“Pride for Russia and its people in“ The Tale of the Tula Left-Handed and the Steel Flea ”by N. S

Reflecting on what we have read

1. Why did the nameless master (left-hander) and his comrades undertake to support Platov and the whole of Russia with him?

2. Read the scene in the palace. Pay attention to the portrait of the left-hander. How does he deal with the king and his entourage?

3. Why “on each horseshoe is a master's name displayed: what Russian master did that horseshoe”, but the name of the left-handed person was not there?

4. How did the British manage to persuade the left-hander to stay in England? What made a special impression on him abroad?

5. How did NS Leskov portray General Platov? What is the main thing in his character? What features of the folk hero does the author admire, and what traits does he reject?

Find episodes in the tale that depict the tsarist environment, details of the text that convey the author's satirical attitude towards his representatives. Read these scenes so that you feel the author's caustic mockery.

The Encyclopedic Dictionary contains information about Platov:

“Platov, Matvey Ivanovich (1751-1818), Russian military leader, general of the cavalry, associate of A. V. Suvorov and M. I. Kutuzov. In 1790, Platov commanded a column during the assault on Izmail ... In the Patriotic War of 1812, Platov, commanding a cavalry corps, covered the retreat of the 2nd army of Bagration, and then the 1st and 2nd Russian armies. In the Battle of Borodino, he conducted a successful maneuver in the rear of the left wing of the French troops. Platov was the initiator and organizer of the Don Cossack militia against the French invaders. "

What is the difference between this message and Platov's image in the tale "Levsha".

Improve your speech

1. The genre of the tale presupposes a narrator close to the people. Read the fragments of the tale where the voice of the narrator is heard. Pay attention to his speech. To which of the heroes of the work is he closest? Support your answer with quotes from the text of the tale.

2. The tale of the left-hander is very close to the work of oral folk art. Find in it the techniques of a fairy tale story: the beginning, repetitions, dialogues, ending - think about the role they play in the work.

3. There are many new words in the tale of the left-hander. Word-creation begins where the narrator or hero encounters non-Russian names that are incomprehensible to an illiterate person. The artisan, talking about things unfamiliar and foreign to him, distorts their names according to his idea of ​​them. But at the same time, the narrator puts in them a humorous meaning in the spirit of popular understanding, for example: couch - "bite", "messengers" - "whistling", table - "hollow". Continue with these examples. Pay attention to who they belong to.

4. According to Leskov, the idea of ​​"Lefty" arose from the saying: "An Englishman made a flea out of steel, and a Russian shod it." In the language of the tale there are many Russian proverbs and sayings, for example: “He even has an ovechkin’s fur coat, but a little man’s soul,” “The morning is wiser than the night,” and others. Find more proverbs and sayings.

5. Tell us about the character of the left-hander. In this case, you can use the following quotation plan:

a) “- Burn yourself, but we have no time, - and again hid his plucked head, slammed the shutter and set to work”;

b) “He is wearing what he was wearing: in garments, one leg is in a boot, the other is wobbling, and the little ozyam is old, the hooks are not fastened, they are lost, and the collar is torn; but nothing, he is not embarrassed ";

c) "... I worked smaller than these horseshoes: I forged carnations, with which the horseshoes were hammered, - no small scope can take there anymore";

d) “About this,” he says, “there is no doubt that we haven’t got into the sciences, but are faithful only to our fatherland”;

e) "... And I want to go to my native place as soon as possible, because otherwise I can get a kind of insanity."

Think about what points you could add to this plan.

6. Leskov said: "... where there is a 'left-handed', one should read 'Russian people'." With this in mind, think about why the oblique left-hander in the tale does not have a name and even his nickname is written with a small letter.

Creative task

LN Tolstoy called Leskov "the writer of the future." What do you think was the meaning of the great writer in these words? Prepare a detailed written answer to this question.

