Genetic code of Russians origin. Russian blood - descendants of the Aryans

We constantly hear that the Russians are not a people welded by blood, kindred by blood, but a conglomerate of people united by a common culture and territory. Everyone remembers Putin's catchphrases "There are no pure Russians!" and "scrape every Russian, you will certainly find a Tatar."

They say that we are "very different in blood", "did not sprout from one root", but were a melting pot for the Tatar, Caucasian, German, Finnish, Buryat, Mordovian and other peoples who ever came, came, arrived on our land, and we accepted all of them, let them into the house, took them to our relatives.

This has become almost an axiom in use among politicians who dilute the concept of Russian, and at the same time for everyone it has become an entrance ticket to the environment of the Russian people.

This approach, raised to the flag by numerous Russophobic à la "human rights" organizations and Russian Russophobic media outlets, has flooded the airwaves. But, Putin and others like him, sooner or later, will still have to answer for their words of humiliation of the Russian people. The verdict of scientists is merciless:

1) In 2009, a complete “reading” (sequencing) of the genome of a representative of the Russian ethnos was completed. That is, the sequence of all six billion nucleotides in the genome of the Russian man has been determined. All his genetic economy is now in full view.

(The human genome consists of 23 pairs of chromosomes: 23 - from the mother, 23 - from the father. Each chromosome contains one DNA molecule formed by a chain of 50-250 million nucleotides. The genome of the Russian man was sequenced. center "Kurchatov Institute", on the initiative of Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Director of the National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute" Mikhail Kovalchuk According to information received at the Russian Academy of Sciences, only for the purchase of equipment for sequencing, the Kurchatov Institute spent about $ 20 million. center "Kurchatov Institute" has a recognized scientific status in the world.)

It is known that this is the seventh decoded genome behind the Ural ridge: before that there were Yakuts, Buryats, Chinese, Kazakhs, Old Believers, Khanty. That is, all the prerequisites for the first ethnic map of Russia have been created. But all these were, so to speak, composite genomes: pieces assembled after decoding the genetic material of different representatives of the same population.

The complete genetic portrait of a particular Russian man is only the eighth in the world. Now there is someone to compare Russians with: an American, an African, a Korean, a European ...

“We did not find any noticeable Tatar contributions in the genome of Russian, which refutes theories about the destructive influence of the Mongol yoke,” emphasizes the head of the genomic direction at the Kurchatov Institute, Academician Konstantin Skryabin. -Siberians are genetically identical to Old Believers, they have one Russian genome. There are no differences between the genomes of Russians and Ukrainians - one genome. Our differences with the Poles are scanty. "

Academician Konstantin Skryabin believes that "a genetic map of all peoples of the world will be compiled in five to six years - this is a decisive step towards understanding the susceptibility of any ethnic group to drugs, diseases and foods." Feel what it costs ... Americans in the 1990s gave the following estimates: the cost of sequencing one nucleotide - $ 1; according to other sources - up to $ 3-5.

(The sequencing (spelling of the genetic code) of mitochondrial DNA and DNA of the human Y chromosome is the most advanced DNA analysis method to date. "Got off the tree in East Africa. And the Y-chromosome is only in males and therefore is also transmitted practically unchanged to male offspring, while all other chromosomes, when passed from father and mother to their children, are shuffled by nature, like a deck of cards before being dealt. , unlike indirect signs (appearance, body proportions), sequencing of mitochondrial DNA and DNA of the Y chromosome is indisputable and directly indicative of the degree of kinship of people.)

2) Outstanding anthropologist, researcher of human biological nature, A.P. Bogdanov wrote at the end of the 19th century: “We often use expressions: this is purely Russian beauty, this is a spitting hare, a typically Russian face. One can be convinced that not something fantastic, but real lies in this general expression of Russian physiognomy. In each of us, in the sphere of our “unconscious,” there is a fairly definite concept of the Russian type ”(AP Bogdanov“ Anthropological physiognomy ”. M., 1878).

A hundred years later, and now the modern anthropologist V. Deryabin, with the help of the latest method of mathematical multivariate analysis of mixed features, comes to the same conclusion: “The first and most important conclusion is to state the significant unity of Russians throughout Russia and the impossibility of identifying even the corresponding regional types, clearly delimited from each other "(" Questions of Anthropology ". Issue 88, 1995). How is this Russian anthropological unity expressed, the unity of hereditary genetic characteristics expressed in the appearance of a person, in the structure of his body?

First of all - hair color and eye color, the shape of the structure of the skull. According to these signs, we, the Russians, differ both from the European peoples and from the Mongoloids. And we cannot be compared with the Negroes and Semites at all, the discrepancies are too striking. Academician V.P. Alekseev proved a high degree of similarity in the structure of the skull among all representatives of the modern Russian people, specifying at the same time that the "Proto-Slavic type" is very stable and goes back to the Neolithic era, and possibly the Mesolithic. According to the calculations of the anthropologist Deryabin, light eyes (gray, gray-blue, blue and blue) in Russians are found in 45 percent, in Western Europe, light-eyed only 35 percent. Dark, black hair in Russians is found in five percent, in the population of foreign Europe - in 45 percent. The conventional wisdom about the "snub-nosedness" of the Russians is not confirmed either. In 75 percent of Russians, a straight nose profile is found.

Conclusion of anthropological scientists:
“Russians, in their racial composition, are typical Caucasians, occupying a central position among the peoples of Europe by most anthropological characteristics and differing in a slightly lighter pigmentation of the eyes and hair. It is also necessary to recognize the significant unity of the racial type of Russians throughout European Russia. "
“A Russian is a European, but a European with physical characteristics peculiar only to him. These signs make up what we call a typical hare. "

Anthropologists have seriously scratched the Russian, and - there is no Tatar, that is, a Mongoloid, in the Russians. One of the typical signs of a Mongoloid is epicanthus - a Mongolian fold at the inner corner of the eye. In typical Mongoloids, this fold is found in 95 percent; in the study of eight and a half thousand Russians, such a fold was found only in 12 people, and in an embryonic form.

Another example. Russians literally have a special blood - the predominance of the 1st and 2nd groups, which is evidenced by the long-term practice of blood transfusion stations. In Jews, for example, the predominant blood group is 4, and the negative Rh factor is more common. In biochemical blood tests, it turned out that Russians, like all European peoples, have a special PH-c gene, this gene is practically absent in Mongoloids (OV Borisova "Polymorphism of erythrocyte acid phosphatase in various population groups of the Soviet Union." "Questions of anthropology ". Issue 53, 1976).

It turns out, no matter how you scratch a Russian, still not a Tatar, you will not find anyone else in him. This is confirmed by the encyclopedia "Peoples of Russia", in the chapter "The Racial Composition of the Population of Russia" it is noted: "Representatives of the Caucasian race make up more than 90 percent of the country's population and about 9 percent are representatives of forms mixed between Caucasians and Mongoloids. The number of pure Mongoloids does not exceed 1 million people. " ("Peoples of Russia". M., 1994).

It is easy to calculate that if there are 84 percent of Russians in Russia, then they are all exclusively people of the European type. The peoples of Siberia, the Volga region, the Caucasus, and the Urals are a mixture of the European and Mongolian races. This was perfectly expressed by the anthropologist A.P. Bogdanov in the 19th century, studying the peoples of Russia, he wrote, refuting from his far, far away the today's myth that the Russians poured someone else's blood into their people during the era of invasions and colonization:

“Maybe many Russians married native women and became settled, but most of the primitive Russian colonialists throughout Russia and Siberia were not like that. They were a merchant, industrial people who cared to arrange themselves in their own way, in accordance with their own ideal of prosperity. And this ideal of the Russian man is not at all such as to easily twist his life with some kind of "trash", as now all too often the Russian man honors the Gentile. He will do business with him, will be affectionate and friendly with him, will enter into a liking with him in everything, except to become related, to introduce a foreign element into his family. Simple Russian people are still strong for this, and when it comes to the family, to the establishment of his home, here he has a kind of aristocracy. Often the settlers of different tribes live in the neighborhood, but marriages between them are rare. "

Over the millennia, the Russian physical type has remained stable and unchanged, and has never been a cross between different tribes that at times inhabited our land. The myth has been dispelled, we must understand that the call of blood is not an empty phrase, that our national idea of ​​the Russian type is the reality of the Russian breed. We must learn to see this breed, admire it, appreciate it in our near and distant Russian relatives. And then, perhaps, our Russian appeal to completely strangers, but our own people for us - father, mother, brother, sister, son and daughter, will be revived. After all, we are actually all from a single root, from one kind - the Russian kind.

