Bukhara operation. Bukhara operation Natural conditions and difficulties of a military campaign

28.06.2024

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Introduction

Bukhara operation 1920 - military operations of units of the Red Army of the Turkestan Front, under the command of M. V. Frunze (about 9 thousand people) with the support of national formations representing the movement of Young Bukharans and Bukhara communists (about 5 thousand people), with the goal of overthrowing the Bukhara Emir Aug 29 - 2 Sep. 1920 during the Civil War. The emir's army (16 thousand people) occupied the area of Old Bukhara with its main forces and separate detachments - Khatyrchi and Kermine. In the area of the Takhtakaracha pass, Shakhrisabz and Karshi, detachments of Bukhara beks (over 27 thousand people) operated. On August 23, the Young Bukharans and Bukharan communists began an uprising in Chardzhui Bekstvo and turned to the Turkestan Soviet Republic for help. The Bukhara operation began with the capture of Old Chardzhui on August 29 by Soviet troops together with the rebels. The revolutionary committee created in Chardzhui addressed the population of Bukhara with a call to fight against the emirate. On September 2, Old Bukhara was taken by storm, and on October 8, 1920, the Bukhara People's Soviet Republic was proclaimed. The Bukhara operation under the command of Frunze M.V. in 1920 marked the beginning of a series of operations of the Red Army in Bukhara and in subsequent years. These operations were intended either to consolidate the initial success of the Bukhara operation or to suppress local pockets of resistance. Difficult natural conditions and national specifics made these operations lengthy.

1. Political situation the day before

By the spring of 1920, there was a turning point in the struggle for power in Central Asia. The connection between the Turkestan Republic and the main territory of Russia was restored. The 4th Army of the Turkestan Front eliminated pockets of resistance in the Trans-Caspian region. In the Fergana region, one of the most prominent leaders of the Basmachi movement, Madamin-bek, goes over to the side of the Bolsheviks. The relative pacification of the region was also facilitated by the change in the Bolshevik policy in Turkestan and the active involvement of national personnel in administration. In the summer of 1920, Red Army troops liquidated the Khiva Khanate, in its place the pro-Soviet Khorezm People's Soviet Republic was formed. But peace was still very far away. In the Fergana Valley, the Basmachi continued to resist, peasant and Cossack uprisings continued in Semirechye, which tied up the forces of the 3rd Turkestan Division in 1920, and the constant danger of the Khorezm Republic from the leader of the Turkmens, Junaid Khan. In addition, the Red Army was tasked with protecting the land borders of Soviet Turkestan for several thousand kilometers.

After an unsuccessful attempt by the leader of the Turkestan Bolsheviks Kolesov, together with a detachment of Young Bukharians, to overthrow the government of the emir, a truce reigned between Bukhara and Tashkent. Behind the facade of which both sides were preparing for a decisive battle. The government of the Bukhara emir was comprehensively engaged in strengthening its own armed forces. Pro-emir clergy increasingly called on parishioners to gazavat. In February 1920, the emir's government carried out a mobilization campaign. Former officers of the tsarist army and participants in the White movement found refuge at the emir's court. The government of the Turkestan Republic, meanwhile, tried in every possible way to unite all the anti-emigration forces, which was partly successful. By 1920, the pro-Soviet wing of the Young Bukharians, led by Fayzulla Khodzhaev, had noticeably strengthened. In August 1920, armed uprisings took place in a number of cities of the Bukhara Khanate with rebels appealing for help to the government of Turkestan. Meanwhile, for the time being, both sides tried to maintain the appearance of neutrality.

2. Armed forces, their deployment and operation plan

Bukhara Army

On the 10th of August, the emir pulled together significant regular and irregular forces (about 30 - 35 thousand) to Bukhara. By August 20, 1920, the emir's armed forces consisted of units of the regular army and irregular militia. The strength of the regular army was determined to be 8,725 bayonets and 7,580 sabers with 23 light guns and 12 machine guns. The irregular forces fielded by the regional rulers (beks), according to a rough estimate, amounted to 27,000 bayonets and sabers with 2 machine guns and 32 guns. The artillery mostly consisted of outdated models (for example, smooth-bore cast iron cannons that fired cast iron or stone balls). The fighting quality, training of soldiers and command staff of the emir's army were at a low level. The army was staffed by mercenaries, and an attempt to replenish the army through compulsory conscription did not give the expected results. Recruitment into the army was carried out through forced allocation to rural communities. The latter, in many cases, either got rid of an element undesirable for them in this way, or committed a number of abuses, appointing members of low-income families to the army, without taking into account their family and financial status.

