The names of the clergy. Russian surnames for women and men
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The famous Russian linguist A.F. Zhuravlev, Doctor of Philology, Head of the Department of Etymology and Onomastics of the Institute of the Russian Language named after A.F. V.V. Vinogradov RAS (Moscow).
A.F. Zhuravlev involved in the calculation telephone directories of several cities of Russia and other former Soviet territories, library catalogs, personal lists of institutions that turned out to be available, lists of applicants for some Moscow universities, arrays of onomastic (family) material on the Internet of various types, etc. he does not clearly delineate the territory, the list of cities whose telephone directories were used is not fully given (among those named by A.F. Zhuravlev - Moscow, Ryazan, Vladimir, Krasnoyarsk, in Ukraine - Big Yalta). The principles of city selection are not sufficiently substantiated. The very nature of obtaining the material is also debatable. A. F. Zhuravlev himself admits that he cannot “estimate in any way the total volume of onomastic units that fell into the field of vision, and, consequently, the share of those surnames in it that were included in the final list.
From the current stream of surnames, only those were selected that were included in the preliminary 800-unit list (further shortened to 500 surnames with the most reliable statistics). " The very same list of 800 units (i.e. surnames) was compiled intuitively. All this reduces the significance of the results obtained, but nevertheless the list of the 500 most frequent Russian surnames itself is interesting. The number of all carriers of the first 500 most frequent Russian surnames recorded according to various sources is several hundred thousand. Obviously, this list will still be refined, since, according to A.F. Zhuravlev himself, the above statistics "can be recognized as having only the most preliminary character, but in any case better than the Unbegaun table" (I mean the appendix to the book "Russian surnames" with a list of the most frequent surnames of Petersburg in 1910).
I decided to bring these 500 names to familiarize the site visitors with them. Two columns with data for comparison according to statistics of the same surnames in St. Petersburg in 1910 were excluded from the material of A.F. Zhuravlev (they were taken from the work of B.O. Unbegaun). In the summary table, to the right of the surname, there is a number showing the relative occurrence of the surname. It was obtained by referring the total absolute frequency of a given surname to the total absolute frequency of the most common surname Ivanov among Russians.
So, the list compiled by A.F. Zhuravlev. During the preparation for posting on the site, it was discovered that there are three more names in it (they are given without a serial number). To find the required surname, use the search function of your browser.
Rank Surname Frequency 1 Ivanov 1,0000 2 Smirnov 0,7412 3 Kuznetsov 0,7011 4 Popov 0,5334 5 Vasiliev 0,4948 6 Petrov 0,4885 7 Sokolov 0,4666 8 Mikhailov 0,3955 9 Novikov 0,3743 10 Fedorov 0,3662 11 Morozov 0,3639 12 Volkov 0,3636 13 Alekseev 0,3460 14 Lebedev 0,3431 15 Semenov 0,3345 16 Egorov 0,3229 17 Pavlov 0,3226 18 Kozlov 0,3139 19 Stepanov 0,3016 20 Nikolaev 0,3005 21 Orlov 0,2976 22 Andreev 0,2972 23 Makarov 0,2924 24 Nikitin 0,2812 25 Zakharov 0,2755 26 Zaitsev 0,2728 27 Soloviev 0,2712 28 Borisov 0,2710 29 Yakovlev 0,2674 30 Grigoriev 0,2541 31 Romanov 0,2442 32 Vorobiev 0,2371 33 Sergeev 0,2365 34 Kuzmin 0,2255 35 Frolov 0,2235 36 Alexandrov 0,2234 37 Dmitriev 0,2171 38 Korolev 0,2083 39 Gusev 0,2075 40 Kiselev 0,2070 41 Ilyin 0,2063 42 Maximov 0,2059 43 Polyakov 0,2035 44 Sorokin 0,1998 45 Vinogradov 0,1996 46 Kovalev 0,1978 47 Belov 0,1964 48 Medvedev 0,1953 49 Antonov 0,1928 50 Tarasov 0,1896 51 Zhukov 0,1894 52 Baranov 0,1883 53 Filippov 0,1827 54 Komarov 0,1799 55 Davydov 0,1767 56 Belyaev 0,1750 57 Gerasimov 0,1742 58 Bogdanov 0,1706 59 Osipov 0,1702 60 Sidorov 0,1695 61 Matveev 0,1693 62 Titov 0,1646 63 Markov 0,1628 64 Mironov 0,1625 65 Krylov 0,1605 66 Kulikov 0,1605 67 Karpov 0,1584 68 Vlasov 0,1579 69 Melnikov 0,1567 70 Denisov 0,1544 71 Gavrilov 0,1540 72 Tikhonov 0,1537 73 Kazakov 0,1528 74 Afanasiev 0,1516 75 Danilov 0,1505 76 Saveliev 0,1405 77 Timofeev 0,1403 78 Fomin 0,1401 79 Chernov 0,1396 80 Abramov 0,1390 81 Martynov 0,1383 82 Efimov 0,1377 83 Fedotov 0,1377 84 Shcherbakov 0,1375 85 Nazarov 0,1366 86 Kalinin 0,1327 87 Isaev 0,1317 88 Chernyshev 0,1267 89 Bykov 0,1255 90 Maslov 0,1249 91 Rodionov 0,1248 92 Konovalov 0,1245 93 Lazarev 0,1236 94 Voronin 0,1222 95 Klimov 0,1213 96 Filatov 0,1208 97 Ponomarev 0,1203 98 Golubev 0,1200 99 Kudryavtsev 0,1186 100 Prokhorov 0,1182 101 Naumov 0,1172 102 Potapov 