Functional styles of the Russian language. Definition of the term "functional styles"

19.10.2019

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Among the variety of varieties of language use, two main ones stand out: spoken language and literary language (book).

Spoken language (colloquial style of speech) is usually used orally. Literary (book) language includes scientific, official-business, publicistic speech, hence their functioning in certain areas of activity. Depending on this, a distinction is made between scientific, official-business, journalistic and especially - the artistic style, or the language of fiction.

Word style began to mean the quality of what was written. This is the point stylistics- the ability to express one's thought in different ways, by different linguistic means, which distinguishes one style of speech from another.

Functional speech styles - these are varieties of language due to differences in the spheres of communication and the basic functions of the language.

It is customary to understand the spheres of communication as broad areas of human social activity, which correspond to certain forms of social consciousness: science, politics, law, art. Each of the identified spheres of communication is served by a certain functional style: scientific, journalistic, official-business, artistic.

Sphere of communication a person with a small circle of faces in various, usually everyday, situations allows you to highlight the conversational style.

Thus, based on the differences in the spheres of communication, five main functional styles are distinguished.

For the characterization of functional styles, the second basis for their identification is also essential - taking into account the social function of the language.

The most important function of the language is communication function... Associated with it and its derivative is another function of language - thought-forming, or message function... In view of the close connection of these two functions, many researchers attach the corresponding meaning to both of them in the term "communicative function".

Language serves not only to express thoughts, but also to express feelings and will. Of course, manifestations of feelings are possible outside the language. Therefore, the functions of emotional and volitional influence are considered as additional functions of the language.

Thus, language functions defining the goals and objectives of communication are as follows:

- communicative(communication, message),

- emotive,

-voluntary.

Or: communication, message, impact(emotional and volitional).

Different styles of speech implement the functions of the language in different ways. These differences are associated with the nature of the style, with the fact that communication tasks are not the same in different spheres of communication. The language functions implemented by the style are its important characteristic.

Functional styles are stable varieties of speech due to sphere of communication and typical for this area communication challenge(language function). The sphere of communication and the task of communication are extra-linguistic factors, on which the linguistic originality of the style and, in part, the peculiarities of the content of speech within the framework of a particular style depend.

What is the linguistic structure of the functional style? What is the basis for that feeling of stylistic integrity, unity that allows us to intuitively distinguish scientific speech from artistic or colloquial speech?

Until recently, these issues were controversial. However, the use of the statistical method in stylistics has convincingly shown that one style differs from another not so much in linguistic matter as in different frequency of linguistic units.

It is impossible to talk about the fixation of a linguistic means to a particular style, but it is necessary and possible to talk about a high proportion of the likelihood of the appearance of this or that means in a certain style. Take terminological vocabulary, for example. Terms-words can be used in any style - colloquial, official-business, journalistic, artistic, but, of course, most often we use them in a scientific style. The likelihood (or frequency) of scientific-style terms will be highest. The "face" of a style is determined by the frequency of both the labeled and neutral units. Consequently, the so-called neutral means of language also participate in the formation of style; in the latter case, stylistic information is contained in the frequency of the linguistic unit.

Our statements depend on where We are speaking, with whom and why, i.e. from the speech situation.

Signs of a speech situation can be represented in the form of a diagram:

Speech situation - who are we talking to ?, where ?, for what purpose?

In different speech situations, we speak or write differently, that is, we use different styles of speech.

Speaking used in casual conversations with familiar people, usually in a home (informal) setting (1 - 1, informal setting).

Book speech addressed to many people, to everyone who wants to know. It is used in books, newspapers, on radio and television, in official speeches and conversations (1 - a lot, formal setting).

Text stylistic analysis plan

I. Extralinguistic text analysis

1. Author, title; the addressee of the speech; subject of speech; the goal of the author.
2. Type of speech (monologue, dialogue, polylogue).
3. Form of speech (oral or written).
4. Functional and semantic types of speech (description, narration, reasoning).
5. The area of social activity that the intended style serves.

II. Linguistic analysis of text

1.Language features that determine the style of the text:
a) lexical;
b) morphological;
c) syntactic.
2. Means of creating imagery and expressiveness of the text.

III. Conclusion: functional style (sub-style, genre).

When analyzing the text, remember that it is impossible and unnecessary to consider all linguistic means based on the material of a specific text. The amount of parsing is determined by the nature of the text itself and its features.
Your text analysis should be a coherent text!

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Introduction

1. Theoretical aspects

1.1 Language styles

3. Language styles

3.1 Scientific style

3.2 Formal and business style

3.3 Newspaper journalistic style

3.4 Artistic style

3.5 Conversational style

Bibliography

Introduction

Ukraine, like many countries of the world, exists in a bilingual environment. The population of Ukraine in colloquial speech mainly uses their native language, that is, Ukrainian, and the second language is Russian. Therefore, the study of the Russian language is relevant not only in Russia, but also in Ukraine.

The modern Russian language - one of the richest languages in the world - requires serious, thoughtful study.

The high merits of the Russian language are created by its huge vocabulary, wide ambiguity of words, richness of synonyms, inexhaustible treasury of word formation, multiplicity of word forms, peculiarities of sounds, mobility of stress, clear and harmonious syntax, and a variety of stylistic resources.

The Russian language is a broad, all-embracing concept. Laws and scientific works, novels and poems, newspaper articles and court records are written in this language.

Our language has endless possibilities for expressing a variety of thoughts, developing a variety of topics, creating works of any genre. However, it is necessary to use language resources skillfully taking into account the speech situation, the goals and content of the statement, its targeting. In oral speech, we also select words and grammatical means, taking into account the conditions of communication.

The appeal to linguistic means that have a certain stylistic attachment must be justified, their use may be inappropriate, speech is a coherent whole, and every word in it, any construction must be purposeful, stylistically justified. “Each of the speakers, - noted V.G. Belinsky, - says, in accordance with the subject of his speech, with the character of the crowd listening to him, with the circumstances of the present moment. "

It is not for nothing that they sometimes say that "the word falls out of style." If we compare two series of words - intellect, ratification, excessive, investment, conversion, prevail and ingenuity, real, blurt out, small, then attention is drawn not so much to the variety of their lexical meanings as to the difference in stylistic coloring: the bookish nature of the former and the colloquial nature of the latter. The grammatical means of the language are also stylistically opposed:

Variant forms:

Tractors - tractors;

They wave - wave.

Personal nouns:

The conductor is a conductor.

Forms of word formation:

In vain - in vain;

For the first time - for the first time, etc.

The first examples in these pairs are bookish or stylistically neutral, the second are colloquial or vernacular, they are perceived as a violation of the literary norm.

The stylistic stratification of linguistic means is associated with their attachment to a particular style, which, in turn, correlates with certain situations of communication. For the stylistic assessment of words, their forms, syntactic constructions, it is important to constantly use them in book or colloquial speech, in a certain style of language. Understanding the styles of language and styles of speech allows you to catch and understand the close and many connections between them and the speech culture of society and the individual.

There is no culture of speech - without the ability to use language styles, create and. re-create speech styles. Many scientists, including G.O. Vinokur, B.A. Larin, A.N. Gvozdev, V.V. Vinogradov and others.

The styles of the language are the types of its functioning, its structural and functional variants, correlated with the types of social activity, etc. differing from each other by the aggregates and systems of differences in the degree of activity of the means of language, sufficient for their intuitive identification in the process of communication.

The functional style of language is a kind of literary language that serves a particular area of social life and is characterized by a certain originality of the selection and use of linguistic means, depending on the conditions and goals of communication.

The colloquial, official-business, scientific, journalistic and artistic functional styles of the language are distinguished.

Each style is characterized by the following features:

a) communication conditions;

b) the purpose of communication;

c) forms (genres) in which it exists;

d) a set of language tools and the nature of their use.

Functional styles of speech are the main, largest speech varieties, differing in a set of linguistic means and due to various spheres of communication.

Understanding the connections between the communicative qualities of speech and language styles allows not only to deepen the understanding of some aspects of speech culture, but also makes it possible to see more clearly those areas of speech that require improvement, and, consequently, the attention of scientists and writers and their practical recommendations.

