod's troops approached (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 429). The messages in the annals under 1206 and 1207 probably duplicate each other.
69. He sat in Kiev in the spring of 6715 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 429), in the fall of the same year, he was again expelled by Rurik (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 433).
70. He sat down in Kiev in the fall of 1207, around October (Trinity Chronicle. Pp. 293, 297; PSRL, vol. X, pp. 52, 59). In the Trinity and most of the lists of the Nikon Chronicle, duplicate messages are placed under the years 6714 and 6716. The exact date is set in sync with the Ryazan campaign of Vsevolod Yuryevich. By agreement with Vsevolod in 1210 (according to the Laurentian Chronicle 6718), he went to reign in Chernigov (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 435) (according to the Nikon Chronicle - in 6719, PSRL, vol. X, p. 62, according to the Resurrection Chronicle - in 6717, PSRL, vol. VII, p. 235). However, in historiography there are doubts about this message, perhaps Rurik is confused with the Chernigov prince, who bore the same name. According to other sources (Typographic Chronicle, PSRL, vol. XXIV, p. 28 and Piskarevsky chronicler, PSRL, vol. XXXIV, p. 81), he died in Kiev. ( Pyatnov A.P. Struggle for the Kiev table in the 1210s. Controversial issues of chronology // Ancient Rus. Questions of medieval studies. - 1/2002 (7)).
71. He sat down in Kiev either as a result of an exchange with Rurik for Chernigov (?), Or after the death of Rurik (see previous note). Expelled from Kiev by Mstislav Mstislavich in the summer 1214 year (in the Novgorod first and fourth chronicles, as well as in Nikonovskaya, this event is described under the year 6722 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 53; vol. IV, p. 185, vol. X, p. 67), in the Sofia first chronicle clearly erroneous under the year 6703 and again under the year 6723 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 250, 263), in the Tver Chronicle twice - under 6720 and 6722, in the Resurrection Chronicle under the year 6720 (PSRL, vol. VII , pp. 118, 235, v. XV, stb. 312, 314). The data of the intra-chronicle reconstruction speak for 1214, for example, February 1 of March 6722 (1215) was Sunday, as indicated in the Novgorod first chronicle, and in the Ipatievskaya Chronicle Vsevolod is listed as a Kiev prince under 6719 (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 729), which in its chronology corresponds to 1214 ( Mayorov A.V. Galicia-Volyn Rus. SPb, 2001.S. 411). However, according to N.G. Berezhkov, based on a comparison of the data of the Novgorod chronicles with the Livonian chronicles, this 1212 year.
72. His brief reign after the expulsion of Vsevolod is mentioned in the Resurrection Chronicle (PSRL, vol. VII, pp. 118, 235).
73. His allies set out from Novgorod June 8(Novgorod First Chronicle, PSRL, vol. III, p. 32) He sat on the throne after the expulsion of Vsevolod (in the Novgorod First Chronicle under 6722). Killed in 1223, in the tenth year of his reign (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 503), after the battle on Kalka, which took place May 30 6731 (1223) years (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 447). In the Ipatiev Chronicle, 6732, in the Novgorod first May 31 6732 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 63), in Nikonovskaya June 16 6733) (PSRL, vol. X, p. 92), in the introductory part of the Resurrection Chronicle 6733 (PSRL, vol. VII, p. 235), but in the main part of the Voskresenskaya on June 16, 6731 (PSRL, vol. VII, page 132). Killed 2 June 1223 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 508) There is no number in the annals, but it is indicated that after the battle on Kalka, Prince Mstislav defended for another three days. Date Accuracy 1223 for the Battle of Kalka is established by comparison with a number of foreign sources.
74. According to the Novgorod first chronicle, he sat down in Kiev in 1218 (Ultramart 6727) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 59, vol. IV, p. 199; vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 275), which may indicate his co-government. He sat on the throne after the death of Mstislav (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 509) June 16 1223 (Ultramart 6732) (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 282, v. XV, stb. 343). Having been defeated in the battle at Torcheskoy on the Ascension Day ( May 17), was captured by the Polovtsians when they took Kiev (at the end of May or at the beginning of June) in 6743 (1235) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 74). According to the First Sofia and the Moscow-Academic Chronicle, he reigned for 10 years, but the date in them is the same - 6743 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 513; vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 287).
75. In the early annals (Ipatievskaya and Novgorodskaya I) without a patronymic (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 772, vol. III, p. 74), in Lavrentievskaya it is not mentioned at all. Izyaslav Mstislavich in the Novgorod Fourth, Sofia First (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 214; vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 287) and the Moscow-Academic Chronicle, in the Tver Chronicle he is called the son of Mstislav Romanovich the Brave, and in Nikonovskaya and Voskresenskaya - the grandson of Roman Rostislavich (PSRL, vol. VII, pp. 138, 236; vol. X, p. 104; XV, stb. 364), but there was no such prince (in Voskresenskaya he was named the son of Mstislav Romanovich of Kiev). In historiography, it is sometimes referred to as "Izyaslav IV". According to modern scientists, this is either Izyaslav Vladimirovich, the son of Vladimir Igorevich (this opinion has been widespread since N.M. Karamzin, a prince with this name is mentioned in the Ipatiev Chronicle), or the son of Mstislav Udatny (analysis of this issue: A. A. Gorsky Russian lands in the XIII-XIV centuries: ways of political development. M., 1996. - p. 14-17. Mayorov A.V. Galicia-Volyn Rus. SPb, 2001. - P.542-544). He sat on the throne in 6743 (1235) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 513, vol. III, p. 74) (according to Nikonovskaya in 6744). In the Ipatiev Chronicle, it is mentioned under the year 6741. At the end of the same year, Vladimir Rurikovich was released from Polovtsian captivity and immediately regained Kiev.
76. Freed from Polovtsian captivity, he sent help to Daniel Romanovich against the Galicians and Bolokhovites in the spring of 1236. According to the Ipatiev Chronicle in (6744) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 777) Kiev lost to Yaroslav Vsevolodovich. In the Novgorod first chronicle, his reign is not mentioned.
77. He sat on the throne in 6744 (1236) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 513, vol. III, p. 74, vol. IV, p. 214). In Ipatievskaya under 6743 (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 777). In 1238 he went to Vladimir. The exact month is not indicated in the annals, but it is obvious that this happened shortly or shortly after the battle on the river. City ( 10th of March), in which Yaroslav's elder brother, the Grand Duke of Vladimir Yuri, died. (PSRL, vol. X, p. 113). (For the chronology of Yaroslav's reign in Kiev, see. A. A. Gorsky Problems of studying "Words about the death of the Russian land": To the 750th anniversary of the time of writing // Proceedings of the Department of Old Russian Literature "1990. V. 43).
78. A short list of princes at the beginning of the Ipatiev Chronicle places it after Yaroslav (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 2), but this may be a mistake. There is also a mention in the late Gustynskaya Chronicle, but it, most likely, was simply based on the list here (PSRL, vol. 40, p. 118). Accept this reign M. B. Sverdlov ( Sverdlov M. B. Pre-Mongol Rus. SPb, 2002. - P. 653) and L. E. Makhnovets ( L.E. Makhnovets Great princes of Kiev // Russian Chronicle / Under the Ipat list. - K., 1989. - S. 522).
79. He occupied Kiev in 1238 after Yaroslav (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 777, vol. VII, p. 236; vol. X, p. 114). On March 3, 1239, he received Tatar ambassadors in Kiev, and continued to remain in the capital at least until the siege of Chernigov (approx. October 18). When the Tatars approached Kiev, he left for Hungary (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 782). In the Ipatiev Chronicle under 6746, in the Nikon Chronicle under 6748 (PSRL, vol. X, p. 116).
80. He occupied Kiev after the departure of Mikhail, expelled by Daniel (in the Ipatiev Chronicle under 6746, in the fourth Novgorod and Sofia first under 6748) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 782, vol. IV, p. 226; VI, issue 1, stb. 301).
81. Daniel, having occupied Kiev in 6748, left in it a thousand Dmitry (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 226, vol. X, p. 116). Dmitr was in charge of the city at the time of its capture by the Tatars (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 786). According to Lavrentievskaya and most of the later annals, Kiev was taken on Nikolin's day (that is, December 6) 6748 (1240 ) of the year (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 470). According to the chronicles of Pskov origin (the chronicle of Abraham, Suprasl), in Monday 19 November... (PSRL, vol. XVI, stb. 51). Cm. V. I. Stavisky About two dates of the storming of Kiev in 1240 according to Russian chronicles // Proceedings of the Department of Old Russian Literature. 1990.Vol. 43
82. He returned to Kiev after the departure of the Tatars. Left Silesia after April 9 1241 (after the defeat of Henry by the Tatars in the battle of Legnica, PSRL, vol. II, stb. 784). He lived near the city, "near Kiev in an island" (on the Dnieper island) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 789, PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 319). Then he returned to Chernigov, but when it happened, the annals do not say.
83. Over the years, Russian princes received power with the sanction of the khans (in the Russian terminology of "tsars") of the Golden Horde, who were recognized as the supreme rulers of the Russian lands.
84. In 6751 (1243) Yaroslav arrived in the Horde and was recognized as the ruler of all Russian lands "All the old prince in the Russian language"(PSRL, vol. I, stb. 470). He sat down in Vladimir. The moment when he took possession of Kiev is not indicated in the annals. It is known that in 1246 his boyar Dmitry Eikovich was sitting in the city (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 806, in the Ipatiev Chronicle it is indicated under 6758 (1250) in connection with a trip to the Horde of Daniel Romanovich, the correct date is set by synchronization with the Polish Since NM Karamzin, most historians proceed from the obvious assumption that Yaroslav received Kiev under the khan's label. September 30th 1246 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 471).
85. After the death of his father, together with his brother Andrey, he went to the Horde, and from there to the capital of the Mongol Empire - Karakorum, where in 6757 (1249) Andrey received Vladimir, and Alexander - Kiev and Novgorod. Modern historians disagree on which of the brothers belonged to the formal seniority. Alexander did not live in Kiev itself. Until the expulsion of Andrew in 6760 (1252), he ruled in Novgorod, then received Vladimir in the Horde and sat there. Died 14 november
86. Received Vladimir as a parish in 1140s years. He sat down in Rostov and Suzdal in 1157 (March 6665 in the Laurentian Chronicle, Ultramart 6666 in the Ipatiev Chronicle) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 348, vol. II, stb. 490). The exact date is not indicated in the early annals. According to the Moscow-Academic Chronicle and the Chronicler of Pereyaslavl Suzdal - June 4th(PSRL, vol. 41, p. 88), in the Radziwill Chronicle - 4th of July(PSRL, vol. 38, p. 129). Vladimir left his residence, making it the capital of the principality. Killed in the evening June 29, on the feast of Peter and Paul (in the Laurentian Chronicle, ultramart year 6683) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 369) According to the Ipatiev Chronicle June 28, on the eve of the feast of Peter and Paul (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 580), according to the Sofia first chronicle on June 29, 6683 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 238).
87. Sat in Vladimir in Ultramart 6683, but after 7 weeks the siege withdrew (that is, approximately in September) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 373, vol. II, stb. 596).
88. He sat down in Vladimir (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 374, vol. II, stb. 597) in 1174 (ultramart 6683). June 15th 1175 (Ultramart 6684), defeated and fled (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 601).