By the time of decisive hostilities, the emir's main forces were concentrated in two places. The regular Bukhara army is in the capital Old Bukhara and its immediate surroundings. Bey troops in the Kitab-Shahrisyabz region, covering the Takhtakaracha pass. Through this pass passed the shortest and most convenient route from the city of Samarkand into the country, through Guzar to Termez, adapted for wheeled traffic along its entire length.

Red Army

The command of the Turkestan Front could allocate 6000-7000 bayonets, 2300-2690 sabers, 35 light and 5 heavy guns, 8 armored vehicles, 5 armored trains and 11 aircraft for the operation. This count does not include national military formations on the territory of Turkestan and revolutionary-minded detachments of Young Bukharans and Bukhara communists on the territory of Bukhara.

M. V. Frunze at the review of the Tatar brigade. Eastern front. 1919

Platoon of the Bukhara army. Photo by unknown artist, early.

XX century

M. V. Frunze reviews troops in Kushka. Turkestan. 1920.

The commander of the Turkestan Front, Frunze M.V., despite the passive resistance of a possible war with Bukhara from a number of local councils, begins active preparations for the overthrow of the emir. The main goal of the military operation was to be the densely populated valley of the river. Zeravshan with the political and administrative center of Bukhara and the Shakhrisyabz region with its center in the city of Guzar. The attack on Old Bukhara was also aimed at defeating the main forces of the emir.

On August 13, 1920, Frunze, in an order to the troops of the Turkestan Front, indicated that the general political situation requires the Red Army to be ready to act actively when the interests of the revolution require it. In anticipation of this attack, the Chardzhui group was concentrated in the area of New Chardzhuy, consisting of the 1st Infantry Regiment, one division of Tekin cavalry and the 1st Light Artillery Division. This detachment was reinforced, in addition, by a detachment of the Bukhara revolutionary troops of Kulmtskhametov; The Amudarya flotilla and the red garrisons of the cities of Chardzhui, Kerki and Termez also came under the command of the detachment commander.

The task of the detachment was to secure the immediate surroundings of Chardzhui and occupy the city of Karakul, which lay near the railway line halfway from Chardzhui to Old Bukhara. The railway line in his area was entrusted with the special attention of the detachment chief. At the same time, the flotilla was supposed to cruise along the river. Amu Darya in the section from the Kerki fortification to the Termez fortification, not allowing any crossings on this section of the river in either direction. The Chardzhu group was operationally subordinate to the Samarkand group. This latter was distributed into three separate groups: Kagan, consisting of all units that made up the garrison of the city of New Bukhara (Kagan) (7 rifle regiments, 3 1/2 cavalry regiments, 40 light and 5 heavy guns, according to materials from Comrade Rozhdestvensky) and Karshi city; The 4th Cavalry Regiment and the 1st East Muslim Rifle Regiment arriving from Turkestan were also supposed to join this group; The task of this group was to capture the city of Old Bukhara. The Katta-Kurgan group, consisting of the 2nd International Cavalry Regiment with an artillery platoon and a detachment of Bukhara revolutionary troops, was to concentrate in the city of Katta-Kurgan no later than August 15; it was supposed to occupy Khatyrcha and Ziaetdin with it at the right time, and in the future - the city of Kermine. Finally, the Samarkand group itself, consisting of the 3rd Turkestan Rifle Regiment of the 1st Turkestan Cavalry Division, a separate Turkic cavalry brigade and an engineering company, was entrusted, if necessary, with defeating the Bukhara troops in the Shakhrisyabz-Kitab direction and firmly occupying the area of the river. Kashkadarya.

Subsequently, the order indicated the distribution and timing of the concentration of technical units and aviation. The indication of the order on the order of concentration of the Kagan group is very characteristic. The units assigned to strengthen it were supposed to appear in the city of Kagan completely unexpectedly for the enemy, passing through the territory of Bukhara in echelons during the night.

