The composition “The strength and weakness of Bazarov's nihilism. The strength and weakness of nihilism evgeniya bazarova What is the strength of the weakness of nihilism

The protagonist of Ivan Turgenev's novel "Fathers and Sons" is Evgeny Bazarov. He calls himself a nihilist. Nihilism is a belief based on the denial of all previous experience of human thought, on the destruction of traditions and social norms. In Russia, this social movement intensified in the 60-70s of the 19th century, at a turning point. The novel takes place in 1859, before the abolition of serfdom. Nihilism at the time was perceived by the ruling classes as a social and cultural danger. I.S.Turgenev gives an objective assessment

(1 estimates, average: 5.00 out of 5)

Other compositions:

1. In the first part of the novel, Bazarov is a relatively integral personality. He is confident that he knows the fundamental needs of the people, and that his negative direction serves the interests of the people. In a conversation with Arkady, Bazarov bluntly declares: “A Russian person is only good because he himself Read More ......
2. I. S. Turgenev's novel "Fathers and Sons" tells about the ideological contradictions of the liberal nobility and the emerging democracy. The main character is Evgeny Bazarov, a “nihilist,” as he calls himself. The word "nihilist" comes from the Latin word "nugul", that is, "nothing", negation. Arkady Kirsanov Read More ......
3. “Fathers and Sons” is one of the best works of I. S. Turgenev, I would say, his summit creation. Nowhere before has the debate of ideologies reached such force as in this novel. And the conflict here is not only in the relationship between "fathers" and "children", i.e. Read More ......
4. The focus of the novel "Fathers and Sons" is the conflict between Evgeny Vasilyevich Bazarov and Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov. Evgeny Bazarov appears before us as a not very courteous person who does not give in to all kinds of flattery and praise. He immediately feels the character of the interlocutor. Introduced himself Read More ......
5. Nihilism (from Lat. Nihil - nothing) is an ideological position, expressed in denying the meaningfulness of human existence, the significance of generally accepted moral and cultural values; non-recognition of any authorities. For the first time, a person preaching nihilism was presented in Turgenev's novel Fathers and Sons. Read More ...... adhered to this ideological position.
6. Throughout the ages, man has striven to cognize his “I”. One of the main, perhaps the main goals of art is to reveal this secret. To open to a person the depths of his soul, to make him better, stronger - to one degree or another every writer achieves this. Read More ......
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8. What is the essence of Bazarov's nihilism? The novel "Fathers and Sons" is directed against the nobility. This is not the only work by Turgenev written in this spirit (remember at least “Notes of a Hunter”), but it is especially distinguished by the fact that in it the writer denounced not individual nobles, but the whole Read More ......

"Nihilist, - said Nikolai Petrovich. - This is from the Latin nihil, nothing ... this word means a person who ... who does not recognize anything?" characterize nihilism - a popular philosophical trend in the 60s of the 19th century. One gets a strange feeling - the followers of nihilism do not recognize or respect anything. What, then, is their worldview based on? Only on denial?

In the novel, the nihilist is the main character - Evgeny Bazarov, a commoner, a student of the medical faculty. This hero shocks with his "nihilistic" statements by Nikolai Petrovich and, especially, Pavel Petrovich Kirsanovs. Bazarov denies all the authorities that old people worship: "But why would I begin to recognize them? And what will I believe? They will tell me the case, I agree, that's all."

This hands-on approach is applied by the hero to "great" people in all walks of life, from philosophy to art. "Why do you think these people have done something great and their words are true?" - the nihilist asks, and the Kirsanovs do not know what to answer him.

Bazarov looks cynical and even ruthless. In the first part of the novel, he is self-confident to the extreme, which causes uncontrollable irritation of Pavel Petrovich. The hero believes that he is above others, especially the "old men", and takes for granted the worship of Arkady and others.

In addition, Bazarov does not recognize anything abstract, ephemeral, or distant. He believes only in what can be touched with his hands, he believes only in frogs that can bring specific benefits to specific people: "A decent chemist is twenty times more useful than any poet."

Evgeny Vasilievich does not recognize the soul, and therefore, great feelings, emotions. So, for example, this hero reduces love to physiology, arguing that instincts play the main role in the relationship between a man and a woman: "Whoever she is, ... only she has such shoulders that I have not seen for a long time."