0,1165 103 Zhuravlev 0,1160 104 Ovchinnikov 0,1148 105 Trofimov 0,1148 106 Leonov 0,1142 107 Sobolev 0,1135 108 Ermakov 0,1120 109 Kolesnikov 0,1120 110 Goncharov 0,1115 111 Emelyanov 0,1081 112 Nikiforov 0,1055 113 Grachev 0,1049 114 Kotov 0,1037 115 Grishin 0,1017 116 Efremov 0,0995 117 Arkhipov 0,0993 118 Gromov 0,0986 119 Kirillov 0,0982 120 Malyshev 0,0978 121 Panov 0,0978 122 Moiseev 0,0975 123 Rumyantsev 0,0975 124 Akimov 0,0963 125 Kondratiev 0,0954 126 Biryukov 0,0950 127 Gorbunov 0,0940 128 Anisimov 0,0925 129 Eremin 0,0916 130 Tikhomirov 0,0907 131 Galkin 0,0884 132 Lukyanov 0,0876 133 Mikheev 0,0872 134 Skvortsov 0,0862 135 Yudin 0,0859 136 Belousov 0,0856 137 Nesterov 0,0842 138 Simonov 0,0834 139 Prokofiev 0,0826 140 Kharitonov 0,0819 141 Knyazev 0,0809 142 Tsvetkov 0,0807 143 Levin 0,0806 144 Mitrofanov 0,0796 145 Voronov 0,0792 146 Aksenov 0,0781 147 Sofronov 0,0781 148 Maltsev 0,0777 149 Loginov 0,0774 150 Gorshkov 0,0771 151 Savin 0,0771 152 Krasnov 0,0761 153 Maiorov 0,0761 154 Demidov 0,0756 155 Eliseev 0,0754 156 Rybakov 0,0754 157 Safonov 0,0753 158 Plotnikov 0,0749 159 Demin 0,0745 160 Khokhlov 0,0745 161 Fadeev 0,0740 162 Molchanov 0,0739 163 Ignatov 0,0738 164 Litvinov 0,0738 165 Ershov 0,0736 166 Ushakov 0,0736 167 Dementyev 0,0722 168 Ryabov 0,0722 169 Mukhin 0,0719 170 Kalashnikov 0,0715 171 Leontiev 0,0714 172 Lobanov 0,0714 173 Kuzin 0,0712 174 Korneev 0,0710 175 Evdokimov 0,0700 176 Borodin 0,0699 177 Platonov 0,0699 178 Nekrasov 0,0697 179 Balashov 0,0694 180 Bobrov 0,0692 181 Zhdanov 0,0692 182 Blinov 0,0687 183 Ignatiev 0,0683 184 Korotkov 0,0678 185 Muravyov 0,0675 186 Kryukov 0,0672 187 Belyakov 0,0671 188 Bogomolov 0,0671 189 Drozdov 0,0669 190 Lavrov 0,0666 191 Zuev 0,0664 192 Petukhov 0,0661 193 Larin 0,0659 194 Nikulin 0,0657 195 Serov 0,0657 196 Terentyev 0,0652 197 Zotov 0,0651 198 Ustinov 0,0650 199 Fokine 0,0648 200 Samoilov 0,0647 201 Konstantinov 0,0645 202 Sakharov 0,0641 203 Shishkin 0,0640 204 Samsonov 0,0638 205 Cherkasov 0,0637 206 Chistyakov 0,0637 207 Nosov 0,0630 208 Spiridonov 0,0627 209 Karasev 0,0618 210 Avdeev 0,0613 211 Vorontsov 0,0612 212 Zverev 0,0606 213 Vladimirov 0,0605 214 Seleznev 0,0598 215 Nechaev 0,0590 216 Kudryashov 0,0587 217 Sedov 0,0580 218 Firsov 0,0578 219 Andrianov 0,0577 220 Panin 0,0577 221 Golovin 0,0571 222 Terekhov 0,0569 223 Ulyanov 0,0567 224 Shestakov 0,0566 225 Ageev 0,0564 226 Nikonov 0,0564 227 Selivanov 0,0564 228 Bazhenov 0,0562 229 Gordeev 0,0562 230 Kozhevnikov 0,0562 231 Pakhomov 0,0560 232 Zimin 0,0557 233 Kostin 0,0556 234 Shirokov 0,0553 235 Filimonov 0,0550 236 Larionov 0,0549 237 Ovsyannikov 0,0546 238 Sazonov 0,0545 239 Suvorov 0,0545 240 Nefedov 0,0543 241 Kornilov 0,0541 242 Lyubimov 0,0541 243 Lviv 0,0536 244 Gorbachev 0,0535 245 Kopylov 0,0534 246 Lukin 0,0531 247 Tokarev 0,0527 248 Kuleshov 0,0525 249 Shilov 0,0522 250 Bolshakov 0,0518 251 Pankratov 0,0518 252 Rodin 0,0514 253 Shapovalov 0,0514 254 Pokrovsky 0,0513 255 Bocharov 0,0507 256 Nikolsky 0,0507 257 Markin 0,0506 258 Gorelov 0,0500 259 Agafonov 0,0499 260 Berezin 0,0499 261 Ermolaev 0,0495 262 Zubkov 0,0495 263 Kupriyanov 0,0495 264 Trifonov 0,0495 265 Maslennikov 0,0488 266 Kruglov 0,0486 267 Tretyakov 0,0486 268 Kolosov 0,0485 269 Rozhkov 0,0485 270 Artamonov 0,0482 271 Shmelev 0,0481 272 Laptev 0,0478 273 Lapshin 0,0468 274 Fedoseev 0,0467 275 Zinoviev 0,0465 276 Zorin 0,0465 277 Utkin 0,0464 278 Stolyarov 0,0461 279 Teeth 0,0458 280 Tkachev 0,0454 281 Dorofeev 0,0450 282 Antipov 0,0447 283 Zavyalov 0,0447 284 Sviridov 0,0447 285 Zolotarev 0,0446 286 Kulakov 0,0446 287 Meshcheryakov 0,0444 288 Makeev 0,0436 289 Dyakonov 0,0434 290 Gulyaev 0,0433 291 Petrovsky 0,0432 292 Bondarev 0,0430 293 Pozdnyakov 0,0430 294 Panfilov 0,0427 295 Kochetkov 0,0426 296 Sukhanov 0,0425 297 Ryzhov 0,0422 298 Starostin 0,0421 299 Kalmykov 0,0418 300 Kolesov 0,0416 301 Zolotov 0,0415 302 Kravtsov 0,0414 303 Subbotin 0,0414 304 Shubin 0,0414 305 Shchukin 0,0412 306 Losev 0,0411 307 Vinokurov 0,0409 308 Lapin 0,0409 309 Parfenov 0,0409 310 Isakov 0,0407 311 Golovanov 0,0402 312 Korovin 0,0402 313 Rozanov 0,0401 314 Artyomov 0,0400 315 Kozyrev 0,0400 316 Rusakov 0,0398 317 Aleshin 0,0397 318 Kryuchkov 0,0397 319 Bulgakov 0,0395 320 Koshelev 0,0391 321 Sychev 0,0391 322 Sinitsyn 0,0390 323 Black 0,0383 324 Rogov 0,0381 325 Kononov 0,0379 326 Lavrentiev 0,0377 327 Evseev 0,0376 328 Pimenov 0,0376 329 Panteleev 0,0374 330 Goryachev 0,0373 331 Anikin 0,0372 332 Lopatin 0,0372 333 Rudakov 0,0372 334 Odintsov 0,0370 335 Serebryakov 0,0370 336 Pankov 0,0369 337 Degtyarev 0,0367 338 Nuts 0,0367 339 Tsarev 0,0363 340 Shuvalov 0,0356 341 Kondrashov 0,0355 342 Goryunov 0,0353 343 Dubrovin 0,0353 344 Golikov 0,0349 345 Kurochkin 0,0348 346 Latyshev 0,0348 347 Sevastyanov 0,0348 348 Vavilov 0,0346 349 