89. Sat in Vladimir June 15th 1175 (Ultramart 6684) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 377). (In the Nikon Chronicle on June 16, but the error is established by the day of the week (PSRL, vol. IX, p. 255). Died June 20 1176 (Ultramart 6685) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 379, vol. IV, p. 167).
90. He sat on the throne in Vladimir after the death of his brother in June 1176 (Ultramart 6685) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 380). Died, according to the Laurentian Chronicle, 13 april 6720 (1212), commemorating St. Martin (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 436) In the Tver and Voskresenskaya annals April 15 in memory of the Apostle Aristarchus, on Sunday (PSRL, vol. VII, p. 117; vol. XV, stb. 311), in the Nikon Chronicle 14th of April in memory of St. Martin, on Sunday (PSRL, vol. X, p. 64), in the Trinity Chronicle April 18th 6721, in memory of St. Martin (Trinity Chronicle. P.299). In 1212, April 15 is Sunday.
91. He sat on the throne after the death of his father in accordance with his will (PSRL, vol. X, p. 63). April 27 1216, on Wednesday, left the city, leaving it to his brother (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 440, the number in the annals is not directly indicated, but this is the next Wednesday after April 21, which was Thursday).
92. He sat on the throne in 1216 (Ultramart 6725) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 440). Died February 2 1218 (ultramart year 6726, so in the Laurentian and Nikon annals) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 442, vol. X, p. 80) In the Tver and Trinity chronicles, 6727 (PSRL, vol. XV, stb. 329 ; Trinity Chronicle.P.304).
93. He sat on the throne after the death of his brother. Killed in a battle with the Tatars 4 march 1238 (in the Laurentian Chronicle still under 6745, in the Moscow Academic Chronicle under 6746) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 465).
94. He sat on the throne after the death of his brother in 1238 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 467). Died September 30th 1246 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 471)
95. He sat on the throne in 6755 (1247), when news of Yaroslav's death came (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 471, vol. X, p. 134). According to the Moscow-Academic Chronicle, he sat on the throne in 1246 after a trip to the Horde (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 523), according to the Novgorod Fourth Chronicle, sat down in 6755 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 229). Exiled early in 1248 by Michael. According to the Rogozhsky chronicler, he sat down on the throne for the second time after the death of Mikhail (1249), but Andrei Yaroslavich drove him away (PSRL, vol. XV, issue 1, stb. 31). In other chronicles, this message is not.
96. He expelled Svyatoslav in 6756 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 229). He died in battle with the Lithuanians in the winter of 6756 (1248/1249) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 471). According to the Novgorod Fourth Chronicle - in 6757 (PSRL, vol. IV, stb. 230). The exact month is unknown.
97. He sat on the throne in the winter of 6757 (1249/50) (in December), having received the reign from the khan (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 472), the ratio of the news in the annals shows that he returned in any case before December 27. He fled from Russia during the Tatar invasion in 6760 ( 1252 ) year (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 473), having been defeated in the battle on the day of St. Boris ( July 24) (PSRL, vol. VII, p. 159). According to the Novgorod first junior edition and the Sofia first annals, it was in 6759 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 304, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 327), according to the Easter tables of the middle of the XIV century (PSRL, vol. III, p. 578), Trinity, Novgorod fourth, Tver, Nikon annals - in 6760 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 230; vol. X, p. 138; vol. XV, stb. 396, Trinity Chronicle. P. 324).
98. In 6760 (1252) he received a great reign in the Horde and sat down in Vladimir (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 473) (according to the Novgorod Fourth Chronicle - in 6761 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 230). Died 14 november 6771 (1263) years (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 524, vol. III, p. 83).
99. He sat on the throne in 6772 (1264) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 524; vol. IV, p. 234). In the Ukrainian Gustynskaya chronicle, he is also called the Kiev prince, but the reliability of this news is questionable due to the late origin of the source (PSRL, vol. 40, pp. 123, 124). Died in winter 1271/72 (Ultramart 6780 in Easter tables (PSRL, vol. III, p. 579), in Novgorod first and Sofia first annals, March 6779 in Tver and Trinity chronicles) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 89 , v. VI, issue 1, stb. 353, v. XV, stb. 404; Trinity Chronicle. p. 331). Comparison with the mention of the death of Princess Maria Rostovskaya on December 9 shows that Yaroslav died at the beginning of 1272 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 525).
100. He sat on the throne after the death of his brother in 6780. He died in the winter of 6784 (1276/77) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 323), in january(Trinity Chronicle. P.333).
101. He sat on the throne in 6784 (1276/77) after the death of his uncle (PSRL, vol. X, p. 153; vol. XV, stb. 405). There is no mention of a trip to the Horde this year.
102. Received a great reign in the Horde in 1281 (Ultramart 6790 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 324, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 357), in the winter of 6789, having come to Russia in December (Trinity Chronicle. P.338 ; PSRL, vol. X, p. 159) He reconciled with his brother in 1283 (Ultramart 6792 or March 6791 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 326, vol. IV, p. 245; vol. VI, no. 1, stb. 359; Trinity Chronicle. P. 340). Such dating of events was adopted by N.M. Karamzin, N.G.Berezhkov and A.A. see analysis: A. A. Gorsky Moscow and the Horde. M., 2003. - S. 15-16).
103. Came from the Horde in 1283, having received a great reign from Nogai. Lost it in 1293.
104. Received a great reign in the Horde in 6801 (1293) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 327, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 362), returned to Russia in winter (Trinity Chronicle, p. 345). Died July 27 6812 (1304) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 92; vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 367, vol. VII, p. 184) (In the Novgorod fourth and Nikon annals on June 22 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 252, v. X, p. 175), in the Trinity Chronicle ultramart 6813 (Trinity Chronicle. P. 351).
105. Received a great reign in 1305 (March 6813, in the Trinity Chronicle ultramart 6814) (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 368, vol. VII, p. 184). (According to the Nikon Chronicle - in 6812 (PSRL, vol. X, p. 176), returned to Russia in the fall (Trinity Chronicle. P. 352). Executed in the Horde November 22 1318 (in the Sofia first and Nikon annals of ultramart 6827, in the Novgorod fourth and Tver annals of March 6826) on Wednesday (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 257; vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 391, vol. X, page 185). The year is set by the day of the week.
106. He left the Horde with the Tatars in the summer of 1317 (Ultramart 6826, in the Novgorod Fourth Chronicle and the Rogozhsky Chronicler in March 6825) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 95; vol. IV, stb. 257), having received the great reign (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 374, vol. XV, issue 1, stb. 37). Killed by Dmitry Tverskoy in the Horde. (Trinity Chronicle. P.357; PSRL, vol. X, p. 189) 6833 (1325) years (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 260; VI, issue 1, stb. 398).
107. Received a great reign in 6830 (1322) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 96, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 396). Arrived in Vladimir in the winter of 6830 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 259; Trinity Chronicle. P. 357) or in the fall (PSRL, vol. XV, stb. 414). According to Easter tables, he sat down in 6831 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 579). Executed September 15th 6834 (1326) (PSRL, vol. XV, issue 1, stb. 42, vol. XV, stb. 415).
108. Received a great reign in the fall of 6834 (1326) (PSRL, vol. X, p. 190; vol. XV, issue 1, stb. 42). When the Tatar army moved to Tver in the winter of 1327/8, he fled to Pskov and then to Lithuania.
109. In 1328, Khan Uzbek divided the great reign, giving Alexander Vladimir and the Volga region (PSRL, vol. III, p. 469, this fact is not mentioned in the Moscow annals). According to the Sofia First, Novgorod Fourth and Resurrection Chronicles, he died in 6840 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 265; vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 406, vol. VII, p. 203), according to the Tver Chronicle - in 6839 (PSRL, vol. XV, stb. 417), in the Rogozhsky chronicler his death was noted twice - under the years 6839 and 6841 (PSRL, vol. XV, issue 1, stb. 46), according to the Trinity and Nikon annals - in 6841 (Trinity Chronicle, p. 361; PSRL, vol. X, p. 206). According to the introduction to the Novgorod First Chronicle of the younger version, he reigned for 3 or 2 and a half years (PSRL, vol. III, pp. 467, 469). A.A. Gorsky accepts the dating of his death in 1331 ( A. A. Gorsky Moscow and the Horde. M., 2003. - P.62).
110. He sat on the great reign in 6836 (1328) (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 262; vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 401, vol. X, p. 195). Formally, he was co-ruler of Alexander Suzdalsky (without occupying the Vladimir table), but he acted independently. After Alexander's death, he went to the Horde in 6839 (1331) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 344) and received all the great reign (PSRL, vol. III, p. 469). Died March 31 1340 (Ultramart year 6849 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 270; vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 412, vol. VII, p. 206), according to Easter tables, Trinity Chronicle and Rogozhsky chronicler in 6848 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 579; vol. XV, issue 1, stb. 52; Trinity Chronicle. P. 364).
111. Received a great reign in the autumn of Ultramart 6849 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb.). He sat down in Vladimir on October 1, 1340 (Trinity Chronicle. P.364). Died 26 April Ultramart year 6862 (in Nikonovskaya March 6861) (PSRL, vol. X, p. 226; vol. XV, issue 1, stb. 62; Trinity Chronicle, p. 373). (In the Novgorod Fourth, his death is reported twice - under the years 6860 and 6861 (PSRL, vol. IV, pp. 280, 286), according to Voskresenskaya - on April 27, 6861 (PSRL, vol. VII, p. 217)
112. Received a great reign in the winter of 6861, after Epiphany. Sat in Vladimir March, 25 6862 (1354) years (Trinity Chronicle, p. 374; PSRL, vol. X, p. 227). Died the 13th of November 6867 (1359) (PSRL, vol. VIII, p. 10; vol. XV, issue 1, stb. 68).
113. Khan Navruz in the winter of 6867 (that is, at the beginning of 1360) gave the great reign to Andrei Konstantinovich, and he ceded it to his brother Dmitry (PSRL, vol. XV, issue 1, stb. 68). Came to Vladimir June, 22(PSRL, vol. XV, issue 1, stb. 69; Trinity Chronicle. P.377) 6868 (1360) years (PSRL, vol. III, p. 366, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 433) ... When the Moscow army approached, Vladimir left.
114. Received a great reign in 6870 (1362) (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 290; vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 434). He sat down in Vladimir in 6870 before Epiphany (that is early January 1363 year) (PSRL, vol. XV, issue 1, stb. 73; Trinity Chronicle. P.378).
115. Having received a new label from the khan, he sat down in Vladimir in 6871 (1363), reigned 1 week and was driven away by Dmitry (PSRL, vol. X, p. 12; vol. XV, issue 1, stb. 74; Trinity Chronicle, p. 379). Along Nikonovskaya - 12 days (PSRL, vol. XI, p. 2).
116. He sat down in Vladimir in 6871 (1363). After that, the label for the great reign was received by Dmitry Konstantinovich Suzdalsky in the winter of 1364/1365 (abandoned in favor of Dmitry) and Mikhail Alexandrovich Tverskoy in 1370, again in 1371 (in the same year the label was returned to Dmitry) and in 1375, but there are no real consequences. had. Dmitry died May 19 6897 (1389) on Wednesday at the second hour of the night (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 358; vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 501; Trinity Chronicle. P.434) (in Novgorod, the first junior edition on May 9 ( PSRL, vol. III, p. 383), in the Tver Chronicle on May 25 (PSRL, vol. XV, stb. 444).