But it was love that was destined to smash Bazarov's entire theory, destroy his worldview, smash his conviction to smithereens. Having met Anna Sergeevna Odintsova, Bazarov is convinced that, contrary to his beliefs, a woman can be beautiful, intelligent, educated, ironic. In a word, a woman can be brilliant, she can be equal to a man, even one like Bazarov.

Unbeknownst to himself, this hero falls in love; falls in love strongly, passionately, hopelessly. At that moment, he realizes that love, which he so vehemently denied, exists. And that he is not at all a special person, but the same as the "fathers" whom he contemptuously ridiculed.

We see that Bazarov not only painfully experiences his love, but also begins to think about death, about what kind of "monument" the living will erect for him. He is experiencing a turning point, a crisis, and now Eugene does not have a clear and clear answer to the question about the meaning of life, which previously did not cause difficulties. Most of all, the nihilist is afraid of the thought of the "grass of oblivion", of the "burdock", which will be the only "monument" to him.

Thus, in the process of the development of the novel, the hero undergoes colossal changes. In the novel's finale, we are not confronted with the self-confident and dogmatic empiricist Bazarov, but the “new” Bazarov, solving the “damned”, “Hamlet’s” questions. An admirer of experience and natural-scientific solutions to all the riddles and secrets of human life, Bazarov faced what he had previously unconditionally denied. And I could not rethink my position, change my principles. Therefore, he dies.

With his work, Turgenev shows that the very essence of nihilism is erroneous and destructive. Positive aspects (great attention to the practical side of life, criticality of mind, rationalism and pragmatism) grow into absurdity among nihilists - a denial of what is the basis of human existence.

But "eternal" values ​​(love, nature, art) are not capable of shaking even the most consistent nihilism. And, on the contrary, a conflict with these values ​​can lead a person to a conflict with himself, to painful, fruitless reflection and the loss of the meaning of life. This is the main lesson of Bazarov's tragic fate.

The novel "Fathers and Sons" was published in early 1862 in the journal "Russian Bulletin". The novel is set in 1859, on the eve of the peasant reform. By this time, the nobility had already outlived its usefulness as a political force. New forces - the common democrats - have declared themselves. Their position was distinguished by a sharp rejection of the views of the liberal nobility.

The novel reflects not only the conflict of two generations, two political forces, but also the complex contradiction of this struggle. To show the strength and weakness of Bazarov's nihilism, it is necessary to consider the position

His main opponent is Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov.

Of particular interest to me is the dispute waged by two opponents.

Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov - the son of a military general in 1812 - was formed in the era of government reaction. Hence - idealism, the cult of feeling. Turgenev takes his hero through the test of love. The meeting with Princess R. at the ball changes Kirsanov's whole life, the "mysterious look" of a young woman penetrates into the very heart. However, unrequited love finally knocks Pavel Petrovich out of his life rut, and the news of the death of Princess R. forces the hero to abandon the "fuss"

And settle in Maryino.

From early childhood, Bazarov lived and was brought up in conditions far from those in which Pavel Petrovich grew up. As we can see, his upbringing later served as a solid foundation for the development of nihilistic ideas and views in him. About Bazarov's democracy speaks his speech, appearance, ability to communicate with people of different classes. He is a St. Petersburg medical student, a future physician studying natural sciences. He knows medicine, physics, chemistry, botany, and zoology. Bazarov is a man of deep mind. A true practitioner, he did not recognize the authorities, the value of human feelings. He speaks sharply about people, shows intolerance to their opinion. He claims that people like Pavel Petrovich are not needed by society. They do not know how to work, do not love their people.

The author openly contrasts not only the internal, but also the external features of the heroes. Each of them goes his own way and believes in his ideals. It seems to me that the image of Bazarov was created by the author in such a way that each quality of Eugene is the complete opposite of the characteristics of Pavel Petrovich.

In the disputes between Bazarov and Kirsanov, all the main issues of our time were touched upon: the further ways of development of society, the country, the importance of science, art, and the problems of the people. On these issues, the views of revolutionary democrats and liberals diverge.

If Pavel Petrovich is an idealist, then Bazarov is a materialist, an atheist. For Pavel Petrovich, feelings guide his actions, his way of thinking; Bazarov simply refuses to believe in feelings, in love, for example. But when love comes to him, he opens up to the end in his feelings for Madame Odintsova. The fact that Bazarov fell in love with an extraordinary woman speaks volumes. He was able to see her mind, breadth of horizons, originality of views on life. He was able to admit, first of all to himself, that he loves a woman. But it’s probably difficult to give up what you believed in for so long.

