Graphic work 1 on drawing. Graphic work "drawing lines"
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Topic: Drawing lines. Graphic work 1 “Drawing lines”
Purpose: To familiarize students with drawing lines and their purpose,
teach how to execute lines in practice
Equipment: A4 format, drawing tools, tables, textbook
During the classes
1. Introductory part
Checking homework
11. Main part
. Lines. When making drawings, lines of various thicknesses and styles are used. Each of them has its own purpose.
The figure shows an image of a part called a roller. As you can see, the part drawing contains different lines. In order for the image to be clear to everyone, the state standard establishes and indicates their main
A new purpose for all industrial and construction drawings. In technical and maintenance lessons you have already used various lines. Let's remember them.
1. Solidthickmainline.This line is used to depict the visible contours of objects, the frame and graph of the main inscription of the drawing. Its thickness (s) are chosen in the range from 0.5 to 1.4 mm depending on the size and complexity of the images and the format of the drawing.
2. Lineline.It is used to depict the invisible contours of an object. In the drawing shown in the figure, the dashed line shows a shallow hole, invisible in the image, in the shape of a cylinder.
The dashed line consists of individual strokes (dashes) of approximately the same length. The length of each stroke is selected from 2 to 8 mm depending on the size of the image. The distance between strokes in a line should be from 1 to 2 mm, but approximately the same throughout the drawing. The thickness of the dashed line is taken from5 /w tos/ 2 .
3. Dash-dottedthinline.If the image is symmetrical, as, for example, in the figure, then there is a
drive the axis of symmetry. For this purpose, a thin dash-dotted line is used. This line divides the image into two identical parts. It consists of long thin strokes (their length is selected from 5 to 30 mm) and dots between them. Instead of dots, it is allowed to draw short strokes - broaches - of length1-2 mm. The distance between long strokes is from 3 to 5 mm. The thickness of such a line is from5 / 3 beforeV 2 .
A dot-dash thin line is also used to indicate the axes of rotation, the center of arcs of circles (center lines). In this case, the position of the center should be determined by the intersection of the strokes, as in the figure, and not by a point, as in the figure.
The ends of the axial and center lines should protrude beyond the contours of the image of the object, but not more than 5 mm.
4. Solidthinline.In the image you see another line - a solid thin one. Its thickness is from 5 /z befores/ 2 .
It is used to draw extension and dimension lines (the drawing shown in the figure does not contain all the necessary dimensions).
5. Dash-dottedWithtwodotsthin line.When constructing developments, a thin line with two dots is used to indicate the fold line.
Look at Figure 8 (at the beginning of the textbook). These lines show the places where the material needs to be bent for the product shown in the figure.
6. Solidwavyline.It is used mainly as a break line in cases where the image is not completely shown in the drawing. The thickness of such a line is fromVh befores/ 2 .
In conclusion, the thickness of lines of the same type should be the same for all images in a given drawing.
GRAPHIC WORK No. 1Drawing lines
Prepare a sheet of A4 drawing paper. Draw the frame and columns of the main inscription according to the dimensions indicated in the figure. Draw different lines as shown in the picture.
You can also select a different arrangement of line groups on the sheet. The main inscription can be placed both along the short and along the long side of the sheet.
111. Final part:
Lesson summary
Homework
a) complete the graphic work
Prepare a sheet of A4 drawing paper. Draw the frame and columns of the main inscription according to the dimensions indicated in Figure 19. Draw various lines, as shown in Figure 24. You can choose another arrangement of groups of lines on the sheet.
Rice. 24. Assignment for graphic work No. 1
The main inscription can be placed both along the short and along the long side of the sheet.
2.4. Drawing fonts. Sizes of letters and numbers of a drawing font. All inscriptions on the drawings must be made in drawing font (Fig. 25). The style of letters and numbers of a drawing font is established by the standard. The standard determines the height and width of letters and numbers, the thickness of stroke lines, the distance between letters, words and lines.
Rice. 25. Inscriptions on drawings
An example of constructing one of the letters in the auxiliary grid is shown in Figure 26.
Rice. 26. Example of letter construction
The font can be either slanted (about 75°) or without slanting.
The standard sets the following font sizes: 1.8 (not recommended, but allowed); 2.5; 3.5; 5; 7; 10; 14; 20; 28; 40. The size (h) of a font is taken to be the value determined by the height of capital letters in millimeters. The height of the letter is measured perpendicular to the base of the line. The lower elements of the letters D, Ts, Shch and the upper element of the letter Y are made due to the spaces between the lines.
The thickness (d) of the font line is determined depending on the height of the font. It is equal to 0.1h;. The width (g) of the letter is chosen to be 0.6h or 6d. The width of the letters A, D, Ж, М, Ф, X, Ц, Ш, Ш, Ъ, ы, У is greater than this value by 1 or 2d (including the lower and upper elements), and the width of the letters Г, 3, С is less by d.
The height of lowercase letters is approximately the same as the height of the next smaller font size. So, the height of lowercase letters of size 10 is 7, size 7 is 5, etc. The upper and lower elements of lowercase letters are made due to the distances between the lines and extend beyond the line in 3d. Most lowercase letters are 5d wide. The width of the letters a, m, c, ъ is 6d, the letters zh, t, f, w, shch, s, yu are 7d, and the letters z, s are 4d.
The distance between letters and numbers in words is taken to be 0.2h or 2d, between words and numbers -0.6h or 6d. The distance between the lower lines of the lines is taken equal to 1.7h or 17d.
The standard also establishes another type of font - type A, narrower than the one just discussed.
The height of letters and numbers in pencil drawings must be at least 3.5 mm.
The layout of the Latin alphabet according to GOST is shown in Figure 27.
