Characteristics of the left-handed person from Leskov's story. The originality of the language in the story "Lefty" Artistic features of the story Leskova Lefty

The linguistic features of the tale "Levsha" were the subject of our study. The structure of our work is a description of linguistic changes in different sections of the language, although it should immediately be noted that this classification is very relative, because some linguistic changes can be attributed to several sections at once (however, like many phenomena of the modern language). The purpose of the work is to study the work of NS Leskov "Lefty" (The Tale of the Tula oblique left-hander and the steel flea) for its linguistic features, to identify words unusual for the modern Russian language at all linguistic levels and, if possible, to find explanations for them.

2. The reasons for the inconsistencies of word usage in NS Leskov's tale "Levsha" and modern Russian. The first reason - "The Tale of the Tula scythe Lefty and the steel flea" was published in 1881. The second reason is genre peculiarity. A tale is, according to V.V. Vinogradov's definition, "an artistic orientation towards an oral monologue of a narrative type, it is an artistic imitation of a monologue speech." The third reason is that the sources of the language of NS Leskov were also old secular and church books, historical documents. “On my own behalf, I speak in the language of ancient fairy tales and in the church-folk language in purely literary speech,” the writer said.

Colloquial expressions: - "... and watered without mercy," that is, they beat me. - "... will take away with something ...", that is, will distract. - "English masters" Replacement of letters: -bustres - chandeliers -ceramids- pyramids -buffa-bay boremeters (barometers) - measure + storm

Obsolete words and word forms. The participle "serving" in the role of a noun from the lost verb "to serve": "... showed the servant in the mouth." An outdated form of the adverb “one thing” instead of “however.” (Like Pushkin's “far away”: “it burst out far away: hurray”). "Get together in a couple". ("... and they envy ONE (the weaver with the cook) the sovereign's wife" A.S. Pushkin). “… They are running, they are running, but they don’t look back” (it must be “they are running”).

Word formation. Using the prefix ВЗ- (as a feature of the book style): - "got excited" - got excited; - "shrugged" his shoulders - moved - "overpowering" from the verb "overpower"; - "counter" - one who goes towards - "mediocre" - from the middle: "Do not drink a little, do not drink a lot, but drink mediocre." Words that are in the language, but with a different meaning: “called from the opposite pharmacy,” that is, the pharmacy opposite; "... in the middle there is a (flea) plant" (mechanism, that which starts, and not in the meaning of "enterprise"

Phonetic features: - "ears" instead of "ears", the text presents the old form, not palatalized; Syntax: - ".. I'll try to find out what your tricks are"; - "... I wanted to have a spiritual confession .." Textual criticism: - "... no emergency holidays" (special); "... wants a detailed intention to discover about the girl ...". Paronyms: "... Nikolai Pavlovich was awful ... memorable" (instead of "memorable") Oxymoron: "tight little mansion".

N.S. Leskov. Lefty tale. Features of the tale. Platov at Nicholas I. "Awful secret" of the Tula masters

Target:

acquaintance with the biography and work of the writer.

Tasks:

to give an idea of ​​\ u200b \ u200bthe genre of the tale;

fostering a sense of pride in the talents that the Russian land is rich in, for the patriotism of the people.

Introduction

Today we will have a meeting with one of the most interesting Russian writers, Nikolai Semenovich Leskov, whose work we turn to for the first time. But you've probably heard about his famous hero, Lefty. This hero, with the light hand of the writer, got an independent life. “The modern reader lives with the feeling that the legend of the steel flea, grounded by a Russian craftsman,“ was always ”... This story arises with us with the word“ flea ”, with the word“ left-handed ”, with the word“ Tula ”; it is the first to be recalled at the name of its author ... it is "Flea" that pops up on the surface of memory at the very name of Leskov "

(L.A. Anninsky)

Biography

The homeland of Nikolai Semenovich Leskov is the city of Oryol.

http://www.2do2go.ru/uploads/full/d98e6eb01399a70b15feda98312a9111_w960_h2048.jpg House-Museum of N.S. Leskov in Orel.