Bazarov claims that he does not love and does not understand the beauty of nature, although he himself admires it internally. Denying everything old, Bazarov cannot say anything definite about how he sees the future.

Thus, not everything is fully formed and comprehended in his positions. There is a contradiction in their own views. Here Turgenev objectively shows the weak side of nihilism: a person like Bazarov with similar views on life is very vulnerable in his position not only in an argument, but, most importantly, in life.

Pavel Petrovich approves of the existing order in Russia, which allows him to live without doing anything. He speaks of his love for the people, but he does not know the people and mistakenly believes that the peasants are completely satisfied with their lives. Kirsanov reproaches Bazarov for the fact that he despises not the people, but the state by which people are oppressed. Pavel Petrovich admires everything foreign, he reads only old English books, his speech is full of French, German, English phrases. And he distorts his native language, considering it a sign of aristocracy. Bazarov is annoyed by the abundance of foreign expressions used by Pavel Petrovich.

Their moral positions are fundamentally different. I think that Pavel Petrovich does not believe in the possibility of remaking life, although he is ready to endure the blows of fate and preserve his dignity. Bazarov, on the contrary, believes in the possibilities of man, he is ready to change the world at any cost.

A clear contrast is observed when the author describes the appearance of the heroes. The details of the portraits are very thoughtfully correlated: change of costumes during the day - and neglect of "clothes"; an aristocratic beautiful hand - and a red hand without gloves; grace, harmony and "striving upward" - and lazy calm movements; beauty of the face and eyes - and a long, thin face.

So, two opposites, representatives of different generations and classes of society. What did they end up with?

Pavel Petrovich continues to live the same life. Although after his acquaintance with Eugene, something in him has changed. For example, he advised his brother to marry Fenechka. From an ardent defender of aristocratic principles, he turned into a passive observer.

Bazarov dies very young. His death, in my opinion, is not at all accidental, as the reader might think. It seems to me that Turgenev says goodbye to his hero because Bazarov's time has not yet come. His own positions were not yet so stable, and time did not prepare the ground where the aspirations for a new life could gracefully develop. Bazarov's program had a significant flaw: rejecting something really deserving of denial, Bazarov swung at eternal values ​​as well. This, of course, shows the weakness of his nihilism.

But in the end, the dispute between two generations cannot be resolved unequivocally. One thing is clear: the connection between generations is extremely important, and the relationship, in my opinion, should be built primarily on respect for the human person.

"Fathers and Sons". Bazarov. Artist D. Borovsky. 1980 g.

The action of the novel by I.S. Turgenev's "Fathers and Sons" unfolds in the summer of 1859, on the eve of the abolition of serfdom. At that time in Russia there was an acute question: who can lead the society? On the one hand, the nobility, which consisted of both fairly free-thinking liberals and aristocrats who thought the same way as at the beginning of the century, claimed the leading social role. At the other extreme of the society were revolutionaries - democrats, the majority of whom were commoners. The protagonist of the novel "Fathers and Sons" is close to the most radical representatives of the second group. The thoughts that he expounded caused a violent reaction from the reading public. The views of the nihilist were discussed in many critical articles, the author himself in letters (the famous letter to K. Sluchevsky) explained that he wanted to show in the image of Bazarov, "wild, half grown out of the soil."

Over the course of the novel, Bazarov's personality evokes more and more respect, it is clear that the author himself bows to the strength of the spirit of the young nihilist. However, in a dispute with life, Bazarov was forced to retreat, reality was unable to accept such a stormy, active nature. This was the reason for the tragedy that played out in the fate of Bazarov.

What is the hero's nihilism? What does it express? Bazarov's nihilism, which denied authority, was born in the era of a turning point in public consciousness. It is associated with the establishment of a materialistic worldview, with the development of science, primarily natural science. A feature of Bazarov's nihlism was that the hero did not take anything on faith, he tried to test everything with life and practice. A distinctive feature was also a complete rejection of art, music and other manifestations of the spiritual life of people. But this peculiarity of views gave rise to contradictions. Bazarov experiences on himself what he despised, what he called "romanticism, nonsense, rottenness, art."

