Khrushchev is the president of the USSR. The best ruler of the USSR

He began his labor activity after finishing 4 classes of the zemstvo school in the house of the nobleman Mordukhai-Bolotovsky. Here he served as a footman.

Then there were difficult ordeals in search of work, later a position of apprentice at the turner at the Old Arsenal tool factory.

And then there was the Putilov factory. Here, for the first time, he encountered the underground revolutionary workers' organizations, whose activities he had heard a lot about. He joined them, joined the Social Democratic Party and even organized his own education circle at the factory.

After the first arrest and release, he left for the Caucasus (he was forbidden to live in St. Petersburg and the surrounding area), where he continued his revolutionary activities.

After a short second imprisonment, he moved to Reval, where he was also actively establishing contacts with revolutionary leaders and activists. Begins to write articles for Iskra, collaborates with the newspaper as a correspondent, distributor, liaison, etc.

For several years he was arrested 14 times! But he continued his activity. By 1917, he played an important role in the Petrograd organization of the Bolsheviks and was elected a member of the executive committee of the St. Petersburg party committee. He actively participated in the development of the revolutionary program.

At the end of March 1919, Lenin personally proposed him as a candidate for the post of Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Simultaneously with him, F. Dzerzhinsky, A. Beloborodov, N. Krestinsky and others applied for this post.

The first document that Kalinin made during the meeting was a declaration containing the immediate tasks of the All-Union Central Executive Committee.

During the civil war, he often visited the fronts, conducted active propaganda work among the soldiers, traveled to the villages of the village, where he held conversations with the peasants. Despite his high position, he was easy to communicate, knew how to find an approach to anyone. In addition, he himself was from a peasant family and had worked at a factory for many years. All this inspired confidence in him, forced to listen to his words.

For many years, people who faced a problem or injustice wrote to Kalinin, and in most cases received real help.

In 1932, thanks to him, the operation to expel several tens of thousands of dispossessed families and families expelled from collective farms was stopped.

After the end of the war, the economic and social development of the country became a priority for Kalinin. Together with Lenin, he developed plans and documents for electrification, restoration of heavy industry, transport system and agriculture.

It was not without him when choosing a statute for the Order of the Red Banner of Labor, drawing up a Declaration on the formation of the USSR, a union treaty, the Constitution and other significant documents.

During the 1st Congress of Soviets of the USSR, he was elected one of the chairmen of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR.

The main direction of activity in foreign policy was work on the recognition of the country of councils by other states.

In all his affairs, even after Lenin's death, he clearly adhered to the line of development outlined by Ilyich.

On the first day of winter 1934 he signed a decree, which later gave the green light for mass repression.

In January 1938 he became chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. In this position, he worked for over 8 years. He left office several months before his death.

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The path of the Soviet Union finally ended in 1991, although in a sense, its agony lasted until 1993. The final privatization began only in 1992-1993, simultaneously with the transition to a new monetary system.

The so-called "perestroika" became a bright period of the Soviet Union, or rather, its dying. But what brought the USSR first to restructuring, and then to the final dismantling of socialism and the Soviet system?

1953 was marked by the death of the long-term de facto leader of the USSR - Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin. After his death, a struggle for power began between the most influential members of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU. On March 5, 1953, the most influential members of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU were Malenkov, Beria, Molotov, Voroshilov, Khrushchev, Bulganin, Kaganovich, Mikoyan. On September 7, 1953, at the plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU, N. S. Khrushchev was elected first secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU.

At the XX Congress of the CPSU in February 1956, the personality cult of Stalin was condemned. But the main mine was planted under the very structure of the Leninist principle of the Soviet state at the 22nd Congress in October 1961. This congress removed the main principle of building a communist society - the dictatorship of the proletariat, replacing it with the anti-scientific concept of a "state of the whole people." It also turned out to be terrible that this congress became a de facto mass of voiceless delegates. They accepted all the principles of a de facto coup in the Soviet system. The first shoots of decentralization of the economic mechanism followed. But since the pioneers often do not stay in power for a long time, already in 1964 the plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU dismissed N. S. Khrushchev from the post of first secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU.