Literature and other arts

1. Consider the portrait of a left-handed person and illustrations by artist N. Kuzmin. Pay attention to how the artist portrayed the left-hander and other characters. What is the artist's attitude to what he depicts?

2. One of the critics expressed his opinion about N. Kuzmin's drawings for the tale "Lefty": which the artist entered in order to experience "from the inside ** his event".

Do you agree with this statement?

3. Consider Kukryniksy's illustrations for "Lefty". Is it possible to agree with this statement: "Here the artists are wounded for being left-handed, so that one can feel their almost personal resentment"?

4. Interest in "Levsha" for more than a hundred years since its inception has not diminished. Artists, directors, composers turn to Leskov's tale. It was staged on theatrical stages of many cities (Moscow Art Theater - 1924, Leningrad Opera and Ballet Theater named after S. M. Kirov, Moscow Spesivtsev Theater - 1980, etc.). The cartoon and TV movie "Levsha" were screened with great success. If you saw one of them, answer the question: did your ideas from what you read coincided with what you saw?

5. In the old part of the city of Orel, next to the building of the gymnasium where NS Leskov studied, and the Church of the Archangel Michael, the surroundings of which became the scene of the action of the writer's works, there is a monument to NS Leskov by authors Yu. G. and Yu. Yu. Nut. If you have seen this monument or its image (on postcards, on the Internet), answer the questions: what is the peculiarity of this monument? Do you recognize the heroes of N. S. Leskov?

Features of the image of the narrator in an epic work

The tale- This is a narrative with an orientation towards oral speech (from the word "tell"), based on folk legends and legends, close to them in form, which contains sketches of folk life and customs. The skaz genre presupposes a narrator close to the people, a person with a special character and turn of speech.

As a genre of Russian literature, skaz is defined by the Literary Encyclopedic Dictionary as “ a special type of storytelling, focused on the modern living, sharply different from the author's, monologue speech of the narrator, who came from some exotic environment for the reader (everyday, national, folk)» .

Noting the originality of the tale as a literary genre, P.P. Bazhov wrote: “ What a fairy tale tells was treated in advance as a thing that occupies, entertains, and teaches the younger ones. But they treated the tale differently, in the tale there are elements of real life, history ... It is based on a true incident, and this closeness to the truth distinguishes the tale from what in the popular understanding is a fairy tale».

In the linguo-stylistic aspect, the tale was developed in the works of V.V. Vinogradova, B.M. Eichenbaum and other researchers.

A deep approach to the problem of skaz is characteristic of Academician V.V. Vinogradov, who defines the fairy tale form of narration in this way: “ A tale is a kind of literary and artistic orientation towards an oral monologue of a narrating type, it is an artistic imitation of a monologue speech, which embodies a narrative plot, as if it is built in the order of its direct speaking» .

Thus, the interpretation of the tale in the linguistic and stylistic aspect is basically reduced to two points of view. One of them comes from the fact that in front of us " setting on the spoken word of the narrator", The other is based on the fact that" in most cases, skaz is, first of all, an attitude towards someone else's speech, and hence, as a consequence,-for oral speech» .

The verb "to say" belongs to the category of one of the most ancient words in the Russian language. For a long time, he performed "a double function: direct, ordinary (" say "in the sense of" communicate "," notify ") and specific belonging to the sphere of oral creativity (" speaking ")".

Folklore traditions largely determined the nature of the literary tale, the originality of its style, which is an organic fusion of traditional folk and book elements.

The work of such outstanding writers of the nineteenth century. as N.V. Gogol, M. Yu. Lermontov, V.G. Korolenko skaz is affirmed as a full-fledged genre of fiction.

In the 20-30s of the twentieth century. such writers as B. Shergin, P.P. Bazhov, S. Pisakhov, E. Pistolenko. Thus, one of the important specific features of a literary tale is the fusion of the life principle with folklore sources - legends, fairy tales, that is, an organic combination of the real and the fantastic.