Rice. 27. Latin font
How to write in drawing font. It is necessary to draw up drawings with inscriptions carefully. Poorly written inscriptions or carelessly applied digits of different numbers may be misunderstood when reading the drawing.
To learn how to write beautifully in a drawing font, first draw a grid for each letter (Fig. 28). After mastering the skills of writing letters and numbers, you can only draw the top and bottom lines of the line.
Rice. 28. Examples of making inscriptions in drawing font
The outlines of the letters are outlined with thin lines. After making sure that the letters are written correctly, trace them with a soft pencil.
For the letters G, D, I, Ya, L, M, P, T, X, C, Ш, Ш, you can only draw two auxiliary lines at a distance equal to their height A.
For the letters B, V, E, N. R, U, CH, Ъ, И, ь. Between the two horizontal lines, another one should be added in the middle, but which is filled with their middle elements. And for the letters 3, O, F, Yu, four lines are drawn, where the middle lines indicate the boundaries of the roundings.
To quickly write inscriptions in a drawing font, various stencils are sometimes used. You will fill out the main inscription in 3.5 font, the title of the drawing in 7 or 5 font.
1. What is the font size?
2. What is the width of capital letters?
3. What is the height of size 14 lowercase letters? What is their width?
1. Complete several inscriptions in your workbook according to the teacher’s instructions. For example, you can write your last name, first name, and home address.
2. Fill in the main inscription on sheet of graphic work No. 1 with the following text: drew (last name), checked (teacher's last name), school, class, drawing No. 1, title of the work “Lines”.
2.5. How to apply dimensions. To determine the size of the depicted product or any part of it, dimensions are applied to the drawing. Dimensions are divided into linear and angular. Linear dimensions characterize the length, width, thickness, height, diameter or radius of the measured part of the product. Angular size characterizes the size of the angle.
Linear dimensions in the drawings are indicated in millimeters, but the unit of measurement is not indicated. Angular dimensions are indicated in degrees, minutes and seconds with the designation of the unit of measurement.
The total number of dimensions in the drawing should be the smallest, but sufficient for the manufacture and control of the product.
The rules for applying dimensions are established by the standard. You already know some of them. Let's remind them.
1. Dimensions in the drawings are indicated by dimensional numbers and dimensional lines. To do this, first draw extension lines perpendicular to the segment, the size of which is indicated (Fig. 29, a). Then, at a distance of at least 10 mm from the contour of the part, draw a dimension line parallel to it. The dimension line is limited on both sides by arrows. What the arrow should be is shown in Figure 29, b. Extension lines extend beyond the ends of the arrows of the dimension line by 1...5 mm. Extension and dimension lines are drawn as a solid thin line. Above the dimension line, closer to its middle, the dimension number is applied.
Rice. 29. Applying linear dimensions
2. If there are several dimension lines parallel to each other in the drawing, then a smaller dimension is applied closer to the image. So, in Figure 29, first dimension 5 is applied, and then 26, so that the extension and dimension lines in the drawing do not intersect. The distance between parallel dimension lines must be at least 7 mm.
3. To indicate the diameter, a special sign is applied in front of the size number - a circle crossed out by a line (Fig. 30). If the dimensional number does not fit inside the circle, it is taken outside the circle, as shown in Figure 30, c and d. The same is done when applying the size of a straight segment (see Figure 29, c).
Rice. 30. Sizing circles
4. To indicate the radius, write the capital Latin letter R in front of the dimension number (Fig. 31, a). The dimension line to indicate the radius is drawn, as a rule, from the center of the arc and ends with an arrow on one side, abutting the point of the arc of the circle.
Rice. 31. Applying dimensions of arcs and angles
5. When indicating the size of an angle, the dimension line is drawn in the form of a circular arc with the center at the vertex of the angle (Fig. 31, b).
6. Before the dimensional number indicating the side of the square element, a “square” sign is applied (Fig. 32). In this case, the height of the sign is equal to the height of the numbers.
Rice. 32. Applying the size of the square
7. If the dimension line is located vertically or obliquely, then the dimension numbers are placed as shown in Figure 29, c; thirty; 31.
8. If a part has several identical elements, then it is recommended to indicate on the drawing the size of only one of them with an indication of the quantity. For example, an entry on the drawing “3 holes. 0 10" means that the part has three identical holes with a diameter of 10 mm.
9. When depicting flat parts in one projection, the thickness of the part is indicated as shown in Figure 29, c. Please note that the dimensional number indicating the thickness of the part is preceded by the Latin small letter 5.
10. It is allowed to indicate the length of the part in a similar way (Fig. 33), but in this case a Latin letter is written before the dimension number l .
Rice. 33. Applying the part length dimension
1. In what units are linear dimensions expressed in mechanical engineering drawings?
2. How thick should extension and dimension lines be?
3. What distance is left between the outline of the image and the dimension lines? between size lines?
4. How are dimensional numbers applied on inclined dimensional lines?
5. What signs and letters are placed in front of the dimensional number when indicating the values of diameters and radii?
Rice. 34. Exercise task
1. Draw into a workbook, maintaining the proportions, the image of the part given in Figure 34, enlarging it by 2 times. Apply the required dimensions, indicate the thickness of the part (it is 4 mm).
2. Draw circles in your workbook with diameters of 40, 30, 20 and 10 mm. Add their dimensions. Draw circular arcs with radii of 40, 30, 20 and 10 mm and mark the dimensions.
2.6. Scale. In practice, it is necessary to create images of very large parts, for example parts of an airplane, ship, car, and very small ones - parts of a clock mechanism, some instruments, etc. Images of large parts may not fit on sheets of standard format. Small details that are barely visible to the naked eye cannot be drawn in full size using existing drawing tools. Therefore, when drawing large parts, their image is reduced, and small ones are increased in comparison with the actual dimensions.