“By origin, I belong to the hereditary nobility of the Oryol province, but our nobility is young and insignificant, it was acquired by my father ... Our family comes from the clergy. Grandfather and great-grandfather were priests in the village of Leskakh, Oryol province. From this village Leski came and found the family name - Leskov ..., ”- writes Nikolai Semenovich in his autobiography.

Father, Semyon Dmitrievich, "did not go to the priests." This upset my grandfather very much and almost brought him to the grave ...

Expelled by his grandfather from home for refusing to enter the clergy, his father fled to the city of Orel, where he began to teach children from the landowner Mikhail Andreevich Strakhov. A wonderful mind and honesty were the excellent features of his long-suffering life.

Nikolai Semenovich was born on February 16, 1831 in the village of Gorokhovo, not far from Orel. “We lived in a tiny house, which consisted of one large peasant log house, plastered inside and covered with straw,” recalls our future writer. In the village he lived in complete freedom, which he used as he wanted. Peasant children were his peers, with whom he lived and got along in perfect harmony. The common people knew the way of life to the smallest details.

In the Strakhovs' house, young Leskov learned how to behave decently in society, did not shy away from people and had decent manners - he answered politely, bowed decently and learned to chat in French early. He studied at the Oryol gymnasium.

When N.S. Leskov was 17 years old, his father died of cholera, and the future writer had to work and serve. He moves to Kiev to live with his uncle, where he lives and works. In Kiev, he was caught by changes that were significant for the era: the death of Nicholas II, the lifting of many prohibitions, a harbinger of forthcoming reforms, from which they expected more than they brought.

The new era caused an upsurge in commercial and industrial activity, for which educated and enterprising people were needed, and Leskov began working in a commercial enterprise, for which he moved to the Penza province in 1857.

For 3 years he traveled all over Russia. Later, answering a newspaper reporter's question: "Where do you get the material for your works?" Leskov pointed to his forehead: “From this chest. Here are the impressions of my commercial service, when I had to wander around Russia on business, this is the best time of my life, when I saw a lot and lived easily. "

So, we got acquainted with the biography of the famous Russian writer of the 19th century, N.S. Leskov.

Leskov came to literature as a thirty-year-old man with rich experience.

"The Tale of the Tula oblique left-hander and the steel flea" (1881) "belongs to the masterpieces of Leskov's art," according to Yuri Nagibin.

In the first creations, "Skaz ..." had a preface:

“I recorded this legend in Sestronetsk based on the tale of an old gunsmith. I was interested in this question of the origin of the joke about how “the British made a flea of ​​steel, and our Tula shod it, but they sent it back.” The left-hander is a face I have invented ”.

http://img0.liveinternet.ru/images/attach/c/7/95/762/95762484_008_Kosoy_Levsha.jpg

Why do you think Leskov did refer to the story of the old gunsmith? (He wanted the legend of the left-hander to persist among the people in order to create the illusion of his innocence to history).

The writer determined the genre of his story himself: this is a tale.

Let's look in the dictionary: “A tale is an epic genre based on folk tales and legends. The narration is conducted on behalf of the narrator, a person with a special character and turn of speech. "

The story takes place in Russia and England shortly after the war with Napoleon. Alexander's trip with Platonov to London is a historical fact. The Decembrist uprising of 1825 is mentioned.

Linguistics of Skaz

The narrator of the tale is most likely a simple person, an artisan, an artisan. In his speech, there are many irregularities, vernaculars, inversions, historical characters - Alexander 1 and Platov - are shown from the point of view of a commoner.

When you read the tale "Levsha", did you notice new, unusual words?

Have you ever wondered how they are formed?

New words are formed when the narrator or hero encounters words unfamiliar to a semi-literate person and changes them so that it is "clearer".

For example:

Melkoscope - microscope,

Dolbitsa -table,

Double-double,

Kemalids pyramids.

The textbook has an interpretation of these words. What are similar words in the text? How do you think? What elements of folklore did you notice in the tale?

There is a beginning, repetitions. The ending contains edification: "But if they had brought Levshin's words to the sovereign in due time, in the Crimea, in the war with the enemy, there would have been a completely different turn of events."