Erofeev 0,0345 350 Salnikov 0,0345 351 Klyuev 0,0344 352 Noskov 0,0339 353 Ozerov 0,0339 354 Koltsov 0,0338 355 Komissarov 0,0337 356 Merkulov 0,0337 357 Kireev 0,0335 358 Khomyakov 0,0335 359 Bulatov 0,0331 360 Ananiev 0,0329 361 Burov 0,0327 362 Shaposhnikov 0,0327 363 Druzhinin 0,0324 364 Ostrovsky 0,0324 365 Shevelev 0,0320 366 Dolgov 0,0319 367 Suslov 0,0319 368 Shevtsov 0,0317 369 Pastukhov 0,0316 370 Rubtsov 0,0313 371 Bychkov 0,0312 372 Glebov 0,0312 373 Ilyinsky 0,0312 374 Uspensky 0,0312 375 Dyakov 0,0310 376 Kochetov 0,0310 377 Vishnevsky 0,0307 378 Vysotsky 0,0305 379 Glukhov 0,0305 380 Dubov 0,0305 381 Bessonov 0,0302 382 Sitnikov 0,0302 383 Astafiev 0,0300 384 Meshkov 0,0300 385 Sharov 0,0300 386 Yashin 0,0299 387 Kozlovsky 0,0298 388 Tumanov 0,0298 389 Basov 0,0296 390 Korchagin 0,0295 391 Boldyrev 0,0293 392 Oleinikov 0,0293 393 Chumakov 0,0293 394 Fomichev 0,0291 395 Gubanov 0,0289 396 Dubinin 0,0289 397 Shulgin 0,0289 398 Kasatkin 0,0285 399 Pirogov 0,0285 400 Semin 0,0285 401 Troshin 0,0284 402 Gorokhov 0,0282 403 Old men 0,0282 404 Shcheglov 0,0281 405 Fetisov 0,0279 406 Kolpakov 0,0278 407 Chesnokov 0,0278 408 Zykov 0,0277 409 Vereshchagin 0,0274 410 Minaev 0,0272 411 Rudnev 0,0272 412 Troitsky 0,0272 413 Okulov 0,0271 414 Shiryaev 0,0271 415 Malinin 0,0270 416 Cherepanov 0,0270 417 Izmailov 0,0268 418 Alekhine 0,0265 419 Zelenin 0,0265 420 Kasyanov 0,0265 421 Pugachev 0,0265 422 Pavlovsky 0,0264 423 Chizhov 0,0264 424 Kondratov 0,0263 425 Voronkov 0,0261 426 Kapustin 0,0261 427 Sotnikov 0,0261 428 Demyanov 0,0260 429 Kosarev 0,0257 430 Belikov 0,0254 431 Sukharev 0,0254 432 Belkin 0,0253 433 Bespalov 0,0253 434 Kulagin 0,0253 435 Savitsky 0,0253 436 Zharov 0,0253 437 Khromov 0,0251 438 Eremeev 0,0250 439 Kartashov 0,0250 440 Astakhov 0,0246 441 Rusanov 0,0246 442 Sukhov 0,0246 443 Veshnyakov 0,0244 444 Voloshin 0,0244 445 Kozin 0,0244 446 Khudyakov 0,0244 447 Zhilin 0,0242 448 Malakhov 0,0239 449 Sizov 0,0237 450 Yezhov 0,0235 451 Tolkachev 0,0235 452 Anokhin 0,0232 453 Vdovin 0,0232 454 Babushkin 0,0231 455 Usov 0,0231 456 Lykov 0,0229 457 Gorlov 0,0228 458 Korshunov 0,0228 459 Markelov 0,0226 460 Postnikov 0,0225 461 Black 0,0225 462 Dorokhov 0,0224 463 Sveshnikov 0,0224 464 Gushchin 0,0222 465 Kalugin 0,0222 466 Blokhin 0,0221 467 Surkov 0,0221 468 Kochergin 0,0219 469 Greeks 0,0217 470 Kazantsev 0,0217 471 Shvetsov 0,0217 472 Ermilov 0,0215 473 Paramonov 0,0215 474 Agapov 0,0214 475 Minin 0,0214 476 Kornev 0,0212 477 Chernyaev 0,0212 478 Gurov 0,0210 479 Ermolov 0,0210 480 Somov 0,0210 481 Dobrynin 0,0208 482 Barsukov 0,0205 483 Glushkov 0,0203 484 Chebotarev 0,0203 485 Moskvin 0,0201 486 Uvarov 0,0201 487 Bezrukov 0,0200 488 Muratov 0,0200 489 Rakov 0,0198 490 Snegirev 0,0198 491 Gladkov 0,0197 492 Zlobin 0,0197 493 Morgunov 0,0197 494 Polikarpov 0,0197 495 Ryabinin 0,0197 496 Sudakov 0,0196 497 Kukushkin 0,0193 498 Kalachev 0,0191 499 Mushrooms 0,0190 500 Elizarov 0,0190 Zvyagintsev 0,0190 Korolkov 0,0190 Fedosov 0,0190
Historians every year expand the list of nominal nicknames of Slavic origin. Many would be interested to know their origins. But sometimes it is impossible to determine this by the sound itself, since various suffixes, prefixes and prefixes were added to the derived word for years, distorting its original meaning.
Russian names and surnames
To determine the origin of a person's kind, they use his passport data. The key points are the root of the word, which forms Russian names and surnames. They differ in prevalence. By the sound, one can determine the eminence of the clan or the belonging of the ancestors to different social groups and castes of society: peasants, boyars, clergy. The etymology of some includes archaisms and strange foundations; to determine these yourself, you can use the reference book.
Origin
Derivatives and roots can originate from the nicknames of ancestors, funny nicknames, names, directions of activity. The origin of Russian surnames, in most cases, is unraveled in its etymology. One should take an interest in this clue, because through it one can learn about an outstanding ancestor or the eminence of the family. For those who want to determine the origins of their generic nickname, there are alphabetical collections that are replenished and updated annually, on their pages almost everyone can find out the history of their name.
Most popular derivatives:
- On behalf of the ancestor (whose? Whose will you be?) - Ivanov, Sidorov, Kuzmin, Petrov.
- From geographical names - Vyazemsky, Stroganov, Smolensky.
- From the nicknames of the representatives of the clergy - Rozhdestvensky, Preobrazhensky, Uspensky.
- From the names of plants and animals - Sokolova, Orlova, Zayats, Lebedeva, Golubeva.
- From counts and boyars titles - Minin, Tikhomirov, Tikhonravov, Godunov.