That is why the topic of the course work: Functional styles of the Russian language.

This paper examines the functional styles of the modern literary language. The aim of the work is to characterize and analyze the features of each of the functional styles. To achieve this goal, we will perform the following tasks:

1) definition of the general concept of style and its main functions in the language;

2) analysis of lexical, morphological and syntactic features of functional styles;

3) identifying the patterns of using a certain style of language in speech.

The work uses the works of famous scholars, philologists and linguists in the field of studying the modern literary Russian language. The research object of this work is the features of the spoken and literary Russian language.

The subject of research in this work is the stylistic division of the Russian language.

1. Theoretical aspects

1.1 Language styles

A variety of language (language style) used in a typical social situation - in everyday life, in the family, in the official business sphere, etc., and differs from other varieties of the same language in terms of vocabulary, grammar, and phonetics.

The definition of "language style" depends on the scope of the concept "language" itself, as well as on the central concept - the language norm. If generally correct, undistorted public speech is recognized as the norm, then the style of the language is defined as a variety of the common language (then the style of the language will also be vernacular). If the norm is understood more narrowly - only as literary correct speech, then the style of the language is defined as a kind of literary language.

The classification varies accordingly. Language style: at the first understanding, the central - neutral-colloquial style of the language is highlighted, in relation to which, the rest of the language styles are characterized as stylistically "marked", colored, at the second - the neutral layer of the language is understood as the common part of all proportions are combined in each style of the language "marked" stylistic means.

In modern developed national languages, there are 3 major language styles: neutral-spoken (or, in other classifications, spoken), higher - bookish, lower - familiar-vernacular. Due to this, one and the same object can be named and described in different style registers (cf. "life" - "being" - "living"), which opens up wide opportunities for artistic speech. In each of the main styles of the language, more private, but less clear-cut subdivisions are possible: in the book style - scientific, newspaper-journalistic, official-business, etc., in the familiar-vernacular - actually colloquial familiar, vernacular, student jargon, etc. ...

Each style of language is fixed by tradition for a typical social situation: bookish - for the situation of official communication, neutral-colloquial - for the situation of everyday office, everyday communication, familiar vernacular - for the situation of intimate household and family communication. All styles of language and subdivisions are sometimes called in linguistics the functional style of language, some researchers consider fictional speech as one of the functional styles of language - the style of the language of fiction as a whole.

The style of language can only be where the language system provides the opportunity to choose linguistic means, and therefore are a historical category, they arise together with the concept of a norm. The three main styles of the language have three different historical sources.

The book style of the language usually goes back in large part to the literary-written language of the previous era, often different than the everyday language of the main part of the population, for example, in Russia to the Old Slavonic language, in France, Italy, Spain - to Latin, in the republics of Central Asia - to the ancient Uigur ...

The neutral colloquial style of the language goes back to the common language of the people, the familiar vernacular style of the language in large part - to the urban vernacular.

The three-part division of language styles already existed in Ancient Rome, but it was identified there with the genre of literature and was carried out only within the framework of literary speech through associations with various objects of reality (for example, "warrior", "horse", "sword" - for "high" style of language, "farmer", "ox", "plow" - for the average, "lazy shepherd", "sheep", "stick" - for "low").

One and the same reality, as a rule, could not be described in different style registers.

The study of language styles throughout antiquity and the Middle Ages was included in the circle of rhetoric and poetics. In the 17-18 centuries. it was the subject of the "theory of three styles", universally accepted in Europe (cf. the teachings of MV Lomonosov in Russia). In the modern sense, the term "Style of language":

1) Appears in European languages in the first third of the 19th century, in connection with the general ideas of historicism, by the middle of the 19th century. the term "Style of language" was established (G. Spencer, H. Steinthal). With the emergence of semiotics, it was established that the category Style (language) plays an important role not only in literature, but wherever language is used, including in science;

2) The manner of speaking or writing, the way a person behaves in a particular social environment or situation (style of speech). Since the styles of language are a generalization of the features of speech of a typical social situation, and the style of the language of speech is the choice of the speaker or writer of cash from the style of the language, the style of the language and the style of the language of speech are one and the same phenomenon (style), only considered by the style from different angles;

3) The secondary level of any language system, including an artificial language, arising from the preferable choice of any of its means for a specific purpose - informative, evaluative, prescribing, etc., within one of three modes of language use: semantic, syntactic, pragmatic.

1.2 General characteristics of speech styles

Each functional style of the modern Russian literary language is such a subsystem, which has a certain set of stylistically significant linguistic means with the conditions and goals of communication in some sphere of social activity.

Functional styles are heterogeneous, each of them is represented by a number of genre varieties, for example, in the scientific style - scientific monographs and educational texts, in the official - business style - laws, certificates, business letters, in the newspaper and journalistic style - an article, reportage, etc. genre varieties are created by the diversity of speech content and its different communicative orientation, that is, the goals of communication. It is the goals of communication that dictate the choice of stylistic techniques, compositional structure of speech for each specific case.

In accordance with the spheres of social activity in the modern Russian language, the following functional styles are distinguished: scientific, official - business, newspaper and journalistic, artistic and colloquial everyday.

Each functional style of speech has its own typical features, its own range of vocabulary and syntactic structures, which are implemented to varying degrees in each genre of a given style.

There are the following grounds for highlighting functional styles of speech:

Sphere of human activity (science, law, politics, art, everyday life);

The specific role of the addressee of the text (student, institution, reader of newspapers or magazines, adult, child, etc.);

The purpose of the style (training, establishment of legal relations, impact, etc.);

Preferential use of a certain type of speech (narration, description, reasoning);

The predominant use of one or another form of speech (written, oral);

Type of speech (monologue, dialogue, polylogue);

Communication type (public or private)

A set of genres (for a scientific style - an abstract, a textbook, etc., for an official-business style - a law, a certificate, etc.);

Characteristic features of the style.

Thus, we see that the use of one or another style of the Russian language depends on the situation in which it is used. Each situation dictates the use of a certain style.

2. Concept of functional styles

Functional styles can be broken down into two groups related to specific types of speech. The first group, which includes the styles of scientific, journalistic and official-business (the literary and artistic style will be discussed in the future), is characterized by monologue speech. For the second group, formed by various types of spoken style, the typical form is dialogical speech. The first group is the book styles, the second is the conversational style. The choice of one of the possible synonymous options is most often associated with the differentiation of book and spoken language means.

From functional styles and from types of speech (in the above understanding of this term), one should distinguish the forms of speech - written and oral. They converge with styles in the sense that book styles tend to be written and conversational styles are spoken (but not necessarily). So, an oratorical presentation or lecture on a scientific topic is associated with book styles, but has the form of oral speech. On the other hand, private writing on everyday topics has clear signs of a colloquial style, but is embodied in writing.

In conclusion, we point out that the selection of styles based on the principle of expressiveness of linguistic means does not have sufficient theoretical grounds. The aggregate of such “styles” as “solemn (or rhetorical)”, “official (cold)”, “intimate-affectionate”, “humorous”, “satirical (mocking)” does not form an integral system. Expressive coloring, which is most clearly manifested in vocabulary, cannot serve as a logical "basis for dividing" the concept of "functional style", cannot be a principle of classification.

At the same time, when characterizing the stylistic resources of the language, undoubtedly, the color is taken into account and stylistic (associated with the attribution of linguistic means to a particular functional style, thereby limiting their unmotivated use), and expressive (associated with the expressiveness and emotional nature of the corresponding means of the language ).

The most important differences between functional styles can be shown with specific examples. Let's compare several texts on the same topic, which have signs of different styles.

Thunderstorm is an atmospheric phenomenon consisting in electrical discharges between the so-called cumulonimbus (thunderstorm) clouds or between clouds and the earth's surface, as well as objects on it. These discharges - lightning - are accompanied by rainfall (sometimes with hail) and strong wind (sometimes up to a squall). A thunderstorm is observed in hot weather with violent condensation of water vapor over overheated land, as well as in cold air masses moving to a warmer underlying surface.