The most important feature of the tale genre, which characterizes it both in terms of content and in terms of form, is the image of the narrator, the storyteller. In the tale, the narrator is called upon to assess events and facts from the point of view of the people. The narrator of a folk tale is an individuality, a hero from the people, whose voice merges with the voice of the author. The narrator - the people - the author are indissoluble in the tale. V.V. Vinogradov argued that “ the narrator is a speech product of the author, and the image of the narrator in the tale is a form of the author's literary artistry. The image of the author is seen in him as the image of an actor in the stage image he creates.». .

The narration can be conducted as if from three points: 1) from a person from the people (N.V. Gogol, P.P. Bazhov); 2) the story can be the voice of the collective, i.e. “We” (M.Yu. Lermontov); 3) the story can be conducted on behalf of the writer (S. Yesenin). ...

But no matter whoever's voice sounded in the tale - a representative of a working people, a collective, or the writer himself - it always presupposes a popular assessment of the events described, a popular view of the phenomena of social life. Therefore, the narrator in the tale is the bearer of the mass consciousness, the collective perception of the world.

A work of fiction begins with its title.

Of all the literary genres, skaz is perhaps one of the most "sensitive", the most demanding for the title. As for fairy-tale images, they are relatively rarely given in a long temporal development, they appear before us most often already formed, with all their inherent common, "generic" and individual qualities; but this does not diminish their artistic merit. The most vivid fairy-tale images develop into typical characters.

The structure of the tale is complex and multifaceted. In the tale, as in other literary genres, there is a plot, a culmination, and a denouement. It contains a portrait and a landscape, a dialogue and a monologue, its own composition inherent only to this genre. And all these elements are subordinated to the solution of the main artistic task: the reflection of the historical era.

Nikolay Semenovich Leskov (1831-1895).

Arkin I.I. Literature lessons in grades 5-6: Pract. methodology: Book. for the teacher. - M., 2000, p. 130

Two-part voice as a peculiarity of Leskov's tale stylistics: author and narrator. The dignity and intelligence of a commoner in the folk-ironic syllable of the tale. Its contrasting composition: the confrontation between imperial and people's Russia. Historical truth and folk tradition in the artistic structure of the tale. Ironic and highly poetic as inseparably contrasting in the style of "Lefty". (1883). Belinovskaya Z.S., Maevskaya T.P. An epic with a "human soul". (Materials for lessons on the tale of NS Leskov "Lefty". // Russian language and literature in secondary educational institutions of Ukraine. №2, 1992, p. 2 - 5

The main theme of Leskov's work is the image of the life of post-reform Russia. The writer strives with all his might to preserve the national identity of the Russian people, opposes forces hostile to him.

The theme and idea of ​​the tale of N.S. Leskov "Lefty".

The theme of originality, talent, dedication of the Russian people is embodied in "Levsha". This is a tale about a Tula gunsmith, the fate of a talented person from the people. The ingenious master did not have his own name, but only a nickname - Lefty.

Foreword by M.S. Goryachkina to the book. Leskov N.S. Lefty: (The tale of the Tula oblique left-hander and the rest of the flea). - M., 1985, p. 7

Turyanskaya B.I., Kholodova L.A., Vinogradova E.A. E.V. Komissarova Literature in grade 6: Lesson by lesson. - M., 1999, p. 103-111

We can distinguish 4 main ideological motives of the tale "Levsha":

1. The amazing abilities of the Russian people.

2. True patriotism of the Lefty, the people.

3. Ignorance that limited his possibilities.

4. Irresponsible and criminal attitude towards him on the part of the authorities (from the courtier to the policeman), reaching not only to beatings, robbery, but, in fact, to the murder of a brilliant master.