Life does not immediately show the nihilist all the shortcomings of his ideology; the reader gradually comes to the conclusion that Bazarov's ideas cannot be realized in modern conditions. Collisions of Bazarov's views with reality begin in Maryino, the Kirsanovs' estate, during disputes with Pavel Petrovich. separate weaknesses in the positions of nihilism. For example, the imperfection of the theory becomes obvious: nihilists only “clear the place”, but do not offer anything in return, hoping for the Russian “maybe”.

The next test turned out to be more serious for Bazarov, Arkady and Eugene at a ball in the provincial town get acquainted with a local celebrity, Anna Sergeevna Odintsova.

The author constantly reminds the reader that Bazarov is not a monster, not an evil genius, but, above all, an unhappy person, lonely and, despite all the strength of his mind and energy, defenseless in front of the most simple human feelings. In relations with Madame Odintsova, his vulnerability is manifested. Bazarov fell in love with the landowner Anna Sergeevna Odintsova. He experienced the very feeling he had previously laughed mercilessly at. Eugene realized that a person is not a soulless "frog". He suddenly realized that wildlife will never obey any theories. Odintsova expects mature feelings from him, she needs serious love, not fleeting passion. There is no place in her life for upheavals, without which Bazarov cannot imagine himself. He does not understand that stability is an indispensable condition for achieving spiritual and moral ideals.

In Bazarov's chest, the heart of a romantic beats, to whom both love and tenderness are available, who understands what sincerity and devotion to a loved one are. And Bazarov does not admit this to anyone, even to himself. His soul sometimes breaks out, but Bazarov immediately suppresses it with an effort of will, while becoming tougher and sharper. It is by these leaps in behavior that one can judge how much his heart is subject to romantic impulses. This is the tragedy of Bazarov's position. With his soul and heart he wants to love, while with his consciousness he suppresses this “desire. And most clearly these contradictions of soul and consciousness are manifested in the scenes in the house of Odintsova. It is here that the soul for a short moment finds freedom in order to immediately be buried to the very bottom by consciousness. This happens during Bazarov's declaration of love to Odintsova. This proud nihilist was at the mercy of a feeling he denied; the soul burst out, but with such destructive force that it turned out to be deadly for this very feeling, for strong love is akin to hatred. During Bazarov's confession there was a tremor, but it was not the voluptuous tremor of the first confession; passion, violent and uncontrollable, beat in him. And Odintsova was afraid of him; the feeling that began to appear in her turned out to be broken, because you cannot love the person you are afraid of. Bazarov lost his only love due to the fact that he held back his soul for too long, and this soul took revenge on him, depriving him of the woman he loved. Undoubtedly, the "test of love" is the most difficult test that Bazarov had to endure, but the test of the nihilist's views did not end there. From Nikolskoye, Evgeny travels to the village to visit his parents, where he is again struck by the blow of fate. Over the years, lived outside the native walls, differences appeared between Eugene and his parents, and so significant that these people could not communicate freely with each other: they simply did not understand each other.

Bazarov leaves his village for Maryino, where he finally realizes the doom of his ideas. After the duel with Pavel Petrovich, Bazarov understood: if in order to force one district aristocrat to change his "principles", it takes as much effort and time as it takes to break the resistance of the entire nobility. Bazarov realized that alone he means nothing, and decided to quietly live with his parents and do what he loved - the natural sciences.

He did not give up his ideas, he just realized that their time had not come yet, and was forced to give up the struggle. However, the bright, "rebellious" heart of Bazarov could not live a quiet, calm life, therefore, if the accident due to which he died had not happened, then "it should have been invented." The nihilist Bazarov was not broken by life, but nevertheless left the "battlefield" forever, albeit against his will.

It is precisely in the fact that Bazarov, who did not surrender a single position “in battle,” leaving each time with his head held high, had to admit his weakness before being, “the eye tragedy of his life is turned on. Probably, this is what Turgenev had in mind when he wrote to Sluchevsky that Bazarov was "a tragic person."