The text is dominated by words and phrases of a terminological nature (atmospheric phenomenon, electrical discharges, cumulonimbus clouds, precipitation, squall, condensation, water vapor, air masses). The rest of the words are used in a direct nominative meaning, there are no figurative means of language, emotionality of speech. Syntactically, the text is a combination of simple sentences typical for the genre of an encyclopedic article (scientific style).

There were still ten miles to the nearest village, and a large dark purple cloud, which had come from God knows where, without the slightest wind, but was rapidly moving towards us. The sun, not yet hidden by clouds, brightly illuminates her gloomy figure and gray stripes that extend from her to the very horizon. Occasionally lightning flashes in the distance and a faint rumble is heard, gradually increasing, approaching and turning into intermittent rumblings that embrace the entire sky ... I feel creepy, and I feel the blood circulating faster in my veins. But now the leading clouds are already beginning to cover the sun, now it peeped out for the last time, illuminated the terribly gloomy side of the horizon and disappeared. The whole neighborhood suddenly changes and takes on a gloomy character. Here the aspen grove trembled, the leaves become some kind of white-muddy color, brightly prominent against the lilac background of the clouds, rustle and spin, the tops of large birches begin to sway, and bunches of dry grass fly across the road. Swifts and white-breasted swallows, as if with the intention of stopping us, soar around the chaise and fly under the very chest of the horse, jackdaws with disheveled wings somehow fly sideways in the wind ... Lightning flashes as if in the chaise itself, blinds the eyes ... at the same second, a majestic rumble is heard above the head itself, which, as if rising higher and higher, wider and wider, along a huge spiral line, gradually intensifies and turns into a deafening crackle, involuntarily making you tremble and hold back your breath. The wrath of God! How much poetry there is in this common thought! ..

Anxious feelings of melancholy and fear increased in me along with the intensification of the thunderstorm, but when the majestic moment of silence came, usually preceding the breakout of the thunderstorm, these feelings reached such a degree that, if this state continued for another quarter of an hour, I am sure that I would have died of excitement.

Dazzling lightning, instantly filling the entire hollow with fiery light, makes the horses stop and, without the slightest gap, is accompanied by such a deafening crash of thunder that, it seems, the whole vault of heaven is crumbling over us ... A large drop of rain fell heavily on the leather top of the chaise ... another, third, fourth, and suddenly it was as if someone was drumming over us, and the whole neighborhood resounded with the uniform noise of the falling rain ...

The slanting rain, driven by a strong wind, poured as if from a bucket ... The lightning shone wider and paler, and the peals of thunder were no longer so striking behind the uniform noise of the rain.

But now the rain becomes thinner, the cloud begins to split into wavy clouds, brightens in the place where the sun should be, and through the grayish-white edges of the cloud a patch of clear azure is barely visible. A minute later, a timid ray of the sun was already shining in the puddles of the road, on the strips of fine direct rain falling like through a sieve, and on the washed, shiny green road grass.

Unlike the first text, whose task was to reveal the concept of "thunderstorm" by indicating the essential signs of the phenomenon, the second text is intended for a different purpose - to create a vivid, picturesque picture with the help of linguistic means, figuratively reproducing the passage of a thunderstorm. If the picture painted on the canvas is static and is perceived only in space, then the description of the thunderstorm in the given excerpt is given in dynamics, develops in time, starting from the moment the first signs of an impending thunderstorm appear and ending with its termination.

To create a picture, paints, colors are needed, and they are presented in variety in the text "gray stripes, purple background, fiery light, clear azure". Used not only the basic tones, but also shades of colors "dark purple cloud, white-muddy color, grayish-white edges of the cloud." The visual impression is enhanced by such combinations as brightly illuminating clouds, brightly prominent against a purple background, lightning flashing, blinds eyes ...

The details of the painting are created using numerous definitions that clarify the signs of objects "advanced clouds, large birches, dry grass, disheveled wings, a huge spiral line, dazzling lightning, a large drop, oblique rain, strong wind, wavy clouds, light direct rain, shiny green" ... Some phrases are repeated, reinforcing the impression "majestic rumble, deafening crackle, uniform rain noise". No less effective is the method of “whipping up” - the repetition of the same expressively colored word “the dark figure of the cloud, the terribly dark side of the horizon, the gloomy nature of the neighborhood”.

The description of the thunderstorm has a pronounced emotional character, which is further enhanced by the narration in the first person: the events are refracted through the perception of the boy-narrator. The mood of the hero is conveyed to the reader, expressed by the words: “I feel creepy, and I feel the blood circulating faster in my veins. Anxious feelings of longing and fear increased in me along with the intensification of the thunderstorm, it seems that the whole vault of heaven is crumbling over us ... ".

The subjective nature of the narration is reinforced by the repeated use of the modal particle, as if indicating that the narrator is important not for a realistic reproduction of what is being described, but for the transmission of personal impressions and experiences (as if with the intention to stop us, lightning flashes as if in the chaise itself, a hum that, like as if rising higher, suddenly as if someone drummed over us).

The text uses various pictorial and expressive means of the language: the epithets “white-breasted swallows, a majestic rumble, a timid ray of the sun”, the metaphor “the aspen grove trembled”, comparisons “fine rain falling like through a sieve, rain poured like a bucket”, anaphora “ But now the foremost clouds are beginning to cover the sun, here it peeped out for the last time ... Here the aspen grove trembled ", parallelism" rising higher and higher, wider and wider ", exclamations" The wrath of God: How much poetry there is in this common thought ! ... ".

A significant role is assigned to sound instrumentation - the selection of sounds that reproduce natural phenomena and create an auditory image (for example, the repetition of sound (p) in combinations of intermittent rumblings, crackling of thunder, rolling thunder). The impression of an increase in sounds is created by the accumulation of hissing consonants in the participles "a hum gradually increasing, approaching and turning into intermittent rumblings that embrace the entire sky." The syntactic structure of the text is characterized by the predominance of complex sentences: out of 19 sentences, 13 are complex and 6 are simple.

In the passage under consideration, the individual author's style of L.N. Tolstoy. This is, firstly, the frequent use in the description of the elements of colloquial speech. Such is the turn of God knows where, the use of the imperative mood (imperative) in the meaning of the conditional mood "if this state continued for another quarter of an hour, I am sure that I would die of excitement, that is, in the meaning" if this state continued for another quarter of an hour ... ". Secondly, the style of L. Tolstoy is characterized by the repetition of the same words, which serves to emphasize any details in the description, to create a kind of expressive coloring: , clean, washed pavement, past beautiful, clean houses to the house on the Canave where Mariette lived. A doorman in an unusually clean uniform opened the door to the vestibule. "

As our correspondent reports, yesterday a thunderstorm of unprecedented strength passed over the central districts of the Penza region. In a number of places, telegraph poles were knocked down, wires were torn, and century-old trees were uprooted. Fires broke out in two villages as a result of a lightning strike. Added to this was another natural disaster: heavy rain in places caused severe flooding. Some damage to agriculture has been done. Rail and road connections between neighboring areas were temporarily interrupted.

The text is typical of materials of the newspaper variety of journalistic style. Its characteristic features:

1) "economy" of language means, laconic presentation with informative richness;

2) selection of words and constructions with a focus on their intelligibility (the use of words in their direct meaning, the predominance of simple syntactic constructions);

3) the presence of a turnover in a cliche (i.e., frequently used expressions, speech standards: as our correspondent reports);

We bring to your attention that yesterday, shortly after midnight, a strong thunderstorm swept over the regional center - the city of Nizhniy Lomov and the surrounding countryside, which lasted for about an hour. The wind speed reached 30-35 meters per second. Significant material damage was caused to the property of the villages of Ivanovka, Shepilovo and Vyazniki, estimated, according to preliminary data, in hundreds of thousands of rubles. There were fires caused by a lightning strike. The building of a secondary school in the village of Burkova was badly damaged; major repairs will be needed to restore it. The Bad River, which overflowed its banks as a result of heavy rain, flooded a significant area. There were no human casualties. A special commission was formed from representatives of the district administration, medical, insurance and other organizations to find out the amount of damage caused by the disaster and provide assistance to the affected population "The measures taken will be immediately reported."