The idea of ​​"Lefty", according to Leskov, arose from the saying: "An Englishman made a flea out of steel, and a Russian shod it." Polukhina V.P. Methodical recommendations for the educational reader "Literature". Grade 6. - M., 1996)

Foreword by M.S. Goryachkina to the book. Leskov N.S. Lefty: (The tale of the Tula oblique left-hander and the rest of the flea). - M., 1985, p. 7

“The appearance of the narrator in the tale" Lefty ", his speech merge with the appearance and speech of the main character of the tale. The originality of the perception of life, alien to the narrator and the hero, the comic and satirical rethinking of many of its concepts, language, and creates a special style of the tale of Lefty. Later comparing the style of his legend “Skomorokh Pamfaloi” and the style of “Lefty”, Leskov wrote: “This language, like the language of“ Steel Flea ”, is not easy, but very difficult, and love for business alone can induce a person to undertake such mosaic work ... But this very “peculiar language” was accused of me and still forced me to spoil and discolor it a little ”.

Leskov uses in it the techniques of a fairy tale narration: the beginning, the construction of a dialogue, the ending: "The sovereign says:" What do you want from me, courageous old man? " And Platov replies: "I, your majesty, do not need anything for myself ..."

The author characterizes the style of the tale "Lefty" as "fabulous", that is, fabulous, fable, and considers the character of the hero "epic". But Lefty appears to readers as a living person, and not a conventional fairytale hero. And this impression is created largely thanks to the folk spoken language, given in all its everyday authenticity, thanks to the storyteller's ability to reveal the psychology of the character through dialogue. Both the events and the speech of the characters in the tale are devoid of fantasy. Everything is perceived as quite real and believable. And this perception not only does not interfere with the fancy language of the tale, but even helps - so much it revives, makes the types of people drawn unforgettable.

Russian proverbs and sayings are richly used in the language of the tale: “The sky is cloudy, the belly is swollen, - boredom is great, but the road is long "," He even has an ovechkin's fur coat, but a little man's soul, "and so on.

Foreword M.S. Goryachkina to the book. Leskov N.S. Lefty: (The tale of the Tula oblique left-hander and the rest of the flea). - M., 1985, p. 7

Leskov's favorite genre, "skaz," a first-person narrative, required a special gift of reincarnation. (Subsequently, this technique was successfully used by other writers, we can say that this genre was transformed into a special kind of story with a first-person narrator). Zoshchenko was a brilliant master of the "tale" - story; Vladimir Vysotsky spoke confidently on behalf of his heroes.

P.P. Bazhov(1879-1950) was a native of the Ural workers' settlement. He received a religious education, took part in the Civil War, and was engaged in newspaper journalism. Pavel Bazhov came to fiction late, at the age of 57, but managed to create a whole collection of "Tales of the Old Urals". In total, from 1936 to 1950, he wrote over forty stories. The first issue of his collection "Malachite Box" was published in 1939. (37 stories).

The writer denied the very possibility of processing folklore: “I do not know what right I have to process, I have a doubt in this regard. After all, it is said so, but in fact it is impossible to create against folk art. Any attempt at change will turn out worse than what is there. " Bazhov's tales only in appearance resemble bylichki and fairy tales that existed in mining villages. The writer created plots and many heroes himself, mixing folklore and literary narrative techniques.

Tales complement each other, some heroes move from one tale to another, fantastic events take place within a common time and space. In general, the epic of the Urals is taking shape. At the center of every tale is the life of working people, in which something fantastic happens. The strength of a working person, his talent and wisdom are opposed to the power of oppression, embodied in different masters of life, and the secret power of nature. The drama of this complex confrontation forms the basis of the problematic of fairy tales.

The main thematic cycles of P.P. Bazhova:

1. Tales about the natural resources of the Urals.

2. Tales about the masters of the Urals.

3. Tales about the plight of the working people.

4. Tales about breeders and their associates.

5. Tales about family relationships.

It should be noted that all the above-mentioned themes of P.P. Bazhova have very thin, blurred boundaries and can interpenetrate each other, that is, several topics can calmly coexist in one tale.