117. Received a great reign according to his father's will. Sat in Vladimir August 15 6897 (1389) (PSRL, vol. XV, issue 1, stb. 157; Trinity Chronicle. P.434) According to the Novgorod fourth and Sofia first in 6898 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 367; vol. VI , issue 1, stb. 508). Died February 27 1425 (6933 September) on Tuesday at three o'clock in the morning (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, stb. 51, vol. XII, p. 1) in March 6932 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 415) , in a number of manuscripts of the Nikon Chronicle erroneously February 7).
118. Presumably, Daniel received the principality after the death of his father - Alexander Nevsky (1263), at the age of 2 years. For the first seven years, from 1264 to 1271, he was raised by his uncle, the Grand Duke of Vladimir and Tver Yaroslav Yaroslavich, whose governors at that time ruled Moscow (PSRL, vol. 15, stb. 474). The first mention of Daniel as a Moscow prince dates back to 1282, but, probably, his reign took place earlier. (cm. Kuchkin V.A. The first Moscow prince Daniil Alexandrovich // Patriotic history. No. 1, 1995). Died 5th of March 1303 on Tuesday (Ultramart 6712) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 486; Trinity Chronicle, p. 351). In the Nikon Chronicle, March 4, 6811 (PSRL, vol. X, p. 174), the day of the week indicates March 5.
119. Killed November 21(Trinity Chronicle, p. 357; PSRL, vol. X, p. 189) 6833 (1325) years (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 260; VI, issue 1, stb. 398).
120. See above.
121. He sat on the throne immediately after his father's death, but brother Yuri Dmitrievich challenged his right to power (PSRL, vol. VIII, p. 92; vol. XII, p. 1). Having received a label for the great reign, he sat on the throne in 69420 ( 1432 ) year. According to the Sofia second chronicle, 5 october 6939, 10 indications, that is, in the fall of 1431 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, stb. 64) (According to the Novgorod first in 6940 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 416), according to the Novgorod fourth in 6941 year (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 433), according to the Nikon chronicle in 6940 on Peter's day (PSRL, vol. VIII, p. 96; vol. XII, p. 16). The place of enthronement is a debatable issue. Chronicles simply report that Vasily returned from the Horde to Moscow, but the Sophia First and Nikon Chronicles add that he sat down “at the Most Pure at the Golden Doors” (PSRL, vol. V, p. 264, PSRL, vol. XII, p. 16 ), which may indicate the Assumption Cathedral of Vladimir. (The version about the enthronement of Vasily in Vladimir is defended by V.D. Nazarov. See Vasily II Vasilyevich // BRE. T.4. - P.629).
122. Defeated Vasily on April 25, 6941 (1433) and occupied Moscow, but soon left it (PSRL, vol. VIII, pp. 97-98, vol. XII, p. 18).
123. He returned to Moscow after the departure of Yuri, but was again defeated by him on Lazarev Saturday 6942 (that is, March 20, 1434) (PSRL, vol. XII, p. 19).
124. Took Moscow on Wednesday at Light Week 6942 (i.e. March 31 1434) of the year (PSRL, vol. XII, p. 20) (according to Sofia second - on Holy Week 6942 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, stb. 66), but soon died (according to the Tver Chronicle on July 4 ( PSRL, vol. XV, stb. 490), according to others - on June 6 (note 276 to volume V of the "History of the Russian State", according to the Arkhangelsk Chronicle).
125. He sat on the throne after the death of his father, but after a month of reign he left the city (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, article 67, vol. VIII, p. 99; vol. XII, p. 20).
126. He sat down on the throne again in 1442. He was defeated in a battle with the Tatars and was taken prisoner.
127. Arrived in Moscow shortly after the capture of Vasily. Learning about the return of Vasily, he fled to Uglich. In the primary sources there are no direct indications of his great reign, but the conclusion about him is made by a number of authors. Cm. A. A. Zimin A Knight at the Crossroads: Feudal War in 15th Century Russia. - M.: Mysl, 1991 .-- 286 p. - ISBN 5-244-00518-9.).
128. I entered Moscow on October 26th. Captured, blinded on February 16, 1446 (September 6954) (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, stb. 113, vol. XII, p. 69).
129. He took Moscow on February 12 at nine o'clock in the morning (that is, according to the modern account February 13 after midnight) in 1446 (PSRL, vol. VIII, p. 115; vol. XII, p. 67). The first of the Moscow princes to use the title of Sovereign of All Russia. Moscow was taken in the absence of Shemyaka by supporters of Vasily Vasilyevich in the early morning of Christmas September 6955 ( December 25 1446) (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, stb. 120).
130. At the end of December 1446, Muscovites again kissed the cross for him, he sat on the throne in Moscow on February 17, 1447 (September 6955) (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, stb. 121, vol. XII, p. 73). Died March 27 6970 (1462) on Saturday at three o'clock in the morning (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, stb. 158, vol. VIII, p. 150; vol. XII, p. 115) (According to the Stroyevsky list of the Novgorod fourth on April 4 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 445), according to the Dubrovsky list and according to the Tver Chronicle - March 28 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 493, vol. XV, stb. 496), according to one of the lists of the Resurrection Chronicle - 26 March, according to one of the lists of the Nikon Chronicle on March 7 (according to N. M. Karamzin - March 17 on Saturday - note 371 to volume V of the "History of the Russian State", but the calculation of the day of the week is wrong, right on March 27).
131. For the first time he was named the Grand Duke in the treaty between Vasily II and the prince of Suzdal Ivan Vasilyevich, drawn up between December 15, 1448 and June 22, 1449. There is also an opinion that the prince Ivan was declared the Grand Duke during the election of Metropolitan Jonah on December 15, 1448 ( A. A. Zimin Knight at the Crossroads). After the death of his father, he inherited the throne.
132. The first sovereign ruler of Russia after the overthrow of the Horde yoke. Died 27th October 1505 (September 7014) at the first hour of the night from Monday to Tuesday (PSRL, vol. VIII, p. 245; vol. XII, p. 259) (According to Sofiyskaya second on October 26 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, 374) According to the Academic List of the Novgorod Fourth Chronicle - October 27 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 468), according to Dubrovsky's list - October 28 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 535).
133. From June 1471, in acts and chronicles, he began to be called the Grand Duke, becoming the heir and co-regent of his father. He died on March 7, 1490 at eight o'clock in the morning (PSRL, vol. VI, p. 239).
134. He was planted by Ivan III "for the great reign of Vladimir, Moscow, Novgorod and all Russia" (PSRL, vol. VI, p. 242). For the first time, a royal wedding ceremony was held and for the first time a "Monomakh hat" was used for the coronation. In 1502, Ivan III changed his mind, declaring his son Vasily as his heir.
135. Was crowned by Ivan III for the great reign (PSRL, vol. VIII, p. 242). After the death of his father, he inherited the throne.
136. He sat on the throne in 1505. He died on December 3, 7042 in September at twelve o'clock in the morning, from Wednesday to Thursday (i.e. 4 december 1533 before dawn) (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 563, vol. VIII, p. 285; vol. XIII, p. 76).
137. Until 1538, Elena Glinskaya was regent under the minor Ivan. Died April 3 7046 (1538 ) of the year (PSRL, vol. VIII, p. 295; vol. XIII, pp. 98, 134).
138. He was crowned king on January 16, 1547. He died on March 18, 1584 at about seven o'clock in the evening.
139. Kasimov khan, name before baptism Sain-Bulat. He was planted by Ivan the Terrible on the throne, with the title of "Sovereign Grand Duke Simeon of All Russia", and Grozny himself began to be called "Prince of Moscow". The reign is determined by the surviving charters. It was first mentioned in Ivan's petition on October 30, 7084 in September (that is, in this case, 1575), the last time - in a letter issued by him to the Novgorod landowner T.I.Baranov on July 18, 7084 (1576) (Piskarevsky Chronicles, p. 81 -82 and 148. Koretsky V.I. Zemsky Sobor 1575 and the appointment of Simeon Bekbulatovich "the Grand Duke of All Russia" // Historical Archive, No. 2. 1959). After 1576 he became the titular Grand Duke of Tver. Later, in the oaths taken to Boris Godunov and his son Fyodor, there was a separate clause providing for "not wanting" Simeon and his children to the kingdom.
140. He was crowned king on May 31, 1584. He died on January 7, 1598 at one o'clock in the morning.
141. After Fyodor's death, the boyars swore allegiance to his wife Irina and issued decrees on her behalf. Across eight days she went to a monastery, but in official documents she continued to be called "Empress Queen and Grand Duchess."
142. Elected by the Zemsky Sobor on February 17. He was married to the kingdom on September 1. He died on April 13 at about three o'clock in the afternoon.
143. He inherited the throne after the death of his father. As a result of the uprising of Muscovites, who recognized False Dmitry as tsar, he was arrested on June 1 and killed 10 days later.
144. He entered Moscow on June 20, 1605. He was married to the kingdom on July 30. Killed in the morning of May 17, 1606. Posing as Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich. According to the conclusions of the government commission of Tsar Boris Godunov, supported by the majority of researchers, the real name of the impostor is Grigory (Yuri) Bogdanovich Otrepiev.
145. Elected by the boyars, participants in the conspiracy against False Dmitry. He was married to the kingdom on June 1. Deposed by the boyars (formally deposed by the Zemsky Sobor) and forcibly tonsured a monk on July 17, 1610.
146. In the period - after the overthrow of Tsar Vasily Shuisky, power in Moscow was in the hands of the (Boyar Duma), which created a provisional government of seven boyars ("seven-numbered boyars", in historiography the seven-boyars). On August 17, 1611, this provisional government recognized the king of the Polish-Lithuanian prince Vladislav Sigismundovich (see N. Markhotsky. History of the Moscow War. M., 2000.)
147. He headed the Boyar Duma. Negotiated with the Poles. After the liberation of Moscow from the interventionists, before the arrival of Mikhail Romanov, he formally accepted the incoming state documents as the oldest member of the Duma.
148. The supreme body of executive power in the territory liberated from the interventionists. Established on June 30, 1611 by the Council of the Whole Land, functioned until the spring of 1613. Initially, it was headed by three leaders (leaders of the First Militia): D.T. Trubetskoy, I.M. Zarutsky and P.P. Lyapunov. Then Lyapunov was killed, and Zarutsky in August 1612 opposed the people's militia. In the spring of 1611, in Nizhny Novgorod, the Second Militia arose under the leadership of K. Minin (elected zemstvo headman on September 1, 1611) and D.M. Pozharsky (arrived in Nizhny Novgorod on October 28, 1611). In the spring of 1612 he formed a new composition of the Zemsky government. The second militia organized the expulsion of the interventionists from Moscow and the convocation of the Zemsky Sobor, which elected Mikhail Romanov to the throne. After the unification of the First and Second militias at the end of September 1612 DT Trubetskoy formally became the head of the Zemsky government.
149. March 14, 1613 agreed to take the Russian throne. Elected by Zemsky Sobor 21 february , 11 july crowned king in the Kremlin's Assumption Cathedral. Died in the second hour of the night July 13, 1645.
150. Released from Polish captivity on June 1, 1619. Until the end of his life, he officially bore the title of "great sovereign".
151. A royal wedding on September 28, 1645. Died on January 29, 1676 at 9 pm.
152. A royal wedding on June 18, 1676. Died on April 27, 1682.
153. After the death of Fyodor, the Boyar Duma proclaimed Peter the Tsar, bypassing Ivan. However, as a result of the struggle of the court groupings, it was decided to declare the brothers co-rulers, and on June 5, Ivan was proclaimed the "senior tsar". Joint wedding to the kingdom