This time is often called the "restoration of the Stalinist order", the freezing of reforms. But this is just philistine thinking and a simplified worldview, in which there is no scientific approach. Because already in 1965 the tactics of market reforms won out in the socialist economy. The "state of the whole people" came into its own. In fact, under the strict planning of the national economic complex, the results were summed up. The unified national economic complex began to embroider and subsequently disintegrate. One of the authors of the reform was the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR A. N. Kosygin. The reformers constantly boast that, as a result of their reforms, enterprises have gained "independence." In fact, this put power in the hands of enterprise directors and the right to conduct speculative transactions. As a result, these actions led to the gradual emergence of a shortage of essential products for the population.

We all remember the "golden days" of Soviet cinema in the 1970s. For example, in the film "Ivan Vasilyevich Changes His Profession", the viewer is clearly shown how the actor Demyanenko, who plays the role of Shurik, buys the semiconductors he needs not in stores that are for some reason closed for repairs or for lunch, but from a speculator. A speculator who was kind of "condemned and condemned" by the Soviet society of that period.

The political and economic literature of that time acquired a unique anti-scientific terminology of "developed socialism". But what is "developed socialism"? Strictly following the Marxist-Leninist philosophy, we all know that socialism is a transitional period between capitalism and communism, a period of withering away of the old order. Sharp class struggle led by the working class. And what do we get in the end? That there is some kind of incomprehensible stage of something there.

The same thing happened in the party apparatus. More seasoned careerists and opportunists, rather than ideologically seasoned people, began to willingly join the CPSU. The party apparatus becomes virtually outside the control of society. No trace of the dictatorship of the proletariat remains here.

In politics, at the same time, there is a tendency towards the irremovability of leading cadres, their physical aging and decrepitude. Career ambitions appear. This moment was also not ignored by Soviet cinema. In some places it was ridiculed, but there were also brilliant films of that time, which gave a critical analysis of the ongoing processes. For example, the film of 1982 - the social drama "Magistral", which posed with all directness the problem of decomposition and degradation in a single industry - on the railroad. But in the films of that time, mainly in comedies, we already find direct glorifications of individualism, ridicule of the working man. The film "Office Romance" especially distinguished itself in this field.

Systematic disruptions are already taking place in trade. Of course, now the directors of enterprises are in fact the masters of their lands, they have "independence".

Anti-communists often mention in their "scientific" and anti-scientific writings that in the 1980s the country was already seriously ill. Only an enemy can be closer than a friend. Even if we do not take into account the frank slop that the anti-communists poured on the USSR, a rather difficult situation actually loomed in the country.

For example, I myself well remember how in the early 1980s we went to buy food from the "undeveloped" Pskov region of the RSFSR to the "developed" and "advanced" Estonian SSR.

Such a country was approaching the turn of the mid-1980s. Even from the films of that period, it is already clear that the country no longer believes in building communism. Another 1977 film Racers clearly shows what ideas were in the minds of ordinary people, although the character of this film was then still tried to be portrayed in a negative light.

In 1985, after a series of deaths of "irreplaceable" leaders, a relatively young politician, Mikhail Gorbachev, came to power. His long speeches, the very meaning of which disappeared into emptiness, could go on for many hours. But the time was such that the people, as in the old days, believed the deceiving reformers, since the main thing on their minds was changes in life. But what about the layman? What do I want - I don’t know?

Perestroika became a catalyst for the acceleration of all destructive processes in the USSR, which accumulated and smoldered for a long time. By 1986, openly anti-Soviet elements appeared, which aimed to dismantle the workers' state and restore the bourgeois order. By 1988, this was already an irreversible process.

Anti-Soviet groups of that period appeared in the culture of that time - "Nautilus Pompilius" and "Civil Defense". According to the old habit, the authorities try to "drive" everything that does not fit into the framework of official culture. However, here too, dialectics threw out strange things. Subsequently, it was "Grazhdanskaya Oborona" that became a bright revolutionary beacon of anti-capitalist protest, thereby forever securing all the contradictory phenomena of that era for the Soviet era, as Soviet rather than anti-Soviet phenomena. But even the criticism of that time was at a fairly professional level, which is clearly reflected in the song of the group "Aria" - "What have you done with your dream?"

On its own wave, the era of perestroika brought out the most disgusting characters, the overwhelming majority of whom were just members of the CPSU. In Russia, such a person was BN Yeltsin, who plunged the country into a bloody mess. This is the shooting of the bourgeois parliament, out of habit, which still had a Soviet shell, this is the Chechen war. In Latvia, such a character was the former member of the CPSU A. V. Gorbunov, who continued to rule bourgeois Latvia until the mid-1990s. These characters were still praised by the Soviet encyclopedias of the 1980s, calling them "outstanding leaders of the party and government."