3) Anthropologists were able to identify the appearance of a typical Russian person. To do this, they had to transfer to a single scale all the photographs from the photo library of the Museum of Anthropology with full-face and profile images of typical representatives of the population of the Russian regions of the country and, combining them according to the pupils of the eyes, superimposed on each other. The final photographs turned out, of course, blurry, but gave an idea of ​​the appearance of the reference Russian people. This was the first truly sensational discovery. After all, similar attempts by French scientists led to a result that they had to hide from the citizens of their country: after thousands of combinations of the obtained photographs of the reference Jacques and Marianne, they looked at gray faceless ovals of faces. Such a picture, even among the French, who are most distant from anthropology, could raise an unnecessary question: is there a French nation at all?

Unfortunately, anthropologists did not go further than creating photographic portraits of typical representatives of the Russian population of different regions of the country and did not superimpose them on each other in order to get the appearance of an absolute Russian man. In the end, they were forced to admit that they could get into trouble at work for such a photo. By the way, the "regional" sketches of the Russian people were published in the general press only in 2002, and before that they were published in small editions only in scientific publications for specialists. Now you can judge for yourself how similar they are to the typical cinematic Ivanushka and Marya.

Unfortunately, mostly black-and-white old archive photos of the faces of the Russian people do not allow to convey the height, physique, color of the skin, hair and eyes of the Russian person. However, anthropologists have created a verbal portrait of Russian men and women. They are of medium build and medium height, light brown-haired with light eyes - gray or blue. By the way, in the course of the research, a verbal portrait of a typical Ukrainian was also obtained. The standard Ukrainian differs from the Russian only in the color of his skin, hair and eyes - he is a dark-skinned brunette with regular facial features and brown eyes. A snub nose turned out to be absolutely uncharacteristic for the Eastern Slav (found only in 7% of Russians and Ukrainians), this sign is more typical for Germans (25%).

4) In 2000, the Russian Foundation for Basic Research allocated about half a million rubles from state budget funds for the study of the gene pool of the Russian people. It is impossible to implement a serious program with such funding. But it was more a landmark than just a financial decision, indicating a change in the country's scientific priorities. For the first time in their country, scientists from the Laboratory of Human Population Genetics of the Medical Genetics Center of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, who received a grant from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, were able to fully focus on the study of the gene pool of the Russian people, and not small peoples, for three years. And limited funding only spurred their ingenuity. They supplemented their molecular genetic studies with an analysis of the frequency distribution of Russian surnames in the country. This method was very cheap, but its information content exceeded all expectations: a comparison of the geography of surnames with the geography of genetic DNA markers showed their almost complete coincidence.

Unfortunately, the interpretations of the family analysis that appeared in the media after the first publication of the data in a specialized scientific journal could create the wrong impression about the goals and results of the enormous work of scientists. The head of the project, Doctor of Sciences Elena Balanovskaya, explained that the main thing was not that the surname Smirnov turned out to be more common among the Russian people than Ivanov, but that for the first time a complete list of truly Russian surnames was compiled for the regions of the country. First, lists were compiled for five conditional regions - North, Central, Central-West, Central-East and South. In total, in all regions there were about 15 thousand Russian surnames, most of which were found only in one of the regions and were absent in others. When regional lists were superimposed on each other, scientists identified only 257 so-called "all-Russian surnames". Interestingly, at the final stage of the study, they decided to add the names of the residents of Krasnodar Territory to the list of the Southern Region, expecting that the predominance of the Ukrainian surnames of the descendants of the Zaporozhye Cossacks, evicted here by Catherine II, would significantly reduce the all-Russian list. But this additional limitation reduced the list of all-Russian surnames by only 7 units - to 250. From which the obvious and not for everyone's pleasant conclusion followed that the Kuban was inhabited mainly by Russian people. And where did the Ukrainians go and were there any Ukrainians at all - a big question.

For three years, the participants of the "Russian Gene Pool" project went around with a syringe and a test tube almost the entire European territory of the Russian Federation and made a very representative sample of Russian blood.

However, cheap indirect methods of studying the genetics of the Russian people (by surnames and dermatoglyphics) were only auxiliary for the first study of the gene pool of the titular nationality in Russia. His main molecular genetic results are available in the monograph "Russian Gene Pool" (Publishing House "Luch"). Unfortunately, due to the lack of government funding, scientists had to carry out part of the study jointly with their foreign colleagues, who imposed a moratorium on many of the results until joint publications were published in the scientific press. Nothing prevents us from describing this data in words. So, on the Y-chromosome, the genetic distance between Russians and Finns is 30 conventional units. And the genetic distance between a Russian person and the so-called Finno-Ugric peoples (Mari, Vepsians, etc.) living on the territory of the Russian Federation is 2-3 units. Simply put, they are genetically almost identical. The results of the analysis of mitochondrial DNA show that the Russians are from the Tatars at the same genetic distance of 30 conventional units, which separates us from the Finns, but the genetic distance between the Ukrainians from Lvov and the Tatars is only 10 units. And at the same time, Ukrainians from the left-bank Ukraine are genetically as close to Russians as Komi-Zyryans, Mordovians and Mari.

Based on materials from http://www.genofond.ru, http://www.cell.com/AJHG/, http://www.yhrd.org, http://narodinfo.ru, http: //www.vechnayamolodost .ru, http://www.medgenetics.ru, http://www.kiae.ru

By nature, the genetic code of all people is arranged in such a way that each has 23 pairs of chromosomes, which store all the hereditary information inherited from both parents. The formation of chromosomes occurs at the time of meiosis, when, in the process of crossing over, each one accidentally takes about half of the maternal chromosome and half of the paternal one, which genes will get from the mother, and which from the dad are not known, everything is decided by chance.

Only one male chromosome, Y, does not participate in this lottery; it is entirely passed from father to son like a relay baton. Let me clarify that women do not have this Y chromosome at all.
In each subsequent generation, mutations occur in certain parts of the Y chromosome, called loci, that will be passed on to all subsequent generations through the male gender. It was thanks to these mutations that it became possible to reconstruct the genus. There are only about 1000 loci on the Y chromosome, but only a little more than a hundred are used for comparative analysis of haplotypes and reconstruction of genera.
In the so-called loci, or they are also called STR markers, there are from 7 to 42 tandem repeats, the general picture of which is unique for each person. After a certain number of generations, mutations occur and the number of tandem repeats changes up or down, and thus it will be seen on the common tree that the more mutations, the more ancient the common ancestor for a group of haplotypes.

The haplogroups themselves do not carry genetic information, because genetic information is located in autosomes - the first 22 pairs of chromosomes. You can see the distribution of genetic components in Europe. Haplogroups are just marks of bygone days, at the dawn of the formation of modern peoples.

What haplogroups are most common among Russians?

Peoples	Qty, Human	R1a1,	R1b1,	I1,	I2,	N1c1,	E1b1b1,	J2,	G2a,
Eastern, Western and Southern Slavs.
Russians(north)	395	34	6	10	8	35	2	1	1
Russians(Centre)	388	52	8	5	10	16	4	1	1
Russians(south)	424	50	4	4	16	10	5	4	3
Russians (all Great Russians)	1207	47	7	5	12	20	4	3	2
Belarusians	574	52	10	3	16	10	3	2	2
Ukrainians	93	54	2	5	16	8	8	6	3
Russians(together with Ukrainians and Belarusians)	1874	48	7	4	13	16	4	3	3
Poles	233	56	16	7	10	8	4	3	2
Slovaks	70	47	17	6	11	3	9	4	1
Czechs	53	38	19	11	12	3	8	6	5
Slovenes	70	37	21	12	20	0	7	3	2
Croats	108	24	10	6	39	1	10	6	2
Serbs	113	16	11	6	29	1	20	7	1
Bulgarians	89	15	11	5	20	0	21	11	5
Balts, Finns, Germans, Greeks, etc.
Lithuanians	164	34	5	5	5	44	1	0	0
Latvians	113	39	10	4	3	42	0	0	0
Finns (east)	306	6	3	19	0	71	0	0	0
Finns (west)	230	9	5	40	0	41	0	0	0
Swedes	160	16	24	36	3	11	3	3	1
Germans	98	8	48	25	0	1	5	4	3
Germans (Bavarians)	80	15	48	16	4	0	8	6	5
The British	172	5	67	14	6	0.1	3	3	1
Irish	257	1	81	6	5	0	2	1	1
Italians	99	2	44	3	4	0	13	18	8
Romanians	45	20	18	2	18	0	7	13	7
Ossetians	359	1	7	0		0	1	16	67
Armenians	112	2	26	0	4	0	6	20	10
Greeks	116	4	14	3	10	0	21	23	5
Turks	103	7	17	1	5	4	10	24	12