Meaning
The etymology and the formation of a name of its own kind are of interest to an increasing number of people. The meaning of Russian surnames is clarified when determining the root part of a word, it indicates the meaning. The meaning of family names like Bondarev, Kovalev, Shevtsov - indicate the craft that someone from the family was engaged in. Muzzle, Stoyan, Brave - on the external or internal characteristics of an individual. All members of the family were named by the nickname of the head of the family, and this was passed down from generation to generation.
When surnames appeared in Russia
The assignment of a generic nickname to identify each genus began to take shape from the 15th century. When surnames appeared in Russia, initially they belonged to representatives of the upper strata of society: boyars and aristocrats, later, in the 18th century, to church ministers. Until the 19th century, peasants and artisans received their nicknames. Their genus names were derived from the nicknames of one of the family members or occupation. In historical scrolls and records, enumerations were found explaining this phenomenon: "Vasily, son of Kuznetsov ... Ivan, son of Khlebnikov"
How many surnames in Russia
The study of this data is still in question. The absolutely correct numerical value has not been deduced, which could answer exactly the question of how many surnames exist in Russia today. Researchers have undertaken such a difficult task only a few times, about 250 thousand meanings are officially included in the collection, and these lists are constantly being replenished with new forms of once given nicknames.
Declination of surnames in Russian
The rules of the Russian language strictly define the spelling and pronunciation of passport data. The declension of surnames in the Russian language occurs according to the following basic rules: standard ones are declined as adjectives, and those of foreign origin as nouns. They do not incline with a zero ending, or ending in a consonant sound (Bondar, Nitsevich, Ponomar), with the ending in -o (Petrenko, Shevchenko, Kovalenko), foreign in -a, -ya (Barnava, Okidzhava, Zola).
The most common surname in Russia
Boris Ubengaun was the first to start compiling a directory that lists the names of Russia. There are collected various variations due to the process of transformation of popular nicknames. Each position has an explanation (highlighted parts of word formation, which interpret the essence of a particular word). There are positions that can be found more often, there are those that are very rare. The data were taken on the basis of the population census of the city of St. Petersburg.
Common surnames in Russia:
- Vladimirov;
- Sergeev;
- Petrov;
- Ivanov.
Beautiful Russian surnames
There are people whose generic nicknames fascinate with their sound. These include derived from place names or long nicknames given to church ministers. Such an etymology is rare, it sounds aristocratic melodic. Many people change the generic data in the passport in order to get a name that stands out from the crowd and is beautiful. Lucky people are considered to be those to whom it was inherited.
The most beautiful surnames in Russia:
- Preobrazhensky;
- Tsezarev;
- Christmas;
- Vyazemsky;
- Uspensky.
Slavic
There are names of the genus that originated from the ancient Slavs. These nicknames are very rare and therefore valuable for historians. Their small number is due to the fact that derivatives originate from the names of pagan gods or Old Church Slavonic names. With the advent of Christianity, such nicknames were categorically banned, people were massively baptized and renamed, because those who have preserved them to this day are a find, a vivid example of pagan culture.
Old Slavic surnames, examples:
- Yarilo;
- Dovbush;
- Confused;
- Lada;
- Pious;
- Dobrynin;
- Peaceful.
Popular
According to the population census conducted in the 80s of the last century, under the former USSR, about 50% of the rural and 35% of the urban population bear generic nicknames, formed according to the principle of patronymic with the addition of suffixes. This study is recognized as the highest quality and most detailed up to our times. Popular Russian surnames: Sidorov, Smirnov, Kuzmin, Vasiliev. The second most frequent are nicknames that indicate the type of activity: Kuznetsov, Bondarev, Reznikov, Khlebnikov, etc.
Rare Russian surnames
It is difficult to compile a reliable list that includes all items. But the main ones have been selected. It is not often possible to meet people who wear a family nickname that completely coincides with a geographical name or is formed from a combination of two words. There are few of those who were fortunate enough to become the namesake of famous historical figures and heroes of literary novels.
Rare surnames in Russia:
- Astrakhan;
- Kamchatka;
- Aybogin;
- Cool pepper;
- Crusoe;
- Karenin.
Funny
Sometimes, among friends, there are family nicknames, which involuntarily cause a smile with their comicality. They surprise fellow citizens, and especially foreigners, with their pronunciation, they consist of adding the stems of any nouns or verbs, they can denote a funny or strange action, name objects, the name of which sounds strange in a human name. A person who has to wear them can hardly be called lucky.
Funny Russian surnames:
- Bone gnawing;
- Mozgoedov;
- Popkin;
- Rzhach;
- Login;
- Khachapuri;
- Govnodedov;
- Snot.
Russian noble families
Their owners can not doubt the high title of someone of their kind, they were assigned exclusively to nobles, boyars, high-ranking officials. People close to high positions and ruling power. They can also be merchants. The presence of such titular nicknames among the peasantry, workers from the common population or artisans is excluded, their mere presence spoke of the high social status of their owner.
Russian noble surnames:
- Stroganov;
- Godunov;
- Tikhomirov;
- Minin;
- Novgorodtsev;
- Tikhonravov;
- Ventsenossev.
Old Russian
This term denotes not only the Old Slavonic nicknames of the times of paganism, but also those that, in their etymology, denote outdated concepts and words of ancient use, eradicated from modern speech. Interesting to consider are generic nicknames that call old monetary units, household items, crafts that are not found in the modern world. All these signs indicate the age of the genus and the roots that go far.
Old Russian surnames:
- Kunin;
- Altynov;
- Kalita;
- Zlatnikov;
- Pryalkin;
- Kozhemyaka;
- Bandurov.
Rating of surnames in Russia
Compiled top 100 items that can often be found in the passports of fellow citizens. All of them were selected based on the reference book and ordered during the census throughout the year. This information will be especially interesting for girls, because everyone dreams of meeting her man and getting married. Statistics say that 89% of cases, women switch to a male generic nickname at marriage. Such a top will clearly show the most likely options that each one may face. The section includes 10 first positions.
- Ivanov;
- Smirnov;
- Kuznetsov;
- Popov;
- Sokolov;
- Vasiliev;
- Fedorov;
- Novikov;
- Egorov;
- Kozlov.
Famous Russian surnames
Their list is compiled on the basis of the frequency of use among the population. The most popular surname in Russia is Ivanov. Even foreigners know about it, associating with it all the names of Russian compatriots. She went down in history and became a classic. For example, in the German language, such a nickname has become - Müller, in America and Britain - Smith, Poland - Novak or Kovalsky, Georgia - Mamedov.
This surname Tserkovny in a number of cases is of Polish origin and is formed either from Poland itself, or from neighboring states (Belarus, Ukraine). The overwhelming majority of representatives of the Tserkovny family belonged to the Polish gentry. In 10% percent, the bearer of the surname is possibly a descendant of an ancient Russian princely or boyar family. But in both cases, the surname mainly indicates the area where the distant ancestors of a person lived or the settlement, where, according to legends, this genus originates, but the surname can also come from a nickname or the name of a distant ancestor. It can be assumed that in 24% of cases this surname was given by an ancestor by a clergyman when he graduated from the seminary. Usually such a surname was given at the behest of the school leadership and could be formed from the name of a city, village, or saint.