His manner of telling a story about the past (as if in reality - on that mountain, beyond that line ...) creates the impression of a lively oral speech addressed directly to the reader-listener. That is why dialect words, common language are perceived as an organic feature of the book text (at the same time, Bazhov opposed deliberate folklorism in the literary language)

Pavel Bazhov divided his tales by tonality, by the structure of speech, into three groups: tales of a "childish tone" (for example, "Ognevushka-Poskakushka"), "adult tone" ("Stone Flower") and "historical stories" ("Markov Stone" ).

The narration is conducted on behalf of a clearly interested storyteller. The reader is conveyed both his sympathy for the poor-minded people, and disapproval for his inability to do good, to kindness. Tactically, but unswervingly, the narrator affirms the ideal of life, not fabulous, but real life itself: “We lived and lived, we didn’t make much good; but they didn’t cry in their lives, and everyone had a business ”.

The little reader is fascinated by the depicted setting - real and at the same time mysteriously fabulous. Three times he and the heroes find himself in different dwellings: the first is the most common, where grief seems to have settled, the second is the Kokovani hut, where it is so comfortable to work and listen to fairy tales, and the third is a forest booth, where a unique miracle happens. From the everyday world, where good and evil are intertwined, to the world where the fairy tale is intertwined with reality - this is the logic of compositional construction.

Pavel Petrovich Bazhov is the greatest master of literary tale. Many prose writers and poets considered him their teacher.

literature story children's fairy tale

Literature Lesson Outline Grade 6

Lesson topic:Literary portrait of the writer.

Tale "Lefty": the definition of the genre.

Program edited by V.Ya. Korovina; 6th grade

Target: Get acquainted with the biography of N.S. Leskov and define the originality of the genre of the work "Lefty".

Tasks:

Educational:

Introduce the biography of the writer.

Give an idea of ​​the genre of the work (tale).

Learn to analyze a literary work.

Developing:

Develop individual and group work skills.

Develop skills in monologue speech.

Ability to extract the necessary information from the text.

Ability to characterize characters.

Ability to reason your answer.

Educational:

To foster a love of Russian literature.

To generate interest in the work of the writer.

To educate the patriotic qualities of students.

Foster self-esteem.

Ability to work individually and in groups.

Form a respectful attitude towards others.

Lesson type: learning new material.

Lesson form : conversation.

Equipment :

Portrait of N.S. Leskov

Textbook

lesson

Lesson stage

Chrono-footage

Teacher activity

Student activities

Organizational.

2 minutes.

Greetings. Check your readiness for the lesson.

Greet the teachers. Check the readiness for the lesson.

Knowledge update.

7 minutes

At home, you had to carefully read the textbook article about NS Leskov and his work "Lefty".

The purpose of our lesson :

Get acquainted with the biography of the writer, determine the genre and the main idea of ​​the work.

Conversation on a textbook article pp. 224-226 .

What do you know about the writer and his family?

(Nikolai Semyonovich Leskov was born in the family of a petty official who came out of priests in the city of Orel. From his mother, who married against the will of his parents, he inherited passion, and from his father, who refused to become a priest, he inherited love of life.

What education did N.S. Leskov?

(Leskov received his education first in the wealthy Strakhov family, then in the Oryol gymnasium, which he did not graduate from. Then he independently replenished his knowledge. He entered the service in the Oryol Criminal Chamber, then transferred to the Kiev Treasury Chamber, then moved to a private company and traveled on official business all of Russia.)

Students' answers.

Students' answers.

Students' answers.

Explanation of the new material.

25 minutes

Teacher's word.

This is the first time we are addressing the study of the work of one of the most interesting Russian writers.

Nikolai Semyonovich Leskov is one of the best writers of the 19th century.