• Each writer, creating his work, be it a fantasy novel or a multivolume novel, is responsible for the fate of the heroes. The author tries not only to tell about a person's life, depicting its most vivid moments, but also to show how the character of his hero was formed, in what conditions it developed, what features of the psychology and worldview of this or that character led to a happy or tragic outcome. The finale of any work in which the author draws a peculiar line under a certain [...]
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• The disputes between Bazarov and Pavel Petrovich represent the social side of the conflict in Turgenev's novel Fathers and Sons. Here, not only different views of representatives of two generations collide, but also two fundamentally different political points of view. Bazarov and Pavel Petrovich find themselves on opposite sides of the barricades in accordance with all the parameters. Bazarov is a commoner, a native of a poor family, forced to independently make his way in life. Pavel Petrovich is a hereditary nobleman, guardian of family ties and [...]
• The image of Bazarov is contradictory and complex, he is torn by doubts, he experiences mental trauma, primarily due to the fact that he rejects the natural principle. The theory of the life of Bazarov, this extremely practical man, physician and nihilist, was very simple. There is no love in life - it is a physiological need, there is no beauty - it is just a combination of the properties of the organism, there is no poetry - it is not needed. For Bazarov, there were no authorities, and he strongly argued his point of view until life convinced him. […]
• The most prominent female figures in Turgenev's novel "Fathers and Sons" are Anna Sergeevna Odintsova, Fenechka and Kukshina. These three images are extremely different from each other, but nevertheless we will try to compare them. Turgenev was very respectful of women, perhaps that is why their images are described in detail and vividly in the novel. These ladies are united by their acquaintance with Bazarov. Each of them contributed to the change in his worldview. The most significant role was played by Anna Sergeevna Odintsova. It was she who was destined [...]
• Evgeny Bazarov Anna Odintsova Pavel Kirsanov Nikolay Kirsanov Appearance Elongated face, wide forehead, huge greenish eyes, nose, flat on top and pointed below. Blond long hair, sand-colored sideburns, a self-confident smile on thin lips. Bare red hands Noble posture, slender stature, tall stature, beautiful sloping shoulders. Light eyes, shiny hair, a faint smile. 28 years old Medium height, thoroughbred, 45 years old. Fashionable, youthful slender and graceful. […]
• I. S. Turgenev's novel "Fathers and Sons" contains a large number of conflicts in general. These include a love conflict, a clash of worldviews of two generations, a social conflict and an internal conflict of the protagonist. Bazarov, the protagonist of the novel "Fathers and Sons", is a surprisingly bright figure, a character in which the author intended to show the entire young generation of that time. It should not be forgotten that this work is not just a description of the events of that time, but also deeply felt, quite real [...]
• Roman I.S. Turgenev's "Fathers and Sons" ends with the death of the protagonist. Why? Turgenev felt something new, saw new people, but could not imagine how they would act. Bazarov dies very young, not having time to start any activity. By his death, he seems to atone for the one-sidedness of his views, which the author does not accept. While dying, the main character did not change either his sarcasm or his directness, but became softer, kinder, and speaks differently, even romantically, that [...]
• Bazarov E. V. Kirsanov P. P. Appearance Tall young man with long hair. The clothes are poor and unkempt. Doesn't pay attention to his own appearance. Handsome middle-aged man. Aristocratic, "thoroughbred" appearance. She carefully looks after herself, dresses fashionably and expensively. Origin Father - a military doctor, not rich simple family. A nobleman, the son of a general. In his youth, he led a noisy metropolitan life, built a military career. Education A very educated person. […]
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• Dear Anna Sergeevna! Let me turn to you personally and express my thoughts on paper, as saying some words out loud is an insurmountable problem for me. It is very difficult to understand me, but I hope that this letter will clarify a little my attitude towards you. Before meeting you, I was an opponent of culture, moral values, human feelings. But numerous life trials made me look differently at the world around me and overestimate my life principles. For the first time I [...]
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• Kirsanov N. P. Kirsanov P. P. Appearance A short man in his forties. After a long-term fracture of the leg, he limps. The facial features are pleasant, the expression is sad. Handsome, well-groomed middle-aged man. He dresses smartly, in the English manner. Ease of movement betrays a sporty person. Marital status Widower for over 10 years, was very happy in marriage. There is a young mistress Fenechka. Two sons: Arkady and six-month-old Mitya. Bachelor. In the past it was popular with women. After […]
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• Bazarov's inner world and its external manifestations. Turgenev paints a detailed portrait of the hero when he first appears. But a strange thing! The reader almost immediately forgets individual facial features and is hardly ready to describe them in two pages. The general outline remains in the memory - the author presents the hero's face as repulsively ugly, colorless in colors and defiantly incorrect in sculptural modeling. But he immediately separates the facial features from their captivating expression (“He was enlivened with a calm smile and expressed self-confidence and [...]
• The relationship between Evgeny Bazarov and Anna Sergeevna Odintsova, the heroes of the novel by I.S. Turgenev's "Fathers and Sons" did not work out for many reasons. The materialist and nihilist of bazaars denies not only art, the beauty of nature, but also love as a human feeling. Recognizing the physiological relationship between a man and a woman, he believes that love "is all romanticism, nonsense, rottenness, art." Therefore, at first he assesses Odintsova only from the point of view of her external data. “Such a rich body! Even now in the anatomical theater ", [...]
• The novel "Fathers and Sons" was created in an extremely difficult and conflict period. In the sixties of the nineteenth century, several revolutions took place at once: the spread of materialistic views, the democratization of society. The inability to return to the past and the uncertainty of the future became the cause of the ideological and value crisis. The positioning of this novel as "acutely social" characteristic of Soviet literary criticism influences today's readers as well. Of course, this aspect is necessary [...]