The surname Church is considered to be poorly distributed on the territory of Russia and neighboring countries. In the surviving chronicle texts, citizens with this surname belonged to the class of aristocracy from the Slavic Pskov merchants in the 16th-17th centuries, who had great royal privilege at their disposal. The initial evidence of the surname can be found in the index of the census of All Russia in the era of the reign of Ivan the Terrible. The ruler kept a certain list of respected and euphonious surnames, which were given to relatives only in case of special merits or awards. Thus, the specified surname conveyed a personal unique origin and is exceptional.
Surname spelling in Latin: TSERKOVNYIY
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Initially, surnames did not exist in Russia. What in the ancient chronicles resembled modern Russian surnames had a completely different meaning. So, for example, Ivan Petrov, translated into modern language meant Ivan the son of Petrov (Ivan Petrovich). In addition, the common forms - Shemyaka, Chobot and even Ghoul, were personal nicknames that were given to a person and rather rarely passed on to his descendants.
Common Russian surnames of the upper class denoted either belonging to a royal or princely family (Rurikovich, Gedeminovich), or referred to the places where the family of a noble person came from (Vyazemsky, the city of Vyazma; Belsky, the city of Bely; Rzhevsky, the city of Rzhev).
The formation of generic names began due to the combination of the root stem of the name of the founder of the genus or his nickname and suffixes, prefixes, endings.
The basis of the surname of men and girls allows us to reveal how it came about. The most common suffixes involved in the creation of generic names are -ov / ova, -ev / eva, -in / ina. Other popular suffixes are "-yn / yna", "-sky / sky", "-skoy", "-tsky / tskoy / tskaya".
500 years of surname formation
For the first time the assignment of a name to the family took place in the 15th century. The stage of assigning a generic name in the 19th century ended. The history of the formation of surnames in Russia is very similar to the process of the emergence of surnames in other states. The sources for the creation of a generic name were geographical names, professions of the founder of the genus, crafts, and others. First of all, they were awarded to the representatives of the upper class, while the peasants and the poor were the last to receive them.
Many surnames are not subject to the simplest analysis and quick decoding. They require careful study of the nuances. This is mainly due to the history of a particular genus. All Russian surnames have a root and an additional particle. The root is always endowed with lexical meaning. So, in the surname Ivanov, he is the name Ivan, Kuznetsov is the profession of a blacksmith. The majority of family names have a clear answer to the question "Whose?" or "Whose will you be?"
The most beautiful surnames of representatives of the clergy
Representatives of the clergy received beautiful male generic names in the second half of the 18th century. The root basis in this case was the name of the parish or church. Until that moment, the ministers of the church did not need a generic name. It was customary to call them Father Fedor, Father Alexander, and so on. Since the 18th century, they were given surnames such as Rozhdestvensky, Uspensky, Pokrovsky, Blagoveshchensky, and so on.
Many clergymen received a generic name upon graduation from theological seminary. In this case, it could sound like Athenian, Cypress, Tikhomirov and others. Under such circumstances, the most profound surnames were selected for the clergy. If a student had a bad reputation, he was awarded a name, the meaning of which was negative. Basically, they came from bad biblical characters.
Count surnames or Orthodox
Women's surnames in Russia, as history reports, were formed in the same way as men's - by means of suffixes and prefixes. The most popular generic names of girls come from proper names, as well as the names of birds and animals. Counts' surnames sound good, but no less beautiful and neutral. Such beautiful generic names as Illarionova, Vladimirova, Romanova, Pavlova originated from proper names.
The list of Russian female surnames derived from birds and animals includes the most sonorous of them: Strizhenova, Sokolov, Orlova, Lebedev. Many popular ones are endowed with deep meaning, such as Generous or Wise, Slavic. Among them, there may be unusual ones, such as the Motherland. All beautiful generic names for girls are contained in the Dictionary of Russian surnames, where they are presented alphabetically.
The most noble generic names - Voskresenskaya, Preobrazhenskaya, Rozhdestvenskaya - have an Orthodox connotation.
Strength and nobility, vocation and profession
Male surnames are of great importance in the life of a modern person. Every girl strives to acquire a worthy surname after marriage. Of course, among men, not only beautiful county generic names are popular, but also those that carry a semantic load. The surnames, which are based on the names of church parishes, geographical objects and proper names, are recognized as excellent. It's hard to argue with that.
The surnames Makovetsky, otherwise the owner of Makovets and Bondarchuk, derived from a professional nickname, are quite famous today in cinematographic circles. Other famous male generic names are Tikhonravov, Ilyin, Dobrovolsky, Pobedonostsev. As it is easy to see, in Russian history the most memorable cultural and political figures with magnificent generic names.
Each generic name has its own history and meaning. An example of beautiful surnames based on a geographical name are Beloozerov, Shuisky, Gorsky, Vyazemsky. The origin of Russian surnames is initially associated with the implantation of meaning in them, which will be passed on from generation to generation.
Orthodoxy has presented many interesting surnames
The dictionary of Russian surnames contains quite interesting and unusual examples. Many such generic names originally belonged to the Orthodox clergy. These include such surnames as Gilyarovsky, Luminants, Hyacinths, Ptolemies and Tsezarev. With each century, the number of unusual surnames is increasing. It can be seen that unusual generic names are of Muslim and Buddhist origin. Do not be surprised, since the emergence of such a phenomenon as a surname on the globe took place at approximately the same time and in equal circumstances.
Such generic names are very beautiful and many of them are popular today. Of course, most often there are people with "professional" surnames - Rybnikov, Goncharov, Khlebnikov. A large percentage is occupied by Russian surnames of "nominal" origin - Ilyin, Sergeev, Ivanov, Vladimirov. Over time, surnames of Russian origin acquired foreign shades. So, the Russian Dobrovolsky turned into Benevolensky, and Nadezhdin into Speransky.
At the heart of the name is not to take away popularity
History has decreed that male surnames become popular if the root is the name of the founder of the genus. Today you can count in Russia a considerable number of Sergeevs, Vladimirovs and Ivanovs. The most common names are Petrov, Sidorov, Alekseev and others. "Professional" generic names make up a large percentage of the total. Surnames based on the names of animals and geographical objects are less "successful".
Selected personalities, successors of the clans, bear the count's and boyar surnames, like Pobedonostsev, Godunov, Tikhonravov, Novgorodtsev, Stroganov or Minin. Of course, the finest of surnames are still of ecclesiastical or parish origin. The dictionary of Russian surnames contains a great variety of them, from the most incredible and isolated to the most famous.