Scale is the ratio of the linear dimensions of the image of an object to the actual ones. The scale of images and their designation on drawings sets the standard.
Reduction scale - 1:2; 1:2.5; 1:4; 1:5; 1:10, etc.
Natural size - 1:1.
Magnification scale - 2:1; 2.5:1; 4:1; 5:1; 10:1, etc.
The most desirable scale is 1:1. In this case, when creating an image, there is no need to recalculate the dimensions.
The scales are written as follows: M1:1; M1:2; M5:1, etc. If the scale is indicated on the drawing in a specially designated column of the main inscription, then the letter M is not written before the scale designation.
It should be remembered that, no matter what scale the image is made, the dimensions on the drawing are actual, i.e. those that the part should have in kind (Fig. 35).
The angular dimensions do not change when the image is reduced or enlarged.
1. What is the purpose of scale?
2. What is called scale?
3. What are the magnification scales established by the standard? What scale of reduction do you know?
4. What do the entries mean: M1:5; M1:1; M10:1?
Rice. 35. Drawing of the gasket, made in various scales
Graphic work No. 2
Flat part drawing
Make drawings of the “Gasket” parts using the existing halves of the images, separated by an axis of symmetry (Fig. 36). Add dimensions, indicate the thickness of the part (5 mm).
Complete the work on an A4 sheet. Image scale 2:1.
Directions for use. Figure 36 shows only half of the image of the part. You need to imagine what the complete part will look like, keeping in mind symmetry, and sketch it on a separate sheet. Then you should proceed to the drawing.
A frame is drawn on an A4 sheet and space is allocated for the main inscription (22X145 mm). The center of the working field of the drawing is determined and the image is constructed from it.
First, draw the axes of symmetry and build a rectangle with thin lines that corresponds to the general shape of the part. After this, images of the rectangular elements of the part are marked.
Rice. 36. Tasks for graphic work No. 2
Having determined the position of the centers of the circle and semicircle, draw them. The dimensions of the elements and the overall, i.e., the largest in length and height, dimensions of the part are indicated, and its thickness is indicated.
Outline the drawing with the lines established by the standard: first - circles, then - horizontal and vertical straight lines. Fill out the title block and check the drawing.
METHODOLOGICAL INSTRUCTIONS
on fulfillment of control tasks
by discipline
OP.01 “Engineering graphics”
for specialty 02.23.03
Maintenance and repair of motor vehicles
for distance learning
(basic training)
Considered at the meeting of the Central Committee
Technical and economic direction
Protocol No.__ dated “___” ______2015.
Chairman of the Central Committee
O.V.Kobeleva
Methodical manual on “Engineering graphics” for the specialty
02/23/03 Maintenance and repair of motor vehicles for distance learning
Developer organization:
State educational institution of secondary vocational education Kemerovo Vocational Technical College.
Kazannikova Valentina Grigorievna, teacher of the highest qualification category of the State Educational Institution of Secondary Professional Education of the Kemerovo Vocational Technical College.
Reviewers:
Shartynova Evgeniya Sergeevna, teacher of engineering graphics of the highest qualification category at Kemerovo Vocational Technical College
Mashkina Valentina Vladimirovna, teacher of engineering graphics of the highest qualification category at the Kemerovo Municipal Construction College named after V.I. Zauzelkov
| Introduction | |
| Contents of the educational material of the discipline | |
| General guidelines | |
| Graphic works | |
| Graphic work No. 1 Title page of the album of graphic works | |
| Graphic work No. 2 Construction of mates, slope, taper | |
| Graphic work No. 3 Complex drawings and axonometric images of geometric bodies with finding projections of points belonging to the surface of the body | |
| Graphic work No. 4 Construction of the third projection of the model based on two given ones. Axonometric projection | |
| Graphic work No. 5 Using these two types of model, construct a third view, the necessary sections, an axonometric projection with a cutout of the front quarter | |
| Graphic work No. 6 Sketching a threaded part using a simple or complex cut | |
| Graphic work No. 7 Making threaded connections of parts using a bolt and stud | |
| Graphic work No. 8 Drawing of a cylindrical gear with a keyed connection between the shaft and wheels | |
| Graphic work No. 9 Sketching parts of an assembly unit consisting of five or six parts | |
| Information Support | |
| Application |
INTRODUCTION
The academic discipline “Engineering Graphics” is a general professional discipline that forms the basic knowledge necessary for mastering special disciplines: the ability to read and execute drawings of parts, assembly drawings, and circuit drawings.
Guidelines for completing control tasks are compiled in accordance with the work program of the discipline OP.01 “Engineering Graphics” in the specialty 02.23.03 Maintenance and repair of motor vehicles for correspondence courses, which provides for the student to independently study the theoretical foundations and perform a number of control tasks in order to develop drawing skills. Carrying out graphic work helps to master the technique of drawing, develop spatial thinking, without which active creative work of students is impossible when completing coursework, theses and further work in their specialty.
As a result of mastering the discipline, the student should be able to:
Prepare design, technological and other technical documentation in accordance with the current regulatory framework;
Create images, cuts and sections on drawings;
Perform assembly drawing detailing;
Solve graphic problems.
As a result of mastering the discipline, the student should know:
Basic rules for constructing drawings and diagrams;
Methods of graphical representation of spatial images;
Possibilities of computer graphics application packages in professional activities;
Basic provisions of design, technological and other regulatory documentation;
Basics of construction graphics.
Methodological instructions include the content of the educational material of the discipline for independent study of theoretical material, indicating references to educational literature and the topics of tests, methodological instructions and tasks for graphic works, which the student performs under the guidance of a teacher during the lessons of the practical cycle and independently when preparing the test.