Thus, Frunze set himself two goals: he sought to end with one blow the political center of the Bukhara emirate and its most reliable support in the form of a regular army, choosing Old Bukhara as the object of his actions. On the other hand, he chooses the target of his actions to be a significant accumulation of enemy forces that has formed in the Shakhrisyabz-Kitab region. It was not possible to ignore him or limit himself to putting up a screen against him. However, given the already existing numerical inequality, this required further weakening of the forces intended for action against the capital. Being fully aware of this, the front command balances the numerical inequality of forces by grouping along the railway line. The latter was completely in the hands of the Red Army, which made it possible to concentrate strike forces in the right place and at the right time. In addition, the enemy’s attention and his forces are diverted to two opposite directions: to Samarkand and to Chardzhuy. In the initial situation created for both sides, the emir’s army was already in a strategic environment even before the start of hostilities, and the command of the Turkfront took all measures to quickly turn this strategic environment into a tactical one.

The spaciousness of the theater, its impassability, lack of water, difficult climatic conditions - all taken together should have influenced the duration and difficulty of operations, if the enemy was given time to use all these properties to their advantage. The characteristic features of the theater allowed the movements and actions of significant military units only in certain directions. These directions were sometimes significantly removed from each other. This implies the importance of the issue of communication and the difficulty of its organization and maintenance. In such conditions, control could not have the nature of precisely regulating the movement of troops on a daily basis, assigning them specific tasks for each day. In the field of management, the emphasis was on the manifestation of the initiative of the chief, giving him the general idea of the operation and giving him broad initiative in its implementation. If from this angle we evaluate all the orders of M.V. Frunze for the Bukhara operation, we will see that they fully met these characteristic conditions of the theater.

3. Natural conditions and population

Natural conditions and difficulties of a military campaign

The natural borders of the Bukhara Emirate in the north were the Gissar ridge, separating it from Turkestan, in the south - the river. The Amu Darya, which for a considerable extent serves as its border with Afghanistan, in the east is an elevated and barren plateau passing into the Pamir mountain ranges and in the west is a sandy desert passing into the borders of Khiva. To the west of Guzar, the country has a flat-steppe character, and to the west of the Zeravshan valley the plain turns into a sandy desert, gradually advancing on Bukhara from the direction of Khiva and in those years annually conquering some space from the culture. This flat character of the western part of the country is not changed by the small massif of the Nur-Ata Mountains thrown into it from its northern part. Animal and plant life in the Bukhara Emirate is concentrated near rivers in areas artificially irrigated with water diverted from these rivers. These oases in the desert were usually extremely densely populated, which determines the uneven distribution of the population.

The climate of the country is sharply continental. In summer the heat reaches 55°. Low and swampy places, as well as rice plantations, are a breeding ground for destructive tropical malaria, from which unacclimatized troops suffered greatly.

The main water arteries: Zeravshan, Amu Darya, Kashkadarya. These rivers formed a kind of frame within which the most decisive operations took place. The main difficulty for the movement and actions of troops in this theater in all directions arises not because of the properties of the terrain, but because of the lack of water in many areas. The lack of water also determines their desolation, and therefore the impossibility of relying on local funds to feed people and animals. The right tributaries of the river were of greatest importance during the upcoming operations. Amu Darya, crossing the main routes of invasion into Eastern Bukhara. Their common characteristic feature is an extremely stormy and fast current, rapid rises of water (every day) depending on the daily melting of snow on the Gissar ridge, where they all take their sources, changeable and fickle fords.

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Bukhara operation of 1920, an operation by troops of the Turkestan Front and revolutionary Bukhara detachments, carried out during the Civil War. wars led M. V. Frunze August 29 - September 2 in order to eliminate the anti-people regime Bukhara emir. The emir's army (16 thousand people, 16 bullets, 23 ordnance) occupied Old Bukhara with its main forces, dept. detachments - Khatyrchi, Kermine. Detachments of local rulers (beks) supporting the emir (over 27 thousand people) operated in the areas of the Takhtakaracha pass, Shakhrisabz and Karshi. Aug 23 In 1920, the working people of Bukhara rebelled against the emir and turned to the government of the Turkestan Soviet Republic for help. Frunze divided the forces of the Soviet troops (approx. 9 thousand people, 230 zero, 40 ord.) into several. groups. The Samarkand and Karshi groups were tasked with isolating the detachments of local rulers from the emir's troops; the Kattakurgan, Kagan and Chardzhu groups, together with the rebel workers (about 5 thousand people), were tasked with defeating the head. the forces of the emir - an ally of the Anglo-Americans. interventionists in Central Asia and take Bukhara. The operation began on August 29. capture of Old Chardzhuy, Khatyrchi, Kermine. By September 1, Soviet troops besieged Old Bukhara, and on September 2. took it by storm. With the liquidation of the bek detachments, the Bukhara emirate ceased to exist. The political result of the Bukhara operation was the proclamation of October 8. 1920 workers of Bukhara, Bukhara People's Soviet Republic. The peculiarity of the Bukhara operation was that the destruction of the aircraft was carried out by a smaller number of personnel in cooperation with artillery and aviation (11 aircraft) in difficult terrain conditions.