Especially noteworthy are the 4 most common haplogroups among Russians:
R1a1 47.0%, N1c1 20.0%, I2 10.6%, I1 6.2%
In simple terms: genetic makeup Russians on the straight male lines of the Y chromosome looks like this:
Eastern Europeans - 47%
balts - 20%
And two haplogroups of native Europeans from the Paleolithic era
Scandinavians - 6%
Balkans - 11%

The names are conditional and given in accordance with the territorial maximums European subclades for haplogroups R1a1, N1c1, I1 and I2. The fundamental point is that the descendants of the Mongols after two hundred years of the Tatar-Mongol yoke did not remain. Or there is still a very small number of direct genetic heirs from such ties. With these words, I do not want to question the historical sources about the Mongols in Russia at all, but only to draw attention to the alleged genetic influence on the part of the Mongol-Tatars on the Russians - it is not there, or it is insignificant. By the way, there is also a large number of carriers in the genome of the Bulgar Tatars haprogroup R1a1(about 30%) and N1c1(about 20%), but they are mostly not of European origin.

Another important point, the southern Russians, within the margin of error, do not differ from the Ukrainians, and the northern Russians, having one of the prevailing haplogroups R1a1, also have a higher percentage of the N1c1 haplogroup. But% N1c1 haplotypes are on average 20% in Russians.

Emperors. Nikolay 2
The first known ancestor of the Grand Ducal House of Oldenburg was, mentioned in the annals for 1091, Egilmar, Count of Lerigau (d. 1108).
Nicholas II turned out to be a carrier of the haplogroup R1b1a2- a representative of the Western European line, from the Holstein-Gottorp dynasty. This Germanic dynasty is characterized by the terminal snip U106, which is most widespread in northwestern Europe in the places of settlement of Germanic tribes. This is not quite typical for Russian people DNA marker, but its presence among Russians could also be associated with early contacts between the Germans and the Slavs.

Natural princes. Rurikovich
Vladimir Monomakh and his descendants, called "Monomashiches" belong to the haplogroup N1c1-L550 which is widespread in the South Baltic region (subclade L1025) and in Fennoscandia (subclades Y7795, Y9454, Y17113, Y17415, Y4338). The terminal snip Y10931 is characteristic of the Rurik dynasty.
Some of those whom historians call the Olgovichi (named after Oleg Svyatoslavich - the main rival of Vladimir Monomakh in the feudal struggle - and, as all sources assure, his cousin) have no kinship with the Rurikovichs from the Monomashic family (in the direct male line). These are the descendants of Yuri Tarusky

Russians, Slavs, Indo-Europeans and haplogroups R1a, R1b, N1c, I1 and I2

In ancient times, about 8-9 millennia ago, there was a linguistic group that laid the foundation for the Indo-European family of languages ​​(at the initial stage, most likely these are haplogroups R1a and R1b). The Indo-European family includes such linguistic groups as Indo-Iranians (South Asia), Slavs and Balts (Eastern Europe), Celts (Western Europe), Germans (Central, Northern Europe). Perhaps they also had common genetic ancestors, which about 7 thousand years ago as a result of migrations ended up in different parts of Eurasia, some went to the south and east (R1a-Z93), laying the foundation for the Indo-Iranian peoples and languages ​​(largely taking part in the ethnogenesis of the Turkic peoples), and some remained in Europe and laid the foundation for the formation of many European peoples (R1b-L51), including the Slavs and Russians in particular (R1a-Z283, R1b-L51). At different stages of formation, already in antiquity, there were intersections of migration flows, which was the reason for the presence of a large number of haplogroups in all European ethnic groups.

Slavic languages ​​emerged from the once united group of Balto-Slavic languages ​​(presumably the archaeological culture of the late Corded Ware). According to the calculations of the linguist Starostin, this happened about 3.3 millennia ago. Period from the 5th century BC to IV-V century A.D. can be considered conditionally Proto-Slavic, tk. The Balts and the Slavs were already divided, but the Slavs themselves were not yet there, they will appear a little later, in the 4-6 centuries AD. At the initial stage of the formation of the Slavs, probably about 80% were haplogroups R1a-Z280 and I2a-M423. At the initial stage of the formation of the Balts, probably about 80% were haplogroups N1c-L1025 and R1a-Z92. The influence and intersection of the migrations of the Balts and Slavs was from the very beginning, therefore in many respects this division is conditional, and in general reflects only the main trend, without details.

Iranian languages ​​belong to Indo-European, and their dating is as follows - the most ancient, from the 2nd millennium BC. to IV century BC, middle - from IV century BC until the 9th century A.D., and a new one - from the 9th century A.D. Until now. That is, the most ancient Iranian languages ​​appear after the departure of a part of the tribes who spoke Indo-European languages ​​from Central Asia to India and Iran. Their main haplogroups were probably R1a-Z93, J2a, G2a3. The Western Iranian group of languages ​​appeared later, around the 5th century BC.

Thus, Indo-Aryans, Celts, Germans and Slavs in academic science became Indo-Europeans, this term is the most appropriate for such a vast and diverse group. This is completely correct. In the genetic aspect, the heterogeneity of the Indo-Europeans is striking, both in Y-haplogroups and in autosomes. The Indo-Iranians are characterized to a greater extent by the Near Asian genetic influence of BMAC.

According to the Indian Vedas, it was the Indo-Aryans who came to India (to South Asia) from the north (from Central Asia), and it was their hymns and legends that formed the basis of the Indian Vedas. And, continuing further, we will touch on linguistics, because this is the Russian language (and its related Baltic languages, for example, Lithuanian as part of the once existing Balto-Slavic linguistic community) is relatively close to Sanskrit along with Celtic, Germanic and other languages ​​of the large Indo-European family ... But genetically, the Indo-Aryans were already to a greater extent the Near Asians, and as they approached India, the Veddoid influence also intensified.

So it became clear that haplogroup R1a in DNA genealogy - this is a common haplogroup for part of the Slavs, part of the Turks and part of the Indo-Aryans (since naturally there were representatives of other haplogroups among them), part haplogroup R1a1 during migrations across the Russian Plain, they became part of the Finno-Ugric peoples, for example, the Mordovians (Erzya and Moksha). Part of the tribes (for haplogroup R1a1 this is a subclade Z93) during migrations brought this Indo-European language to India and Iran about 3500 years ago, that is, in the middle of the 2nd millennium BC. In India, by the works of the great Panini, it was made into Sanskrit in the middle of the 1st millennium BC, and in Persia-Iran, the Aryan languages ​​became the basis of the group of Iranian languages, the oldest of which date back to the 2nd millennium BC. These data are confirmed by: DNA genealogy and linguistics are correlated here.

Extensive part haplogroup R1a1-Z93 even in antiquity they joined the Turkic ethnic groups and mark today in many respects the migrations of the Turks, which is not surprising in view of the antiquity haplogroup R1a1, while representatives haplogroup R1a1-Z280 were part of the Finno-Ugric tribes, but when the Slavic colonists settled, many of them were assimilated by the Slavs, but even now, among many peoples, for example, Erzya still has the dominant haplogroup R1a1-Z280.
All this new data was able to provide us DNA genealogy, in particular, the approximate dates of migrations of carriers of haplogroups on the territory of the modern Russian Plain and Central Asia in prehistoric times.
So scientists to all Slavs, Celts, Germans, etc. gave the name of the Indo-Europeans, which corresponds to reality from the point of view of linguistics.
Where did these Indo-Europeans come from? In fact, Indo-European languages ​​existed long before migrations to India and Iran, throughout the Russian Plain and up to the Balkans in the south, and up to the Pyrenees in the west. Later, the language was spread to South Asia - and to Iran and India. But genetically, there are much fewer correlations.
"The only justified and accepted in science at the present time is the use of the term" Aryans "only in relation to tribes and peoples who spoke Indo-Iranian languages."

So in which direction did the Indo-European flow go - to the west, to Europe, or vice versa, to the east? According to some estimates, the Indo-European language family is about 8,500 years old. The ancestral home of the Indo-Europeans has not yet been determined, but according to one version, it could be the Black Sea region - southern or northern. In India, as we already know, the Indo-Aryan language was introduced about 3500 years ago, presumably from the territory of Central Asia, and the Aryans themselves were a group with different genetic Y-lines, like R1a1-L657, G2a, J2a, J2b, H, etc.