Each practical task of the manual includes methodological instructions, where methodological assistance is provided in completing the task, and samples of drawing design are provided for each work. All assignment options are made in the same style; the selection of assignments covers the material of the main sections of the program, which allows you to objectively assess the knowledge acquired by students while studying the discipline “Engineering Graphics”. A description of the procedure for completing a task facilitates and speeds up the process of completing it.
Under the heading “Please note,” the guidelines tell you exactly what changes have occurred in the standard and what is important when performing the drawing.
The appendix includes the reference materials necessary for performing graphic work.
The final grade is obtained based on the results of checking each graphic work, the evaluation criteria of which are the following indicators:
Selecting the scale and location of the drawing format;
Layout of the drawing;
– the correctness of the task;
Dimensioning;
– drawing lines;
Filling out the title block.
| Topics of the section, classes | Number of hours | Literature |
| Section 1. Study of geometric drawing | ||
| Topic 1.1. Basic information on the design of drawings Drawing formats - basic and additional. Drawing lines - style, name, purpose, thickness. Frame and title block. Scales - definition, designation and application. | ||
| Topic 1.2.Drawing font and making inscriptions on drawings. Information about standard fonts, sizes and designs of letters and numbers. Rules for making inscriptions on drawings. Graphic work No. 1 Title page of an album of student’s graphic works | ||
| Topic 1.3. Basic rules for applying dimensions Rules for applying dimensions. Linear and angular dimensions. Arrows. Rules for drawing extension and dimension lines and dimensional numbers. Signs used when applying dimensions. | ||
| Topic 1.4. Geometric constructions and techniques for drawing the contours of technical parts. Dividing a circle into equal parts. Mates used in the contours of technical parts. Conjugations of arcs with arcs, arcs with a line segment, line with a straight line. Slope and taper on technical parts: definition, rules for constructing a given value and designation. Graphic work No. 2Construction of mates, slope, taper | ||
| Section 2. Study of projection drawing (basics of descriptive geometry) | ||
| Topic 2.1. Projecting a point Projection methods. Planes and axes of projection. Projecting a point onto two and three projection planes. Point coordinates. Reading a drawing of points. | ||
| Topic 2.2. Projecting a straight line segment The location of a straight line segment relative to the projection planes. Projecting a straight line segment onto two and three projection planes. Reading drawings of a straight line segment. | ||
| Topic 2.3. Projecting a plane Image of a plane in a complex drawing. General and particular planes. Projections of points and lines located on a plane. Reading plane drawings. | ||
| Topic 2.4. Axonometric projections Types of axonometric projections. Axonometric axes. Distortion indicators. Images in axonometric projections of flat figures and three-dimensional bodies. Making images of flat figures and three-dimensional bodies. | ||
| Topic 2.5. Projection of geometric bodies Determination of surfaces of bodies. Projection of geometric bodies (prism, cone, cylinder, pyramid) onto three projection planes with a detailed analysis of the projections of elements of geometric bodies (vertices, edges, faces, axes and generators). Construction of projections of points belonging to the surfaces of geometric bodies. Graphic work No. 3 Complex drawings and axonometric images of geometric bodies with finding projections of points belonging to the surface of the body. | ||
| Topic 2.6. Section of geometric bodies by projecting planes. The concept of section. Section of bodies by projecting planes. Finding the actual value of a segment and a plane figure by methods of rotation, alignment and change of projection planes. Construction of the natural size of a section figure. Construction of developments of surfaces of truncated bodies. Image of truncated geometric bodies in axonometric projections Complex drawings of a truncated polyhedron or truncated body of revolution; development of the surface of truncated bodies; axonometry of truncated bodies | ||
| Topic 2.7. Mutual intersection of surfaces of bodies General information about the line of intersection of surfaces of geometric bodies. Methods of finding points of the intersection line. Complex drawing and axonometry of intersecting geometric bodies. | ||
| Topic 2.8. Model projections The sequence of constructing model drawings in a system of rectangular projections. Execution of complex drawings of models based on natural samples Graphic work No. 4 Construction of the third projection of the model based on two given ones. Axonometric projection | ||
| Section 3. Study of mechanical engineering drawing | ||
| Topic 3.1. Images on mechanical engineering drawings. Species - definitions, purpose, location and designation of main local and additional species. Sections - formation, purpose, location and designation. Local cuts. Connecting half a view with half a section. Sections taken out and superimposed. Designations and inscriptions. Graphic designation of materials in sections and sections Graphic work No. 5 Using these two types of model, construct a third view, the necessary sections, an axonometric projection with a cutout of the front quarter | ||
| Topic 3.2. Threads, threaded products Basic information about threads. Classification of threads. Thread parameters. Thread elements: runs, undercuts, grooves, chamfers. Conventional image and designation of threads Image of standard threaded fasteners according to their actual dimensions according to GOST (bolts, studs, nuts, washers). Image and designation of threads in the drawings | ||
| Topic 3.3. Sketches and working drawings of parts The shape of the part and its elements. Measuring tools and techniques for measuring parts. The concept of applying designations of surface roughness and material used to manufacture parts on a drawing. Purpose and procedure for completing a sketch of parts. Working drawing of the part. Reading working drawings. Graphic work No. 6 Sketching a part with a thread using a simple or complex cut | ||
| Topic 3.4. Detachable and permanent connections of parts. Types of detachable connections: threaded, keyed, toothed, etc. Their purpose. Illustration of connections using bolts, studs, screws. Types of permanent connections of parts. Conventional image and designation of welds in the drawings. Execution of a drawing of a welded connection of parts Graphic work No. 7 Execution of threaded connections of parts using a bolt and stud | ||