Roman I.S. Turgenev's "Fathers and Sons" tells about the ideological contradictions of the liberal nobility and the emerging democracy. The main character is Evgeny Bazarov, a "nihilist" as he calls himself. The word "nihilist" comes from the Latin word "nugul", that is, "nothing", negation. Arkady Kirsanov explains that a nihilist is "a person who treats everything from a critical point of view," and his uncle Pavel Petrovich believes that he is "a person who does not bow down to any authorities, does not take a single principle for granted." And what is the meaning of this definition by Bazarov himself?
The main thing in his life is the study of natural sciences. He chose the profession of a doctor for himself, therefore, even while staying in the Kirsanovs' house, he constantly conducts various experiments. Bazarov is a real materialist, moreover, he denies art, claiming that "a decent chemist is twenty times more useful than any poet", and "Raphael is not worth a dime." He denies painting, music, poetry, the beauty of nature - everything that is connected with the spiritual world of man. Even such, as it seems, no one alien, a high manifestation of human feeling like love Bazarov tries to explain only from a physiological point of view. However, even Bazarov himself fails to be consistent in his own principles. He himself finds himself hopelessly entangled in the web of love that he denied.
And at the same time, the hero of Turgenev is an intelligent, strong, self-confident man, unable to pretend and be hypocritical. He is ready to enter into heated arguments with anyone, defending his beliefs. Bazarov is outraged by social injustice and inequality prevailing in society, he understands that serfdom in Russia has outlived its usefulness, and changes are simply necessary. For him, there are no social classes and estates. Bazarov scornfully speaks of Pavel Petrovich's aristocratic gloss, and communicates on equal terms with serfs, considering himself to be a native of the people. Bazarov is not only not ashamed of the fact that his parents were not rich nobles, and his "grandfather dug the earth," on the contrary, he talks about it with undisguised pride.
Pavel Petrovich becomes Bazarov's ideological opponent in the novel. He does not accept the nihilistic point of view and does not understand it, entering into an argument with Bazarov. This controversy reaches its climax at the moment when the question of pp. does Bazarov really deny everything, the latter consciously answers: "Everything", understanding what by this word was meant by pp. Religion, political and social order, generally accepted morality ... Perhaps the goals of Bazarov, the goals of transformation, change are worthy of recognition of their rationality, but you can come in different ways to the same result, Bazarov chose the path of denial, the path of more destruction than creation, although the ultimate goal he still considers the creation of something new, which should, in his opinion, strive.
Bazarov's nihilism, manifesting itself in various spheres of life, can carry both positive ideas,
aimed at improvement, creation, and negative, destructive. Therefore, we can say that Bazarov's nihilism has its strengths and weaknesses.

Ticket 72

The theme of love in the prose of I.S. Turgenev. (Based on the novel "Fathers and Sons" or "The Noble Nest".)