Haplogroup R1a1 in Western and Southern Europe

Analysis of 67 marker haplotypes haplogroup R1a1 from all European countries made it possible to determine the approximate migration path of the R1a1 ancestors in the direction of Western Europe. And calculations showed that almost all over Europe, from Iceland in the north to Greece in the south, the common ancestor of the haplogroup R1a1 was one about 7000 years ago! In other words, the descendants, like a baton, passed on their haplotypes to their own descendants from generation to generation, diverging in the process of migrations from the same historical place - which, presumably, turned out to be the Urals or the Black Sea lowland. On the modern map, these are the countries of mainly Eastern and Central Europe - Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, Russia. But the area of ​​more ancient haplotypes of the haplogroup R1a1 leads to the east - to Siberia. And the lifetime of the ancestor, which is indicated by the most ancient, most mutated haplotypes, is 7.5 thousand years ago. In those days, there were still no Slavs, no Germans, no Celts.

Lack of method
If you have made the test, and you are greatly pleased with it, then I hasten to bring in my ladle of tar. Yes, the Y chromosome is passed from father to son practically unchanged, but there is actually no genetically useful information in it, there are much more genes in other pairs of chromosomes.
And these other 22 are shuffled in a very random way, with no traces left on Y of such a mixing.
Imagine. Anglo-Saxon sailors took over the Negro state. Women are not accepted on such trips, and they have to establish contact with the local population. What are the possible options?
1) The Anglo-Saxons have children from black women, but the nationality is passed on only to boys. In this case, the Y chromosome will be transferred to the European one, but the proportion of actually significant European genes will decrease. The first generation will be half blacks and the former "aristocracy" in such a case will quickly dissolve, although Y will be from this ethnic group. Only there will be little sense from it. Perhaps something similar happened with the Finns and Indians. The Yakuts and Finns have the highest percentage of their characteristic haplogroup N1c1, however, genetically they are completely different peoples with different subclades of haplogroup N1c1 with their own unique history, separated more than 6 millennia ago. Conversely, Indians - having a high percentage haplogroup R1a1 genetically they have very little in common with the European representatives of this haplogroup, because also various subclades with their own history separated more than 6 millennia ago.
2) Indo-Aryans arrange a caste system. The first generation will also be half-black, but then, if the aristocracy interbreeds only among themselves, then the percentage of the original genetics will float around 50%. But in practice, marriages will be mainly with local women, and even more so it will be impossible to get the initial gene pool of the conquerors. And similar things happened in the history of the Earth. The highest castes of Hindus from 20% to 72% have haplo group R1a1(on average 43%), but genetically they have very little in common with European or Turkic representatives of the same haplogroup R1a1, and again the reason is different subclades with their own special history.
A similar situation probably happened in Cameroon, a Central African country where Y haplogroup R1b-V88, but at the same time among the typical anthropologically African Negroid population.
It can be concluded that the presence of a marker and a haplogroup is an important condition for determining nationality, but not sufficient. To determine the national-territorial origin of a person, Family Tree DNA has an autosomal test called Family Finder

Alexey Zorrin

Recently, the "Russian theme" has become very relevant and is actively used in the political plane. The press and television are full of speeches on this topic, usually muddy and contradictory. Who says that the Russian people do not exist at all, who considers only Orthodox Christians to be Russians, who includes in this concept everyone who speaks Russian, etc. Meanwhile, science has already given a completely definite answer to this question.
The scientific data below is a terrible secret. Formally, these data are not classified, since they were obtained by American scientists outside the sphere of defense research, and even published in some places, but the conspiracy of silence organized around them is unprecedented. The atomic project at its initial stage is not even comparable, then something still leaked into the press, and in this case, nothing at all. What is this terrible secret, the mention of which is a worldwide taboo? This is the secret of the origin and historical path of the Russian people.
Why the information is being hidden, more on that later. First, briefly about the essence of the discovery of American geneticists. There are 46 chromosomes in human DNA, half he inherits from his father, half from his mother. Of the 23 chromosomes received from the father, the only one - the male Y-chromosome - contains a set of nucleotides that are passed from generation to generation without any changes for millennia. Geneticists call this set a haplogroup. Every man living now has exactly the same haplogroup in his DNA as his father, grandfather, great-grandfather, great-great-grandfather, and so on for many generations.
The haplogroup, due to its hereditary immutability, is the same in all people of the same biological origin, that is, in men of the same people. Each biologically distinctive people has its own haplogroup, which is different from similar sets of nucleotides in other peoples, which is its genetic marker, a kind of ethnic tag. In the biblical system of concepts, one can imagine the matter in such a way that the Lord God, when He divided humanity into different nations, marked each of them with a unique set of nucleotides in the Y-chromosome of DNA. (Women also have such marks, only in a different coordinate system - in the mitochondrial DNA rings).
Of course, there is nothing absolutely unchanged in nature, for motion is a form of the existence of matter. Haplogroups also change - in biology, such changes are called mutations - but very rarely, at intervals of millennia, and geneticists have learned to very accurately determine their time and place. So, American scientists have found that one such mutation occurred four and a half thousand years ago on the Central Russian plain. A boy was born with a haplogroup slightly different from that of his father, to which they assigned the genetic classification R1a1. The paternal R1a mutated, and a new R1a1 arose.