| Topic 3.5. Gear transmissions. Main types of transmissions. Design types of gears. Calculation and procedure for completing a gear drawing. Graphic work No. 8 Drawing of a cylindrical gear transmission with a keyed connection between the shaft and wheels. | ||
| Topic 3.6. General information about products and drawing up assembly drawings. General drawing, its purpose and content. Sequence of execution of an assembly drawing. Execution of sketches of parts of an assembly unit. Linking of mating sizes. The procedure for making an assembly drawing based on sketches of parts. Selecting the number of images. Format selection. Dimensions on assembly drawings. Hatching on sections and sections. Simplifications used in assembly drawings. Specification, its purpose and filling procedure. Applying item numbers on the assembly drawing. Graphic work No. 9 Draw sketches of the parts of an assembly unit consisting of five or six parts. | ||
| Topic 3.7. Reading and detailing assembly drawings. Purpose and operation of the assembly unit. The number of standard and non-standard parts included in the assembly unit. Reading assembly drawings. | ||
| Section 4. Computer graphics | ||
| Topic 4.1 General information about the computer-aided design system | ||
| Section 5. Studying diagrams in the specialty Topic 5.1 Reading diagrams Types and types of diagrams. Conventional graphic symbols of circuit elements in drawings. Rules for implementing schemes in accordance with the requirements of the ESKD. Reading diagrams. Carrying out graphic work and drawings | ||
| Section 6. Study of elements of construction drawing | ||
| Topic 6.1 General information about construction drawing Types of construction drawings. Images on construction drawings. Axes grid. Drawing dimensions on construction drawings. Execution of graphic work: Execution of the workshop plan | ||
| Total |
GENERAL GUIDELINES
As practice shows, the greatest effect of studying engineering graphics can be achieved when students complete individual graphic tasks, which are presented in these guidelines by task options. The option is selected by number in the list of the class magazine. All problems are solved after independent study of the corresponding section in the textbook. A link to educational literature is given in section 2 of this manual, which indicates the topics being studied, their content and pages on textbooks available in the technical school library; below is an additional list of references.
Graphic tasks are performed on standard sheets of drawing paper, in pencil. Each sheet is framed and certified by the main inscription of Form 1 according to GOST 2.104-2006 (see Appendix 11). A sample of its filling is shown in Fig. 1. In an additional column measuring 14x70, which is located in the upper corner along the long side of the format, indicate the drawing code in an inverted position.
The code indicates the address of the drawing manufacturer and writes it in font No. 7:
KPTT – Kemerovo Vocational Technical College; name of the discipline: IG - engineering graphics; option number: 05 - fifth option; number of graphic work: 10 - graphic work No. 10.
For example: KPTT IG 05.10.00
For some sheets, instead of the last zeros, the part position number, circuit code, etc. are indicated.
In the main inscription in the “name” column the name of the graphic work is written. The scale of the image is indicated in the title block.
To set dimensions in drawings, use font No. 3.5.
Accepted designations:
Points on projections are designated by the same lowercase letters of the Russian alphabet with strokes indicating the projection plane (a, a", a");
Angles - in lowercase letters of the Greek alphabet, indicating degrees (α, β).
All text inscriptions on the drawings are made in drawing font in accordance with GOST 2.304-81; for ease of use of this manual, Appendix No. 2 shows the design of letters and dimensions for font numbers 3.5; 5; 7 and 10. Upon completion of all graphic tasks, the sheets are bound into an album, the first sheet of which is the title page (its number is not indicated on the sheet). The album is submitted to the teacher for review.
GRAPHIC WORKS
GRAPHIC WORK No. 1
Workbook
Introduction to the Subject of Drawing
The history of the emergence of graphic methods of images and drawings
Drawings in Rus' were made by “draftsmen”, a mention of which can be found in the “Pushkar Order” of Ivan IV.
Other images - drawings, were a bird's eye view of the structure.
At the end of the 12th century. In Russia, large-scale images are introduced and dimensions are indicated. In the 18th century, Russian draftsmen and Tsar Peter I himself made drawings using the method of rectangular projections (the founder of the method is the French mathematician and engineer Gaspard Monge). By order of Peter I, the teaching of drawing was introduced in all technical educational institutions.
The entire history of the development of the drawing is inextricably linked with technical progress. Currently, the drawing has become the main document of business communication in science, technology, production, design, and construction.
It is impossible to create and check a machine drawing without knowing the basics of the graphic language. Which you will meet while studying the subject "Drawing"
Types of graphic images
Exercise: label the names of the images.
The concept of GOST standards. Formats. Frame. Drawing lines.
Exercise 1
Graphic work No. 1
"Formats. Frame. Drawing lines"
Examples of work performed
Test tasks for graphic work No. 1
Option #1.
1. What designation according to GOST has a format of size 210x297:
a) A1; b) A2; c) A4?
2. What is the thickness of the dash-dot line if in the drawing the solid main thick line is 0.8 mm:
a) 1mm: b) 0.8 mm: c) 0.3 mm?
______________________________________________________________
Option #2.
Select and underline the correct answers to the questions.
1. Where in the drawing is the main inscription located:
a) in the lower left corner; b) in the lower right corner; c) in the upper right corner?
2. How much should the axial and center lines extend beyond the contour of the image:
a) 3...5 mm; b) 5…10 mm4 c) 10…15 mm?
Option #3.
Select and underline the correct answers to the questions.
1. What arrangement of A4 format is allowed by GOST:
A) vertical; b) horizontal; c) vertical and horizontal?
2. . What is the thickness of a solid thin line if in the drawing the solid main thick line is 1 mm:
a) 0.3 mm: b) 0.8 mm: c) 0.5 mm?
Option number 4.
Select and underline the correct answers to the questions.
1. At what distance from the edges of the sheet is the drawing frame drawn:
a) left, top, right and bottom – 5 mm each; b) left, top and bottom – 10 mm, right – 25 mm; c) left – 20 mm, top, right and bottom – 5 mm each?