The lessons of love have led itself grave consequences in the fate of Bazarov. They led to a crisis in his one-sided, vulgar-materialistic outlook on life. Two abysses opened before the hero: one is the mystery of his own soul, the other is the mystery of the world that surrounds him. From the microscope, the hero was drawn to the telescope, from the ciliates - to the starry sky above his head.
Much more ambiguous the love story of Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov. For the sake of love, Pavel Petrovich gave up everything, crossed out his entire career, which led him to spiritual death. His love for Princess R. is a painful and humiliating feeling. The story of Pavel Petrovich's love for Princess R. It is not introduced as a plug-in episode. He appears in the novel as a warning to the arrogant Bazarov.
Love for Odintsova - the beginning of a tragic retribution to the haughty Bazarov, who considers love to be romantic nonsense: it divides his soul into two halves. From now on, two people live and act in it. One of them is a staunch opponent of romantic feelings, a denier of the spiritual nature of love. The other is a passionately and spiritually loving person who is faced with the true mystery of this high feeling. The "natural science" convictions dear to his mind turn into a principle that he, a denier of all kinds of principles, now serves, secretly feeling that his service is blind, that life has turned out to be more complicated than what "physiologists" know about it. Refuting the views of the hero of the novel on love, the writer makes him experience what Bazarov himself rejected. The difficult inner process of knowing true love makes Bazarov feel nature in a new way.
In his feelings for Odintsova he reveals himself as a strong, passionate and deep nature. And here his superiority over the people around him is manifested: his feeling is unlike the love relationships of other characters. Bazarov saw in Madame Odintsova an intelligent and extraordinary person, singling her out from the circle of provincial ladies: "She does not look like other women." Odintsova is in many ways worthy of him, and this circumstance also elevates Bazarov. If he fell in love with an empty woman, his feelings would not command respect.
Bazarov's cheeky behavior - this is his own embarrassment and timidity. Odintsova understood this and was flattered. She is regally beautiful, restrained and dignified, requires special attention and respect. Bazarov wants to fall in love with Odintsova, but he cannot do this, so he runs away from his love by virtue of nihilism. Usually, the origins of the tragedy of Bazarov's love are sought in the character of Odintsova, a pampered lady, an aristocrat who is unable to respond to Bazarov's feeling, timid and succumbing to him. But Odintsova wants and cannot love Bazarov not only because this democrat, having fallen in love, does not want love and runs away from it. "Incomprehensible fright" that separates Bazarov's declaration of love from hatred towards his beloved woman? The element of a cruelly suppressed feeling finally broke through in him, but with a destructive force in relation to this feeling. Bazarov willingly shares his thoughts with Madame Odintsova, and from their conversations she understands that for the sake of nihilism he will not make concessions.
From the point of view of Turgenev, love is mysterious and omnipotent, and its denial leads to tragedy. Unhappy love leads Bazarov to a mental crisis and a terrible tragedy. There is something similar in the love of Pavel Petrovich and Bazarov. But Bazarov is fighting, he is not limp and does not begin to humiliate himself, like Pavel Petrovich. Turgenev showed that Bazarov is superior in love to the district aristocrats, including the smart, but cold and selfish Odintsova. “Both sides are right up to a certain point,” - this principle of constructing an ancient tragedy runs through the entire novel, and in a love story ends with the fact that Turgenev brings the aristocrat Kirsanov and the democrat Bazarov in a heartfelt attraction to Fenechka and her simplicity, the folk instinct reconciles both hero.
Pavel Petrovich is attracted by in Fenechka there is simplicity and spontaneity, but his love for Fenechka is too transcendental and ethereal. Bazarov, on the other hand, instinctively seeks in Fenechka a vital confirmation of his view of love as a simple and clear sensual attraction. But this simplicity turns out to be worse than theft: it deeply insults Fenechka, and a moral reproach, sincere, genuine, is heard from her lips. Bazarov explained the failure with Odintsova for himself by the lordly effeminacy of the heroine, but in relation to Fenechka, what kind of "lordship" can we talk about? Obviously, in the very feminine nature (it does not matter, peasant or noble) lies the spirituality and moral beauty rejected by the hero.
In the novel "Fathers and Sons" Turgenev depicted several love lines, thanks to which the character traits of the protagonist are fully revealed, giving the reader the opportunity to look into the most secret corners of his soul. At the same time, Bazarov's love story becomes brighter the more ironically the relationship of the other heroes of the novel is described. Take, for example, Nikolai Petrovich's love for Dunyasha. This is the most calm, ordinary version of love, in which we do not observe either raging passions or any strong and passionate emotions. Or Arkady's love for Odintsova: before us is an unrequited feeling, a slight youthful infatuation, while for Katya he already feels a pure and tender feeling. However, both in friendship and in love, the younger Kirsanov is subject to the will of a stronger nature than himself.

Ticket 67.42 The problem of fathers and children in the novel by I. S. Turgenev

The problem of fathers and children can be called eternal ... But it is especially aggravated at critical moments in the development of society, when the older and younger generations become the spokesmen for the ideas of two different eras. Such a time in the history of Russia - the 60s of the XIX century - is shown in the novel by I. S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". The conflict between fathers and children depicted in it goes far beyond family boundaries - it is a social conflict between the old nobility and aristocracy and the young revolutionary-democratic intelligentsia.