The mutation turned out to be very viable. The R1a1 genus, which this very boy began, survived, unlike millions of other genera that disappeared when their genealogical lines were cut off, and bred over a vast area. Currently, the owners of the R1a1 haplogroup make up 70% of the total male population of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus, and in ancient Russian cities and villages - up to 80%. R1a1 is a biological marker of the Russian ethnos. This set of nucleotides is "Russianness" from the point of view of genetics.
Thus, the Russian people in their genetically modern form were born on the European part of present-day Russia about 4500 years ago. A boy with the R1a1 mutation became the direct ancestor of all men living on earth today, in whose DNA this haplogroup is present. All of them are his biological or, as they said before, blood descendants and blood relatives among themselves, together they make up a single people - Russian.
Biology is an exact science. She does not allow ambiguous interpretations, and genetic conclusions on the establishment of kinship are accepted even by the court. Therefore, the genetic and statistical analysis of the structure of the population, based on the determination of haplogroups in DNA, allows tracing the historical paths of peoples much more reliably than ethnography, archeology, linguistics and other scientific disciplines dealing with these issues.
Indeed, the haplogroup in the Y-chromosome of DNA, unlike language, culture, religion and other creations of human hands, is not modified or assimilated. She is either one or the other. And if a statistically significant number of indigenous inhabitants of any territory has a certain haplogroup, it can be argued with one hundred percent certainty that these people come from the original carriers of this haplogroup, who were once present in this territory.
From an investigative point of view, the inscription on the clay pot "Vasya was here" is, of course, evidence indicating Vasya's presence at this place, but only indirect - someone could have joked and signed Vasya's name, the pot could have been brought from another area, etc. etc. But if Vasya's haplogroup is found in local men in their DNA, then this is already direct and irrefutable evidence that Vasya or his blood relatives in the male line really visited and inherited it - the hereditary biological sign is not washed off. Therefore, genetic history is the main one, and everything else can only supplement or clarify it, but not refute it in any way.
Realizing this, American geneticists, with the enthusiasm inherent in all emigrants in questions of origin, began to wander the world, take analyzes from people and look for biological "roots", their own and others. What they have done is of great interest to us, since it sheds true light on the historical paths of our Russian people and destroys many long-standing myths.
So, having emerged 4500 years ago on the Central Russian plain (the place of maximum concentration of R1a1 is the ethnic focus), the Russian people quickly multiplied and began to expand their habitat. 4000 years ago, our ancestors went to the Urals and created there Arkaim and the "civilization of cities" with many copper mines and international connections up to Crete (chemical analysis of some of the items found there shows Ural copper). Then they looked exactly the same as we do now, the ancient Rus did not have any Mongoloid and other non-Russian features. Scientists have recreated the appearance of a young woman from the "civilization of cities" from the bone remains - they have turned out to be a typical Russian beauty, millions of the same live in our time in the Russian outback.
After another 500 years, three and a half thousand years ago, the haplogroup R1a1 appeared in India. The history of the arrival of Russians in India is better known than other vicissitudes of the territorial expansion of our ancestors thanks to the ancient Indian epic, in which its circumstances are described in sufficient detail. But there is other evidence of this epic, including archaeological and linguistic ones.
It is known that the ancient Rus were called at that time Aryans - as they are recorded in Indian texts. It is also known that it was not the local Indians who gave them this name, but that this is a self-name. In hydronymics and toponymy, convincing evidence of this has been preserved - the Ariyka river, the villages of Upper Ary and Lower Ary in the Perm region, in the very heart of the Ural civilization of cities, etc.
It is also known that the appearance on the territory of India of the Russian haplogroup R1a1 three and a half millennia ago (the time of birth of the first Indo-Aryan calculated by geneticists) was accompanied by the death of a developed local civilization, which archaeologists at the site of the first excavations called Harap. Before their disappearance, this people, who had cities in the Indus and Ganges valleys populous at that time, began to build defensive fortifications, which they had never done before. However, the fortifications, apparently, did not help, and the Harapsian period of Indian history was replaced by the Aryan one.
The first monument of the Indian epic, which speaks of the appearance of the Aryans, was completed in writing four hundred years later, in the 11th century BC, and in the 3rd century BC, the ancient Indian literary language Sanskrit, surprisingly similar to modern Russian, was formed in its already completed form.
Now men of the Russian genus R1a1 make up 16% of the total male population of India, and in the higher castes there are almost half of them - 47%, which indicates the active participation of the Aryans in the formation of the Indian aristocracy (the second half of the men of the higher castes are represented by local tribes, mainly Dravidians).
Unfortunately, information on the ethnogenetics of the Iranian population is not yet available, but the scientific community is unanimous in its opinion about the Aryan (that is, Russian) roots of the ancient Iranian civilization. The ancient name of Iran is Arian, and the Persian kings liked to emphasize their Aryan origin, which is eloquently evidenced, in particular, by their popular name Darius. This means that there were Russians there in ancient times.
Our ancestors migrated from the ethnic center not only to the east, to the Urals, and to the south, to India and Iran, but also to the west, to where European countries are now located. In the western direction, geneticists have complete statistics: in Poland, the owners of the Russian (Aryan) haplogroup R1a1 make up 57% of the male population, in Latvia, Lithuania, Czech Republic and Slovakia - 40%, in Germany, Norway and Sweden - 18%, in Bulgaria - 12 %, and in England the least - 3%.
Unfortunately, there is still no ethnogenetic information on the European tribal aristocracy, and therefore it is impossible to determine whether the share of ethnic Russians is evenly distributed across all social strata of the population, or, as in India and, presumably, in Iran, the Aryans were nobles in the lands where they came ... The only reliable evidence in favor of the latter version was a side result of a genetic examination to establish the authenticity of the remains of the family of Nicholas II. The Y-chromosomes of the tsar and the heir to Alexei turned out to be identical to the samples taken from their relatives from the English royal family. This means that at least one royal house in Europe, namely the house of the Germanic Hohenzollerns, of which the English Windsors are a branch, has Aryan roots.
However, Western Europeans (haplogroup R1b) are in any case our closest relatives, oddly enough, much closer than the northern Slavs (haplogroup N) and southern Slavs (haplogroup I1b). Our common ancestor with Western Europeans lived about 13 thousand years ago, at the end of the Ice Age, five thousand thousand years before gathering began to develop into plant growing, and hunting into cattle breeding. That is, in a very gray stone age antiquity. And the Slavs by blood are even farther from us.
The resettlement of the Russian Aryans to the east, south and west (there was simply nowhere to go further to the north, and so, according to the Indian Vedas, before coming to India, they lived near the Arctic Circle) became the biological prerequisite for the formation of a special linguistic group, Indo-European. These are almost all European languages, some languages ​​of modern Iran and India and, of course, Russian and ancient Sanskrit, the closest to each other for an obvious reason - in time (Sanskrit) and in space (Russian) they stand next to the original source, the Aryan proto-language from which all other Indo-European languages ​​grew.
The above is irrefutable natural science facts, moreover, obtained by independent American scientists. Challenging them is like disagreeing with the results of a blood test at a polyclinic. They are not disputed. They are simply hushed up. They are silent amicably and stubbornly, they are silent, one might say, totally. And there are reasons for that.
The first such reason is quite trivial and boils down to scientific pseudo-solidarity. Too many theories, concepts and scholarly reputations will have to be refuted if revised in the light of the latest discoveries of ethnogenetics.
For example, you will have to rethink everything that is known about the Tatar-Mongol invasion of Russia. The armed conquest of peoples and lands was always and everywhere accompanied at that time by the massive rape of local women. In the blood of the male part of the Russian population, traces in the form of Mongolian and Turkic haplogroups should have remained. But they are not! Solid R1a1 and nothing else, the purity of the blood is amazing. This means that the Horde that came to Russia was not at all what it is customary to think about it, if the Mongols were present there, then in statistically insignificant numbers, and who was called "Tatars" is generally incomprehensible. Well, who of the scientists will refute the scientific foundations, backed up by mountains of literature and great authorities ?!
No one wants to spoil relations with colleagues and be branded as an extremist, destroying long-standing myths. In the academic environment, this happens all the time - if the facts do not correspond to the theory, so much the worse for the facts.
The second reason, incomparably more significant, relates to the field of geopolitics. The history of human civilization appears in a new and completely unexpected light, and this cannot but have serious political consequences.
Throughout new history, the pillars of European scientific and political thought proceeded from the idea of ​​the Russians as barbarians who had recently got off the Christmas trees, by nature backward and incapable of creative work. And suddenly it turns out that the Russians are the very Aryans who had a decisive influence on the formation of great civilizations in India, Iran and in Europe itself. What exactly Russians owe Europeans a lot in their prosperous life, starting with the languages ​​they speak. It is no coincidence that in modern history, a third of the most important discoveries and inventions belongs to ethnic Russians in Russia itself and abroad. It was no coincidence that the Russian people were able to repel the invasions of the united forces of continental Europe led by Napoleon and then Hitler. Etc.
It is no coincidence that behind all this there is a great historical tradition, thoroughly forgotten over many centuries, but remains in the collective subconscious of the Russian people and manifests itself whenever the nation faces new challenges. It manifests itself with iron inevitability due to the fact that it has grown on a material, biological basis in the form of Russian blood, which remains unchanged for four and a half millennia.
Western politicians and ideologists have something to think about in order to make their policy towards Russia more adequate in the light of historical circumstances discovered by geneticists. But they don't want to think and change anything, hence the conspiracy of silence around the Russian-Aryan theme.
However, the Lord is with them and with their ostrich politics. For us, it is much more important that ethnogenetics brings something new to the actual Russian situation. In this respect, the main thing lies in the very statement of the existence of the Russian people as a biologically integral and genetically homogeneous entity. The main thesis of the Russophobic propaganda of the Bolsheviks and current liberals is precisely the denial of this fact. The scientific community is dominated by the idea formulated by Lev Gumilev in his theory of ethnogenesis: "from a mixture of Alans, Ugrians, Slavs and Turks, the Great Russian nationality developed." The "national leader" repeats the conventional wisdom "scratch a Russian - you will find a Tatar." Etc.
Why do the enemies of the Russian nation need this? The answer is obvious. If the Russian people as such does not exist, but there is some kind of amorphous "mixture", then anyone can manage this "mixture" - even the Germans, even the African pygmies, even the Martians. The denial of the biological existence of the Russian people is an ideological justification for the domination of the non-Russian "elite" in Russia, formerly Soviet, now liberal.
But then the Americans intervene with their genetics, and it turns out that there is no "mixture", that the Russian people have existed unchanged for four and a half thousand years, that the Alans with the Turks and many others also live in Russia, but these are separate distinctive peoples and etc. And the question immediately arises, why, then, Russia has not been ruled by Russians for nearly a century? It is illogical and wrong, the Russians should be ruled by the Russians.
Similarly, six hundred years ago, the Czech Jan Hus, a professor at the University of Prague, reasoned: "... Czechs in the Czech kingdom, by law and by the demand of nature, should be the first in office, just like the French in France and the Germans in their lands." This statement was considered politically incorrect, intolerant, inciting ethnic hatred, and the professor was burned at the stake.
Now morals have softened, professors are not burned, but so that people would not be tempted to succumb to the Hussite logic, in Russia the non-Russian government simply "abolished" the Russian people - a mixture, they say. And all would be fine, but the Americans jumped out from somewhere with their analyzes and ruined the whole thing. There is nothing to cover them with, all that remains is to hush up the scientific results, which is done to the hoarse sounds of an old and hackneyed Russophobic propaganda record.
The collapse of the myth of the Russian people as an ethnic "mixture" automatically destroys another myth - the myth of the "multinationality" of Russia. Until now, they have tried to present the ethno-demographic structure of our country as a vinaigrette from a Russian "mixture" and many indigenous peoples and newcomers from the diaspora. With such a structure, all of its components are approximately equal in size, so Russia is supposedly "multinational."
But genetic research gives a very different picture. If you believe the Americans (and there are no reasons not to believe them, they are reputable scientists, their reputation trembles, and they have no reasons to lie - in such and such a pro-Russian way), then it turns out that 70% of the total male population of Russia are purebred Russians. According to the penultimate census (the results of the last are not yet known), 80% of the respondents consider themselves to be Russians, that is, 10% more are the Russified representatives of other peoples (it is in these 10%, if you “scrape”, you will find non-Russian roots). And 20% falls on the remaining 170-odd peoples, nationalities and tribes living in the territory of the Russian Federation. In total, Russia is a mono-ethnic country, albeit a multi-ethnic one, with an overwhelming demographic majority of natural Russians. This is where the logic of Jan Hus begins to work.
Further, about backwardness. The clergy had a solid hand in this myth - they say, before the baptism of Russia, people lived in it in complete savagery. Wow wildness! They mastered half of the world, built great civilizations, taught the natives their language, and all this long before the birth of Christ ... The real story does not fit, does not fit in any way with its church version. There is in the Russian people something primordial, natural, not reducible to religious life.
Of course, one cannot put an equal sign between biology and the social sphere. There are undoubtedly points of contact between them, but how one passes into another, how the material becomes ideal, is not known to science. In any case, it is obvious that under the same conditions, different peoples have a different nature of life. In the north-east of Europe, in addition to the Russians, many peoples lived and now live. But none of them created anything even remotely similar to the great Russian civilization. The same applies to other places of civilizational activity of the Russian-Aryans in antiquity. The natural conditions are different everywhere, and the ethnic environment is different, therefore, the civilizations built by our ancestors are not the same, but there is something in common for all of them - they are great on a historical scale of values ​​and far exceed the achievements of their neighbors.
The father of dialectics, the ancient Greek Heraclitus, is known as the author of the saying "everything flows, everything changes." Less well known is the continuation of this phrase of his: "except for the human soul." While a person is alive, his soul remains unchanged (what happens to her in the afterlife is not for us to judge). The same is true for a more complex form of organization of living matter than man for a people. The soul of the people is unchanged as long as the body of the people is alive. The Russian folk body is marked by nature with a special sequence of nucleotides in the DNA that controls this body. This means that as long as people with haplogroup R1a1 in the Y chromosome exist on earth, their people keep their soul unchanged.
Language evolves, culture develops, religious beliefs change, and the Russian soul remains the same as for all four and a half millennia of the people's existence in its current genetic form. And in the aggregate, the body with the soul, constituting a single biosocial entity under the name of the "Russian people", have a natural ability to great achievements of a civilizational scale. The Russian people have demonstrated this many times in the past, this potential is preserved in the present and will always exist as long as the people live.
It is very important to know this and through the prism of knowledge to evaluate current events, words and deeds of people, to determine their own place in the history of the great biosocial phenomenon called the “Russian nation”. Knowledge of the history of the people obliges a person to try to be at the level of the great achievements of his ancestors, and this is the worst thing for the enemies of the Russian nation. Therefore they are trying to hide this knowledge. And we are trying to make it publicly available.
Alexander Nikitin. Secretary of the CPS MANPADS "RUS"