This text, like the previous one, is characterized by a "dryness" of presentation: in both, only facts are communicated, the author's feelings are not expressed anywhere, his individual style is not manifested. They are also brought together by the brevity, compactness of presentation, the use of words only in their direct meaning, a simple syntactic structure. But text 4 differs in greater accuracy of the message - in the presentation of specific names, numerical data. It uses words and expressions characteristic of the official business style (significant material damage was caused, property of villages, calculated according to preliminary data, there were major repairs, a significant area, a special commission, measures taken), verbal nouns (restoration, clarification, rendering ), official names (district administration), cliché expressions (for your information, will be reported immediately).

Well, the thunderstorm has passed over us today! Believe it or not, I'm not a timid man, and I was scared to death.

At first everything was quiet, normal, I was about to go to bed, when suddenly a dazzling lightning flashed and thunder went off, but with such a force that our whole house trembled. I already wondered if it had broken - the sky above us into pieces that are about to collapse on my unfortunate head. And then the heavenly abyss opened up, in addition to everything, our harmless rivulet swelled, swelled and well flooded everything around with its muddy water. And very close, as they say - a stone's throw, our school was on fire. Both old and young - they all poured out of the huts, hustle, yell, the cattle roars - these are the passions! I was very frightened at that hour, yes, thank God, everything was over soon (from a private letter).

This text has clear signs of a colloquial style. It contains both colloquial vocabulary and phraseology (a person is not timid - "brave", bang - "make a strong, sharp sound", just about - "now", the heavenly abyss opened - about heavy rain, a stone's throw - "very close ", Both old and young -" all without distinction of age ", pushing -" are in a crush ", yelling - about people, these are the passions -" about something that causes fear, horror, was terribly frightened, thank God), and the words with evaluative suffixes (silishcha, little house, rivulet, voditsa), and a common verb form (poured out). The syntax of the text is characterized by the use of connecting unions and constructions (and then I was scared, yes, with such strength), the construction of sentences according to the model was about ... suddenly, the use of the infinitive in the predicate function (and well, fill in), the use of an introductory combination (believe it) ... The text is very emotional and includes exclamation points. It should be pointed out that in dialogical speech, all these signs are enhanced and complicated by other features of the conversational style.

On the example of texts, we see that each style of the Russian language has a number of differences due to the situation of speaking and the purpose of the text.

3. Language styles

3.1 Scientific style

The sphere of social activity in which the scientific style functions is science. The leading position in the scientific style is taken by monologue speech. This style has a wide variety of speech genres, among them the main ones are a scientific monograph and a scientific article, dissertations, scientific and educational prose (textbooks, educational and methodological manuals), scientific and technical works (various kinds of instructions, safety rules), annotations, abstracts, scientific reports, lectures, scientific discussions.

As well as genres of popular science literature.

One of the most important genres of the scientific style is a scientific article that can convey information that is diverse in nature and purpose and is most often used as the main source of scientific and technical information: it is here that everything new that appears in a particular branch of science is recorded. The scientific style belongs to the book styles of the literary language, which are characterized by a number of general conditions of functioning and linguistic features: preliminary thinking over the statement, its monologic nature, strict selection of linguistic means, gravitation towards normalized speech.

The emergence and development of the scientific style is associated with the evolution of various fields of scientific knowledge, diverse areas of human activity. At first, the style of scientific presentation was close to the style of fictional storytelling. So, the scientific works of Pythagoras, Plato and Lucretius were distinguished by a special emotional perception of phenomena. The separation of the scientific style from the artistic one took place in the Alexandrian period, when scientific terminology began to be created in the Greek language, which spread its influence over the entire cultural world of that time. Subsequently, it was supplemented by Latin, which became the international scientific language of the European Middle Ages.

During the Renaissance, scientists strove for conciseness and accuracy of scientific description, free from emotional and artistic elements of presentation as contradicting the abstract and logical representation of nature. It is known that the too "artistic" character of Galileo's presentation irritated Kepler, and Descartes found that the style of Galileo's scientific proofs was overly "fictionalized." Subsequently, the strictly logical imposition of Newton became a model of the scientific language.

In Russia, the scientific language and style began to take shape in the first decades of the 18th century, when the authors of scientific books and translators began to create Russian scientific terminology. In the second half of this century, thanks to the works of M.V. Lomonosov and his students, the formation of the scientific style took a step forward, but the language of science finally took shape in the second half of the 19th century.

The scientific style has a number of common features that appear regardless of the nature of the sciences (natural, exact, humanitarian) and genre differences (monograph, scientific article, report, textbook, etc.), which makes it possible to talk about the specifics of the style as a whole. At the same time, it is quite natural that, for example, texts on physics, chemistry, mathematics differ markedly in the nature of their presentation from texts on philology, philosophy or history. The scientific style has its own varieties (substyles): popular science, scientific and business, scientific and technical (production and technical), scientific and journalistic, educational and scientific.

The style of scientific works is ultimately determined by their content and the goals of scientific communication - to explain the facts of the surrounding reality as accurately and fully as possible, to show the cause-and-effect relationships between phenomena, to reveal the laws of historical development, etc. The scientific style is characterized by a logical sequence of presentation, an ordered system of connections between parts of the statement, the desire of the authors for accuracy, concise, unambiguous expression while maintaining the richness of the content.

It is often said about the language of scientists that it is distinguished by "dryness", devoid of elements of emotionality and imagery.

This opinion is overly generalized: quite often in scientific works, in particular polemical ones, emotional-expressive and pictorial means of language are used, which, being, however, an additional device, stand out against the background of a purely scientific presentation and make scientific prose more convincing. Here are two examples.

The famous Russian surgeon N.I. Pirogov wrote in one of his scientific works:

Like a calligrapher who paints intricate shapes on paper with the same stroke of a pen, a skilled operator can give a cut the most varied shape, size, and depth with the same stroke of a knife ... , his life changes, he, like a plant transplanted on someone else's soil, along with new nutritious juices, receives new properties.

He, like an alien plant, begins to live at the expense of another, on which he vegetates: he, like a newly grafted branch, requires that he be cared for and carefully guarded until he becomes related to the place that the surgeon assigns him to permanent residence.

In modern work on radiophysics such a figurative comparison is given: The power of the reflected signal during radar of planets is negligible. Imagine that a kettle of boiling water is poured into the ocean, and somewhere thousands of kilometers away, a glass of water is dumped from the sea. In theory, the poured boiling water warmed the World Ocean "a little". So, the excess thermal energy in an arbitrarily drawn out glass of seawater is of the same order as the energy of the received signal reflected from Venus.

A characteristic feature of the style of scientific works is their saturation with terms, in particular international ones: on average, terminological vocabulary usually makes up 15-25 percent of the total vocabulary used in the work. Here are two examples of grammatical definitions from school textbooks:

Nouns are words that denote objects and answer the questions: who is this? or what is it? - in this definition, the term is only the phrase nouns, but its presence and the entire structure of the sentence give the text a coloring of a scientific style;

A verb is a part of speech that includes words denoting an action or state of an object - there is also only one term (verb) in this sentence, but this sentence is an example of a scientific style.

The peculiarity of the style of scientific works consists in the use of abstract vocabulary in them. Here is an example from an article by Academician S.P. Obnorsky "Culture of the Russian language" ...

The Russian language is the great language of the great Russian people. Language is an essential component of the concept of a nation. It serves as the main instrument of culture, the main factor in the spiritual development of the nation, its creativity, national identity. It is in the language in the fullest way - and, moreover, in the understanding of the people itself - that all stages of the history of this people from the most distant times are imprinted, all the steps along which the movement of its culture was directed. Therefore, the rich past of the people, the intensive development of its culture is a guarantee of the rich and powerful development of the language of the given people. This is precisely the Russian language. Its strength and wealth reflected the duration of the historical process passed by the people and the intensity of the cultural development of the Russian nation throughout its history.

This text contains many abstract nouns: factor, development, creativity, self-awareness, comprehension, movement, expression, duration, intensity, flow, etc. The words are used in their direct (nominative) meaning.

The scientific style has its own phraseology, which includes compound terms (angina pectoris, solar plexus, thyroid gland, right angle, intersection point, inclined plane, freezing point, boiling point, voiced consonants, participle, complex sentence, etc.), various kinds cliché (consists of ..., consists of ..., represents ..., applies to ... etc.).