What do you think, from what proverb "grew" the tale of NS Leskov? (The master's case is afraid)

Platov at Nicholas I. The secret of the Tula masters
Commented reading

Chapter four

Reading this chapter, let us pay attention to the characterization of Nikolai Pavlovich: "Sovereign Nikolai Pavlovich was very confident in his Russian people and did not like to yield to any foreigner ..." they will think of her. Tell them from me that my brother was surprised at this thing and praised strangers who did nymphozoria more than anyone else, and I hope on my own that they are no worse than anyone. They will not say my word and will do something. "

Chapter five

We see that Platov "wags his mind" and does not completely trust the Tula craftsmen: "... I believe you, but just look, so as not to replace the diamond and not spoil the English fine work, but do not mess around for long ..."
Platov's address to the Tula is very revealing: "How are we going to be now, Orthodox?" In Europe and in Russia to this day one religion is Christianity, but in Russia Christianity is Orthodox, and in Europe it is Catholic. Both of them considered their faith to be the only correct one and were wary of each other.

Chapter six

Let us single out the phrase with which the narrator characterizes the Tula people who took on an unprecedented job: "... skillful people, on whom the nation's hope now rested."

Chapter Seven

- Where did the three masters hide from the city? Whom did they go to bow to?
- What tricks did the Tula use to find out the secret of the masters?
When reading this chapter, it is important for the teacher to show the fabulousness of the description of the work of the masters, the loving and affectionate intonation of the narrator, who tells how "thin hammers are poured over sonorous anvils."
- How do you think the author himself relates to the Tula masters?
In this chapter, the views of the author and the narrator coincide.

Chapter Eight

The teacher should pay special attention to this chapter: in it the positions of the narrator and the author differ. After reading the chapter, let's turn the students' attention to the last paragraph:
"So at that time everything was required very accurately and in speed, so that not a single minute for Russian usefulness was wasted."
- How does the narrator relate to the fact that Platov rode "very hastily and with ceremony"?
The narrator approves of this and considers it a manifestation of concern for the usefulness of the case.
- How do you think the author relates to Platov's "incentive measures"?
- What is the difference between the author's position and the narrator's point of view? Why?

Chapter nine

- What has become in the "mansion" of the masters from the "restless work"?
- What were the ambassadors afraid of, hurrying the masters?

Chapter ten

The events described in it add new touches to Platov's characterization. Rudeness, disrespect for the common man, distrust of Russian craftsmen, whom Platov so defended in England, change the attitude towards this hero.

The image of Ataman Platov

Leskov portrayed General Platov as a Don Cossack with a "ragged" nose, in a "shaggy cloak" and wide trousers, who endlessly smokes a root pipe and drinks glasses of "sour vodka".
The main thing in Platov's character is the firm belief that everything Russian is the best thing, that the sovereign and the Russian people should love Russia and believe in her people and not be tempted by everything foreign. There is a remarkable episode when Platov picks out the lock of an amazing pistol and shows the inscription on the dog: "Ivan Moskvin in the city of Tula."
The author laughs at Platov's appearance, at his habits, at attempts to defend Russian honor when he invites the British to come to Russia and drink tea "with a real rumor of the Bobrin plant", at how Platov lowered a small scope into his pocket, which is "here." belongs.
The author does not accept and rejects the way Platov treats his subordinates and Tula masters, including the left-handed one. In the eighth chapter, NS Leskov describes how Platov went to the Don and back: hastily and "with ceremony", and in this description one can feel the author's indignation. Outrages readers how Platov shows his fist to the masters, how he grabs a left-handed person, throws it into his carriage. “Sit,” he says, “here until Petersburg itself, like a pubel, you will answer me for everyone.” Platov, who was not shy in any battle, suddenly appears before us as a coward when he hides a box with a flea behind the stove and does not believe that the Tula masters did not disgrace. However, Platov finds in himself honesty and courage to apologize to the left-hander for pulling him by the hair.
Let's read what is reported about Platov in the Encyclopedic Dictionary (6th question, p. 292, part 1 of the textbook). Matvey Ivanovich Platov and Ataman Platov from the Leskovsky tale are not the same person.
In fact, Matvey Ivanovich Platov was a count, a general, an educated person. The portrait painted by N. S. Leskov does not correspond to the real general M. I. Platov, who died seven years before the death of Alexander I and could not meet with Tsar Nicholas I.
The image created by N. S. Leskov corresponded to the ideas of the people about what the Cossack chieftain should be: decisive, truthful, harsh, rude, but devoted to his Tsar and Fatherland.