The Pentagon has recognized the experiments with biomaterials of Russian citizens

The apocalyptic assumption about the possible development of biological weapons by the Americans has received strong confirmation. The Pentagon has recognized the fact of collecting biomaterials from Russian citizens.

According to Pentagon spokesman Bo Downey, the 59th Air Force Medical Group's Molecular Research Center is conducting musculoskeletal studies to identify various biomarkers associated with injury. Samples of Russian origin are required only because the first batch of them was from Russia, and now an identical one is needed for control.

Recall that the American Air Force intends to purchase 12 samples of the RNA molecule and 27 samples of the synovial (joint) fluid of the Russians. This announcement was posted on the US government procurement portal. At the same time, the contract emphasizes that among all residents of Russia, the customer is only interested in Europioids, and those who, for example, from Ukraine will not be considered.

The issue of collecting biomaterials from Russians began to be discussed in society after a public statement by Vladimir Putin. According to him, biomaterials are collected "for different ethnic groups and people living in different geographical points of the Russian Federation." "The question is, why are they doing this?" the president asked rhetorically at a meeting with human rights activists.

Later Dmitry Peskov explained that it was about information received through the special services.

Putin’s words have provoked caustic ridicule from part of Russian society. "The ancient Incas were also afraid of such dirty tricks, so the supreme ruler even had special maids whose task was to eat hair, spitting, nail clippings and other biomaterial left over from the Great, in order to avoid the trash from falling into the wrong hands," the media quoted the teacher Andrei Nikulin.

Nevertheless, the country is preparing at the legislative level to counter the new threat. It is expected that in December a law on the protection of biomaterials will be submitted to the State Duma. "Today we have many laboratories that conduct clinical research, these are foreign laboratories, for example, Invitro. We allowed them to the most intimate," explained the problem of the first deputy head of the State Duma Committee on Education and Science Gennady Onishchenko.

In "Invitro" they denied their involvement in the export of biomaterials. In turn, the SP Institute of General Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences reported that this institution was involved in the collection of biomaterials. “The scientific director of our institute, academician Nikolai Yankovsky, has just organized and headed the program for the collection of biomaterials,” said Ilya Zakharov-Gezehus, an employee of the institute. It was not possible to promptly contact the Jankovskiy "SP" itself.

Alexei Kulikov, senior researcher at the Genetics Laboratory at the Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, is inclined to justify his American colleagues.

You have to understand what the Americans were doing. They looked at how genes work in patients with an affected musculoskeletal system and looked at the composition of the synovial fluid. They initially purchased biomaterials somewhere in Eastern Europe from sick representatives of the Slavic nation, and therefore they also need control samples of people whose musculoskeletal system is normal from representatives of the Slavic nation: Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, etc.

"SP": - Well, how ?! The tender explicitly states that biomaterials from Ukraine will not be considered. It is the Russians that they need ...

All the same, it is not connected with any intentions there. Genetic weapons are all nonsense. This is unrealistic, since people in the world are too polymorphic - very diverse. It is difficult to think of something that would work on some and not work on others. I think this is just about the conditions of the experiment. There is scientific experience and there is control. Control materials must be from the same region.

"SP": - Everything is so, if these "scientific research" were not carried out by the military, the Pentagon ...

Scientific research can also be carried out by the military. We also have specific medical tasks that are being addressed by representatives of the security forces. Perhaps we are talking about the low mobility of the pilots. They have to sit for a long time. Therefore, it is fundamentally important that there are no problems with the musculoskeletal system. Therefore, Americans are interested in these diseases and what genes are responsible for it.

In turn, the head of the laboratory of the Institute of General Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sergei Kiselev, believes that creating genetic weapons is too risky and it is easier to kill people using traditional methods.

Biomaterials have been and are being transferred from Russia. At least, as Onishchenko said, within the framework of clinical trials. Because over the past 25 years, dozens of foreign companies have been conducting clinical trials of drugs in Russia. Biomaterials are needed to understand how drugs work.

Of course, any such sample can be used both for the above purposes, and for some others. Because he still remains a national biological model. The main thing is how the information obtained using the sample will be subsequently used. Genetic information can be used for a variety of purposes, including selfish purposes.

"SP": - Which ones?

Today's technologies make it possible to determine the genome of each person in detail. That is, taking a DNA sample from a spoon in the canteen of the CIA building, you can determine whether the intelligence officer really comes from the state of Minnesota, as he wrote when he was hired, or he is from Eastern Siberia. That is, you can very accurately tie a person to a place.

But for this, you must first create a genetic map of the territories. I think that interested special services of many countries of the world have been making such maps of territories for a long time. To be able to identify people in different circumstances.

For example, people of dangerous professions. If one of them is torn to pieces, it is possible, using the genetic map, to establish who he is, where he came from and pay tribute to him. That is, within the country. But if this information falls into third hands, it can be used to their advantage.

"SP": - In this case, we are interested in the likelihood of creating genetic, ethnic weapons ...

In my opinion, it makes no sense to create such a weapon. First, in order to kill a person, you need to influence vital functions such as respiration, blood circulation, etc. There are not many of them, and they are the same for all people. Finding an ethnically important life function is hardly possible.