The language of science and technology also has a number of grammatical features. In the field of morphology, this is the use of shorter variant forms, which corresponds to the principle of "economy" of linguistic means. So, of the options key - keys ("the tip of the lever in various mechanisms"), cuff - cuffs ("ring for fastening the ends of pipes") in the technical literature, the second, that is, shorter, masculine forms are preferred.

In scientific works, the singular form of nouns is often used in the plural sense:

A wolf is a predatory animal from the genus of dogs (a whole class of objects is called with an indication of their characteristic features);

Linden begins to bloom at the end of June (a specific noun is used in a collective, generalizing meaning);

The form of the ear, nose, eyes is studied (the word form is used instead of form, since it is in the same relation to subsequent nouns).

Real and abstract nouns are often used in the plural form:

Lubricating oils;

High quality steels;

Red and white clays;

Great depths;

Low temperatures;

Radio noise, annual and quarterly repairs.

When constructing sentences, the authors' desire to use fewer verbs and more nouns is noticeable: definitions of concepts are more common in scientific literature, less often - names of actions. In particular, this affects the choice of the form of the predicate: instead of the verb, a verb-nominal construction is used, consisting of a noun with the same root with the verb and another verb that has a weakened lexical meaning:

A new machine is being tested (cf. a new machine is being tested);

Calculating devices are used (cf. calculating devices are used);

The temperature rises (cf .: the temperature rises);

Growth occurs (cf. grows);

An increase occurs (cf. increases);

Perform calculations (cf. calculate).

Adjectives are widely used in scientific works, clarifying the concept by indicating its various features and thereby performing a terminological function. For example, A.E. Fersman in his book Entertaining Mineralogy points to the many shades of green in which stones are painted: turquoise green, bottle green, bluish green, golden green, emerald green, olive green, grass green, apple green , also: pale green, dirty green, deep green, grayish green, bluish green, bright green, etc.

Of the syntactic features of the scientific style, the tendency towards complex constructions should be noted. Such structures are a convenient form of expressing a complex system of scientific concepts, establishing relationships between them, such as generic and species concepts, cause and effect, evidence and conclusions, etc.

For this purpose, sentences with homogeneous members and a generalizing word are often used: a broader, generic concept is revealed with the help of narrower, specific concepts. For example, A.M. Peshkovsky in his book "Russian syntax in scientific coverage", building his classification of phrases on the basis of the concept of predictability, wrote:

On the basis of possession or non-possession of this meaning, we will divide all phrases into:

1) phrases that have a predicate in their composition, or indicate with their formal composition an omitted predicate, or, finally, consisting of one predicate, we will call all such phrases sentences;

2) phrases containing two or more predicates or two or more phrases, indicating by their formal composition to omitted predicates or consisting of only predicates, we will call all such phrases complex wholes ...;

3) phrases that do not have a predicate in their composition and are not predicates themselves.

It is quite natural that different types of complex sentences are common in the scientific literature. For example, in a study on aesthetics, we read:

The special and unique originality of music among other types of art is determined by the fact that, striving, like every type of art, to the widest and most comprehensive coverage of reality and its aesthetic assessment, it does this by directly addressing the spiritual content of the world of human experiences that it has with with extraordinary power activates in his listener.

In complex sentences used in scientific texts, there are often compound subordinate conjunctions characteristic of book speech in general: due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, despite the fact that, in while, meanwhile, while others. They allow more accurately than simple causal, concessive, temporary unions, to identify the relationship between the parts of a complex sentence.

To combine parts of the text, in particular paragraphs that have a close logical connection with each other, words and their combinations are used that indicate this connection: therefore, at the same time, first, then, in conclusion, thus, therefore, therefore, etc.

The means of communication between parts of the text are also introductory words and combinations, firstly, secondly, finally, on the one hand, on the other hand, etc., indicating the sequence of presentation.

In general, syntactic structures in scientific prose are more complex and richer in lexical material than in fiction. For example, in works of fiction of the 60s of the XIX century. (in the author's narration in the novels of I.A.Goncharov, I.S.Turgenev, N.G. Chernyshevsky, M.E.Saltykov-Shchedrin, F.M.Dostoevsky, N.S. Leskov and L.N. Tolstoy) complex sentences make up 50.7 percent of the total number of sentences, that is, half, and in scientific works of the same period (works of chemist AM Butlerov, physiologist IM Sechenov, linguist AA Potebnya, literary critic AN Veselovsky, See also Aesthetic Relationship of Art to Reality.

N.G. Chernyshevsky and the historical and philosophical "Epilogue" of "War and Peace" by L.N. Tolstoy) - 73.8 percent, that is, almost three quarters.

At the same time, the average size of a complex sentence in fiction is 23.9 words, and in scientific prose - 33.5 words (in simple sentences, respectively - 10.2 and 15.9 words). The average sentence size (regardless of structure) in the author's narrative in the same novels is 17.2 words, in scientific research - 28.5 words. In general, a scientific text sentence contains about one and a half times more words than a literary text sentence.

The scientific style is realized mainly in the written form of speech. However, with the development of mass communication, with the growing importance of science in modern society, the increase in various kinds of scientific contacts, such as conferences, symposia, scientific seminars, the role of oral scientific speech is increasing.

The main features of the scientific style, both in writing and orally, are accuracy, abstractness, consistency and objectivity of presentation. It is they who organize into the system all the linguistic means that form this functional style, and determine the choice of vocabulary in the works of the scientific style.

This style is characterized by the use of special scientific and terminological vocabulary, and recently international terminology (manager, quotation, realtor, etc.) has taken up more and more place here.

A feature of the use of vocabulary in a scientific style is that polysemous lexically neutral words are not used in all their meanings, but only in one. For example, the verb count, which has four meanings, here realizes mainly the meaning: to make some conclusion, to recognize, to believe.

The use in one, becoming terminological meaning is typical for both nouns and adjectives, for example: body, strength, movement, sour, heavy, etc.

The lexical composition of the scientific style is characterized by relative homogeneity and isolation, which is expressed, in particular, in the lesser use of synonyms. The volume of the text in a scientific style increases not so much due to the use of different words, but due to the repetition of the same ones. An example is an excerpt: “Transport interdepartmental communications for the main types of raw materials and finished products, as well as the transfer of goods between production workshops and warehousing and transport facilities, are mostly provided by continuous transport (...) ancillary loading and unloading operations are being carried out. "

In the scientific style, there is no vocabulary with colloquial and colloquial coloration. This style, to a lesser extent than journalistic or artistic, is characterized by evaluativeness. Assessments are used to express the author's point of view, to make it more understandable, accessible, and to clarify a thought. Scientific speech is distinguished by the accuracy and consistency of thought, its consistent presentation and objectivity of presentation. In syntactic structures in the scientific style of speech, the author's aloofness is maximally demonstrated.

This is expressed in the use of generalized personal and impersonal constructions instead of the 1st person: there is reason to believe, it is believed, it is known, presumably, one can say, etc.

The desire for the consistency of the presentation of the material leads to the active use of complex union sentences, introductory words, participial and adverbial expressions, and so on. The most typical example is sentences with subordinate clauses of reasons and conditions, for example: "If an enterprise or some of its subdivisions does not work well, it means that there is not everything in order with the management."

Almost any scientific text can contain graphic information, this is one of the features of the scientific style of speech.

3.2 Formal and business style

The main sphere in which it functions officially - business style - is administrative and legal activities. This style satisfies the need of society in documenting various acts of state public, political, economic life, business relations between the state and organizations, as well as between members of society in the official sphere of their communication. Among the book styles of the language, the official business style stands out for its relative stability and isolation. Over time, it naturally undergoes some changes caused by the nature of the content itself. But many of its features, historically formed genres, specific vocabulary, phraseology, syntactic turns give it a generally conservative character.