For the curious

“If I had at least one such master in Russia, I would have been very happy and proud of this, but I made that master now noble”.

(Emperor Alexander Pavlovich)

The emperor's dream came true: there were and are masters in Russia. The modern Lefty paints icons on rice grains.

The exhibition "Graphics" is being held at the Moscow Museum of Book Signs. Of particular interest are icons-engravings by Andrei Rykovanov from Omsk. Modern "Levsha" makes them on rice grains. His name is entered in the Guinness Book of Records ...

http://www.kulturologia.ru/blogs/050110/11884/ Masterpieces on the cut of rice grains. Andrey Rykovanov's paintings

In 23 museums of the country there are microminiatures of the folk craftsman Mikhail Maslyuk.

His main works are “invisibles”, each of which is less than tenths of dust particles hanging in the air. Only through a strong microscope can you see a car compared to a mosquito's sting. It can accommodate 1200 of these cars in 4 rows. Under the strongest microscope there is a locomotive 20 million times smaller than a poppy grain ...

More than 500 micro-masterpieces were created by the Honored Master of Folk Art - Mikhail Grigorievich Maslyuk

Lesson conclusion

... Our land is very famous for people,

In which there is hope, in which there is salvation.

These words of the famous poet R. Rozhdestvensky can be attributed to all the "masters", talents of our Russian land, including the writer Nikolai Semenovich Leskov.

A SOURCE

http://infourok.ru/material.html?mid=64628

http://old.prosv.ru/ebooks/eremina_uroki-literaturi_6kl/3.html

http://ppt4web.ru/uploads/ppt/1402/52f9ac9c13d2bc84cffd414c9e203cce.ppt

http://www.school-city.by/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1661&Itemid=137

Literature lesson grade 6

Features of the language of the skaz of N.S. Leskov "Lefty".

PURPOSE: To improve the skills of text analysis; develop the creative characteristics of students; instill a love of reading the works of N.S. Leskov. Develop universal learning activities for learners.

TASKS:

Help students comprehend the ideological and artistic content of the tale;
- to teach students the language analysis of a literary work;
- develop commented reading skills.
- develop the skills of search and research activities of students; 
- expand horizons by enriching the speech of schoolchildren with new words.

During the classes

Survey

What work did we meet in the lesson?

Name the genre of this piece. (skaz)

What is a tale? (The genre of the epic, based on folk tales and legends. The narration is conducted on behalf of the narrator, a person with a special character and turn of speech)

2. Vocabulary work.

Here are the cards. Let's read these words, which are taken from the tale

Kunstkamera - museum, collection of rare things;
Kizlyarka - grape sour wine;
Nymphozoria - something outlandish, microscopic;
Danse - dance;
Small scope - microscope;
Whistling - messengers sent to transmit the message;
Tugament - document;
Ozyamchik - peasant clothes like a coat;
Grandev - meeting, date;
Dolbitsa - table.

These words are common, do we use them in our speech?

How can you characterize and name these words?

Now, having answered my questions, think about what is the topic of our lesson?

Let's write down the topic of our lesson: Linguistic features of the skaz of N.S. Leskov "Lefty".

What is the purpose of our lesson? pay attention to the genre features of the tale, to the connection between the tale and folk art; to comprehend the originality of Leskov's image of the features of the Russian national character.

Why are there so many unusual, distorted words in the text of the work?

(The narrator is a simple person, illiterate, who changes foreign words to make it “clearer.” Many words have acquired a humorous meaning in the spirit of popular understanding.)