Video: Russian surnames
In modern society, surnames of a spiritual origin are quite common, and many of their carriers do not even suspect that a distant ancestor could belong to the spiritual class. Spiritual (sometimes they are also called seminary) surnames are not only Epiphany, Agrov or Cherubim; but also, for example: Skvortsov, Zverev, Kasimovsky, Boretsky, Velikanov, Svetlov, Golovin, Tikhomirov and many others.
Determine, then at least assume the social status, or rather the class affiliation of their ancestors, is possible only if they passed on spiritual surnames to their descendants. Most of the other Russian surnames, in general, are all-estates. Including "loud" noblemen. For example, the Gagarins. These are representatives of the ancient princely family; as well as Smolensk peasants, and their descendant - Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin. Or another example. The remarkable writer of the Russian diaspora Mikhail Andreevich Osorgin (1878-1942) wrote under a literary pseudonym. His real name was Ilyin, and the Ufa nobles Ilyins were descendants of Rurik. So the “simple” surname Ilyin could be worn by the Rurik, as well as merchants, burghers, and peasants.
But among the Orthodox clergy, the Ilyins were few. This is explained by the fact that at the end of the 18th - first third of the 19th century, a unique “surname-forming” process took place in the clergy. Everywhere, when a student entered the Theological School or Theological Seminary, he was assigned a new sonorous or original surname.
An interesting description of this era was left in his memoirs, published in 1882 in the journal "Russian antiquity", professor of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy Dmitry Ivanovich Rostislavov (1809-1877).
“At the time that I am describing, and even for a long time, the family names of most of the clergy were of little use ... My father, despite his deanery position, signed on all reports of the consistory and to Bishop Ivan Martynov. Then the brothers who studied in theological educational institutions often had different surnames, for example, from grandfather's children, my father was called Tumsky, uncle Ivan - Veselchakov, and uncle Vasily - Krylov.
… On the basis of this custom, clergy, giving their children to school, gave them such names or nicknames that for some reason they liked. Simple people, not inventive, not scientists, took into account in this case either:
1) the name of the village, so for example, of the fourteen villages of the Kasimovsky district belonging to Meshchora, only Cherkasovo and Frol, as far as I remember, did not give nicknames to the children of their clergy, and from the others came the well-known Tumsky and Tuminy, Birenevs, Leskovs, Palinsky, Peshchurovs, Kurshins, Verikodvorsky, Gusevs, Parmins, Palishchins and Prudins;
2) temple holidays: from here there are many Voznesenskiy, Uspenskiy, Ilyinskiy ...;
3) the title of the father: hence the Protopopovs, Popovs, Dyachkovs, Dyakovs, Ponomarevs; it is remarkable that the words “priest” and “clerk” were not popular; I do not remember a single seminarian with the surname of Priests or Priestniks;
... Those who studied in seminaries and generally found a claim to scholarship or wit, gave surnames to their children, in accordance with either the qualities that were noticed in them, or with the hopes that were counting on them. Hence, many Smirnovs, Krotkovs, Slavsky, Slavinsky, Pospelovs, Chistyakovs, Nadezhdins, Nadezhins, Razumovs, Razumovsky, Dobrynins, Dobrovs, Tverdovs, etc. Here, however, they were very fond of surnames composed of two words - especially those that included the words: God, good and good. Hence the countless Tikhomirovs, Ostroumovs, Mirolyubovs, Peacemakers, Milovidovs, Bogolyubovs, Blagosvetlovs, Blagonravovs, Blagonadovs, Blagonadezhdins, Pure Serdovs, Dobromyslovs, Dobrolyubovs, Dobronadezhdins, Dobrokhotovs, Dobrotvorskikh and so on.
... But the Russian language seemed insufficient for many, or perhaps it was necessary to show off the knowledge of Latin or Greek; hence the Speranskie, Amfitheatrovy, Palimsetovs, Urbanskie, Antiitrovy, Vitulins, Mescherovs.
The authorities themselves did not want to declare their participation in this matter either; some because the fathers themselves allowed them to give a nickname to their sons, while others even deprived the fathers of the right to do so. In this respect, the superintendent of the Skopinsky school, Ilya Rossov, was remarkable. For the names of his students, he used all the sciences, especially the natural sciences and history: he had the Orlovs, Solovievs, Volkovs, Lisitsins, Almazovs, Izumrudovs, Rumyantsevs, Suvorovs, and so on. and so on. One day he decided to distinguish himself before the leadership of the seminary and to draw his attention to his ingenuity. He sent in lists in which the students were entered, so to speak, in separate groups, according to the nature of their surnames, i.e. were written to a number of Rumyantsevs, Suvorovs, Kutuzovs, then Orlovs, Solovyovs, Ptitsyns, then Volkovs, Lisitsyns, Kunitsyns. But the board of the seminary returned the lists with a severe reprimand and ordered them to be drawn up according to the success of the students, and not according to the meaning of their surnames.
… Many fathers-rectors, academics, masters liked to be witty about their surnames. If for some reason they liked a student, then they changed his last name and gave another one, which seemed better to them. This ingenuity was distinguished by the rector of the Ryazan seminary, Iliodor ... He baptized my friend Dmitrov into Melioransky, a student of theology Kobylsky into Bogoslovsky, and so on.
When I was already at the academy, the Synod somehow guessed that it was necessary to put an end to this disorder, which was the cause of many misunderstandings in matters of inheritance. He issued a decree, which prescribed that all clergy and clergymen should be named and signed by their first and last names, so that their children had the names of their fathers. At this time, my father decided to act in a rather original way. He already had four children: I was in office, and the others were still studying, but all had my last name. He submitted a petition to the bishop that he himself was allowed to be called Rostislavov. My uncle Ivan Martynovich did the same: he changed from Veselchakov to Dobrovolsky, because that was the nickname of his eldest son, who was still studying at that time, it seems, in the seminary. I was very sorry that I didn’t know about my father’s intention to change his surname. I don’t know why he wanted to call me Rostislavov, but I didn’t like this surname, it would be more pleasant for me to be Tumsky ”.
Some spiritual or seminary surnames are known - "tracing". When Petukhov turned into Alektorov (from the Greek "Alektor" - rooster), Soloviev into Aedonitsky, Belov into Albanova, Nadezhdin into Speransky, and so on.
There were cases when a surname was chosen in honor of a famous or respected person. In the 1920s, the memoirs of the church historian Yevgeny Evsigneyevich Golubinsky (1834 - 1912), who was born in the Kostroma province in the family of the village priest E.F. Peskov, were published.