And second, who are the Americans? They do not have a titular nation. Everyone mixed there, including Russians, Chinese, Anglo-Saxons. Therefore, if you create a weapon against the Russians, some of the Americans will fall under its effect, since they are either Russians or their descendants.

Therefore, the more people spread across the planet, the mixing of genomes, the less likely it will be possible to create a genetic weapon. It is not cost effective. Easier, cheaper and more efficient to soak in another way.

"SP": - Nevertheless, the Pentagon conducts such research, and today its representative directly admitted it ...

I looked at the terms of the tender. This Air Force base has requested RNA samples. But RNA is a subgenetic material. It is an intermediary between the human genome and the functional state of the cell. RNA reflects the specialization of each individual cell at one time or another. That is, the genome - DNA in every cell of the body is always the same. And the RNA in each cell is different, because it is a portrait of how the genome works at every minute. Therefore, the RNA sample taken from the big toe will be different from the RNA from any other organ. The Americans did not indicate where exactly they needed RNA.

The second thing they asked for was synovial fluid from the joint capsule. Moreover, in the terms of the tender, it was agreed that the liquid can be taken from another donor, not the one from whom the RNA was taken. That is, Americans do not need any connection between RNA and synovial fluid. It looks like they were taking samples for various studies that are not related to each other.

"SP": - However, this did not add clarity ...

Maybe they laundered money there in this way. Or students learned to write bids for a tender.

Igor Nikulin, a former member of the UN biological weapons commission, has no doubts about the aggressive plans of the Pentagon.

Of course, this is an attempt by the Americans to conduct research for military purposes. The Pentagon is not a charitable or humanitarian organization dedicated to the benefit of humanity. Rather, the opposite is true. It is possible to use viruses that will act selectively.

Such viruses still exist. For example, Ebola, Lassa, Marburg. The hemorrhagic fevers that they cause act mainly on the Negroid race, the bird flu - on the Mongoloid, atypical pneumonia on the Indo-Europeans.

"SP": - In the conditions of the competition, for some reason, an exception is made for Ukraine ...

In Ukraine, the American program was carried out 5-7 years ago. And now they have only epidemics. Now measles, then rubella, then tuberculosis, then tetanus, then cholera, etc. And then the Americans offer them vaccines against this. Very comfortably.

Over the past ten years, the United States has spent tens of billions of dollars, created more than four hundred laboratories around the world, which are developing new types of biological weapons and vaccines for them. About forty laboratories are located in the countries of the former USSR. These are Ukraine, Moldova, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan. Such is the controlled chaos.

"SP": - But our Russian geneticists are skeptical about the possible development of weapons aimed at one or another ethnic group ...

What else can they do? Many of them are on grants. If I sat on a grant, I would also be silent. But, since the Americans will not offer me any grants, I can speak on these topics freely.

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Partners news: By nature, the genetic code of all people is arranged in such a way that each has 23 pairs of chromosomes, which store all the hereditary information inherited from both parents.

The formation of chromosomes occurs at the time of meiosis, when, in the process of crossing over, each one accidentally takes about half of the maternal chromosome and half of the paternal one, which genes will get from the mother, and which from the dad are not known, everything is decided by chance.

Only one male chromosome, Y, does not participate in this lottery; it is entirely passed from father to son like a relay baton. Let me clarify that women do not have this Y chromosome at all.

In each subsequent generation, mutations occur in certain parts of the Y chromosome, called loci, that will be passed on to all subsequent generations through the male gender.

It was thanks to these mutations that it became possible to reconstruct the genus. There are only about 400 loci on the Y chromosome, but only about a hundred are used for comparative analysis of haplotypes and reconstruction of genera.

In the so-called loci, or they are also called STR markers, there are from 7 to 42 tandem repeats, the general picture of which is unique for each person. After a certain number of generations, mutations occur and the number of tandem repeats changes up or down, and thus it will be seen on the common tree that the more mutations, the more ancient the common ancestor for a group of haplotypes.

The haplogroups themselves do not carry genetic information, because genetic information is located in autosomes - the first 22 pairs of chromosomes. You can see the distribution of genetic components in Europe. Haplogroups are just marks of bygone days, at the dawn of the formation of modern peoples.

What haplogroups are most common among Russians?