Unusual style and manner of the author's narration give the work originality. Let's pay attention to the new, unusual words of the tale.

What elements of folklore have you noticed?

Inception: the tsar “wanted to travel around Europe and see miracles in different states; repetitions: the emperor is surprised at miracles, and Platov remains indifferent to them; motive roads:“Got into the carriage and drove off”; the ending of the tale contains edification: "And if they had brought Levshin's words to the sovereign in due time, in the Crimea, in the war with the enemy, there would have been a completely different turn of events."

Literature theory.

The plot of the work is simple. Yuri Nagibin defines it as follows: "The British made a flea from steel, and our Tula shod it and sent it back."

Say that ....

What is the plot of a work of art?
- Name the elements of the plot.
- What is the setting, exposure, culmination, denouement?

Fill out the artwork construction diagram

EXERCISE MINUTE.
All the guys stood up together
And they walked on the spot.
Stretched on tiptoes
And they turned to each other.
We sat down like springs
And then they sat down quietly.

4. The game "Scattered postcards".
Here are illustrations showing the main episodes from the work. Reconstruct their plot sequence.

"The British give the Russian emperor a flea"

"Nikolai Pavlovich sends Platov to Tula"

"The work of Tula masters"

"Lefty at the royal reception"

"Lefty in England"

"The return of Lefty to St. Petersburg and his inglorious death"

5. Working with the table

Observations of the Skaz language:

“Using vocabulary and phraseology of other styles:

Output

Let's draw a conclusion from the work we have done according to the plan that is in front of you:

In the tale "Levsha" vocabulary is widely used colloquial style, due to genre characteristics works.

The syntactic constructions that are used in skaz are characteristic of colloquial style: there are many incomplete sentences, particles, references, interjections, introductory layers, lexical inversions. All this creates: the illusion of absence preliminary contemplating a statement that is characteristic oral speech.

Write this conclusion in a notebook.

7. Self-esteem

Guys, now you yourself will evaluate your work in the lesson:
1. In the lesson I worked ... actively / passively
2. I am… satisfied / not satisfied with my work in the lesson
3. The lesson seemed to me ... short / long
4. During the lesson I am ... tired / not tired
5. My mood is ... better / worse
6. The material of the lesson was ... clear to me / not clear
7. Homework seems to me ... easy / difficult

Crossword.

1) By what book did Lefty study literacy in Russia?
2) What did Lefty give up, not wanting to get acquainted with an English girl?
3) What science did Lefty know at all?
4) Who accompanied Lefty to England?
5) Where did Lefty live in England?
6) In which city of England was the Lefty brought?
7) Whom did the British promise to send money if Lefty stayed with them?
8) What did the English masters suggest to Lefty so that he, remaining in England, became an amazing master?
9) What did the English masters promise to show Lefty in England?
10) How did Lefty return to Russia?
11) What feeling is characteristic of Leskov's heroes: Lefty, Platov, Tsar Nikolai Pavlovich?

Republican open day for school principals.

Guryanova E.P. teacher of Russian language and literature.

Open lesson in literature in grade 6 a.

Topic: N. S. Leskov (1831-1895). Lefty tale. Features of the tale

Lesson objectives : briefly acquaint students with the biography and work of Leskov; to give an idea of ​​\ u200b \ u200bthe genre of the tale; to interest students in the unusual narrative.

Lesson equipment: portrait of N. S. Leskov, multimedia lesson on the works of N. S. Leskov

Methodical techniques: teacher's story, expressive reading, explanation of theoretical questions, discussion of questions.

During the classes

I. Checking homework Working with the interactive whiteboard.Simulator based on the poem by N.A. Nekrasov "Railway"

II. Teacher's word.Open the first page of the media lesson. Portrait and biography of Leskov. (Leskov "Levsha")

For the first time we turn to the work of one of the most interesting Russian writers, Nikolai Semenovich Leskov. But you've probably heard about his famous hero, Lefty. This hero received, with the light hand of the writer, an independent life.

The birthplace of Nikolai Semenovich Leskov is the city of Oryol.