"Sausage commoners" usually judge the Soviet era by perestroika horror stories about Stalin's "terror", through the prism of their narrow-minded perception of empty shelves and shortages. But their mind refuses to accept the fact that it was the large-scale decentralization and capitalization of the country that led the USSR to such results.

But how much effort and mind of the ideological Bolsheviks was applied to raise their country to the cosmic level of development by the mid-1950s, to go through a terrible war with the most terrible enemy on Earth - fascism. The dismantling of communist development, which began in the 1950s, continued for more than 30 years, retaining the basic features of socialist development and a just society. Indeed, at the beginning of its journey, the Communist Party was a truly ideological party - the vanguard of the working class, a beacon of the development of society.

Throughout this history, it is clearly manifested that the failure to master their ideological weapon - Marxism-Leninism, leads the party leaders to the betrayal of the entire people.

We did not set ourselves the goal of examining in detail all the stages of the disintegration of Soviet society. The purpose of this article is only to describe the chronology of some significant events of Soviet life and its individual significant aspects of the post-Stalinist period.

Nevertheless, it would be fair to mention that the country's relative modernization continued throughout the entire period of the country's existence. Until the late 1980s, we saw a positive development in many social institutions and technical development. Somewhere the pace of development slowed down significantly, something continued to remain at a very high level. Medicine and education developed, cities were built, infrastructure improved. The country was moving forward by inertia.

In the dark ages, our path went at an accelerated pace and is irreversible only since 1991.

Andrey Krasny

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2017-Jun-Sun “We have always said - and revolutions confirm this - that when it comes to the foundations of economic power, the power of the exploiters, to their property, which gives them the labor of tens of millions of workers https: //site/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/horizontal_6.jpg , site - Socialist information resource [email protected]

General secretaries of the USSR in chronological order

General secretaries of the USSR in chronological order. Today they are already just a part of history, and once their faces were familiar to every single inhabitant of a huge country. The political system in the Soviet Union was such that citizens did not elect their leaders. The decision to appoint the next general secretary was made by the ruling elite. But, nevertheless, the people respected the state leaders and, for the most part, took this state of affairs for granted.

Joseph Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili (Stalin)

Joseph Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili, better known as Stalin, was born on December 18, 1879 in the Georgian city of Gori. Became the first general secretary of the CPSU. He received this position in 1922, when Lenin was still alive, and until the latter's death he played a secondary role in governing the state.

When Vladimir Ilyich died, a serious struggle began for the highest post. Many of Stalin's rivals had a much better chance of taking him over, but thanks to tough, uncompromising actions, Joseph Vissarionovich managed to get out of the game as a winner. Most of the other applicants were physically destroyed, some left the country.

In just a few years of his reign, Stalin took the whole country on a tightrope. By the beginning of the 30s, he finally established himself in the role of the sole leader of the people. The dictator's policy went down in history:

· Massive repressions;

· Total dispossession;

· Collectivization.

For this, Stalin was branded by his own followers during the "thaw". But there is also something for which Iosif Vissarionovich, according to historians, is worthy of praise. This is, first of all, the rapid transformation of the collapsed country into an industrial and military giant, as well as the victory over fascism. It is quite possible that if it were not for the "cult of personality" so condemned by all, these accomplishments would be unrealistic. Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin died in March 1953 on the fifth.

Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev

Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev was born on April 15, 1894 in the Kursk province (Kalinovka village) into a simple working-class family. Participated in the Civil War, where he sided with the Bolsheviks. In the CPSU since 1918. In the late 30s he was appointed secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine.

Khrushchev headed the Soviet state soon after Stalin's death. At first, he had to fight with Georgy Malenkov, who also claimed the highest post and at that time was actually the leader of the country, presiding over the Council of Ministers. But in the end, the coveted chair still remained with Nikita Sergeevich.

When Khrushchev was the general secretary of the Soviet country:

· Launched the first man into space and developed this area in every possible way;

· Actively built up with five-story buildings, today called "Khrushchovkas";

· Planted the lion's share of the fields with corn, for which Nikita Sergeevich was even nicknamed the "corn man".