Peoples	human
Eastern, Western and Southern Slavs.
Russians(north)	395	34	6	10	8	35	2		1
Russians(Centre)	388	52	8	5	10	16	4		1
Russians(south)	424	50	4	4	16	10	5		3
Russians (all Great Russians)	1207	47	7	5	12	20	4	3	2
Belarusians	574	52	10	3	16	10	3	Russians, Slavs, Indo-Europeans and haplogroups R1a, R1b, N1c, I1 and I2 In ancient times, about 8-9 millennia ago, there was a linguistic group that laid the foundation for the Indo-European family of languages ​​(at the initial stage, most likely these are haplogroups R1a and R1b). The Indo-European family includes such linguistic groups as Indo-Iranians (South Asia), Slavs and Balts (Eastern Europe), Celts (Western Europe), Germans (Central, Northern Europe). Perhaps they also had common genetic ancestors, which about 7 thousand years ago as a result of migrations ended up in different parts of Eurasia, some went to the south and east (R1a-Z93), laying the foundation for the Indo-Iranian peoples and languages ​​(largely taking part in the ethnogenesis of the Turkic peoples), and some remained in Europe and laid the foundation for the formation of many European peoples (R1b-L51), including the Slavs and Russians in particular (R1a-Z283, R1b-L51). At different stages of formation, already in antiquity, there were intersections of migration flows, which was the reason for the presence of a large number of haplogroups in all European ethnic groups. Slavic languages ​​emerged from the once united group of Balto-Slavic languages ​​(presumably the archaeological culture of the late Corded Ware). According to the calculations of the linguist Starostin, this happened about 3.3 millennia ago. Period from the 5th century BC to IV-V century A.D. can be considered conditionally Proto-Slavic, tk. The Balts and the Slavs were already divided, but the Slavs themselves were not yet there, they will appear a little later, in the 4-6 centuries AD. At the initial stage of the formation of the Slavs, probably about 80% were haplogroups R1a-Z280 and I2a-M423. At the initial stage of the formation of the Balts, probably about 80% were haplogroups N1c-L1025 and R1a-Z92. The influence and intersection of the migrations of the Balts and Slavs was from the very beginning, therefore in many respects this division is conditional, and in general reflects only the main trend, without details. Iranian languages ​​belong to Indo-European, and their dating is as follows - the most ancient, from the 2nd millennium BC. to IV century BC, middle - from IV century BC until the 9th century A.D., and a new one from the 9th century A.D. Until now. That is, the most ancient Iranian languages ​​appear after the departure of a part of the tribes who spoke Indo-European languages ​​from Central Asia to India and Iran. Their main haplogroups were probably R1a-Z93, J2a, G2a3. The Western Iranian group of languages ​​appeared later, around the 5th century BC. Thus, Indo-Aryans, Celts, Germans and Slavs in academic science became Indo-Europeans, this term is the most appropriate for such a vast and diverse group. This is completely correct. In the genetic aspect, the heterogeneity of the Indo-Europeans is striking, both in Y-haplogroups and in autosomes. The Indo-Iranians are characterized to a greater extent by the Near Asian genetic influence of BMAC. According to the Indian Vedas, it was the Indo-Aryans who came to India (to South Asia) from the north (from Central Asia), and it was their hymns and legends that formed the basis of the Indian Vedas. And, continuing further, we will touch on linguistics, because this is the Russian language (and its related Baltic languages, for example, Lithuanian as part of the once existing Balto-Slavic linguistic community) is relatively close to Sanskrit along with Celtic, Germanic and other languages ​​of the large Indo-European family ... But genetically, the Indo-Aryans were already to a greater extent the Near Asians, and as they approached India, the Veddoid influence also intensified. So it became clear that haplogroup R1a in DNA genealogy - this is a common haplogroup for a part of the Slavs, a part of the Turks and a part of the Indo-Aryans (since naturally there were representatives of other haplogroups in their midst), a part haplogroup R1a1 during migrations across the Russian Plain, they became part of the Finno-Ugric peoples, for example, the Mordovians (Erzya and Moksha). Part of the tribes (for haplogroup R1a1 this is a subclade Z93) during migrations brought this Indo-European language to India and Iran about 3500 years ago, that is, in the middle of the 2nd millennium BC. In India, by the works of the great Panini, it was made into Sanskrit in the middle of the 1st millennium BC, and in Persia-Iran, the Aryan languages ​​became the basis of the group of Iranian languages, the oldest of which date back to the 2nd millennium BC. These data are confirmed by: DNA genealogy and linguistics are correlated here. Extensive part haplogroup R1a1-Z93 even in antiquity they joined the Turkic ethnic groups and mark today in many respects the migrations of the Turks, which is not surprising in view of the antiquity haplogroup R1a1, while representatives haplogroup R1a1-Z280 were part of the Finno-Ugric tribes, but when the Slavic colonists settled, many of them were assimilated by the Slavs, but even now, among many peoples, for example, Erzya still has the dominant haplogroup R1a1-Z280. All this new data was able to provide us DNA genealogy, in particular, the approximate dates of migrations of carriers of haplogroups on the territory of the modern Russian Plain and Central Asia in prehistoric times. So scientists to all Slavs, Celts, Germans, etc. gave the name of the Indo-Europeans, which corresponds to reality from the point of view of linguistics. Where did these Indo-Europeans come from? In fact, Indo-European languages ​​existed long before migrations to India and Iran, throughout the Russian Plain and up to the Balkans in the south, and up to the Pyrenees in the west. Later, the language was spread to South Asia - and to Iran and India. But genetically, there are much fewer correlations. "The only justified and accepted in science at the present time is the use of the term" Aryans "only in relation to tribes and peoples who spoke Indo-Iranian languages." So in which direction did the Indo-European flow go - to the west, to Europe, or vice versa, to the east? According to some estimates, the Indo-European language family is about 8,500 years old. The ancestral home of the Indo-Europeans has not yet been determined, but according to one version, it could be the Black Sea region - southern or northern. In India, as we already know, the Indo-Aryan language was introduced about 3500 years ago, presumably from the territory of Central Asia, and the Aryans themselves were a group with different genetic Y-lines, like R1a1-L657, G2a, J2a, J2b, H, etc. Haplogroup R1a1 in Western and Southern Europe Analysis of 67 marker haplotypes haplogroup R1a1 from all European countries made it possible to determine the approximate migration path of the R1a1 ancestors in the direction of Western Europe. And calculations showed that almost all over Europe, from Iceland in the north to Greece in the south, the common ancestor of the haplogroup R1a1 was one about 7000 years ago! In other words, the descendants, like a baton, passed on their haplotypes to their own descendants from generation to generation, diverging in the process of migrations from the same historical place - which, presumably, turned out to be the Urals or the Black Sea lowland. On the modern map, these are the countries of mainly Eastern and Central Europe - Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, Russia. But the area of ​​more ancient haplotypes of the haplogroup R1a1 leads to the east - to Siberia. And the lifetime of the ancestor, which is indicated by the most ancient, most mutated haplotypes, is 7.5 thousand years ago. In those days, there were still no Slavs, no Germans, no Celts. Central and Eastern Europe Poland, the common ancestor of R1a1 lived about 5000 years ago (mainly the subclades R1a1-M458 and Z280). Among the Russian-Ukrainian ones - 4500 years ago, which practically coincides within the accuracy of calculations. And even if four generations is not a difference for such terms. In modern Poland haplogroup R1a1 on average 56%, and in some areas up to 62%. The rest have mainly Western European haplogroup R1b(12%), Scandinavian haplogroup I1(17%) and Baltic haplogroup N1c1 (8%). In the Czech Republic and Slovakia, a common Proto-Slavic ancestor lived 4200 years ago. Only slightly less than that of the Russians and Ukrainians. That is, we are talking about resettlement in the territories of modern Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Ukraine, Belarus, Russia - all within literally several generations, but more than four thousand years ago. In archeology, such accuracy of dating is absolutely inconceivable. In the Czech Republic and Slovakia descendants haplogroup R1a1 about 40%. The rest are mostly Western European R1b(22-28%), Scandinavian I1 and Balkan haplogroup I2a(in aggregate 18%) On the territory of modern Hungary, the common ancestor of R1a1 lived 5000 years ago. There are now up to a quarter of the descendants of the haplogroup R1a1. The rest have mainly the Western European haplogroup R1b (20%) and the combined Scandinavian I1 and Balkan I2 (total 26%) haplogroups. Considering that Hungarians speak the language of the Finno-Ugric group of languages, the most common haplogroup in which is N1c1 in the ancient Hungarian rich graves of the Magyars, the remains of men with a haplogroup are mainly found N1c1, who were the first leaders of the tribes who participated in the formation of the empire. In Lithuania and Latvia, the common ancestor is reconstructed to a depth of 4800 years. Basically there are subclades Z92, Z280 and M458 today. The most common among Lithuanians is the Baltic haplogroup N1c1, reaching 47%. In general, the South Baltic subclade L1025 of haplogroup N1c1 is characteristic of Lithuania and Latvia. In general, the situation is clear. I will only add that in European countries - Iceland, the Netherlands, Denmark, Switzerland, Belgium, Lithuania, France, Italy, Romania, Albania, Montenegro, Slovenia, Croatia, Spain, Greece, Bulgaria, Moldova - a common ancestor lived 5000-5500 years ago , it is impossible to establish more precisely. This is a common ancestor haplogroup R1a for all listed countries. A common European ancestor, so to speak, apart from the Balkan region shown above, a possible ancestral home, of the Indo-Europeans about 7500 years ago. Share of carriers haplogroup R1a1 varies in the following countries, from 4% in Holland and Italy, 9% in Albania, 8-11% in Greece (up to 14% in Thessaloniki), 12-15% in Bulgaria and Herzegovina, 14-17% in Denmark and Serbia, 15-25% in Bosnia and Macedonia, 3% in Switzerland, 20% in Romania and Hungary, 23% in Iceland, 22-39% in Moldova, 29-34% in Croatia, 30-37% in Slovenia (16% in the whole of the Balkans), and at the same time - 32-37% in Estonia, 34-38% in Lithuania, 41% in Latvia, 40% in Belarus, 45-54% in Ukraine. In Eastern European Russia haplogroup R1a, as I already mentioned, on average 47%, due to the high share of the Baltic haplogroup N1c1 in the north and northwest of Russia, but in the south and center of Russia, the share of different subclades of the haplogroup R1a reaches 55%. Turks and haplogroup R1a1 Haplotypes of ancestors are different everywhere; different regions have their own subclades. The peoples of Altai and other Türks also have high percentages of the haplogroup R1a1; among the Bashkirs, the subclade Z2123 reaches 40%. This is a daughter line from Z93 and can be called typically Turkic and not related to the migrations of Indo-Iranians. Today, a large number haplogroup R1a1 located in the Sayan-Altai region, among the Turkic population of Central Asia. Among the Kyrgyz, it reaches 63%. You cannot call them either Russians or Iranians. It turns out to name all haplogroup R1a1 the single name is gross exaggeration, at least, and for the most part - ignorance. Haplogroups are not ethnic groups; the linguistic and ethnicity of the carrier is not recorded on them. Haplogroups also have no direct relation to genes. The Türks are mainly characterized by various subclades of Z93, but in the Volga region there are also R1a1-Z280, which may have passed to the Volga Türks from the Volga Finns. The haplogroup R1a1-Z93 is also characteristic of the Arabs in a moderate frequency, for the Levites - the subgroup of Ashkenazi Jews (in the latter, the subclade CTS6 was confirmed). This lineage took part in the ethnogenesis of these peoples at the earliest stages. Territory of initial distribution haplogroup R1a1 in Europe it is probably the territory of Eastern Europe and possibly the Black Sea lowland. Before that, probably in Asia, perhaps in South Asia or North China. Caucasian haplotypes R1a1 Armenia. The age of the common ancestor of the haplogroup R1a1- 6500 years ago. Basically, the subclade is also R1a1-Z93, although there is also R1a1-Z282. Asia Minor, Anatolian Peninsula. Historic crossroads between the Middle East, Europe and Asia. It was the first or second candidate for the "Indo-European ancestral home". However, the common ancestor of the haplogroup R1a1 lived there about 6500 years ago. It is clear that this ancestral homeland, judging by the haplotypes, can be practically in Anatolia, or the original Indo-Europeans were carriers haplogroup R1b... But there is a high probability of a low representation of individuals from Turkey in the general database of haplotypes. So, both Armenians and Anatolians - all have the same ancestor, or the ancestors are very close in time, within several generations - this is the subclade Z93 and Z282 *. It should be noted that 4500 years before the common ancestor of the haplogroup R1a1-Z93 in Anatolia agrees well with the time of the appearance of the Hittites in Asia Minor in the last quarter of the 3rd millennium BC, although many R1a1-Z93 lineages there could appear after the migrations of the Turkic peoples to the peninsula already in our era. Alexey Zorrin ***