Materials from the Soviet Military Encyclopedia in volume 8, vol. 8 were used.

BUKHARA OPERATION 1920 - an operation of Red Army units (7 thousand people, about 230 machine guns, 46 guns, 5 armored trains, 12 aircraft and 10 armored cars) with the support of revolutionary Bukhara rebel detachments (about 5 thousand people), carried out during the civil war (29 August - September 2, 1920) under command. M. V. Frunze against the counter-revolutionary troops of the Bukhara emir - an ally of the Anglo-American interventionists in Central Asia. The emir's army (over 16 thousand people, 23 guns and 16 machine guns) occupied the area (see diagram on pp. 875-76) of Old Bukhara with its main forces, and with separate detachments - Khatyrchi, Kermine. In the areas of the Takhta-Karacha pass, Shakhrisyabza and Karshi, detachments of Bukhara beks (over 27 thousand people) operating in support of the emir. The Bukhara operation began on August 29 with the capture of Old Chardzhuy and the appeal of the revolutionary committee created here to the working people of Bukhara with a call for a revolutionary struggle against the emirate. On September 2, the fortress and city of Old Bukhara were taken by storm by units of the Novobukhara (Kagan) group of the Red Army (under the command of G. V. Zinovieva) and a special forces unit. The Bukhara Emirate ceased to exist, and on October 8, 1920, the Bukhara People's Soviet Republic was proclaimed. The threat of intervention from the South-East was eliminated. The Bukhara operation, large in concept, was carried out by small forces over a vast area.

Soviet historical encyclopedia. In 16 volumes. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1973-1982. Volume 2. BAAL - WASHINGTON. 1962.

Literature: Civil history. wars in the USSR, vol. 5, M., 1961; M. V. Frunze on the civil fronts. war Sat. Doc-tov, M., 1941; Citizen war 1918-21 Operational and strategic essay, M., 1930; History of Uzbekistan. SSR, vol. 2, Tash., 1957, p. 161-96.

Read further:

Civil war of 1918-1920 in Russia (chronological table).

The main events of 1920 in the world (chronological table).

Literature:

M. V. Frunze on the fronts of the civil war. Collection of documents. M., 1941;

History of the Civil War in the USSR. 1917 - 1922. T. 5. M., 1980;

History of the Uzbek SSR. T. 2. Tashkent, 1957.

· Progress of hostilities · Related articles · Notes · Cinematography · Literature ·

Order of the commander of the Tourist Front No. 3667 of August 25, 1920

Events in the Bukhara Emirate developed rapidly; already on August 25, the front command issued its order No. 3667, which determined the active assistance of the Red Army with the armed forces that began the uprising within the emirate. The political goal of the operation was defined by Comrade Frunze as “revolutionary fraternal assistance to the Bukhara people in their struggle against the despotism of the Bukhara autocrat.” The start of the operation was scheduled for the night of August 28-29. The Chardzhuy group was supposed to assist the Bukhara rebels in capturing the city of Old Chardzhuy, and then had to throw their cavalry at the Naryzym and Burdalyk crossings across the river. Amu Darya in order to intercept all fugitives, including the emir and members of the government, if they tried to flee along these routes to Afghanistan. For the same purposes, it was necessary to capture the city of Karakul and the Yakki-tut railway station. Along with these actions of the detachment, the establishment of revolutionary power along the Amu Darya from the Khorezm border to Termez inclusive was achieved. The head of the Kagan group, Comrade Belov, upon receiving the first information about the revolutionary coup in Old Chardzhuy, was supposed to move his units to the capital and the country emir's palace of Sitora Mahi Khasa (Makhasa), 5 km northeast of Bukhara, where “with a decisive and crushing blow destroy all the military forces of the old Bukhara government and do not allow the enemy to organize new resistance.” A special task included the capture of the emir himself and his government. Other groups and detachments had to carry out the tasks specified in the directive of August 12. The task of the Samarkand Otrad expanded in the sense that the 7th Infantry Regiment, which was placed at the disposal of this Otrad, after the defeat of the enemy group in the Shakhrisyabz-Kitab area, was supposed to capture the Karshi-Guzar area in order to prevent the remnants of the Shakhrisyabz Bek’s troops from leaving for Sharabad in the eastern mountain beks.