A typical feature of the official business style is the presence in it of numerous speech standards - clichés. Whereas in other styles, stereotyped phrases often act as a stylistic flaw, in the official business style, in most cases, they are perceived as a completely natural belonging to it. Many types of business documents have generally accepted forms of presentation and arrangement of material. It is no coincidence that ready-made forms are used in business practice, which only need to be filled out. Even envelopes are usually inscribed in a certain order (different in different countries, but established in each), and this has its own advantage for both writers and postal workers. Therefore, all those speech clichés that simplify and speed up business communication are quite appropriate in it. The official business style is the style of documents: international treaties, state acts, legal laws, regulations, charters, instructions, official correspondence, business papers, etc.

Despite the differences in content and the variety of genres, the formal business style as a whole is characterized by a number of common features. These include:

1) conciseness, compactness of presentation, "economical" use of language means;

2) the standard arrangement of the material, the often obligatory form (identity card, various kinds of diplomas, birth and marriage certificates, cash documents, etc.), the use of clichés inherent in this style;

3) the wide use of terminology, nomenclature names (legal, diplomatic, military, administrative, etc.), the presence of special vocabulary and phraseology (official, clerical), the inclusion in the text of compound words, in particular abbreviations;

4) the frequent use of verbal nouns, abbreviated prepositions (on the basis, in relation, in accordance with, in the case, in force, for purposes, at the expense, along the line, etc.), complex conjunctions (due to the fact that, in view of the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, etc.), as well as stable phrases that serve to connect parts of a complex sentence (in case ..., on the grounds that ..., for the reason that. .., with the condition that ..., in such a way that ..., the circumstance that ..., the fact that ... etc.);

5) the narrative nature of the presentation, the use of nominative sentences with a listing;

6) direct word order in a sentence as the predominant principle of its construction;

7) the tendency to use complex sentences reflecting the logical subordination of some facts to others;

8) almost complete absence of emotionally expressive speech means;

9) weak individualization of style.

The heterogeneity of the subject matter and the variety of genres make it possible to distinguish two varieties in the style under consideration: the official documentary style and the everyday business style. In turn, in the official documentary style, one can distinguish the language of legislative documents related to the activities of state bodies and the language of diplomatic acts related to international relations. In everyday business style, official correspondence between institutions and organizations, on the one hand, and private business papers, on the other, differ in content, genres and the nature of the language media used.

The language of legislative documents includes the vocabulary and phraseology of state law, civil law, criminal law, the Labor Code, the Marriage and Family Code, etc.

It is adjoined by vocabulary and phraseology related to the work of administrative bodies, official activities of citizens, etc.:

Legislation, cassation, constitution, jurisdiction, legal capacity, sentence, prosecutor, legal proceedings, judicial system, evidence, jurisdiction;

To impose responsibility, in the cancellation of the resolution, in the development of the resolution, until further notice, to enter into force, in order to facilitate, an extract from the order, to inform, to take up a position, to perform duties, travel certificate, authorities.

Characteristic

Functional styles are sometimes called language genres, functional varieties of the language... Each functional style has its own characteristics of using the general literary norm; it can exist both in writing and orally. There are five main varieties of functional styles of speech, differing in the conditions and goals of communication in some area of social activity: scientific, official business, journalistic, colloquial, artistic.

Scientific style

Scientific style is the style of scientific communication. The scope of this style is science and scientific journals, the addressees of text messages can be scientists, future specialists, students, just any person interested in a particular scientific field; the authors of the texts of this style are scientists, specialists in their field. The purpose of the style can be called the description of laws, the identification of patterns, the description of discoveries, training, etc.

Its main function is to communicate information, as well as to prove its truth. It is characterized by the presence of small terms, general scientific words, abstract vocabulary, the noun prevails in it, a lot of abstract and material nouns.

The scientific style exists primarily in written monologue. Its genres are scientific articles, educational literature, monographs, school essays, etc. The stylistic features of this style are underlined consistency, evidence, accuracy (unambiguity).

Formal and business style

The business style is used for communication, informing in an official setting (the sphere of legislation, office work, administrative and legal activities). This style is used for registration of documents: laws, orders, decrees, characteristics, protocols, receipts, certificates. The scope of the official business style is law, the author is a lawyer, jurist, diplomat, or just a citizen. Works in this style are addressed to the state, citizens of the state, institutions, employees, etc., in order to establish administrative and legal relations.

This style exists more often in writing, the type of speech is predominantly reasoning. The type of speech is most often a monologue, the type of communication is public.

Stylish features - imperative (due), accuracy, not allowing two interpretations, standardization (strict composition of the text, accurate selection of facts and ways of presenting them), lack of emotionality.

The main function of the official business style is informational (information transfer). It is characterized by the presence of speech cliches, the generally accepted form of presentation, the standard presentation of the material, the wide use of terminology and nomenclature names, the presence of complex unabbreviated words, abbreviations, verbal nouns, the predominance of direct word order.

Journalistic style

The journalistic style serves to influence people through the media. It is found in the genres of article, essay, reportage, feuilleton, interview, oratorical speech and is characterized by the presence of social and political vocabulary, logic, emotionality.

This style is used in the spheres of political, ideological, social and cultural relations. The information is intended not for a narrow circle of specialists, but for wide strata of society, and the impact is directed not only on the mind, but also on the senses of the addressee.

It is characterized by abstract words with a socio-political meaning (humanity, progress, nationality, glasnost, peace-loving).

The task is to communicate information about the life of the country, to influence the masses, to form a certain attitude towards public affairs

Stylish features - consistency, imagery, emotionality, evaluativeness, appeal.

Conversational style

The conversational style serves for direct communication, when the author shares his thoughts or feelings with others, exchanges information on everyday issues in an informal setting. It often uses colloquial and vernacular vocabulary. Differs in great semantic capacity and colorfulness, gives liveliness and expressiveness to speech.

The usual form of implementation of the spoken style is dialogue, this style is more often used in oral speech. There is no preliminary selection of language material in it. In this style of speech, extra-linguistic factors play an important role: facial expressions, gestures, the environment.

Linguistic means of the spoken style: emotionality, expressiveness of colloquial vocabulary, words with suffixes of subjective assessment; the use of incomplete sentences, introductory words, address words, interjections, modal particles, repetitions. Dialogue genres, personal letters, personal notes, telephone

Art style

The art style is used in fiction. It affects the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the richness of vocabulary, the possibilities of different styles, is characterized by imagery, emotionality of speech.

The emotionality of the artistic style differs from the emotionality of the conversational and everyday and journalistic styles. The emotionality of artistic speech fulfills an aesthetic function. Artistic style presupposes a preliminary selection of linguistic means; all language tools are used to create images.

Genres - epic, lyric, drama, epic, novel, story, story, fairy tale, fable, ode, hymn, song, elegy, sonnet, epigram, message, poem, ballad, tragedy, comedy, drama (in the narrow sense).

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See what "Functional speech style" is in other dictionaries:

functional speech type- See: functional style ...

Functional speech type- See: Functional style ...

Functional style, or functional type of language, functional type of speech- is a historically developed, socially conscious speech variety with a specific character (its speech systemicity - see), formed as a result of the implementation of special principles of selection and combination of linguistic means, this is ... ... Stylistic Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Russian Language

functional style- (functional type of language, functional type of speech) A historically developed, socially conscious speech variety that has a speech system, a specific character, formed as a result of the implementation of special principles ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

Functional style- (functional type of language, functional type of speech) A historically developed, socially conscious speech variety that has a speech system, a specific character, formed as a result of the implementation of special ... ... General linguistics. Sociolinguistics: Reference Dictionary

Functional style- A kind of literary language, in which the language appears in one or another area of public speech practice of people. The selection of a functional style is based on taking into account the purpose of the statement, which is understood in sociolinguistics as unconscious ... Dictionary of Sociolinguistic Terms

Functional style- The functional style is a kind of literary language, in which the language appears in one or another socially significant area of social speech practice of people and the features of which are due to the peculiarities of communication in this area. The presence of F. with. ... ... Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary

functional style- and. A variety of literary language, due to the difference in the functions performed by the language in a particular area of communication. The concept of f. with. is central, basic in the differential division of the literary language, a kind of starting point for ... Educational vocabulary of stylistic terms

Functional style- the main category of functional stylistics, which studies the systemic relations of linguistic means in the process of their functioning, depending on the spheres, conditions and goals of communication, as well as the corresponding conditions for the choice of linguistic units and their organization in ... ... Pedagogical speech

functional style- according to M.N. Kozhina. The peculiar character of speech of this or that social variety, corresponding to a certain sphere of social activity and the form of consciousness correlated with it, created by the peculiarities of functioning in this sphere ... ... Morphemics. Word formation: Dictionary-reference

Books

A course of lectures on the stylistics of the Russian language: General concepts of stylistics. Conversational style of speech, Vasilyeva AN .. This book is part of a course of lectures on the functional style of the Russian language. It provides a general description of functional styles, their relationships and interrelationships, ...