2. What type of line are the axial and center lines made in the drawings:
a) a solid thin line; b) dash-dotted line; c) dashed line?
Option #5.
Select and underline the correct answers to the questions.
1. What are the dimensions of the A4 format according to GOST:
a) 297x210 mm; b) 297x420 mm; c) 594x841 mm?
2. Depending on which line the thickness of the drawing lines is selected:
a) dash-dotted line; b) a solid thin line; c) a solid main thick line?
Fonts (GOST 2304-81)
Font types:
Font sizes:
Practical tasks:
Calculations of drawing font parameters
Test tasks
Option #1.
Select and underline the correct answers to the questions.
What value is taken as the font size:
a) the height of a lowercase letter; b) height of capital letter; c) the height of the spaces between the lines?
Option #2.
Select and underline the correct answers to the questions.
What is the height of the capital letter of rift No. 5:
a) 10 mm; b) 7 mm; c) 5 mm; d) 3.5 mm?
Option #3.
Select and underline the correct answers to the questions.
What is the height of lowercase letters that have protruding elements? c, d, b, r, f:
a) the height of the capital letter; b) the height of a lowercase letter; c) greater than the height of the capital letter?
Option number 4.
Select and underline the correct answers to the questions.
Are uppercase and lowercase letters different in writing? A, E, T, G, I:
a) differ; b) do not differ; c) do they differ in the spelling of individual elements?
Option #5.
Select and underline the correct answers to the questions.
What does the height of the numbers of a drawing font correspond to:
a) the height of a lowercase letter; b) the height of the capital letter; c) half the height of a capital letter?
Graphic work No. 2
"Drawing of a flat part"
Cards - tasks
1 option
Option 2
Option 3
Option 4
Geometric constructions
Dividing a circle into 5 and 10 parts
Dividing a circle into 4 and 8 parts
Dividing a circle into 3, 6 and 12 parts
Dividing a segment into 9 parts
Fixing the material
Practical work:
Based on these types, build a third one. Scale 1:1
Option #1
Option No. 2
Option #3
Option No. 4
Fixing the material
Write your answers in your workbook:
Option #1
Option No. 2
Practical work No. 3
"Modeling from a drawing."
Directions for use
To make a cardboard model, first cut out its blank. Determine the dimensions of the workpiece from the image of the part (Fig. 58). Mark (outline) the cutouts. Cut them along the outlined contour. Remove the cut out parts and bend the model according to the drawing. To prevent the cardboard from straightening after bending, draw lines on the outside of the bend with some sharp object.
The wire for modeling must be soft and of arbitrary length (10 – 20 mm).
Fixing the material
Option No. 1 Option No. 2
Fixing the material
In your workbook, draw a drawing of the part in 3 views. Apply dimensions.
Option No. 3 Option No. 4
Fixing the material
Working with cards
Fixing the material
Using colored pencils, complete the task on the card.
Amount (increase)
Clipping
Reinforcement task
Oval -
Algorithm for constructing an oval
1. Construct an isometric projection of a square - rhombus ABCD
2. Let us denote the points of intersection of the circle and the square 1 2 3 4
3. From the top of the rhombus (D) draw a straight line to point 4 (3). We obtain segment D4, which will be equal to the radius of the arc R.
4. Let's draw an arc that will connect points 3 and 4.
5. At the intersection of segment B2 and AC, we obtain point O1.
When the segment D4 and AC intersect, we obtain point O2.
6. From the resulting centers O1 and O2 we will draw arcs R1 that will connect points 2 and 3, 4 and 1.
Fixing the material
Complete a technical drawing of the part, two views of which are shown in Fig. 62
Graphic work No. 9
Part sketch and technical drawing
1. What is called sketch?
Fixing the material
Exercise tasks
Practical work No. 7
"Reading Blueprints"
Graphic dictation
“Drawing and technical drawing of a part based on a verbal description”
Option #1
Frame is a combination of two parallelepipeds, of which the smaller one is placed with a larger base in the center of the upper base of the other parallelepiped. A through stepped hole runs vertically through the centers of the parallelepipeds.
The total height of the part is 30 mm.
The height of the lower parallelepiped is 10 mm, length 70 mm, width 50 mm.
The second parallelepiped has a length of 50 mm and a width of 40 mm.
The diameter of the bottom step of the hole is 35 mm, height 10 mm; diameter of the second stage is 20 mm.
Note:
Option No. 2
Support is a rectangular parallelepiped, to the left (smallest) face of which is attached a half-cylinder, which has a common lower base with the parallelepiped. In the center of the upper (largest) face of the parallelepiped, along its long side, there is a prismatic groove. At the base of the part there is a through hole of a prismatic shape. Its axis coincides in the top view with the axis of the groove.
The height of the parallelepiped is 30 mm, length 65 mm, width 40 mm.
Half-cylinder height 15 mm, base R 20 mm.
The width of the prismatic groove is 20 mm, the depth is 15 mm.
Hole width 10 mm, length 60 mm. The hole is located at a distance of 15 mm from the right edge of the support.
Note: When drawing dimensions, consider the part as a whole.
Option No. 3
Frame is a combination of a square prism and a truncated cone, which stands with its large base in the center of the upper base of the prism. A through stepped hole runs along the axis of the cone.
The total height of the part is 65 mm.
The height of the prism is 15 mm, the size of the sides of the base is 70x70 mm.
The height of the cone is 50 mm, the lower base is Ǿ 50 mm, the upper base is Ǿ 30 mm.
The diameter of the lower part of the hole is 25 mm, height 40 mm.
The diameter of the upper part of the hole is 15 mm.
Note: When drawing dimensions, consider the part as a whole.