Nicholas II (1894 - 1917) Many people died due to the stampede that occurred during his coronation. So the name "Bloody" was attached to the kindest philanthropist Nicholas. In 1898, Nicholas II, caring for world peace, issued a manifesto, where he called on all countries for the world to completely disarm. After that, a special commission met in The Hague to work out a number of measures that could further prevent bloody clashes between countries and peoples. But the peace-loving emperor had to fight. First, in the First World War, then a Bolshevik coup broke out, as a result of which the monarch was overthrown, and then, together with his family, were shot in Yekaterinburg. The Orthodox Church canonized Nikolai Romanov and his entire family.

Rurik (862-879)

Prince of Novgorod, nicknamed Varangian, as he was called to reign by the Novgorodians from across the Varangian Sea. is the founder of the Rurik dynasty. He was married to a woman named Efanda, with whom he had a son named Igor. He also raised Askold's daughter and stepson. After his two brothers died, he became the sole ruler of the country. He gave all the surrounding villages and towns to the management of his entourage, where they had the right to independently administer the court. Around this time, Askold and Dir, two brothers who were not in any way related to Rurik by family ties, occupied the city of Kiev and began to rule over the glades.

Oleg (879 - 912)

Kiev prince, nicknamed the Prophet. As a relative of Prince Rurik, he was the guardian of his son Igor. According to legend, he died, stung in the leg by a snake. Prince Oleg became famous for his intelligence and military prowess. With a huge army at that time, the prince went along the Dnieper. On the way, he conquered Smolensk, then Lyubech, and then took Kiev, making it the capital. Askold and Dir were killed, and Oleg showed Rurik's little son Igor as their prince to the glades. He went on a military campaign to Greece and, with a brilliant victory, provided the Russians with preferential rights to free trade in Constantinople.

Igor (912 - 945)

Following the example of Prince Oleg, Igor Rurikovich conquered all neighboring tribes and forced them to pay tribute, successfully repelled the raids of the Pechenegs and also undertook a campaign in Greece, which, however, was not as successful as the campaign of Prince Oleg. As a result, Igor was killed by the neighboring conquered tribes of the Drevlyans for his irrepressible greed in extortions.

Olga (945 - 957)

Olga was the wife of Prince Igor. She, according to the customs of that time, very cruelly avenged the Drevlyans for the murder of her husband, and also conquered the main city of the Drevlyans - Korosten. Olga was distinguished by very good leadership skills, as well as a brilliant, sharp mind. Already at the end of her life, in Constantinople she adopted Christianity, for which she was subsequently canonized and named Equal to the Apostles.

Svyatoslav Igorevich (after 964 - spring 972)

The son of Prince Igor and Princess Olga, who, after the death of her husband, took the reins into her own hands, while her son was growing up, learning the wisdom of the art of war. He succeeded in defeating the army of the Bulgarian king in 967, which greatly alarmed the emperor of Byzantium John, who, in collusion with the Pechenegs, persuaded them to attack Kiev. In 970, together with the Bulgarians and Hungarians, after the death of Princess Olga, Svyatoslav went on a campaign against Byzantium. The forces were not equal, and Svyatoslav was forced to sign a peace treaty with the empire. After his return to Kiev, he was brutally killed by the Pechenegs, and then Svyatoslav's skull was decorated with gold and made from it a bowl for pies.

Yaropolk Svyatoslavovich (972 - 978 or 980)

After the death of his father, Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich, he made an attempt to unite Russia under his rule, defeating his brothers: Oleg Drevlyansky and Vladimir Novgorodsky, forcing them to leave the country, and then annexed their lands to the Kiev principality. He managed to conclude a new treaty with the Byzantine Empire, and also to attract to his service the horde of the Pechenezh Khan Ildeya. He tried to establish diplomatic relations with Rome. Under him, as the Joachim manuscript testifies, Christians were given a lot of freedom in Russia, which caused the displeasure of the pagans. Vladimir Novgorodsky immediately took advantage of this displeasure and, having agreed with the Varangians, anew seized Novgorod for himself, then Polotsk, and then laid siege to Kiev. Yaropolk was forced to flee to Roden. He tried to make peace with his brother, for which he went to Kiev, where he was the Varangians. The chronicles characterize this prince as a peace-loving and meek ruler.

Vladimir Svyatoslavovich (978 or 980 - 1015)

Vladimir was the youngest son of Prince Svyatoslav. He was a Novgorod prince from 968. He became the prince of Kiev in 980. He was distinguished by a very warlike disposition, which allowed him to conquer the Radimichi, Vyatichi and Yatvingians. Vladimir also fought wars with the Pechenegs, with the Volga Bulgaria, with the Byzantine Empire and Poland. It was during the reign of Prince Vladimir in Russia that defensive structures were built on the borders of the rivers: Desna, Trubezh, Sturgeon, Sula and others. Vladimir also did not forget about his capital city. It was under him that Kiev was rebuilt with stone buildings. But Vladimir Svyatoslavovich became famous and remained in history due to the fact that in 988 - 989. made Christianity the state religion of Kievan Rus, which immediately strengthened the country's authority in the international arena. Under him, the state of Kievan Rus entered the period of its greatest prosperity. Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavovich became an epic character, in which he is referred to as "Vladimir the Red Sun". Canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church, named Equal to the Apostles Prince.

Svyatopolk Vladimirovich (1015 - 1019)

Vladimir Svyatoslavovich, during his lifetime, divided his lands between his sons: Svyatopolk, Izyaslav, Yaroslav, Mstislav, Svyatoslav, Boris and Gleb. After Prince Vladimir died, Svyatopolk Vladimirovich occupied Kiev and decided to get rid of his rival brothers. He gave the order to kill Gleb, Boris and Svyatoslav. However, this did not help him establish himself on the throne. Soon he was expelled from Kiev by Prince Yaroslav of Novgorod. Then Svyatopolk turned to his father-in-law - the King of Poland Boleslav for help. With the support of the Polish king, Svyatopolk again seized Kiev, but soon circumstances developed in such a way that he was again forced to flee the capital. On the way, Prince Svyatopolk committed suicide. This prince was popularly nicknamed the Damned because he took the life of his brothers.

Yaroslav Vladimirovich the Wise (1019 - 1054)

After the death of Mstislav Tmutarakan and after the expulsion of the Holy Regiment, Yaroslav Vladimirovich became the sole ruler of the Russian land. Yaroslav was distinguished by a sharp mind, for which, in fact, he received his nickname - Wise. He tried to take care of the needs of his people, built the cities of Yaroslavl and Yuryev. He also built churches (of St. Sophia in Kiev and Novgorod), realizing the importance of spreading and strengthening the new faith. It was he who published the first set of laws in Russia called "Russian Truth". He divided the allotments of the Russian land between his sons: Izyaslav, Svyatoslav, Vsevolod, Igor and Vyacheslav, bequeathing them to live among themselves in peace.

Izyaslav Yaroslavich the First (1054 - 1078)

Izyaslav was the eldest son of Yaroslav the Wise. After the death of his father, the throne of Kievan Rus passed to him. But after his campaign against the Polovtsy, which ended in failure, the Kievites themselves drove him out. Then his brother Svyatoslav became the Grand Duke. Only after the death of Svyatoslav, Izyaslav returned to the capital city of Kiev. Vsevolod the First (1078 - 1093) Perhaps Prince Vsevolod could well have been a useful ruler, thanks to his peaceful disposition, piety and truthfulness. An educated man himself, knowing five languages, he actively contributed to enlightenment in his principality. But alas. Constant, incessant raids of the Polovtsians, pestilence, famine did not favor the rule of this prince. He remained on the throne thanks to the efforts of his son Vladimir, who would later be called Monomakh.

Svyatopolk II (1093 - 1113)

Svyatopolk was the son of Izyaslav the First. It was he who inherited the Kiev throne after Vsevolod the First. This prince was distinguished by a rare spinelessness, which is why he did not manage to calm the internecine friction between the princes for power in the cities. In 1097, a congress of princes was held in the city of Lubich, at which each ruler, kissing the cross, pledged to own only his father's land. But this shaky peace treaty was not allowed to come true. Prince Davyd Igorevich blinded Prince Vasilko. Then the princes, at a new congress (1100), deprived Prince Davyd of the right to own Volyn. Then, in 1103, the princes unanimously accepted Vladimir Monomakh's proposal for a joint campaign against the Polovtsians, which was done. The campaign ended with a Russian victory in 1111.

Vladimir Monomakh (1113 - 1125)

Regardless of the right of seniority of the Svyatoslavichs, when Prince Svyatopolk II died, Vladimir Monomakh was elected Prince of Kiev, wishing to unite the Russian land. Grand Duke Vladimir Monomakh was brave, indefatigable and distinguished himself favorably from the rest by his remarkable mental abilities. He managed to humble the princes with meekness, and he fought successfully with the Polovtsi. Vladimir Monoma is a vivid example of the prince's service not to his personal ambitions, but to his people, which he bequeathed to his children.

Mstislav the First (1125 - 1132)

The son of Vladimir Monomakh, Mstislav the First, was very much like his legendary father, demonstrating the same wonderful qualities of a ruler. All the rebellious princes showed him respect, fearing to anger the Grand Duke and share the fate of the Polovtsian princes, whom Mstislav expelled to Greece for disobedience, and in their place he sent his son to reign.

Yaropolk (1132 - 1139)

Yaropolk was the son of Vladimir Monomakh and, accordingly, the brother of Mstislav the First. During his reign, the idea came to him to transfer the throne not to his brother Vyacheslav, but to his nephew, which caused confusion in the country. It was because of these strife that the Monomakhs lost the Kiev throne, which was occupied by the descendants of Oleg Svyatoslavovich, that is, the Olegovichs.

Vsevolod II (1139 - 1146)

Having become the Grand Duke, Vsevolod II wanted to secure the throne of Kiev for his family. For this reason, he handed over the throne to Igor Olegovich, his brother. But Igor was not accepted by the people as a prince. He was forced to take monastic vows, but even the monastic attire did not protect him from the wrath of the people. Igor was killed.

Izyaslav II (1146 - 1154)

Izyaslav II fell in love with the people of Kiev to a greater extent because with his intelligence, disposition, friendliness and courage he reminded them very much of Vladimir Monomakh, the grandfather of Izyaslav II. After Izyaslav ascended the Kiev throne, the concept of seniority, adopted for centuries, was violated in Russia, that is, for example, while his uncle was alive, his nephew could not be a grand duke. A stubborn struggle began between Izyaslav II and Prince of Rostov Yuri Vladimirovich. Izyaslav was twice driven from Kiev in his life, but this prince still managed to retain the throne until his death.