“When I was seven years old, my father began to think about how to take me to school. The first question for him was what surname to give me ... he wanted to give me the surname of some famous person in the spiritual world. It used to be that on a winter evening we lay down with my father on the stove to twilight, Ion would begin to sort out: Golubinsky, Delitsyn (who was known as a censor of spiritual books), Ternovsky (the father of the once famous teacher of the law of Moscow University, Doctor of Theology, the only one after Metropolitan Philaret), Pavsky Sakharov (the father of our Kostroma and his peer Yevgeny Sakharov, who was the rector of the Moscow Theological Academy and who died in the rank of Bishop of Simbirsky, understood), ending his listing with a question to me: "What surname do you like more?" After long deliberation, my father finally settled on the name "Golubinsky".
One more amusing episode can be cited from the memoirs published in 1879 in the journal “Russian Starina” (the name of their author, a rural priest, was not named). In 1835, his father brought him to the Saratov Theological School.
“Several hundred students crowded in the yard ... Some of the novices, huddled against the wall, with a piece of paper in their hands, memorized their last name. We, spiritual ones, as everyone already knows, have funny surnames. Where did they come from? It was like this: some father brings his boy to the school, puts him in an apartment, certainly to the artel. In the artel apartment, some giant syntaxist, who has been working on Latin and Greek conjugations for 10 years, certainly already dominates. Sometimes there were several such gentlemen in one apartment. The father turns to someone and asks: what, my dear sir, would I give my boy's last name? At that time he was pecking: tipto, tiptis, tipty ... - What surname to give ?! .. Tipto! Another, the same athlete, sits at this time, somewhere riding on the ridge of a hayloft or cellar and hollows: diligenter - diligently, male - bad ... He hears what they are asking about and yells: No, no! Give your son the nickname Diligenters, you hear: Diligenters! The third, the same cattle, sits astride the fence and yells a lesson from geography: Amsterdam, Harlem, Sardam, Gaga ... "No, no, - interrupts, - Give a nickname to the son of Amsterdam!" Everyone comes running, advice is made, i.e. screaming, swearing and sometimes with teeth cracks, and whose surname will remain. The wild boy cannot even utter how these urvans christened him. They write to him on a piece of paper and he walks and memorizes sometimes, really, almost a month. For a month, at least, it was that ask someone the teacher, and about ten people would rush into their pockets for a note, in order to cope, is he not called? That is the reason why we have spiritual, the surnames of the Excellencies of the Kolkhodyaschinsky were formed! I have witnessed such scenes more than once. I was already in the last class of the seminary, in 1847, when the Synod ordered that children bear the names of their fathers. But, for that, the Excellencies of the Kolkola community have been entrenched forever ”.
The originality of surnames in the clergy often became the subject of jokes. So, in the story of A.P. Chekhov “Surgery”, the deacon - Vonmiglasov (from the Church Slavonic “vonmi” - hear, listen); the deacon in the story "The Gimp" - Otlukavin.
On September 27, 1799, by the decree of Emperor Paul I, an independent Orenburg diocese was established. At the same time, the seat of the bishop was not the then provincial Orenburg, but Ufa. In June 1800, the Orenburg Theological Seminary was opened in Ufa. In our vast region, this was the first theological educational institution. And it can be assumed that, as elsewhere, it was within its walls that active "surname creativity" began. But it is worth noting that in the 18th century (that is, in the pre-seminar era), clerics with unusual surnames served in Ufa and the province: Rebelinsky, Ungvitsky, Basilevsky.
In 1893, in the “Ufa Provincial Gazette”, a local historian AV Chernikov-Anuchin published an article about the founder of the Bazilevsky family, and thanks to his work, the history of the emergence of this surname is known. The archpriest of the Sterlitamak cathedral Fyodor Ivanovich Bazilevsky (1757-1848) was the son of the priest of the Zilair fortress Fr. John Shishkov. In 1793, the deacon Fyodor Shishkov was ordained a deacon by the archbishop of Kazan Ambrose (Podobedov) to the Intercession Church in the city of Sterlitamak. At the same time, Vladyka "ordered the newly appointed deacon to write, henceforth, everywhere, not Shishkov, but Bazilevsky." Probably, the surname was formed from the title of the ancient Greek and then Byzantine emperors - basilé. The future millionaire gold miner and the most famous Ufa philanthropist Ivan Fedorovich Bazilevsky (1791-1876) was one of the first students of the Orenburg Theological Seminary opened in Ufa in June 1800, but he received his last name not in it, but from his father, to whom it was assigned at ordination.
Nevertheless, it can be assumed that most of the “indigenous” Ufa spiritual surnames appeared precisely in the seminary. Sometimes it is possible to trace the process of their formation. So in the 1880s, priest Viktor Yevsigneyevich Kasimovsky served in the Ufa diocese, his brother Vasily Yevsigneyevich (1832-1902) was a teacher at the Ufa Theological Seminary. In the revision tales of the Kasimov village of the Ufa district (now part of the Shaksha microdistrict), information has been preserved that the deacon Pyotr Fedorov died in 1798. In 1811, his 15-year-old son, Evsigney Kasimovsky, studied at the Orenburg Seminary. Thus, Yevsigney received his last name from the name of the village where his father served.
In 1809, the pupils of the Orenburg Theological Seminary (recall that she was in Ufa) had surnames:
Adamantov
Aktashevsky
Albinsky
Amanatsky
Berezovsky
Bogoroditsky
Boretsky
Brodsky
Bugulminsky
Bystritsky
Vinogradov
Vysotsky
Garantelsky
Gilyarovsky
Gumilevsky
Derzhavin
Dobrolyubov
Dolzhnikovsky
Dubravin
Dubrovsky
Euhoretensky
Zhdanovsky
Zelensky
Earthlings
Ivanovsky
Ilyinsky
Infantiev
Kazantsev
Kantserov
Karpinsky
Kasimovsky
Kataevsky
Kosmodemyanskiy
Krasavtsev
Krasnoyarsk
Kruglopolev
Lebedinsky
Levkovsky
Leporinsky
Lepyatsky
Magnitsky
Molchanov
Monsvetov
The embankment
Nadezhdin
Nikolsky
Petrovsky
Petropavlovsk
Pribylovsky
Protopopov
Rebelinsky
Christmas
Rufite
Rural
Sergievsky
Serebrennikov
Slovokhotov
Daredevils
Tobolkin
Tobolsk
Troitsky
Ungvitsky
Florinsky
Fragransky
Kholmogorov
Khrustalev
Chervinsky
Cheremshansky
Chistokhotov
Yasinsky
It can also be noted that some of the seminarians, even at the very beginning of the 19th century, bore simple surnames derived from their first names. There were also those who preserved their ancient ancestral families. So, for example, Cybardins. Back in the 1730s, Vasily Kibardin was a sexton in the palace village of Karakulin (now in the territory of Udmurtia). In the next more than 200 years, many Cybardins served in the Orenburg-Ufa diocese.