The writer was born on February 16, 1831, his father graduated from the spiritual seminary, but did not want to become a priest, but became an official and rose to the ranks that gave hereditary nobility.

When NS Leskov was seventeen years old, his father died of cholera, and the future writer had to work and serve. He moves to Kiev to his uncle, lives and works there. In Kiev, he was caught by changes that were significant for the era: the death of Nicholas I, the lifting of many prohibitions, and the harbinger of forthcoming reforms, from which they expected more than they brought. The new era caused an upsurge in commercial and industrial activity, for which educated and enterprising people were needed, and Leskov began working in a commercial enterprise, for which he moved to the Penza province in 1857. For three years he traveled all over Russia. Later, answering the question of a newspaper reporter: "Where do you get the material for your works?" - Leskov pointed to his forehead: “From this chest. Here are the impressions of my commercial service, when I had to wander around Russia on business, this is the best time of my life, when I saw a lot and lived easily ”.

III. Tale as a form of storytelling. Heuristic conversation.

The subtitle indicates the genre of the work - skaz. Remember what work, written in the genre of a tale, we studied last year. Who is its author?

How do we define the genre of the tale?(Tale is an epic genre based on folk tales and legends. It is characterized by a combination of accurate sketches of folk life and customs with a fabulously fantastic world of folklore.open the page "Genre of the work"

How is a tale different from a fairy tale?(The tale is based on a legend that, in turn, arose on the basis of a real event)

So, first the real event happens. Then, on the basis of this event, a legend arises among the people, which is told by folk storytellers. The writer gets to know this legend and tells it to his readers, recreating the appearance of the narrator (narrator). Event - Legend - Skaz.

How do you explain what a narrator image is?(The narrator in the tale is not a real person, but an artistic image, but it seems to readers that he possesses all the features of a real person)

What features does the image of the narrator have in Bazhov's tales?(The narrator is an old experienced person who knows the mining business well, lives and works in the same place where his heroes live all his life. He loves and respects his comrades, he is attentive to nature, to the feelings and lives of other people. that the storyteller is old, with a gray-haired young man, with kind eyes and deep wrinkles on his face. He is dressed in the clothes that artisans used to wear. When he tells his stories, he smiles a little sadly.)

What tale of Bazhov did we read in class? Was it interesting for you to read it?

What tales of Bazhov have you read yourself?

Let's return to the topic of the lesson. The story of the oblique left-hander and the lame flea is a tale. What can we assume knowing the genre of the work?(We can assume that the work was written by Leskov on the basis of a legend he heard from some person. This legend, in turn, arose on the basis of a real event)Open the page "Lefty. History of creation"

And in the first edition of "Levsha" the author pointed to a supposedly existing person, from whom he heard the legend about the master who shod a flea. But that is why Leskov's tale is amazing, that neither the narrator nor the folk legend existed. There was only one joke: "The British made a flea out of steel, and our Tula shod it, and sent it back to them."

IV. Working with the tutorial... Reading an excerpt from Yuri Nagibin's article.

The image of the narrator and the images of the heroes created by Leskov turned out to be so convincing that after the publication of this tale, a legend arose in Tula about a left-handed man who shod a flea.

Reading an excerpt from L.A. Anninsky's book "Leskovskoe necklace". Leskov created the image of the narrator, on whose behalf the story is told. Speaking about the heroes of the work, we will keep in mind that the narrator is the same hero. He has a special speech and his own, special attitude to the events he talks about.

V. Expressive reading and conversation on issues.Open the text "Lefty" on the whiteboard

1. The teacher reads the first chapter of the tale.

1. What elements of folklore have you noticed? (Vthere is a beginning, there are repetitions. The ending of the tale contains edification: "And if they had brought the words of the left-handed people to the sovereign in due time, in the Crimea, in a war with the enemy, there would have been a completely different turn of events.")
2. Who do you think the narrator could be, the narrator?(The storyteller is most likely a simple person, artisan, artisan. In his speech there are many irregularities, vernaculars, inversions characteristic of folklore, historical characters - Alexander I and Platov - are shown from the point of view of a commoner.)
3. When and where does the story take place? (The action takes place in Russia and in England shortly after the war with Napoleon, the Vienna Congress of 1814-1815 is mentioned. The trip of Alexander I with Platov to London is a historical fact. The uprising of the Decembrists of 1825, called "confusion", is mentioned.)