Assault on Old Bukhara, August 29 - September 2, 1920

Further events began to develop within the time frame provided for by this order. On the night of August 28, the concentration of all the forces of the Kagan Otrad ended. At the same time, the city of Old Chardzhuy was captured by Bukhara revolutionaries, and units of Comrade Nikitin’s Chardzhuy detachment moved to the crossings of the Amu Darya, Narazym and Burdalyk and captured them on August 31. At the same time, a special detachment consisting of the 5th Infantry Regiment, a combined company of the 8th Infantry Regiment and a division of the 16th Cavalry Regiment was moved from the city of New Chardzhuy to the city of Karakul.

The Kagan group went on the offensive between 6 and 7 a.m. on August 29. She advanced in two columns. The right (eastern) included the 10th and 12th Tatar rifle regiments, the 1st cavalry regiment, four guns, the 53rd armored detachment, armored train No. 28. This column advanced from the city of Kagan along the highway and railway line to the southeastern part of the city wall, where the Karshi Gate was located.

The left column (western) consisting of the 1st East Muslim Rifle Regiment, rifle and cavalry regiments, a special-purpose relief with two light guns, landed 14 km west of the station. Kagan, advanced on the southwestern Karakul city gate. Thus, the offensive was launched simultaneously at two opposite points, which cannot be considered correct, given the overall small number of forces of the Red Army. The artillery group, consisting of a platoon of fortress 152-mm cannons on platforms and a 122-mm battery, was supposed to support the advance of the right column.

However, on the first day of the offensive, she positioned herself at the maximum distance, so her fire had little effect. To defend each of the gates with adjacent sections of the city wall, the enemy had forces of up to 2000-3000 fighters and, in addition, a mobile reserve outside the city, in the area of Sitora Mahi Khasa (Mahasa), in the amount of up to 6000-8000 fighters. The columns slowly advanced across rough terrain, met by enemy fire and counterattacks, and on the first day of the offensive they only managed to approach the city fortifications, but could not capture them. The day of August 30 passed in the same situation.

On August 31, the Karakul detachment and the 2nd rifle regiment with two batteries approached the area of Old Bukhara. On this day, the leadership of the actions of all forces over Bukhara was united in the hands of the commander of the 1st Army, G.V. Zinoviev. The command decided to now deliver the main blow to the Karshi Gate, preparations for the assault of which with artillery fire began on August 30, and heavy artillery was brought up closer to the city. During August 31, the command of the group concentrated almost all of its forces against the Karshi gate, near which at that time a breach had already been made, leaving in the left column only the rifle regiment (1st East Muslim), the combined company of the 8th rifle regiment and the cavalry regiment special forces squad.

At 5 a.m. on September 1, the right column moved to storm the Karshi Gate, which this time ended in success: after a stubborn street battle, by 5 p.m. of the same day, Old Bukhara passed entirely into the hands of Soviet troops. However, the emir was no longer in the city. On the night of August 31, he left his capital under the protection of a detachment of 1000 people. and headed in a northeast direction towards the city of Gyj-Duvan. On September 2, M.V. Frunze sent V.I. Lenin a telegram that said:

“The Old Bukhara fortress was taken by storm today by the combined efforts of the Red Bukhara and our units. The last stronghold of Bukhara obscurantism and Black Hundreds fell. The red banner of the world revolution flutters victoriously over Registan."

Actions of the Kattakurgan and Samarkand detachments. Persecution of the Emir.

At the same time, the Kattakurgan and Samarkand detachments successfully completed the tasks assigned to them according to the directive of August 12. Further operations boiled down to organizing the pursuit of the emir and his entourage (This task was initially taken on by the commander of the 1st Army G.V. Zinoviev: he and a cavalry detachment chased the emir to the city of Karshi.). However, they managed to slip between the red troops pursuing them and find temporary refuge in Eastern Bukhara. The capture of Bukhara and the flight of the emir marked the victory of the Bukhara revolution. The first step of the victorious revolution in Bukhara was the proclamation of the Bukhara People's Soviet Republic, similar to what was done in Khorezm.