The functional style of speech is a certain system of language that is responsible for the goals and conditions of communication in a certain area and combines a set of stylistic linguistic means. In essence, functional styles are heterogeneous; they differ from each other in a well-defined genre variety, terminology and literary presentation.

Types of functional speech styles

Depending on the spheres of public life in which the language is used today, the following functional styles are distinguished: formal business, scientific, journalistic, colloquial and everyday and artistic.

Formal and business style

The official business style of speech is used to convey information in an official setting (legislative, administrative and legal activities, office work). Using this style, regulations, protocols, certificates, receipts, etc. are created.

The official business style has a number of features that distinguish it from other styles of speech: imperativeness, accuracy (it is not permissible to use two interpretations), lack of emotional coloring, strict textual composition. In this style, speech cliches, nomenclature names, abbreviations and verbal nouns are widely used.

Scientific style

The main function of this style is the transmission and dissemination of scientific information, as well as proof of its truth. The main properties of the scientific style are the use of general scientific terms, abstract vocabulary, the description of any discoveries or precedents. In the scientific style, short real nouns prevail.

The most common scientific style is found in articles, research papers, school essays, monographs and educational literature.

Journalistic style

This functional style of speech is used to influence, most often ideological, the general public through the media and oratory. The journalistic style is most often found in genres such as essay, article, reportage, interview. The scientific style differs from other speech stylistics by its inherent heightened emotionality and the use of socio-political vocabulary.

Conversational style

This style acts as a tool for the direct transfer and exchange of information concerning everyday issues and does not require an official setting. It uses mainly simple vocabulary, which carries emotionality, expressiveness and logical saturation. The most common genre is dialogue. Non-verbal factors are of great importance in the conversational style: gestures and facial expressions. It also allows repetitions, incomplete sentences and introductory words.

Art style

The artistic style is used in the creation of fiction. With its help, the author influences the reader, controls his feelings. The artistic style has an inherent richness of vocabulary, imagery and emotionality. Mixing of all other styles is also possible. The artistic style fulfills an aesthetic function, this is its main difference from the colloquial and journalistic styles.

Styles of language are its varieties that serve one side or another of social life. They all have several parameters in common: the purpose or situation of use, the forms in which they exist, and the set

The concept itself comes from the Greek word "stilos", which meant a writing stick. As a scientific discipline, stylistics finally took shape in the twenties of the twentieth century. Among those who thoroughly investigated the problems of stylistics were M. V. Lomonosov, F. I. Buslaev, G. O. Vinokur, E. D. Polivanov. D.E. Rosenthal, V.V. Vinogradov, M.N. Kozhina and others paid serious attention to individual functional styles.

Five in Russian

Functional styles of language are certain features of speech itself or its social variety, specific vocabulary and grammar that correspond to the field of activity and the way of thinking.

In Russian, they are traditionally divided into five varieties:

colloquial;
formal business;
scientific;
journalistic;
art.

The norms and concepts of each depend on the historical era and change over time. Until the 17th century, the colloquial and book vocabulary differed greatly. The Russian language became literary only in the 18th century, largely thanks to the efforts of M.V. Lomonosov. Modern language styles began to take shape at the same time.

The birth of styles

In the Old Russian period, there were church literature, business documents and chronicles. The everyday spoken language was quite different from them. At the same time, household and business documents had a lot in common. MV Lomonosov made a lot of efforts to change the situation.

He laid the foundation for the ancient theory, highlighting the high, low and medium styles. According to her, the literary Russian language was formed as a result of the joint development of the book and colloquial variants. She took as a basis stylistically neutral forms and turns from one and the other, allowed the use of folk expressions and limited the use of little-known and specific Slavisms. Thanks to M.V. Lomonosov, the styles of language that existed at that time were supplemented by scientific ones.

Subsequently, A.S. Pushkin gave impetus to the further development of stylistics. His work laid the foundations for the artistic style.

Moscow orders and Peter's reforms served as the origins of the official business language. Ancient chronicles, sermons and teachings formed the basis of the journalistic style. In the literary version, it began to take shape only in the 18th century. To date, all 5 styles of the language are designed quite clearly and have their own subspecies.

Conversational household

As the name suggests, this style of speech is used in everyday communication. Unlike jargon and dialects, it is based on literary vocabulary. Its sphere is situations where there are no clear official relations between the participants. In everyday life, mostly neutral words and expressions are used (for example, "blue", "horse", "left"). But you can use words with colloquial coloring ("locker room", "lack of time").

Within the colloquial, three subspecies are distinguished: everyday-household, everyday-business, and epistolary. The latter includes private correspondence. Conversational business - a variant of communication in a formal setting. The conversational and official-business styles of the language (a lesson or lecture can serve as another example) in a certain sense divide this subspecies among themselves, since it can be attributed both there and there.

Allows familiar, affectionate and lowered expressions, as well as words with evaluative suffixes (for example, "house", "bunny", "boast"). Conversational and everyday style can be very vivid and imaginative due to the use of phraseological units and words with an emotionally expressive connotation ("to beat the thumbs up", "close by", "fellow", "faithful", "skirt").

Various abbreviations are widely used - "unsatisfactory", "ambulance", "condensed milk". The spoken language is easier than the book language - the use of participles and participles, complex multi-component sentences is inappropriate. In general, this style corresponds to the literary one, but at the same time it has its own characteristics.

Scientific style

He, like official business, is very strict in the choice of words and expressions, sharply narrows the scope of what is permissible. The Russian language does not allow dialectisms, jargon, colloquial expressions, words with an emotional connotation. Serves the spheres of science and industry.

Since the purpose of scientific texts is to present research data, objective facts, this puts forward requirements for their composition and the words used. As a rule, the sequence of presentation is as follows:

introduction - setting a task, goal, question;
the main part - search and enumeration of answer options, hypothesis, proof;
conclusion - the answer to the question, the achievement of the goal.

A work in this genre is built consistently and logically, it provides two types of information: facts, and how the author organizes them.

The scientific style of the language widely uses the terms, the prefixes anti-, bi-, quasi-, super-, suffixes -ost, -ism, -nie (antibodies, bipolar, supernova, settled, symbolism, cloning). Moreover, the terms do not exist by themselves - they form a complex network of relationships and systems: from the general to the particular, from the whole to the part, genus / species, identity / opposites, and so on.

Obligatory criteria for such a text are objectivity and accuracy. Objectivity excludes emotionally colored vocabulary, exclamations, artistic turns of speech, it is inappropriate to tell a story in the first person. Accuracy is often associated with terms. An excerpt from the book by Anatoly Fomenko "Methods of mathematical analysis of historical texts" can be cited as an illustration.

At the same time, the degree of "complexity" of a scientific text depends primarily on the target audience and on the goal - for whom exactly the work is intended, what amount of knowledge these people supposedly have, whether they will be able to understand what is at stake. It is clear that at such an event as a school lesson of the Russian language, the styles of speech and expression are needed simple, and at the lectures for the senior years of the university, complex scientific terminology is also suitable.

Of course, other factors also play an important role - the topic (in technical sciences, the language is stricter and more regulated than in the humanities), genre.

Within the framework of this style, there are strict requirements for the design of written works: candidate and doctoral dissertations, monographs, abstracts, term papers.

Substyles and nuances of scientific speech

In addition to the scientific itself, there is also a scientific and educational and popular science subtypes. Each is used for a specific purpose and for a specific audience. These styles of language are examples of different, but at the same time, outwardly similar communicative flows.