In the 19th century, clerics from the European part of Russia were transferred to our land. New spiritual surnames were translated and brought from their homeland. The first fairly complete list of the Ufa clergy (priests, deacons, psalmists) was published in the Reference Book of the Ufa province for 1882-1883. Among them, of course, were: Andreevs, Vasilievs, Makarovs; and those who bore “not quite” spiritual surnames: Babushkin, Kulagin, Polozov, Uvarov, Malyshev. But, nevertheless, for most of the clergy and clergymen, they were spiritual. Here are some.
Alemanov
Albanov
Albokrinov
Aravitsky
Argentovsky
Arkhangelsk
Belokurov
Belsky
Benevolensky
Berezhkovsky
Annunciation
Blagodatov
Blagonravov
Bogolyubov
Bogomolov
Bonomorsky
Vasilevsky
Vasnetsov
Vvedensky
Giants
Veselitsky
Viktorov
Vladislavlev
Voznesensky
Voskresensky
Galunsky
Gellertov
Generozov
Golovinsky
Grachevsky
Grebenev
Grigorovsky
Gromogolov
Gumensky
Dmitrovsky
Dobrodeev
Dobrotvorsky
Dobrokhotov
Dobrynin
Evarestov
Evforitsky
Erikalin
Zhelatelev
Zhelvitsky
Goldsmiths
Zlatoustovsky
Ishersky
Kazan
Kazyrsky
Kandaritsky
Kastorsky
Katansky
Cybardine
Cypress
Kleisterov
Kovalevsky
Kolokoltsov
Kondaritsky
Konstantinovsky
Of contracts
Kotelnikov
Kochunovsky
Krasnoseltsev
Krechetov
Kuvshinsky
Kyshtymov
Lavrovsky
Levitsky
Lisnevsky
Logovsky
Lucinschi
Lupersolsky
Lutetsky
Lyapustin
Malinovkin
Malinovsky
Mediolan
Milessky
Minervin
Mirolyubov
Mislavsky
Mikhailovsky
Mont Blanc
Nazaretov
Nalimsky
Nekrutov
Nesmelov
Nikitsky
Nikolsky
Samples
Ostroumov
Paktovsky
Peretersky
Pechenevsky
Podbelsky
Pokrovsky
Bedspreads
Polyantsev
Ponomarev
Pohvalensky
Preobrazhensky
Protectors
Pustynsky
Razumovsky
Rechensky
Rhodes
Rumyantsev
Sagatsky
Saltykov
Satrapinsky
Satserdotov
Svetlovzorov
Northeast
Silievsky
Simoneysky
Skvortsov
Soloviev.
Sophoterov
Speransky
Starosivilsky
Strezhnev
Suzdal
Ternovsky
Tikhanovsky
Tikhovidov
Tikhomirov
Tuberozov
Uvodsky
Uspensky
Falkovsky
Feliksov
Fenelonov
Feofilaktov
Finance
Cherubims
Khlebodarov
Tsaregradskiy
Celarite
Tsiprovsky
Tsirkulinsky
Suitcases
Yulovsky
Yunovidov
After in the 1830-1840s by the decrees of the Synod, the family “disorder” was terminated, their share began to gradually decrease, but in the first third of the XX century it was still quite high. So, according to information from the Address-calendar of the Ufa province for 1917, more than half of the priests had clearly spiritual surnames. Except those mentioned above.
Aleshinsky
Alyakrinsky
Berkutov
Bobrovsky
Bogdanov
Theological
Epiphany
Vostokov
Gellertov
Gornostaev
Grammakov
Zadorozhin
Zemlyanitsky
Callistov
Kondakov
Konetkin
Lastochkin
Leporinsky
Logochevsky
Makarievsky
Mokrinsky
Daffodils
Novorussky
Pavinsky
Parisky
Peschansky
Pochinyaev
Razsypinsky
Svetozarov
Serdobolsky
Spassky
Talankin
Talents
One may ask why something like this did not happen, for example, among the merchants? Why were the nobles in no hurry to part with sometimes very dissonant surnames: the Durovs, the Svinins, the Kuroyedovs?
In his "Little things of the episcopal life" N.S. Leskov wrote about the Oryol "clergy" who were unusually interested in him since childhood: "they disposed me to themselves ... class originality, in which I sensed incomparably more life than in those so-called" good manners ", the suggestion of which tormented me with the pretentious circle of my Oryol relatives." In all likelihood, the "estate originality" stemmed from the fact that the clergy were the most educated class of Russian society.
If in 1767, when drawing up an order to the Legislated Commission, more than half of the Ufa nobles (due to ignorance of the letter) could not even sign it, in the family of priests Rebelinsky, already in the middle of the 18th century, and possibly even earlier, a home memorable book was kept in which events were recorded that they had witnessed. Later, several Rebelinsky kept personal diaries, wrote memoirs and memoirs. The priest of the Zilair fortress Ivan Shishkov, since there were no religious schools or seminaries in the region, in the 1770s he was able to give his son only home education. At the same time, the future respected and highly enlightened Sterlitamak Archpriest Fyodor Ivanovich Bazilevsky learned: literacy, numeracy, the Law of God, church charter and singing according to church use.
The very first secondary educational institution of the vast Orenburg-Ufa province was precisely the Theological Seminary, opened in Ufa in 1800. The first men's gymnasium began its activity almost thirty years later - in 1828.
Until the 1840s, the main subject in seminaries was Latin, which was studied to the point of fluency. In the middle grades, pupils were taught to write poetry and make speeches in Latin. In higher education all lectures were read in Latin, seminarians read ancient and Western European theological and philosophical works and passed exams in Latin. In the Ufa Seminary, already in 1807, classes of medicine and drawing were opened, in 1808 of French and German. Since the 1840s, Latin has become one of the general education disciplines. In addition to theological and liturgical subjects, the Ufa Seminary studied: civil and natural history, archeology, logic, psychology, poetry, rhetoric, physics, medicine, agriculture, algebra, geometry, surveying, Jewish, Greek, Latin, German, French, Tatar and Chuvash languages. Most of the graduates became parish priests, but there were also those who then served in various secular institutions (officials, teachers). Some seminarians entered higher spiritual and secular educational institutions - theological academies, universities.
In 1897, according to the data of the first general population census in the Ufa province, among the nobility and officials, literate was 56.9%, among the clergy - 73.4%, urban estates - 32.7%. Among the nobles and officials who received an education above the primary, there were 18.9%, among the clergy -36.8%, urban estates - 2.75.
Especially in the 19th century, the clergy regularly supplied the intelligentsia to the Russian state, and among the names of famous scientists, doctors, teachers, writers, and artists there are many spiritual ones. It is no coincidence that the embodiment of talent, civilization, originality and general culture is the son of the cathedral archpriest, Bulgakov's Philip Philipovich Preobrazhensky.