None of the Russian writers amazes like Leskov with their skill and amazing variety of subjects of creativity. The life of peasants, artisans, landowners and merchants, officials and clergy, tsars and soldiers, detectives and policemen, intellectuals and schismatics rises before the readers of his works ...

You have already said that Leskov traveled all over Russia.

Everything that he saw and learned was the richest material for his articles and essays, which began to appear in print since the 1860s. Leskov was noticed by readers and journalists, he became an employee of a number of newspapers and magazines.

Later, answering a newspaper reporter's question: "Where do you get the material for your works?" - Leskov pointed to his forehead: “From this chest. Here are the impressions of my commercial service, when I had to wander around Russia on business, this is the best time of my life, when I saw a lot and lived easily. "

All of you probably know the most famous hero - Lefty. This hero received, with the light hand of the writer, an independent life.

Let's write down the title of the work in notebooks:

"The Tale of the Tula oblique left-hander and the steel flea."

The tale was written in 1881, although the intention

the story arose much earlier, in 1878, when Leskov guests at the house of a gunsmith in

Sestroretsk. He was interested in the joke, which was used by the people, “as the British from

they made a flea, but our Tula shod it, and sent it back to them. "

Putting this saying as the basis of his work, Leskov expounded the legend of the Tula master in the genre of a tale.

Why do you think Leskov referred to the story of the old gunsmith?

(Leskov wanted the legend about Lefty to come out, as it were, from the lips of the people. And most importantly, to create the illusion of his innocence to the Lefty story).

The writer himself determined the genre of his work: this is a tale.

Read what a skaz is, on page 269 of the textbook.

(Tale is an epic genre based on folk tales and legends.

Write this definition down and study it at home.

Thus, the genre of the tale presupposes a narrator - a person close to the people. The tale of Lefty is very close to the work of oral folk art. There is a beginning, repetitions, dialogues, an ending. In the tale there are many new words in the meaning of which the author puts a humorous beginning. For example, he calls the multiplication table "multiplication dumbbell". But we will talk about the features of the Skaz language in the next lessons.

Now let's work with chapter 1 of the tale.

I am reading the chapter to you, and you will listen carefully and answer a few questions.

(reading the chapter by the teacher pp. 226-228).

Answers on questions.

1. Who do you think the narrator could have been and why?

(The narrator is most likely a simple person, an artisan, an artisan. This is manifested in his speech. There are a lot of irregularities and colloquialisms in it - driving around, internecine conversations, fiddling, etc. There are many words characteristic of folklore works - to see in different states of wonders , all the sovereign beckoned home, there was a married man.

Also, historical characters - Alexander I and Platov - shown from the point of view of an ordinary person, their actions and speech cause a smile. For example, Platov said to himself: “Well, this is a Sabbath. Until then, I still endured, but then I can’t. ”)

2. When and where does the story take place?

(In Russia and England shortly after the war with Napoleon.)

3. What historical facts are mentioned in the work?

(Congress of Vienna 1814-1815, Alexander's trip I with Platov to London, the uprising of the Decembrists of 1825, called "confusion").

Write down the highlights in a notebook.

Write down the title of the work.

Students' answers.

Read the definition.

Write down the definition.

Listen carefully.

Students' answers.

Students' answers.

Students' answers.

Securing new material.

5 minutes.

Let's summarize our lesson.

Why did Leskov choose a common man to be the storyteller?

What is the originality of the genre of this work?

Grading.

Students' answers.

Students' answers.

Reflection.

4 minutes

What new have you learned in the lesson?

What do you particularly remember?

What seemed difficult?

Students' answers.

Students' answers.

Students' answers.

6. Homework

2 minutes.

Write out quotations from the text of the work that characterize:

Group 1 (option) - Alexander Pavlovich

Group 2 (option) - Nikolai Pavlovich

Group 3 (option) - Platova

4 group (option) - Lefty

And one more additional task:

Prepare a short message about the Vienna Congress.

Write down homework.