The problem of fathers and children is revealed in the novel in the relationship of the young nihilist Bazarov with the representative of the nobility Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov, Bazarov with his parents, as well as on the example of relations within the Kirsanov family.

Two generations are contrasted in the novel even by their external description. Evgeny Bazarov appears before us as a person cut off from the outside world, gloomy and at the same time possessing tremendous inner strength and energy. Describing Bazarov, Turgenev focuses on his intelligence. The description of Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov, on the contrary, consists mainly of external characteristics. Pavel Petrovich is an outwardly attractive man, he wears starched white shirts and lacquered ankle boots. A former secular lion, who once made noise in the capital's society, he retained his habits, living with his brother in the village. Pavel Petrovich is always impeccable and elegant.

This person leads the life of a typical a representative of an aristocratic society - spends time in idleness and idleness. In contrast, Bazarov brings real benefits to people, deals with specific problems. In my opinion, the problem of fathers and children is most deeply shown in the novel precisely in the relationship between these two heroes, despite the fact that they are not linked by direct kinship. The conflict that arose between Bazarov and Kirsanov proves that the problem of fathers and children in Turgenev's novel is both a problem of two generations and a problem of the collision of two different socio-political camps.

These heroes of the novel occupy directly opposite positions in life. In the frequent disputes between Bazarov and Pavel Petrovich, almost all the main issues were raised on which the raznochintsy democrats and liberals differed in their views (about the ways of further development of the country, about materialism and idealism, about knowledge of science, understanding of art and about the attitude towards the people). At the same time, Pavel Petrovich actively defends the old foundations, while Bazarov, on the contrary, advocates their destruction. And to Kirsanov's reproach that you, they say, are destroying everything ("Why, you must build, too"), Bazarov replies that "first you need to clear the place."

Generation conflict we we also see in the relationship of Bazarov with his parents. The main character has very contradictory feelings towards them: on the one hand, he admits that he loves his parents, on the other hand, he despises the “stupid life of fathers”. First of all, his beliefs are alienated from Bazarov's parents. If in Arkady we see a superficial contempt for the older generation, caused more likely by a desire to imitate a friend, and not coming from within, then with Bazarov everything is different. This is his position in life.

With all this we see that it was precisely to the parents that their son Yevgeny was truly dear. The old Bazarovs are very fond of Eugene, and this love softens their relationship with their son, the lack of mutual understanding. She is stronger than other feelings and lives even when the main character dies. “There is a small rural cemetery in one of the remote corners of Russia ... It looks sad: the ditches surrounding it have long been overgrown; gray wooden crosses droop and rot under their once painted roofs ... But between them there is one (grave), to which a person does not touch, which an animal does not trample: some birds sit on it and sing at dawn ... Bazarov is buried in this grave ... Two already decrepit old men come to her ... "

As for the fathers problem and children inside the Kirsanov family, it seems to me that it is not deep. Arkady looks like his father. He has essentially the same values ​​- home, family, peace. He prefers such simple happiness to concern for the world's good. Arkady is only trying to imitate Bazarov, and this is precisely the reason for the strife within the Kirsanov family. The older generation of the Kirsanovs doubts "the benefits of his influence on Arcadia." But Bazarov leaves the life of Arkady, and everything falls into place.

. The problem of fathers and children - one of the most important in Russian classical literature. The clash of the “present century” with the “past century” was reflected in his wonderful comedy “Woe from Wit” A.S. Griboyedov, this theme is revealed in all its acuteness in Ostrovsky's drama “The Thunderstorm”, we meet its echoes in Pushkin and many other Russian classics ... As people with a vision of the future, writers tend to be on the side of the new generation. Turgenev, however, in his work "Fathers and Sons" does not appear openly on either side. At the same time, he so fully reveals the life positions of the main characters of the novel, shows their positive and negative sides, which provides the reader with the opportunity to decide for himself who was right. It is not surprising that Turgenev's contemporaries reacted sharply to the appearance of the work. The reactionary press accused the writer of currying favor with the youth, while the democratic press accused the author of slandering the younger generation.
Be that as it may, Turgenev's novel "Fathers and Sons" has become one of the best classics of Russian literature, and the topics touched upon in it remain relevant today.