Option No. 4
Sleeve is a combination of two cylinders with a stepped through hole that runs along the axis of the part.
The total height of the part is 60 mm.
The height of the lower cylinder is 15 mm, the base is Ǿ 70 mm.
The base of the second cylinder is Ǿ 45 mm.
Bottom hole Ǿ 50 mm, height 8 mm.
The upper part of the hole is Ǿ 30 mm.
Note: When drawing dimensions, consider the part as a whole.
Option No. 5
Base is a parallelepiped. In the center of the upper (largest) face of the parallelepiped, along its long side, there is a prismatic groove. There are two through cylindrical holes in the groove. The centers of the holes are spaced from the ends of the part at a distance of 25 mm.
The height of the parallelepiped is 30 mm, length 100 mm, width 50 mm.
Groove depth 15 mm, width 30 mm.
Hole diameters are 20 mm.
Note: When drawing dimensions, consider the part as a whole.
Option No. 6
Frame It is a cube, along the vertical axis of which there is a through hole: semi-conical at the top, and then turning into a stepped cylindrical one.
Cube edge 60 mm.
The depth of the semi-conical hole is 35 mm, the upper base is 40 mm, the bottom is 20 mm.
The height of the bottom step of the hole is 20 mm, the base is 50 mm. The diameter of the middle part of the hole is 20 mm.
Note: When drawing dimensions, consider the part as a whole.
Option No. 7
Support is a combination of a parallelepiped and a truncated cone. The cone with its large base is placed in the center of the upper base of the parallelepiped. In the center of the smaller side faces of the parallelepiped there are two prismatic cutouts. A through hole of cylindrical shape Ǿ 15 mm is drilled along the axis of the cone.
The total height of the part is 60 mm.
The height of the parallelepiped is 15 mm, length 90 mm, width 55 mm.
The diameters of the cone bases are 40 mm (lower) and 30 mm (upper).
The length of the prismatic cutout is 20 mm, width 10 mm.
Note: When drawing dimensions, consider the part as a whole.
Option No. 8
Frame is a hollow rectangular parallelepiped. In the center of the upper and lower base of the body there are two conical tides. A through hole of cylindrical shape Ǿ 10 mm passes through the centers of the tides.
The total height of the part is 59 mm.
The height of the parallelepiped is 45 mm, length 90 mm, width 40 mm. The thickness of the walls of the parallelepiped is 10 mm.
The height of the cones is 7 mm, the base is Ǿ 30 mm and Ǿ 20 mm.
Note: When drawing dimensions, consider the part as a whole.
Option No. 9
Support is a combination of two cylinders with one common axis. A through hole runs along the axis: at the top it is prismatic in shape with a square base, and then cylindrical in shape.
The total height of the part is 50 mm.
The height of the lower cylinder is 10 mm, the base is Ǿ 70 mm. The diameter of the base of the second cylinder is 30 mm.
The height of the cylindrical hole is 25 mm, the base is Ǿ 24 mm.
The base side of the prismatic hole is 10 mm.
Note: When drawing dimensions, consider the part as a whole.
Test
Graphic work No. 11
“Drawing and visual representation of the part”
Using the axonometric projection, construct a drawing of the part in the required number of views on a scale of 1:1. Add dimensions.
Graphic work No. 10
“Sketch of a part with design elements”
Draw a drawing of a part from which parts have been removed according to the markings applied. The projection direction for constructing the main view is indicated by an arrow.
Graphic work No. 8
“Drawing of a part with transformation of its shape”
General concept of shape transformation. Relationship between drawing and markings
Graphic work
Making a drawing of an object in three views with transforming its shape (by removing part of the object)
Complete the technical drawing of the part, making, instead of the protrusions marked with arrows, notches of the same shape and size in the same place.
Logical thinking task
Topic “Design of drawings”
Crossword "Projection"
1.The point from which the projecting rays emanate during central projection.
2. What is obtained as a result of modeling.
3. Cube face.
4. The image obtained during projection.
5. In this axonometric projection, the axes are located at an angle of 120° to each other.
6. In Greek, this word means “double dimension.”
7. Side view of a person or object.
8. Curve, isometric projection of a circle.
9. The image on the profile projection plane is a view...
Rebus on the topic “View”
Rebus
Crossword "Axonometry"
Vertically:
1. Translated from French as “front view”.
2. The concept in drawing of what the projection of a point or object is obtained on.
3. The boundary between the halves of a symmetrical part in the drawing.
4. Geometric body.
5. Drawing tool.
6. Translated from Latin, “throw, throw forward.”
7. Geometric body.
8. The science of graphic images.
9. Unit of measurement.
10. Translated from Greek as “double dimension”.
11. Translated from French as “side view”.
12. In the drawing, “she” can be thick, thin, wavy, etc.
Technical Dictionary of Drawing
| Term | Definition of a term or concept | |
| Axonometry | ||
| Algorithm | ||
| Analysis of the geometric shape of an object | ||
| Boss | ||
| Shoulder | ||
| Shaft | ||
| Vertex | ||
| View | ||
| Main view | ||
| Additional view | ||
| Local view | ||
| Screw | ||
| Sleeve | ||
| Dimensions | ||
| screw | ||
| Fillet | ||
| Geometric body | ||
| Horizontal | ||
| Ready room | ||
| Edge | ||
| Dividing a circle | ||
| Division of a segment | ||
| Diameter | ||
| ESKD | ||
| Drawing tools | ||
| Tracing paper | ||
| Pencil | ||
| Drawing Layout | ||
| Construction | ||
| Circuit | ||
| Cone | ||
| Pattern curves | ||
| Circular curves | ||
| Pattern | ||
| Rulers | ||
| Line - leader | ||
| Extension line | ||
| Transition line | ||
| Dimensional line | ||
| Solid line | ||
| Dashed line | ||
| Dashed line | ||
| Lyska | ||
| Scale | ||
| Monge method | ||
| Polyhedron | ||
| Polygon | ||
| Modeling | ||
| Main inscription | ||
| Applying dimensions | ||
| Drawing outline | ||
| Break | ||
| Oval | ||
| Ovoid | ||
| Circle | ||
| Circle in axonometric projection | ||
| Ornament | ||
| Axonometric axes | ||
| Axis of rotation | ||
| Projection axis | ||
| Axis of symmetry | ||
| Hole | ||
| Groove | ||
| Keyway | ||
| Parallelepiped | ||
| Pyramid | ||
| Projection plane | ||
| Prism | ||
| Axonometric projections | ||
| Projection | ||
| Isometric rectangular projection | ||
| Frontal dimetric oblique projection | ||
| Projection | ||
| Groove | ||
| Scan | ||
| Size | ||
| Overall dimensions | ||
| Structural dimensions | ||
| Coordinating sizes | ||
| Part element dimensions | ||
| Gap | ||
| Drawing frame | ||
| Edge | ||
| Technical drawing | ||
| Symmetry | ||
| Pairing | ||
| Standard | ||
| Standardization | ||
| Arrows | ||
| Scheme | ||
| Thor | ||
| Mating point | ||
| Protractor | ||
| Squares | ||
| Simplifications and conventions | ||
| Chamfer | ||
| Drawing formats | ||
| Frontal | ||
| Projection center | ||
| Pairing center | ||
| Cylinder | ||
| Compass | ||
| Drawing | ||
| Working drawing | ||
| Drawing | ||
| Dimensional number | ||
| Reading the drawing | ||
| Washer | ||
| Ball | ||
| Slot | ||
| Engraving | ||
| Font | ||
| Hatching Hatching in axonometry | ||
| Ellipse | ||
| Sketch | ||
Workbook
Practical and graphic work on drawing
The notebook was developed by Anna Aleksandrovna Nesterova, teacher of the highest category of drawing and fine art, teacher of the Municipal Budget Educational Institution “Secondary School No. 1 of Lensk”
Introduction to the Subject of Drawing
Materials, accessories, drawing tools.
Graphic workshop.
Self-test questions.
1. What are the rules for placing item numbers on assembly drawings?
2. How are boundary parts shaded in sectional assembly drawings?
3. What dimensions are shown on the assembly drawing?
4. What is detailing?
5. Should the number of images on the part match the
assembly drawing, the number of images of the same part on the working drawing?
1. Construct the profile of an I-beam or channel. Take options for tasks from tables 1,2,3.
2. Construct a flat contour that has mates. Options for tasks - table 4.
3. Draw a pattern curve, taking data from table 5.
The task is completed in A3 format. An example of completing the task in Figure 5.3.
Methodical instructions.
1. When making a drawing of a channel profile or an I-beam, all dimensions are taken from Table 2 or 3 and in the drawing, instead of alphabetic expressions, digital expressions are placed. To construct a given slope, a right triangle is built next to the profile, the tangent of the angle of which is equal to the slope, then through a point, the position of which on the profile is determined by the dimensions:
(b – d) /2- for channel and (b – d) /4- for an I-beam, draw a straight line parallel to the hypotenuse of the constructed right triangle. In Fig. Figure 5.1 shows a drawing of the channel flange. Determine the position of the point D, calculating the size (b – d) /2 and put the value at this point t.
Options for tasks.
Options for drawing a rental profile. Table 1.
Channel. Table 2.
Table 3. I-beam.
2. The task of constructing a flat contour is completed after studying the “Mates” section.
The construction of a drawing of a technical part begins with an analysis of the geometric elements that make up the part and the determination of its overall dimensions. Then the geometric constructions and mates in this drawing are determined. The image scale is selected according to the overall dimensions of the part. Constructions are carried out in the following sequence:
1. axial and center lines are applied;
2. draw circles whose centers are located at the intersection of the center lines;
3. draw straight lines;
4. perform conjugations indicating the auxiliary constructions necessary to determine the centers and conjugation points;
5. Draw size lines and enter size numbers. It is recommended to leave auxiliary constructions in the drawing.
An example of constructing a drawing of a part that has mating elements.
Gasket outline(Fig. 5.2 a). Draw the vertical axis of symmetry and center lines. Two circles Æ 20 mm are drawn at a distance of 110 mm from each other and circles with radii R32 are drawn from the same centers (Fig. 5.2 a, b).
In thin lines, the outer contour of the gasket is made, having the shape of an isosceles trapezoid with bases 130; 65 mm and height 120 mm. Using dimensions 36 and 38 mm, draw parallel straight lines of the upper cutout. Externally conjugate circles of radius R32 with an arc of radius R84 (Fig. 5.2 a, c). The center of the mating arc is the intersection point of auxiliary arcs drawn from the centers O 1 and O 2 radii R = (32 + 84) mm. The internal conjugation of the same arcs is performed with an arc of radius R108. Center O 3 of this conjugation lies at the point of intersection of arcs drawn from the centers O 1 and O 2 radii R = (108 – 32) mm. Construct the mates of acute angles at the upper base of the trapezoid with an arc of radius R25 and the mate of the lateral inclined side of the trapezoid with an arc of radius R108 using an auxiliary arc of radius R28 (these mates are indicated in Fig. 2 c) by Roman numerals I and II, respectively). The parallel straight lines of the upper cut are conjugated with an arc of radius R18 (conjugation III in Fig. 5.2 c). Trace the drawing and put down the required dimensions (Fig. 5.2 a). fig. straight lines of the upper cut with an arc of radius and centers behind. Perform external conjugation of circles of radii 20