2. Listen to the reading of the second chapter and commentary on it on the interactive whiteboard. "Point of view of the Tula master"

Vi. Characteristics of heroesOpen the page "State people and the left-hander"

(Alexander Pavlovich: “He traveled all over the country and everywhere, through his affection, always had the most internecine conversations with all sorts of people”; “We, Russians, are worthless with our meaning”; and others.

Platov: “And as soon as Platov notices that the sovereign is very interested in something else strange, then all the escorts are silent, and Platov will now say: so and so, and we have our own no worse at home, and will take something away”; “And Platov keeps his anticipation, that for him everything means nothing”; and etc.)

Let's pay attention to the new, unusual words of the tale. How are they formed? Give examples. Open the page "Speech of Heroes".(New words are formed, the narrator or the hero collides with words unfamiliar to an illiterate person and changes them so that it is “more understandable.” For example: “small scope” - a microscope; “sour” - kizlyarka; “Abolon Polvedera” - Apollo Belvedere; “dolbitsa "- table;" two-seated "- double;" ceramides "- pyramids; "Prelamut" - mother of pearl; "Candelabria" - Calabria, etc.)

What is the role of such words? (Such "folk" words have a humorous effect.)

V. Testing at the end of the lesson using the interactive whiteboard.

Homework

1. Reread 4-10 chapters of the tale;

1. Write out quotes characterizing Nikolai Pavlovich, Platov, left-handed.

1. Prepare a retelling of the episode of your choice.

The first writer that comes to his mind is, of course, Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky. The second portrait that appears before the inner gaze of the Russian book-man is the face of Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy. But there is one classic that, in this context, is usually forgotten (or not so often mentioned) - Nikolai Semenovich Leskov. Meanwhile, his works are also saturated with the "Russian spirit", and they also reveal not only the peculiarities of the national national character, but also the specifics of all Russian life.

In this sense, Leskov's story "Lefty" stands out. It reproduces with extraordinary accuracy and depth all the flaws in the structure of domestic life and all the heroism of the Russian people. People, as a rule, now do not have time to read the collected works of Dostoevsky or Tolstoy, but they must find time to open the book, on the cover of which it is written: NS Leskov “Lefty”.

Plot

The story begins presumably in 1815. Emperor Alexander the First, making a voyage across Europe, also visits England. The British really want to surprise the sovereign-emperor, and at the same time show off the skills of their masters and for several days they take him to different rooms and show all sorts of amazing things, but the main thing that they have in store for the finale is filigree work: a steel flea that can dance. Moreover, it is so small that it cannot be seen without a microscope. Our tsar was very surprised, but his accompanying Don Cossack Platov is not at all. On the contrary, he kept saying that ours, they say, could be no worse.

Soon he died, and ascended the throne, who accidentally discovered a strange thing and decided to check the words of Platov, equipping him to visit the Tula masters. The Cossack arrived, instructed the gunsmiths and went home, promising to return in two weeks.

The masters, among whom was Lefty, retired to the house of the main character of the tale and did something there for two weeks, until Platov's return. Local residents heard uninterrupted knocking, and the craftsmen themselves never left the Lefty's house during this time. They became reclusive until the job was done.

Platov arrives. He is given the same flea in a box. In a frenzy, he throws into the carriage the first craftsman who came to hand (he turned out to be a left-hander) and goes to St. Petersburg to the tsar "on the carpet." Of course, Lefty did not get to the tsar right away, he was previously beaten and held for a short time in prison.

The flea appears before the bright eyes of the monarch. He looks, looks at her and cannot understand what the Tula did. Both the sovereign and his courtiers fought over the secret, then the tsar-father ordered to invite Lefty, and he told him that it was necessary, they say, to take and look not at the whole flea, but only at her legs. No sooner said than done. It turned out that the Tula shod an English flea.