Yuri Dolgoruky (1154 - 1157)

It was the death of Izyaslav II that paved the way to the throne of Kiev Yuri, whom the people later called Dolgoruky. Yuri became the Grand Duke, but he did not have a chance to reign for long, only three years, after which he died.

Mstislav II (1157 - 1169)

After the death of Yuri Dolgoruky between the princes, as usual, internecine strife for the Kiev throne began, as a result of which Mstislav II Izyaslavovich became the Grand Duke. Prince Andrei Yurievich, nicknamed Bogolyubsky, expelled Mstislav from the Kiev throne. Before the expulsion of Prince Mstislav, Bogolyubsky literally ravaged Kiev.

Andrey Bogolyubsky (1169 - 1174)

The first thing that Andrei Bogolyubsky did when he became the Grand Duke was to move the capital from Kiev to Vladimir. He ruled Russia autocraticly, without squads and veche, pursued all those who were dissatisfied with this state of affairs, but, in the end, he was killed by them as a result of a conspiracy.

Vsevolod the Third (1176 - 1212)

The death of Andrei Bogolyubsky caused strife between the ancient cities (Suzdal, Rostov) and the new ones (Pereslavl, Vladimir). As a result of these confrontations, the brother of Andrei Bogolyubsky, Vsevolod the Third, nicknamed the Big Nest, began to reign in Vladimir. Despite the fact that this prince did not rule and did not live in Kiev, nevertheless, he was called the Grand Duke and was the first to make him swear allegiance not only to himself, but also to his children.

Constantine the First (1212 - 1219)

The title of Grand Duke Vsevolod the Third, contrary to expectations, transferred not to his eldest son Konstantin, but to Yuri, as a result of which strife arose. The father's decision to approve the Grand Duke Yuri was also supported by the third son of Vsevolod the Big Nest - Yaroslav. And Constantine in his claim to the throne was supported by Mstislav Udaloy. Together they won the Battle of Lipetsk (1216) and Constantine nevertheless became the Grand Duke. Only after his death, the throne passed to Yuri.

Yuri II (1219 - 1238)

Yuri fought successfully with the Volga Bulgarians and Mordovians. On the Volga, on the very border of Russian possessions, Prince Yuri built Nizhny Novgorod. It was during his reign in Russia that the Mongol-Tatars appeared, who in 1224, in the battle of Kalka, defeated the Polovtsians, and then the troops of the Russian princes, who came to support the Polovtsians. After this battle, the Mongols left, but thirteen years later they returned under the leadership of Khan Batu. Hordes of Mongols devastated the Suzdal and Ryazan princedoms, and also, in the battle of the City, defeated the army and the Grand Duke Yuri II. In this battle, Yuri died. Two years after his death, hordes of Mongols plundered the south of Russia and Kiev, after which all Russian princes were forced to admit that from now on they all and their lands were under the rule of the Tatar yoke. The Mongols on the Volga made the city of Sarai the capital of the horde.

Yaroslav II (1238 - 1252)

The Khan of the Golden Horde appointed the Grand Duke of Novgorod Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich. During his reign, this prince was engaged in restoring Russia, devastated by the Mongol army.

Alexander Nevsky (1252 - 1263)

At first, being a Novgorod prince, Alexander Yaroslavovich in 1240 defeated the Swedes on the Neva River, for which, in fact, he was named Nevsky. Then, two years later, he defeated the Germans in the famous Battle of the Ice. Among other things, Alexander very successfully fought against Chud and Lithuania. From the Horde, he received a label for the Great Reign and became a great intercessor for the entire Russian people, as he traveled to the Golden Horde four times with rich gifts and bows. was subsequently canonized.

Yaroslav the Third (1264 - 1272)

After Alexander Nevsky died, his two brothers began to fight for the title of Grand Duke: Vasily and Yaroslav, but the khan of the Golden Horde decided to give the label to Yaroslav to reign. Nevertheless, Yaroslav did not manage to get along with the Novgorodians, he treacherously called on even the Tatars to his own people. The metropolitan reconciled Prince Yaroslav the Third with the people, after which the prince again swore an oath on the cross to rule honestly and justly.

Basil the First (1272 - 1276)

Vasily the First was a Kostroma prince, but he claimed the throne of Novgorod, where the son of Alexander Nevsky, Dmitry, reigned. And soon Basil the First achieved his goal, thereby strengthening his principality, previously weakened by division into inheritances.

Dmitry the First (1276 - 1294)

The entire reign of Dmitry the First proceeded in a continuous struggle for the rights of the Grand Duke with his brother Andrei Alexandrovich. Andrei Alexandrovich was supported by the Tatar regiments, from which Dmitry managed to escape three times. After his third escape, Dmitry nevertheless decided to ask Andrey for peace and, thus, received the right to the Pereslavl reign.

Andrew the Second (1294 - 1304)

Andrew II pursued a policy of expanding his principality through the armed seizure of other principalities. In particular, he claimed a principality in Pereslavl, which caused feuds with Tver and Moscow, which, even after the death of Andrei II, were not stopped.

Saint Michael (1304 - 1319)

Prince Mikhail Yaroslavovich of Tver, having paid a large tribute to the khan, received a label from the Horde for a grand duke, bypassing the Moscow prince Yuri Danilovich. But then, while Mikhail was waging a war with Novgorod, Yuri, in agreement with the Horde's ambassador to Kavgadye, slandered Mikhail in front of the khan. As a result, the khan summoned Mikhail to the Horde, where he was brutally killed.

Yuri the Third (1320 - 1326)

Yuri the Third, married the daughter of Khan Konchak, who took the name Agafya in Orthodoxy. It was in her premature death that Yuri cunningly accused Mikhail Yaroslavovich of Tverskoy, for which he suffered an unfair and cruel death at the hands of the Horde Khan. So Yuri received a label to reign, but the son of the murdered Mikhail, Dmitry, also claimed the throne. As a result, Dmitry killed Yuri at the first meeting, avenging his father's death.

Dmitry the Second (1326)

For the murder of Yuri III, he was sentenced to death by the Horde Khan for arbitrariness.

Alexander Tverskoy (1326 - 1338)

The brother of Dmitry II - Alexander - received a label from the khan to the throne of the Grand Duke. Prince Alexander of Tverskoy was distinguished by justice and kindness, but he literally ruined himself by allowing the Tver people to kill Shchelkan, the hated Khan ambassador. The Khan sent an army of 50,000 against Alexander. The prince was forced to flee, first to Pskov, and then to Lithuania. Only 10 years later, Alexander received the forgiveness of the khan and was able to return, but, at the same time, he did not get along with the prince of Moscow - Ivan Kalita - after which Kalita slandered Alexander of Tversky in front of the khan. The Khan urgently summoned A. Tverskoy to his Horde, where he was executed.

John the First Kalita (1320 - 1341)

John Danilovich, nicknamed "Kalita" (Kalita - purse) for his stinginess, was very careful and cunning. With the support of the Tatars, he devastated the Tver principality. It was he who took upon himself the responsibility to accept tribute for the Tatars from all over Russia, which also contributed to his personal enrichment. With this money, John bought up entire cities from the appanage princes. Through the efforts of Kalita, the metropolitanate was also transferred from Vladimir to Moscow in 1326. He founded the Assumption Cathedral in Moscow. Since the time of John Kalita, Moscow has become the permanent residence of the Metropolitan of All Russia and becomes the Russian center.

Simeon the Proud (1341 - 1353)

The khan gave Simeon Ioannovich not only a label for the Grand Duke, but also ordered all the other princes to obey only him, so Simeon began to be called the prince of all Russia. The prince died without leaving an heir from a pestilence.

John the Second (1353 - 1359)

Brother of Simeon the Proud. He had a meek and peaceful disposition, he obeyed the advice of Metropolitan Alexei in all matters, and Metropolitan Alexei, in turn, was highly respected in the Horde. During the reign of this prince, relations between the Tatars and Moscow improved significantly.

Dmitry the Third Donskoy (1363 - 1389)

After the death of John the Second, his son Dmitry was still small, therefore the khan gave the label to the grand duke to the Suzdal prince Dmitry Konstantinovich (1359 - 1363). However, the Moscow boyars benefited from the policy of strengthening the Moscow prince, and they managed to achieve the grand duke for Dmitry Ioannovich. The Suzdal prince was forced to submit and, together with the rest of the princes of north-eastern Russia, swore allegiance to Dmitry Ioannovich. The relationship between Russia and the Tatars also changed. Due to civil strife in the horde itself, Dmitry and the other princes took the opportunity not to pay the already familiar quitrent. Then Khan Mamai entered into an alliance with the Lithuanian prince Jagell and marched with a large army to Russia. Dmitry with other princes met the army of Mamai on the Kulikovo field (near the Don river) and at the cost of huge losses on September 8, 1380, Russia won a victory over the army of Mamai and Yagell. For this victory, they called Dmitry Ioannovich Donskoy. Until the end of his life, he cared about strengthening Moscow.

Basil the First (1389 - 1425)

Vasily ascended the princely throne, already having experience in government, since even during his father's life he shared the reign with him. Expanded the Moscow principality. Refused to pay tribute to the Tatars. In 1395, Khan Timur threatened Russia with an invasion, but it was not he who attacked Moscow, but Edigei, the Tatar murza (1408). But he lifted the siege from Moscow, having received a ransom in the amount of 3,000 rubles. Under Vasily the First, the Ugra River was designated as the border with the Lithuanian principality.

Vasily the Second (Dark) (1425 - 1462)

Yuri Dmitrievich Galitsky decided to take advantage of the minority of Prince Vasily and claimed his rights to the Grand Ducal throne, but the khan decided the dispute in favor of the minor Vasily II, which was greatly facilitated by the Moscow boyar Vasily Vsevolozhsky, hoping in the future to marry his daughter to Vasily, but these expectations were not destined to come true ... Then he left Moscow and assisted Yuri Dmitrievich, and soon he seized the throne, on which he died in 1434. His son Vasily Kosoy began to claim the throne, but all the princes of Russia rebelled against this. Vasily II captured Vasily the Kosoy and blinded him. Then the brother of Vasily the Kosoy Dmitry Shemyak captured Vasily II and also blinded him, after which he took the throne of Moscow. But soon he was forced to give the throne to Basil II. Under Vasily the Second, all the metropolitans in Russia began to be recruited from Russians, and not from Greeks, as before. The reason for this was the adoption of the Florentine union in 1439 by Metropolitan Isidore, who was from the Greeks. For this, Vasily II gave the order to take Metropolitan Isidor into custody and instead appointed Bishop John of Ryazan.

John the Third (1462 -1505)

Under him, the nucleus of the state apparatus began to form and, as a result, the state of Rus. He annexed Yaroslavl, Perm, Vyatka, Tver, Novgorod to the Moscow principality. In 1480, he overthrew the Tatar-Mongol yoke (Standing on the Ugra). In 1497, the "Code of Laws" was drawn up. John the Third launched a large building in Moscow, strengthened the international position of Russia. It was under him that the title "Prince of All Russia" was born.