The scientific and educational sub-style is a kind of light version of the main style in which literature is written for those who have just begun to study a new field. Representatives - textbooks for universities, colleges, schools (senior classes), some self-instruction manuals, other literature created for beginners (below is an excerpt from a psychology textbook for universities: authors V. Slastenin, I. Isaev et al., "Pedagogy. Textbook ").

The popular science sub-style is easier to understand than the other two. Its purpose is to explain complex facts and processes to the audience in simple and understandable language. Various encyclopedias "101 facts about ..." were written by him.

Official business

Of the 5 styles of the Russian language, this one is the most formalized. It is used for communication between states as well as institutions with each other and with citizens. It is a means of communication between citizens in production, in organizations, in the service sector, within the framework of their fulfillment of their official obligations.

The official business style is referred to as book-writing, it is used in the texts of laws, orders, orders, contracts, acts, powers of attorney and similar documents. The oral form finds application in speeches, reports, communication within the framework of working relationships.

Formal business style components

Legislative... It is used orally and in writing, in laws, regulations, decrees, instructions, explanatory letters, recommendations, as well as in instructions, article-by-article and operational comments. It is heard orally during parliamentary debates and appeals.
Jurisdictional- exists in oral and written forms, is used for indictments, sentences, arrest warrants, court decisions, cassation complaints, procedural acts. In addition, it can be heard during court hearings, conversations at citizens' receptions, etc.
Administrative- is implemented in writing in orders, charters, decisions, contracts, employment and insurance contracts, service letters, various petitions, telegrams, wills, memoranda, autobiographies, reports, receipts, shipping documents. The oral form of the administrative substyle - orders, auctions, commercial negotiations, speeches at receptions, auctions, meetings, etc.
Diplomatic... This genre in writing can be found in the form of treaties, conventions, agreements, pacts, protocols, personal notes. Oral form - communiqués, memoranda, joint statements.

In the official business style, stable phrases, complex conjunctions and verbal nouns are actively used:

based…
in accordance with…
based…
due to ...
by virtue of…
in view of ...

Only scientific and official-business language styles have clear forms and structure. In this case, this is a statement, resume, identity card, marriage certificate and others.

The style is characterized by a neutral tone of narration, direct word order, complex sentences, brevity, conciseness, lack of individuality. Special terminology, abbreviations, special vocabulary and phraseology are widely used. Another striking feature is the cliché.

Journalistic

The functional styles of the language are very distinctive. The publicist is no exception. It is he who is used in the media, in social and periodical literature, during political, judicial speeches. Most often, its samples can be found in radio and television programs, in newspaper publications, in magazines, booklets, at rallies.

Publicism is designed for a wide audience, therefore, special terms are rarely encountered here, and if they do occur, they tend to be explained in the same text. It exists not only in oral and written speech - it is also found in photography, cinematography, graphic and visual, theatrical-dramatic and verbal-musical forms.

The language has two main functions: informational and influencing. The first task is to convey facts to people. The second is to form the desired impression, to influence the opinion about events. The information function requires reporting reliable and accurate data that is of interest not only to the author, but also to the reader. The influencing one is realized through the personal opinion of the author, his calls to action, as well as the way of presenting the material.

In addition to those specific to this particular style, there are also common features for the language as a whole: communicative, expressive and aesthetic.

Communicative function

Communication is the main and general task of the language, which manifests itself in all its forms and styles. Absolutely all styles of language and styles of speech have a communicative function. In journalism, texts and speeches are intended for a wide audience, feedback is realized through letters and calls from readers, public discussions, and polls. This requires the text to be understandable for readers and easy to read.

Expressive function

Expression should not go beyond reasonable limits - it is necessary to comply with the norms of speech culture, and the expression of emotions cannot be the only task.

Aesthetic function

Of all 5 styles of speech in the Russian language, this function is present only in two. In literary texts, aesthetics plays an important role, in journalism its role is much less. However, reading or listening to a well-designed, well-thought-out, harmonious text is much more enjoyable. Therefore, it is advisable to pay attention to the aesthetic qualities in any of the genres.

Genres of journalism

Quite a lot of actively used genres are distinguished within the main style:

oratorical speech;
pamphlet;
feature article;
reportage;
feuilleton;
interview;
article and others.

Each of them finds application in certain situations: a pamphlet as a kind of artistic and publicistic work is usually directed against a particular party, social phenomenon or political system as a whole, reportage is a prompt and impartial message from the scene of events, an article is a genre with the help of which the author analyzes certain phenomena, facts and gives them his own assessment and interpretation.

Art style

All styles of language and styles of speech are expressed through artistic expression. It conveys the feelings and thoughts of the author, affects the imagination of the reader. He uses all the means of other styles, all the diversity and richness of the language, is characterized by imagery, emotionality, concreteness of speech. Used in fiction.

An important feature of this style is aesthetics - here, unlike journalism, it is an indispensable element.

There are four kinds of artistic style:

epic;
lyrical;
dramatic;
combined.

Each of these genera has its own approach to displaying events. If we talk about the epic, then the main thing here will be a detailed story about an object or event, when the author himself or one of the characters will act as a narrator.

In the lyrical narration, the emphasis is on the impression that the events left on the author. The main thing here will be experiences, what is happening in the inner world.

The dramatic approach depicts an object in action, shows it surrounded by other objects and events. The theory of these three kinds belongs to V.G.Belinsky. In its "pure" form, each of the mentioned is rare. Recently, some authors have identified another genus - combined.

In turn, epic, lyrical, dramatic approaches to the description of events and objects are subdivided into genres: fairy tale, story, short story, novel, ode, drama, poem, comedy and others.

The artistic style of the language has its own characteristics:

a combination of language means of other styles is used;
the form, structure, tools of the language are chosen in accordance with the intention and idea of the author;
the use of special figures of speech that make the text colorful and imaginative;
aesthetic function is of great importance.

Tropes (allegory, metaphor, comparison, synecdoche) and (silence, epithet, epiphora, hyperbole, metonymy) are widely used here.

Artistic image - style - language

The author of any work, not only literary, needs a means of contact with the viewer or reader. Each art form has its own means of communication. This is where the trilogy appears - an artistic image, style, language.

The image is a generalized attitude to the world and life, expressed by the artist using the language of his choice. This is a kind of universal category of creativity, a form of interpreting the world through the creation of aesthetically acting objects.

An artistic image is also called any phenomenon recreated by the author in a work. Its meaning is revealed only in interaction with the reader or viewer: what exactly a person will understand, see, depends on his goals, personality, emotional state, culture and values in which he was brought up.

The second element of the triad "image - style - language" is related to a special handwriting characteristic only of this author or the era of a set of methods and techniques. In art, three different concepts are distinguished - the style of the era (it covers a historical period of time for which there were common features, for example, the Victorian era), national (it means features common to a particular people, nation, for example, and individual (we are talking about an artist whose works have special qualities that are not inherent in others, for example, Picasso).

Language in any form of art is a system of visual means designed to serve the goals of the author when creating works, a tool for creating an artistic image. It provides an opportunity for communication between the creator and the audience, allows you to "draw" an image with those very unique stylistic features.

Each type of creativity uses its own means for this: painting - color, sculpture - volume, music - intonation, sound. Together they form a trinity of categories - artistic image, style, language, help to get closer to the author and better understand what he has created.

It should be understood that, despite the differences between them, styles do not form separate, purely closed systems. They are capable and constantly interpenetrate each other: not only the artistic uses the linguistic means of other styles, but also the official business has many mutual points with the scientific (the jurisdictional and legislative subtypes are close in their terminology to analogous scientific disciplines).

Business vocabulary infiltrates and vice versa. The publicistic form of speech in oral and written form is closely intertwined with the sphere of colloquial and popular science styles.

Moreover, the current state of the language is by no means stable. It would be more correct to say that it is in dynamic equilibrium. New concepts are constantly emerging, the Russian dictionary is replenished with expressions that come from other languages.

New forms of words are created using existing ones. The rapid development of science and technology also actively contributes to the enrichment of the scientific style of speech. Many concepts from the field of artistic science fiction have migrated into the category of completely official terms that name certain processes and phenomena. And scientific concepts have entered everyday speech.

Functional styles of the Russian language. Definition of the term "functional styles"

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