Results

The operation to eliminate the emir's power took no more than a week, and the main goal of the operation was completely achieved. The speed and energy with which the operation was carried out and its success were the result of careful preparatory work, which distinguished Frunze as a commander. The Bukhara counter-revolution was dealt a decisive blow. All subsequent operations of the Red Army in Bukhara were reduced to eliminating the remnants of this counter-revolution. The spatiality of the theater and its difficult conditions left its mark on these operations in the sense that they were greatly delayed in time. In order to finally expel the former emir from Bukhara, who settled with a group of newcomers first in Baysun and then in Dushanbe, and to Sovietize Eastern Bukhara, Soviet troops, overcoming all obstacles and unfavorable terrain and climate conditions, advanced in 1921 in the so-called Gissar expedition deep into Eastern Bukhara and finally ousted the emir’s supporters from the Bukhara People’s Republic.

However, this expedition, undertaken in the form of a raid by one cavalry division with small infantry units attached to it, did not produce lasting results due to the lack of systematic work on the political and administrative consolidation of the rear. Our columns, having made several long trips to the most remote places of Eastern Bukhara, by the onset of autumn were forced to retreat to winter quarters closer to their bases, since due to poor support and organization of the rear they began to be threatened by strategic exhaustion. Soviet power in Eastern Bukhara failed to be consolidated, which the local opponents of the revolution took advantage of the next year.

In 1922, the local counter-revolution, taking advantage of the split in the ranks of the forces that carried out the revolution, again tried to start active resistance. Enver Pasha, one of the former leaders of the Young Turk Party, took over the leadership of this resistance. Appearing in Eastern Bukhara in the early spring of 1922, Enver Pasha tried to captivate the masses with slogans of pan-Islamism and resistance to the Bolsheviks. This attempt was initially successful. The counter-revolutionary activities of Enver Pasha in Eastern Bukhara were stopped by a new campaign of the Red Army there. In several battles, Enver Pasha was defeated, and in one of the skirmishes he was killed.

Bukhara operation 1920, combat operations of units of the Red Army (about 9 thousand people, 230 machine guns, 40 guns, 5 armored trains, 11 aircraft and several armored vehicles) under the command of M. V. Frunze with the support of revolutionary Bukhara detachments (about 5 thousand people) against the troops Bukhara Emir August 29 - 2 Sep. 1920 during the Civil War. The emir's army (16 thousand people, 16 machine guns, 23 guns) occupied the area of Old Bukhara with its main forces and separate detachments in Khatyrchi and Kermine. In the area of the Takhtakaracha pass, Shakhrisabz and Karshi, detachments of Bukhara beks (over 27 thousand people) operated. On August 23, the working people of Bukhara began an uprising in Chardzhui Bekstvo and turned to the Turkestan Soviet Republic for help. B. o. began with the capture of Old Chardzhui by Soviet troops together with the rebels on August 29. The revolutionary committee created here addressed the workers of Bukhara with a call to fight against the emirate. On September 2, Old Bukhara was taken by storm, and on October 8, 1920 it was proclaimed Bukhara People's Soviet Republic .

Lit.: M. V. Frunze on the fronts of the civil war. Sat. documents, M., 1941: History of the Civil War in the USSR, vol. 5, M., 1961; History of the Uzbek SSR, vol. 2, Tashkent, 1957.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia M.: "Soviet Encyclopedia", 1969-1978

BUKHARA OPERATION 1920

operation 1920, combat operations of units of the Red Army (about 9 thousand people, 230 machine guns, 40 guns, 5 armored trains, 11 aircraft and several armored vehicles) under the command of M. V. Frunze with the support of revolutionary Bukhara detachments (about 5 thousand people. ) against the troops of the Bukhara emir on August 29. - 2 Sep. 1920 during the Civil War. The emir's army (16 thousand people, 16 machine guns, 23 guns) occupied the area of Old Bukhara with its main forces and separate detachments in Khatyrchi and Kermine. In the area of the Takhtakaracha pass, Shakhrisabz and Karshi, detachments of Bukhara beks (over 27 thousand people) operated. On August 23, the working people of Bukhara began an uprising in Chardzhui Bekstvo and turned to the Turkestan Soviet Republic for help. B. o. began with the capture of Old Chardzhui by Soviet troops together with the rebels on August 29. The revolutionary committee created here addressed the workers of Bukhara with a call to fight against the emirate. On September 2, Old Bukhara was taken by storm, and on October 8, 1920, the Bukhara People's Soviet Republic was proclaimed.

Lit.: M. V. Frunze on the fronts of the civil war. Sat. documents, M., 1941: History of the Civil War in the USSR, vol. 5, M., 1961; History of the Uzbek SSR, vol. 2, Tashkent, 1957.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB. 2012