Basil the Third (1505 - 1533)

"The last collector of the Russian lands" Vasily the Third was the son of John III and Sophia Palaeologus. He was distinguished by a very impregnable and proud disposition. Having annexed Pskov, he destroyed the specific system. He fought with Lithuania twice on the advice of Mikhail Glinsky, a Lithuanian nobleman, whom he kept in his service. In 1514 he finally took Smolensk from the Lithuanians. He fought with the Crimea and Kazan. As a result, he managed to punish Kazan. He recalled all trade from the city, ordering from now on to trade at the Makariev Fair, which was then transferred to Nizhny Novgorod. Vasily the Third, wishing to marry Elena Glinskaya, divorced his wife Solomonia, which further turned the boyars against himself. From a marriage with Elena, Basil the Third had a son, John.

Elena Glinskaya (1533 - 1538)

Was appointed to rule by Basil III himself until the age of their son John. Elena Glinskaya, having barely ascended the throne, dealt very harshly with all the rebellious and disgruntled boyars, after which she made peace with Lithuania. Then she decided to repulse the Crimean Tatars, who boldly attacked the Russian lands, however, these plans of hers were not given to be realized, since Elena died suddenly.

John the Fourth (the Terrible) (1538 - 1584)

John the Fourth, Prince of All Russia, became the first Russian tsar in 1547. Since the late forties, he ruled the country with the participation of the Chosen Rada. During his reign, the convocation of all Zemsky Councils began. In 1550, a new Code of Law was drawn up, as well as reforms of the court and administration (Zemskaya and Gubnaya reforms). He conquered the Kazan Khanate in 1552, and the Astrakhan Khanate in 1556. In 1565, the oprichnina was introduced to strengthen the autocracy. Under John the Fourth, trade relations with England were established in 1553, and the first printing house in Moscow was opened. From 1558 to 1583 the Livonian War continued for access to the Baltic Sea. In 1581, the annexation of Siberia began. The entire internal policy of the country under Tsar John was accompanied by disgrace and executions, for which he was popularly called the Terrible. The enslavement of the peasants increased significantly.

Fedor Ioannovich (1584 - 1598)

He was the second son of John the Fourth. He was very sickly and weak, did not have a sharp mind. That is why very quickly the actual government of the state passed into the hands of the boyar Boris Godunov, the king's brother-in-law. Boris Godunov, having surrounded himself with exclusively devoted people, became a sovereign ruler. He built cities, strengthened relations with the countries of Western Europe, built the Arkhangelsk harbor on the White Sea. By order and instigation of Godunov, an all-Russian independent patriarchate was established, and the peasants were finally attached to the land. It was he who, in 1591, ordered the assassination of Tsarevich Dmitry, who was a brother to the childless Tsar Fedor, and was his direct heir. 6 years after this murder, Tsar Fyodor himself died.

Boris Godunov (1598 - 1605)

Boris Godunov's sister and wife of the late Tsar Fyodor abdicated the throne. Patriarch Job recommended Godunov's supporters to gather the Zemsky Sobor, at which Boris was elected tsar. Godunov, having become king, feared conspiracies on the part of the boyars and, in general, was distinguished by excessive suspicion, which naturally caused disgrace and exile. At the same time, the boyar Fyodor Nikitich Romanov was forced to take monastic vows, and he became a monk Filaret, and his young son Mikhail was sent into exile to Beloozero. But not only the boyars were angry with Boris Godunov. A three-year crop failure and the pestilence that followed it, which fell on the Muscovite kingdom, forced the people to see the fault of Tsar B. Godunov in this. The king tried as best he could to alleviate the plight of the starving. He increased the earnings of people employed in government buildings (for example, during the construction of the Ivan the Great Bell Tower), generously distributed alms, but people still murmured and willingly believed rumors that the legitimate Tsar Dmitry had not been killed at all and would soon take the throne. In the midst of preparations for the fight against False Dmitry, Boris Godunov died suddenly, while managing to bequeath the throne to his son Fedor.

False Dmitry (1605 - 1606)

The fugitive monk Grigory Otrepiev, who was supported by the Poles, declared himself Tsar Dmitry, who miraculously managed to escape from the murderers in Uglich. He entered Russia with several thousand people. An army came out to meet him, but it also went over to the side of False Dmitry, recognizing him as the legitimate king, after which Fyodor Godunov was killed. False Dmitry was a very good-natured man, but with a sharp mind, he diligently dealt with all state affairs, but caused the displeasure of the clergy and boyars, because, in their opinion, he did not respect the old Russian customs enough, and in many even neglected. Together with Vasily Shuisky, the boyars entered into a conspiracy against False Dmitry, spread a rumor that he was an impostor, and then, without hesitation, killed the fake tsar.

Vasily Shuisky (1606 - 1610)

Boyars and townspeople elected the old and inexperienced Shuisky as tsar, thus limiting his power. In Russia, rumors arose again about the salvation of False Dmitry, in connection with which new troubles began in the state, intensified by the rebellion of a servant named Ivan Bolotnikov and the appearance of False Dmitry II in Tushino ("Tushino thief"). Poland went to war against Moscow and defeated the Russian troops. After that, Tsar Basil was forcibly tonsured into a monk, and a troubled interregnum, lasting three years, came to Russia.

Mikhail Fedorovich (1613 - 1645)

The diplomas of the Trinity Lavra, sent out throughout Russia and calling for the protection of the Orthodox faith and the fatherland, did their job: Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, with the participation of the Zemstvo head of the Nizhny Novgorod Kozma Minin (Sukhoroky), gathered a large militia and moved to Moscow in order to cleanse the capital of rebels and Poles, which was done after painful efforts. On February 21, 1613, the Great Zemstvo Duma gathered, at which Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was elected Tsar, who, after long denials, nevertheless ascended the throne, where the first thing he undertook to pacify both external and internal enemies.

He concluded the so-called pillar treaty with the Kingdom of Sweden, in 1618 he signed the Deulinsky treaty with Poland, according to which Filaret, who was the king's parent, was returned to Russia after a long captivity. Upon his return, he was immediately elevated to the rank of patriarch. Patriarch Filaret was an advisor to his son and a reliable co-ruler. Thanks to them, by the end of the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich, Russia began to enter into friendly relations with various Western states, practically recovering from the horror of the time of troubles.

Alexey Mikhailovich (Quiet) (1645 - 1676)

Tsar Alexei is considered one of the best people in ancient Russia. He had a meek, humble disposition, was very pious. He could not endure quarrels at all, and if they happened, he suffered a lot and tried in every possible way to reconcile with the enemy. In the first years of his reign, his closest adviser was his uncle, boyar Morozov. In the fifties, Patriarch Nikon became his adviser, who took it into his head to unite Russia with the rest of the Orthodox world and ordered everyone to be baptized in the Greek manner from now on - with three fingers, which caused a split among the Orthodox in Russia. (The most famous schismatics are Old Believers who do not want to deviate from the true faith and be baptized with a "fig", as ordered by the patriarch - boyarina Morozova and archpriest Avvakum).

During the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, riots broke out in different cities, which were suppressed, and the decision of Little Russia to voluntarily join the Moscow state provoked two wars with Poland. But the state held out thanks to the unity and concentration of power. After the death of his first wife, Maria Miloslavskaya, in marriage with whom the tsar had two sons (Fedor and John) and many daughters, he married again to the girl Natalya Naryshkina, who bore him a son, Peter.

Fedor Alekseevich (1676 - 1682)

During the reign of this tsar, the issue of Little Russia was finally resolved: its western part went to Turkey, and the East and Zaporozhye to Moscow. Patriarch Nikon was returned from exile. And also abolished parochialism - the ancient boyar custom to take into account the service of ancestors when occupying government and military posts. Tsar Fyodor died without leaving an heir.

Ivan Alekseevich (1682 - 1689)

Ivan Alekseevich, together with his brother Peter Alekseevich, was elected tsar thanks to the rifle revolt. But Tsarevich Alexei, suffering from dementia, did not take any part in state affairs. He died in 1689 during the reign of Princess Sophia.

Sophia (1682 - 1689)

Sophia remained in history as the ruler of an extraordinary mind and possessed all the necessary qualities of a real queen. She managed to calm the unrest of the schismatics, curb the archers, conclude "eternal peace" with Poland, very beneficial for Russia, as well as the Treaty of Nerchinsk with distant China. The princess undertook campaigns against the Crimean Tatars, but fell victim to her own lust for power. Tsarevich Peter, however, having figured out her plans, imprisoned his half-sister in the Novodevichy Convent, where Sophia died in 1704.

Peter the Great (the Great) (1682 - 1725)

The greatest tsar, and since 1721 the first Russian emperor, statesman, cultural and military leader. He made revolutionary reforms in the country: collegia, the Senate, bodies of political investigation and state control were created. He made divisions in Russia into provinces, and also subordinated the church to the state. Built a new capital - St. Petersburg. Peter's main dream was to eliminate the backwardness of Russia in development in comparison with European countries. Taking advantage of Western experience, he tirelessly created manufactories, factories, shipyards.

To facilitate trade and for access to the Baltic Sea, he won the Northern War, which lasted 21 years, from Sweden, thereby “cutting through” the “window to Europe”. He built a huge fleet for Russia. Thanks to his efforts, the Academy of Sciences was opened in Russia and the civil alphabet was adopted. All reforms were carried out by the most brutal methods and caused numerous uprisings in the country (Streletskoye in 1698, Astrakhan from 1705 to 1706, Bulavinskoye from 1707 to 1709), which, however, were just as ruthlessly suppressed.

Catherine the First (1725 - 1727)

Peter the First died without leaving a will. So, the throne passed to his wife Catherine. Catherine became famous for equipping Bering on a trip around the world, and also established the Supreme Privy Council at the instigation of a friend and colleague of her late husband Peter the Great - Prince Menshikov. Thus, Menshikov concentrated virtually all state power in his hands. He persuaded Catherine the heir to the throne to appoint the son of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich, to whom his father, Peter the Great, had passed the death sentence for his aversion to reforms - Peter Alekseevich, and also to agree to his marriage with Menshikov's daughter Maria. Until the age of majority of Peter Alekseevich, Prince Menshikov was appointed the ruler of Russia.

Peter II (1727 - 1730)

Peter II did not rule for long. Having barely got rid of the imperious Menshikov, he immediately fell under the influence of the Dolgoruks, who, in every possible way distracting the emperors from state affairs with amusement, actually ruled the country. They wished to marry the emperor to Princess E. A. Dolgoruka, but Pyotr Alekseevich suddenly died of smallpox and the wedding did not take place.

Anna Ioannovna (1730 - 1740)

The Supreme Privy Council decided to somewhat limit the autocracy, so they chose Anna Ioannovna, the Dowager Duchess of Courland, daughter of Ioann Alekseevich, as Empress. But she was crowned on the Russian throne as an autocratic empress and, first of all, having entered into law, she destroyed the Supreme Privy Council. She replaced him with the Cabinet and, instead of the Russian nobles, distributed posts to the Germans Ostern and Minich, as well as to the Courland Biron. The cruel and unjust government was later called "Biron region".