Immediately, the curiosity was returned to the British, and in words something like the following was conveyed: "We can do something too." Here we will pause in the narrative and talk about what the image of Lefty is in the tale of N.S. Leskov.

Left-handed: between a gunsmith and a holy fool

The Lefty's appearance testifies to his "supra-worldliness": "an oblique left-hander, on the cheek and on the temples the hairs were torn out during training." When Levsha arrived at the tsar, he was also dressed in a very peculiar way: “in garments, one trouser leg in a boot, the other was wobbling, and the little hole was old, the hooks were not fastened, they were lost, and the collar was torn”. He spoke to the tsar as he was, not observing manners and not toying, if not on an equal footing with the sovereign, then certainly without fear of power.

People who are even slightly interested in history will recognize this portrait - this is a description of the ancient Russian holy fool, he never feared anyone, because behind him stood the Christian Truth and God.

Dialogue between the Lefty and the British. Continuation of the plot

After a small digression, we will turn to the plot again, but at the same time we will not forget the image of Lefty in Leskov's tale.

The British were so delighted with the work that they demanded the master to submit to them, not hesitating for a second. The tsar respected the British, equipped Lefty and sent him with a guide to them. In the voyage of the protagonist to England, there are two important points: a conversation with the British (Leskov's story "Lefty" is perhaps the most entertaining in this part) and the fact that the ancestors, unlike the Russians, do not clean the muzzle of guns with bricks.

Why did the British want to keep Lefty?

The Russian land is full of nuggets, and they do not pay special attention to them, but in Europe they immediately see "uncut diamonds". The English elite, having once looked at Lefty, immediately realized that he was a genius, and the gentlemen of our man decided to keep, learn, cleanse, enrich, but that was not the case!

The left-hander told them that he didn’t want to stay in England, didn’t want to study algebra, he had enough of his education - the Gospel and “Half-Dream”. He doesn't need money, neither does women.

The left-hander was hardly persuaded to stay a little longer and take a look at Western technologies for the production of guns and other things. The latest technologies of that time were of little interest to our craftsman, but he was very attentive to the storage of old guns. Studying them, Lefty realized: the British do not clean the muzzle of guns with bricks, which makes the guns more reliable in battle.

Despite this discovery, the main character of the tale was still very homesick and asked the British to send him home as soon as possible. It was impossible to send by land, because Lefty did not know any languages ​​except Russian. It was also unsafe to sail on the sea in autumn, because it is restless at this time of the year. And yet Lefty was equipped, and he sailed on the ship to the Fatherland.

During the trip, he found himself a drinking companion, and they drank with him all the way, but not out of fun, but out of boredom and fear.

How bureaucracy killed a man

When the friends on the ship were disembarked in St. Petersburg, the Englishman was sent to where all foreign citizens should be - to the "messenger house", and Lefty was allowed in a sick state through the bureaucratic circles of hell. They could not be accommodated in any hospital in the city without documents, except for the one where they were taken to die. Moreover, various officials said that it was necessary to help Lefty, but here's the trouble: no one is responsible for anything and no one can do anything. So the left-hander died in a hospital for the poor, and on his lips he had only one phrase: "Tell the king-father that guns cannot be cleaned with bricks." He still told her to one of the sovereign's servants, but she never reached the Almighty. Can you guess why?

This is almost all on the topic “NS Leskov "Levsha", the content is short ".

The image of the Lefty in Leskov's tale and the model of the fate of a creative person in Russia

After reading the work of a Russian classic, a conclusion involuntarily suggests itself: there is simply no hope of surviving a creative, genius person in Russia. Either unchristian bureaucrats will torture him, or he will destroy himself from within, and not because he has some unresolved issues, but because a Russian person is not able to simply live, his share is to die, burning up in life, like a meteorite in the atmosphere of the earth ... This is how the image of Lefty comes out in Leskov's tale, which is contradictory: on the one hand, a genius and a craftsman, and on the other hand, a person with a serious destructive element inside, capable of self-destruction in conditions when this is least expected.