This ruler went down in history primarily with his legendary speech at the 20th party congress in 1956, where he denounced Stalin and his bloody policies. From that moment on, the so-called "thaw" began in the Soviet Union, when the grip of the state was weakened, cultural figures gained some freedom, etc. All this lasted until the removal of Khrushchev from his post on October 14, 1964.

Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev

Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev was born in the Dnepropetrovsk region (Kamenskoye village) on December 19, 1906. His father was a metallurgist. In the CPSU since 1931. He took the main post of the country as a result of a conspiracy. It was Leonid Ilyich who led the group of members of the Central Committee, which deposed Khrushchev.

The era of Brezhnev in the history of the Soviet state is characterized as stagnation. The latter manifested itself in the following:

· The development of the country has stopped in almost all spheres, except for the military-industrial;

· The USSR began to lag seriously behind the Western countries;

· Citizens again felt the grip of the state, repression and persecution of dissidents began.

Leonid Ilyich tried to improve relations with the United States, which had become aggravated in the days of Khrushchev, but he was not very successful. The arms race continued, and after the introduction of Soviet troops into Afghanistan, it was impossible even to think about any reconciliation. Brezhnev held a high post until his death, which occurred on November 10, 1982.

Yuri Andropov

Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov was born in the station town of Nagutskoye (Stavropol Territory) on June 15, 1914. His father was a railroad worker. In the CPSU since 1939. He was active, which contributed to his rapid rise in the career ladder.

At the time of Brezhnev's death, Andropov headed the State Security Committee. He was elected by his comrades-in-arms to the highest post. The reign of this secretary general covers a period of less than two years. During this time, Yuri Vladimirovich managed to fight corruption in the government a little. But he did not accomplish anything fundamental. On February 9, 1984, Andropov died. The reason for this was a serious illness.

Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko

Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko was born in 1911 on September 24 in the Yenisei province (the village of Bolshaya Tes). His parents were peasants. In the CPSU since 1931. Since 1966 - Deputy of the Supreme Soviet. Appointed General Secretary of the CPSU on February 13, 1984.

Chernenko became the successor of Andropov's policy of identifying corrupt officials. He was in power for less than a year. The cause of his death on March 10, 1985 was also a serious illness.

Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev

Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev was born on March 2, 1931 in the North Caucasus (the village of Privolnoye). His parents were peasants. In the CPSU since 1952. He proved himself to be an active public figure. He quickly moved along the party line.

Appointed Secretary General on 11 March 1985. He went down in history by the policy of "perestroika", which provided for the introduction of glasnost, the development of democracy, and the granting of certain economic freedoms and other liberties to the population. Gorbachev's reforms led to mass unemployment, liquidation of state-owned enterprises, and a total shortage of goods. This causes an ambiguous attitude towards the ruler on the part of the citizens of the former USSR, which disintegrated during the reign of Mikhail Sergeevich.

But in the west, Gorbachev is one of the most respected Russian politicians. He was even awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Gorbachev was General Secretary until August 23, 1991, and headed the USSR until December 25 of the same year.

All the deceased general secretaries of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics are buried at the Kremlin wall. Their list was closed by Chernenko. Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev is still alive. In 2017, he turned 86 years old.

Photos of the USSR secretaries general in chronological order

Stalin

Khrushchev

Brezhnev

Andropov

Chernenko

With the death of Stalin - the "father of peoples" and "the architect of communism" - in 1953, a struggle for power began, because the one he established assumed that the same autocratic leader would be at the helm of the USSR, who would take the reins of government into his own hands.

The only difference was that the main contenders for power all as one advocated the abolition of this very cult and the liberalization of the country's political course.

Who ruled after Stalin?

A serious struggle unfolded between three main contenders, who were originally a triumvirate - Georgy Malenkov (chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers), Lavrentiy Beria (minister of the united Ministry of Internal Affairs) and Nikita Khrushchev (secretary of the CPSU Central Committee). Each of them wanted to take a seat, but victory could only go to the candidate whose candidacy would be supported by a party whose members enjoyed great authority and had the necessary connections. In addition, all of them were united by the desire to achieve stability, end the era of repression and get more freedom in their actions. That is why the question of who ruled after Stalin's death does not always have an unambiguous answer - after all, there were three people at once who fought for power.