Russia's interference in the internal affairs of Poland in 1733 cost the country dearly: the lands conquered by Peter the Great had to be returned to Persia. Before her death, the empress appointed her niece Anna Leopoldovna's son as her heir, and appointed Biron as regent for the baby. However, Biron was overthrown in a short time, and Anna Leopoldovna, whose reign could not be called long and glorious, became the empress. The guards staged a coup and proclaimed Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, daughter of Peter the Great.

Elizaveta Petrovna (1741 - 1761)

Elizabeth destroyed the Cabinet established by Anna Ioannovna and returned the Senate. Issued a decree abolishing the death penalty in 1744. In 1954, she founded the first borrowed banks in Russia, which was a great boon for merchants and nobles. At the request of Lomonosov, she opened the first university in Moscow and in 1756 - opened the first theater. During her reign, Russia fought two wars: with Sweden and the so-called "seven-year", in which Prussia, Austria and France took part. Thanks to the peace treaty with Sweden, part of Finland was ceded to Russia. The "Seven Years" War ended with the death of Empress Elizabeth.

Peter the Third (1761 - 1762)

He was absolutely unadapted to governing the state, but his disposition was complacent. But this young emperor managed to turn against himself absolutely all strata of Russian society, since, to the detriment of Russian interests, he showed a craving for everything German. Peter the Third, not only did he make a lot of concessions in relation to the Prussian emperor Frederick II, he also reformed the army according to the same Prussian model, dear to his heart. He issued decrees on the destruction of the secret office and the free nobility, which, however, were not distinguished by certainty. As a result of the coup, due to his relationship to the empress, he quickly signed an abdication and died soon after.

Catherine the Second (1762 - 1796)

The time of her reign was one of the greatest after the reign of Peter the Great. Empress Catherine ruled harshly, suppressed the peasant uprising of Pugachev, won two Turkish wars, which resulted in the recognition of the independence of the Crimea by Turkey, and Russia withdrew the coast of the Sea of ​​Azov. Russia acquired the Black Sea Fleet, and active construction of cities began in Novorossia. Catherine II established the collegiums of education and medicine. Cadet corps were opened, and for the training of girls - the Smolny Institute. Catherine II, herself possessing literary abilities, patronized literature.

Paul the First (1796 - 1801)

He did not support the transformations initiated by his mother, Empress Catherine, in the state system. Of the achievements of his reign, it should be noted that the life of serfs was greatly facilitated (only a three-day corvee was introduced), the opening of a university in Dorpat, as well as the emergence of new women's institutions.

Alexander the First (Blessed) (1801 - 1825)

The grandson of Catherine II, ascending the throne, vowed to rule the country "according to the law and heart" of his crowned grandmother, who, in fact, was engaged in his upbringing. At the very beginning, he undertook a number of different liberation measures aimed at different sectors of society, which aroused undoubted respect and love of people. But external political problems distracted Alexander from internal reforms. Russia in an alliance with Austria was forced to fight against Napoleon, the Russian troops were defeated at Austerlitz.

Napoleon forced Russia to abandon trade with England. As a result, in 1812 Napoleon nevertheless, having violated the treaty with Russia, went to war against the country. And in the same year, 1812, Russian troops defeated Napoleon's army. Alexander the First established a state council in 1800, ministries and a cabinet of ministers. In St. Petersburg, Kazan and Kharkov, he opened universities, as well as many institutes and gymnasiums, the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. He made the life of the peasants much easier.

Nicholas the First (1825 - 1855)

He continued the policy of improving peasant life. He founded the Institute of St. Vladimir in Kiev. Published a 45-volume complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire. Under Nicholas I in 1839, the Uniates were reunited with Orthodoxy. This reunification was the result of the suppression of the uprising in Poland and the complete destruction of the Polish constitution. A war was fought with the Turks, who oppressed Greece, as a result of the victory of Russia, Greece gained independence. After breaking off relations with Turkey, which sided with England, Sardinia and France, Russia had to join a new struggle.

The emperor died suddenly during the defense of Sevastopol. During the reign of Nicholas I, the Nikolaev and Tsarskoye Selo railways were built, the great Russian writers and poets lived and worked: Lermontov, Pushkin, Krylov, Griboyedov, Belinsky, Zhukovsky, Gogol, Karamzin.

Alexander II (Liberator) (1855 - 1881)

Alexander II had to end the Turkish war. The Paris Peace was concluded on very unfavorable terms for Russia. In 1858, according to an agreement with China, Russia acquired the Amur region, and later - Usuriisk. In 1864, the Caucasus finally became part of Russia. The most important state transformation of Alexander II was the decision to free the peasants. Killed by an assassin in 1881.

Many believe that there is no need to know the history of their state. However, any historian is ready to seriously argue with this. After all, knowing the history of the rulers of Russia is very important not only for general development, but also in order not to make mistakes of the past.

In this article, we propose to familiarize yourself with the table of all the rulers of our country from the date of its foundation in chronological order. The article will help you find out who and when ruled our country, as well as what outstanding things have done for it.

Before the appearance of Russia, a large number of different tribes lived on its future territory for many centuries, however, the history of our state began in the 10th century with the call to the throne of the Russian state Rurik. He laid the foundation for the Rurik dynasty.

List of classification of rulers of Russia

It's no secret that history is a whole science, which is studied by a huge number of people who are called historians. For convenience, the entire history of the development of our country was divided into the following stages:

1. Princes of Novgorod (from 863 to 882).
2. Great Kiev princes (from 882 to 1263).
3. Moscow principality (from 1283 to 1547).
4. Kings and Emperors (from 1547 to 1917).
5. USSR (from 1917 to 1991).
6. Presidents (from 1991 to the present day).

As can be understood from this list, the center of the political life of our state, in other words, the capital, has changed several times depending on the era and events taking place in the country. Until 1547, Rus was headed by the princes of the Rurik dynasty. However, after that, the process of monarchization of the country began, which continued until 1917, when the Bolsheviks came to power. Further, the collapse of the USSR, the emergence of independent countries on the territory of former Russia and, of course, the emergence of democracy.

So, to thoroughly study this issue, find out details about all the rulers of the state in chronological order, we suggest studying the information in the following chapters of the article.

Heads of state from 862 to the period of fragmentation

This period includes the Novgorod and Great Kiev princes. The main source of information that has survived to this day and helps all historians compile lists and tables of all rulers is the Tale of Bygone Years. Thanks to this document, they were able to accurately or as close as possible to establish all the dates of the reign of the Russian princes of that time.

So, list of Novgorod and Kiev princes looks like this:

Obviously, for any ruler, from Rurik to Putin, the main goal was to strengthen and modernize his state in the international arena. Of course, they all pursued the same goal, however, each of them preferred to go to the goal in their own way.

Fragmentation of Kievan Rus

After the reign of Yaropolk Vladimirovich, the process of a strong decline of Kiev and the state as a whole began. This period is called the times of the fragmentation of Russia. During this time, all the people who stood at the head of the state did not leave any significant trace in history, but only brought the state into its worst form.

Thus, until 1169, the following personalities managed to visit the ruler's throne: Izyavlav the Third, Izyaslav Chernigovsky, Vyacheslav Rurikovich, and also Rostislav Smolensky.

Vladimir princes

After fragmentation, the capital our state was moved to a city called Vladimir. This happened for the following reasons:

1. The Kiev principality underwent a total decline and weakening.
2. Several political centers arose in the country, which they tried to take over the rule.
3. The influence of the feudal lords grew every day.

The two most influential centers of influence on Russian politics were Vladimir and Galich. Although the Vladimir period was not as long as the rest, it left a serious mark on the history of the development of the Russian state. Therefore, it is necessary to make a list the following Vladimir princes:

• Prince Andrew - ruled for 15 years from 1169.
• Vsevolod - was in power for 36 long years, starting in 1176.
• Georgy Vsevolodovich - stood at the head of Russia from 1218 to 1238.
• Yaroslav was also the son of Vsevolod Andreevich. Rules from 1238 to 1246.
• Alexander Nevsky, who was on the throne for 11 long and productive years, came to power in 1252 and died in 1263. It's no secret that Nevsky was a great commander who made a huge contribution to the development of our state.
• Yaroslav the third - from 1263 to 1272.
• Dmitry the first - 1276 - 1283.
• Dmitry the second - 1284 - 1293.
• Andrei Gorodetsky was the Grand Duke who ruled from 1293 to 1303.
• Mikhail of Tverskoy, also called the “Saint”. Came to power in 1305 and died in 1317.

As you may have noticed, the rulers were not mentioned in this list for a certain amount of time. The fact is that they did not leave any significant trace in the history of the development of Russia. For this reason, they are not taught in the school course.

When the fragmentation of the country is over, the political center of the country was transferred to Moscow. Moscow princes:

For the next 10 years, Russia experienced a decline again. During these years, the Rurik dynasty was broken off, and various boyar families were in power.

The beginning of the Romanovs, the coming of the tsars to power, the monarchy

List of rulers of Russia from 1548 to the end of the 17th century is as follows:

• Ivan Vasilyevich the Terrible is one of the most famous and useful rulers of Russia for the history. He ruled from 1548 to 1574, after which the reign was interrupted for 2 years.
• Semyon Kasimovsky (1574 - 1576).
• Ivan the Terrible returned to power and ruled until 1584.
• Tsar Fedor (1584 - 1598).

After Fyodor's death, it turned out that he had no heirs. From that moment on, the state began to experience new problems. They lasted until 1612... The Rurik dynasty was over. It was replaced by a new one: the Romanov dynasty. They began their reign in 1613.

• Mikhail Romanov is the first representative of the Romanovs. He ruled from 1613 to 1645.
• After the death of Mikhail, his heir Alexei Mikhailovich sat on the throne. (1645 - 1676)
• Fedor Alekseevich (1676 - 1682).
• Sophia, Fedor's sister. When Fedor died, his heirs were not yet ready to come to power. Therefore, the emperor's sister ascended the throne. She ruled from 1682 to 1689.

It cannot be denied that with the advent of the Romanov dynasty, stability has finally arrived in Russia. They were able to do what the Rurikovichs had been striving for for so long. Namely: useful reforms, strengthening of power, territorial growth and banal strengthening. Finally, Russia has entered the world field as one of the favorites.

Peter I

Historians claim that for all the improvements in our state we owe it to Peter I. He is rightfully considered the great Russian tsar and emperor.

Peter the Great launched the flourishing process of the Russian state, the fleet and the army were strengthened. He pursued an aggressive foreign policy, which at times strengthened Russia's position in the global race for supremacy. Of course, even before him, many rulers realized that the armed forces are the key to the success of the state, however, only he managed to achieve such success in this area.

After the Great Peter, the list of the rulers of the Russian Empire is as follows:

The monarchy in the Russian Empire existed for quite a long time and left a huge mark on its history. The Romanov dynasty is one of the most legendary in the world. However, like everything else, it was destined to end after the October Revolution, which changed the way of the state for a republic. There were no more kings in power.

Soviet times

After the execution of Nicholas II and his family, Vladimir Lenin came to power. At this moment, the state of the USSR(Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) was legally registered. Lenin ruled the country until 1924.

List of rulers of the USSR:

During the Gorbachev era, the country once again experienced colossal changes. The USSR collapsed, as well as the emergence of independent states on the territory of the former USSR. Boris Yeltsin, the president of independent Russia, came to power by force. He ruled from 1991 to 1999.

In 1999, Boris Yeltsin voluntarily left the post of President of Russia, leaving behind a successor, Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin. A year after that, Putin was officially elected by the people and was at the head of Russia until 2008.

In 2008, regular elections were held, in which Dmitry Medvedev, who ruled until 2012, won. In 2012, Vladimir Putin was re-elected President of the Russian Federation and holds the presidency today.

The history of the Russian state has already been much more than a millennium, and to be completely honest, even before the onset of awareness and the establishment of statehood, a colossal number of the most diverse tribes lived in vast territories. The final period of ten centuries, and a little more, can be called the most interesting, saturated with the most diverse personalities and rulers that are significant for the fate of the entire country. And the chronology of the rulers of Russia, from Rurik to Putin, is so lengthy and confusing that it would not be bad to understand in more detail how we managed to overcome this long path for several centuries, who stood at the head of the people at every hour of their life and why to be remembered by descendants, leaving in the centuries their shame and glory, disappointment and pride. Whatever it was, but they all left their mark, were worthy daughters and sons of their time, providing their descendants with a great future.

The main stages: the rulers of Russia in chronological order, table

Not every Russian, no matter how sad it may be, is well versed in history, and he can hardly list the list of the rulers of Russia in chronological order at least for the last hundred years. And for a historian, this is far from being such a simple task, especially if you also need to briefly tell about the contribution of each of them to the history of their native country. That is why historians have decided to conditionally divide all this into the main historical stages, linking them according to some specific criterion, for example, according to the social system, foreign and domestic policy, and so on.

Russian rulers: chronology of stages of development

It is worth saying that the chronology of the rulers of Russia can tell a lot even to a person who has no special abilities, and no knowledge in the historical sense. The historical, as well as the personal, characteristics of each of them largely depended on the conditions of the very era when they happened to lead the country in that particular period of time.

Among other things, over the entire historical period, not only the rulers of Russia from Rurik to Putin (the table below will definitely interest you), were replaced by one another, but the historical and political center of the country itself changed its place of deployment, and often it did not depend at all from the people, which, however, did not suffer much from this. For example, until the forty-seventh year of the sixteenth century, the country was ruled by princes, and only after that monarchization began, which ended in November 1917 with the Great October Revolution very tragically.

Further more, and almost the entire twentieth century can be attributed to the stage of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and subsequently the formation of new, almost completely independent states on the territories previously belonging to Russia. Thus, all the rulers of Russia, from Rurik to Putin, will help to better understand which road we have been moving up to this point, to point out the advantages and disadvantages, to sort out priorities and clearly weed out historical mistakes so as not to repeat them again and again.

Russian rulers in chronological order: Novgorod and Kiev - where did I go

Historical materials, which have no reason to doubt, for this period, which begins in 862 and ends with the end of the reign of the Kiev princes, are actually quite scarce. However, they allow to understand the chronology of the rulers of Russia at that time, although at that time such a state simply did not exist.

Interesting

The chronicle of the twelfth century "The Tale of Bygone Years" makes it clear that in 862 the great warrior and strategist, famous for his enormous power of mind, the Varangian Rurik, taking his brothers, went at the invitation of local tribes to reign in the capital city of Novgorod. In fact, it was then that a turning point in the history of Russia came, called the "vocation of the Varangians", which ultimately helped to unite the Novgorodian principalities with those of Kiev.

Varyag from the people of Russia Rurik replaced Prince Gostomysl, and came to power in 862. He ruled until 872, then he died, leaving his young son Igor, who could not be his only offspring, in the care of a distant relative of Oleg.

Since 872, regent Prophetic Oleg, left to look after Igor, decided not to confine himself to the Novgorod principality, captured Kiev and moved his capital there. It was rumored that he did not die from an accidental snakebite in 882 or 912, but it is no longer possible to understand thoroughly.

After the death of the regent in 912, the son of Rurik came to power, Igor, which the first of the Russian rulers can be clearly traced, both in Western and Byzantine sources. In the fall, Igor decided to collect tribute from the Drevlyans in a larger amount than was due, for which they treacherously killed him.

Prince Igor's wife, Duchess Olga She ascended the throne after the death of her husband in 945, and managed to convert to Christianity even before the final decision on the baptism of Rus was made.

Formally, after Igor, his son ascended the throne, Svyatoslav Igorevich... However, since at that time he was three years old, his mother Olga became regent, whom he successfully moved after 956, until he was killed by the Pechenegs in 972.

In 972, the eldest son of Svyatoslav and his wife Predslava came to power - Yaropolk Svyatoslavovich... However, he had to sit on the throne for only two years. Then he simply fell into the millstones of civil strife, was killed and ground up in the "torment of time."

In 970, the son of Svyatoslav Igorevich ascended the throne of Novgorod from his own private housekeeper Malusha, the prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich, who later received the nickname for the adoption of Christianity Great and Baptist... Eight years later, he ascended to the Kiev throne, seizing it, and also transferring his capital there. It is he who is considered the prototype of that very epic character fanned by fame and a certain mystical aura for centuries, Vladimir the Red Sun.

Grand Duke Yaroslav Vladimirovich the Wise He sat on the Kiev throne in 1016, which he managed to capture under the guise of turmoil, which arose after the death of his father Vladimir, and after him, his brother Svyatopolk.

Since 1054, the son of Yaroslav and his wife, the Swedish princess Ingigerda (Irina), named Izyaslav, began to rule in Kiev, until he died heroically in the midst of a battle against his own uncles in 1068. Buried Izyaslav Yaroslavich in the iconic Hagia Sophia in Kiev.

Starting from this period, that is, 1068, some personalities ascended the throne, who did not leave any serious trace in the historical sense.

Grand Duke, by name Svyatopolk Izyaslavovich took the throne already in 1093 and ruled until 1113.

It was at this moment in 1113 that one of the greatest Russian princes of his time came to power Vladimir Vsevolodovich Monomakh who left the throne after only twelve years.

The next seven years, until 1132, the son of Monomakh sat on the throne, by name Mstislav Vladimirovich.

Starting in 1132, and again for exactly seven years, the throne took Yaropolk Vladimirovich, also the son of the great Monomakh.

Fragmentation and civil strife in Ancient Russia: the rulers of Russia in order and randomly

It must be said that the Russian rulers, the chronology of whose leadership is offered to you for general education and increasing knowledge about their own historical basis, have always been concerned about the statehood and prosperity of their own peoples, one way or another. They consolidated their positions in the European arena as best they could, but their calculations and aspirations were not always justified, but you can't judge your ancestors too harshly, you can always find several weighty or not very strong arguments in favor of one or another decision.

During the period when Russia was a deeply feudal land, fragmented into the smallest principalities, the persons on the throne of Kiev were replaced with catastrophic speed, without even having time to accomplish anything more or less significant. Around the middle of the thirteenth century, Kiev generally fell into complete decline, leaving only a few names about that period in the memory of descendants.

Great Russian rulers: chronology of the Vladimir principality

The beginning of the twelfth century for Russia was marked by the formation of late feudalism, the weakening of the principality of Kiev, as well as the emergence of several other centers, from where strong pressure from large feudal lords was observed. The largest such centers were Galich and Vladimir. It is worth dwelling a little more on the princes of that era, although they did not leave a significant trace in the history of modern Russia, and perhaps their role has simply not yet been appreciated by their descendants.

The rulers of Russia: a list of the times of the Moscow principality

After it was decided to move the capital to Moscow from the earlier capital Vladimir, the feudal fragmentation of the Russian lands began to gradually decrease, and the main center, of course, began to gradually and unobtrusively increase its own political influence. And the rulers of that time began to be much more lucky, they managed to hold out on the throne longer than the unfortunate Vladimir princes.

Beginning in the 48th year of the sixteenth century, hard times fell in Russia. The ruling dynasty of princes actually collapsed and ceased to exist. This period is usually called timelessness, when real power was in the hands of boyar families.

Monarchical rulers of Russia: chronology before Peter I and after him

Historians are accustomed to distinguishing three periods of the formation and development of Russian monarchical rule: the pre-Petrine period, the reign of Peter, and also the post-Petrine period.

After hard times of troubles, he came to power, glorified by Bulgakov, Ivan Vasilievich the Terrible(from 1548 to 1574).

After father Ivan the Terrible, his son was blessed to reign Fedor, nicknamed the Blessed(from 1584 to 1598).

It is worth knowing that Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich was the last of the Rurik family, but he could not leave an heir. The people considered him inferior, both in terms of health and mental abilities. Beginning in the 98th year of the sixteenth century, there were times of turmoil, which lasted until the 12th year of the next century. The rulers changed, like pictures in a silent movie, each pulled in his own direction, thinking little about the welfare of the state. In 1612, a new royal dynasty, the Romanovs, came to power.

The first representative of the royal dynasty was Michael, he spent time on the throne from 1613 to 1645.

Alexei's son Fedor took the throne in 76 and spent exactly 6 years on it.

Sofya Alekseevna, his blood sister was in charge of state government from 1682 until 1689.

Peter I ascended the throne as a young man in 1689, and stayed on it until 1725. This was the greatest period in Russian history, the country finally gained stability, the economy took off, and the new tsar began to call himself emperor.

In 1725 she took the throne Ekaterina Skavronskaya, and left it in 1727.

In 30 year he sat on the throne queen anna, and ruled for exactly 10 years.

Ivan Antonovich stayed on the throne for only a year, from 1740 to 1741.

Ekaterina Petrovna ran from 41 to 61 years old.

In 62, she took the throne Catherine the Great, where she stayed until the 96th.

Pavel Petrovich(from 1796 to 1801).

Following Paul came and Alexander I (1081-1825).

Nicholas I came to power in 1825, and left it in 1855.

Tyrant and sloven, but very responsible Alexander II had the ability to bite his household on the legs, lying on the floor from 1855 to 1881.

The very last of the Russian tsars Nicholas II, ruled the country until 1917, after which the dynasty was completely and unconditionally interrupted. Moreover, it was then that a completely new political system was formed, called the republic.

Soviet rulers of Russia: in order from the revolution to the present day

The first Russian ruler after the revolution was Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, who formally ruled a huge colossus of workers and peasants until 1924. In fact, by the time of his death, he was no longer able to decide anything and in his place it was necessary to put forward a strong personality with an iron hand, which happened.

Dzhugashvili (Stalin) Joseph Vissarionovich(from 1924 to 1953).

Corn lover Nikita Khrushchev became the very "first" First Secretary until 1964.

Leonid Brezhnev took over from Khrushchev in 1964 and died in 1982.

After Brezhnev came the so-called "thaw", when the Yuri Andropov(1982-1984).

Konstantin Chernenko took over as general secretary in 1984 and left a year later.

Mikhail Gorbachev decided to introduce the notorious "perestroika", and as a result became the first, and at the same time the only president of the USSR (1985-1991).

Boris Yeltsin, named the head of Russia, independent from anyone (1991-1999).

The current head of state today, Vladimir Putin has been the President of Russia since the "millennium", that is, in 2000. There was a break in his reign for a period of 4 years, when the country was quite successfully led by Dmitry Medvedev.