Triumvirate in power: the beginning of the split

The triumvirate, created under Stalin, divided the power. Most of it was concentrated in the hands of Malenkov and Beria. Khrushchev was assigned the role of secretary, which was not so significant in the eyes of his rivals. However, they underestimated the ambitious and assertive party member who stood out for his extraordinary thinking and intuition.

For those who ruled the country after Stalin, it was important to understand who first of all needed to be eliminated from the competition. The first target was Lavrenty Beria. Khrushchev and Malenkov were aware of the dossier for each of them that the Minister of the Interior, who was in charge of the entire system of repressive organs, had. In this regard, in July 1953, Beria was arrested, accused of espionage and some other crimes, thereby eliminating such a dangerous enemy.

Malenkov and his policies

Khrushchev's authority as the organizer of this conspiracy increased significantly, and his influence on other party members increased. However, while Malenkov was the chairman of the Council of Ministers, key decisions and directions in politics depended on him. At the first meeting of the Presidium, a course was taken towards de-Stalinization and the establishment of collective management of the country: it was planned to abolish the cult of personality, but to do it in such a way as not to diminish the merits of the “father of nations”. The main task set by Malenkov was to develop the economy taking into account the interests of the population. He proposed a fairly extensive program of changes, which was not adopted at a meeting of the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee. Then Malenkov put forward the same proposals at the session of the Supreme Soviet, where they were approved. For the first time after Stalin's autocratic rule, the decision was made not by a party, but by an official authority. The Central Committee of the CPSU and the Politburo were forced to agree with this.

Further history will show that among those who ruled after Stalin, Malenkov would be the most "effective" in his decisions. The set of measures he took to combat the bureaucracy in the state and party apparatus, to develop the food and light industry, to expand the independence of collective farms bore fruit: 1954-1956 for the first time after the end of the war showed an increase in the rural population and an increase in agricultural production, which for many years decline and stagnation has become cost-effective. The effect of these measures lasted until 1958. It is this five-year plan that is considered the most productive and effective after the death of Stalin.

Those who ruled after Stalin understood that it would not be possible to achieve such successes in light industry, since Malenkov's proposals for its development contradicted the tasks of the next five-year plan, which focused on promoting

I tried to approach the solution of problems from a rational point of view, using economic, not ideological considerations. However, this order did not suit the party nomenklatura (headed by Khrushchev), which had practically lost its dominant role in the life of the state. This was a weighty argument against Malenkov, who, under pressure from the party, submitted his resignation in February 1955. His place was taken by Khrushchev's ally Malenkov, who became one of his deputies, but after the dispersal of the anti-party group (of which he was a member) in 1957, along with his supporters, he was expelled from the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU. Khrushchev took advantage of this situation and in 1958 removed Malenkov from the post of chairman of the Council of Ministers, taking his place and becoming the one who ruled after Stalin in the USSR.

Thus, he concentrated almost complete power in his hands. He got rid of two of the most powerful competitors and led the country.

Who ruled the country after the death of Stalin and the removal of Malenkov?

Those 11 years that Khrushchev ruled the USSR are rich in various events and reforms. On the agenda were many problems faced by the state after industrialization, war and attempts to restore the economy. The main milestones that are remembered for the era of Khrushchev's rule are as follows:

1. The policy of developing virgin lands (not supported by scientific study) increased the number of cultivated areas, but did not take into account climatic features that hindered the development of agriculture in the developed territories.
2. The Corn Campaign aimed at catching up and overtaking the United States, which had good harvests of this crop. The sown area for maize has doubled to the detriment of rye and wheat. But the result was sad - climatic conditions did not allow for a high harvest, and the reduction in areas for other crops provoked low rates for their collection. The campaign failed miserably in 1962 and resulted in higher prices for butter and meat, which caused discontent among the population.
3. The beginning of perestroika - the massive construction of houses, which allowed many families to move from hostels and communal apartments to apartments (so-called "Khrushchevs").

Results of Khrushchev's reign

Among those who ruled after Stalin, Nikita Khrushchev stood out for his unconventional and not always thoughtful approach to reforming within the state. Despite the numerous projects that were implemented, their inconsistency led to the removal of Khrushchev from office in 1964.

Lenin Vladimir Ilyich (1870-1924) 1917 -1923 reign
Stalin (real name - Dzhugashvili) Joseph Vissarionovich)