Always be in the mood. Types of sentences (simple and complex)
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In Russian, there are two groups of syntactic units, separated by the presence or absence of a subject or predicate in them: two-part and one-part sentences. How many main members are there in such constructions, and what are the types of one-part sentences (table with examples)? This article will tell.
Definition of the concept
A one-piece sentence is a complete speech utterance, where the grammatical base has only the subject, or only the predicate.
For example: "Will we buy groceries at the store?" Analyzing the sentence through parsing, you can see that the main member there is the predicate - "buy", expressed by the verb, and the secondary - the addition of "products" and the circumstance "in the store", expressed by nouns.
The subject in this offer is missing, but you can easily pick it up: "Will we buy products in the store?" Only the pronoun "we" - 1 person singular can be substituted here.
In this case, the subject was not specially removed, but it is simply absent.
Important! Do not confuse one-part sentences with two-part incomplete sentences with a missing subject.
For example: “The trees grew tall and slender. They rustled in the wind with their green foliage. " Determine the type of one-part sentence. Or is it still two-part?
In this example, without context, it is impossible to understand the meaning of the second sentence, therefore it is two-part incomplete with a missing subject.
Types of one-part sentences (table with examples)
So. The easiest way is to put the types of one-part sentences into a table with hint examples:
What is the difference between them from each other? It is worth considering in more detail.
Nominative or nominative sentences
The following syntactic constructions are called nominal or nominative sentences. It's pretty simple. One main member of a one-part sentence is the subject expressed by the noun. It always stands in such complete speech utterances in the nominative case.
In such a syntactic unit, there are no and cannot be secondary members, for example, additions or circumstances, since they refer to the predicate, it is from him that the question will be asked to such members of the sentence.
In nominative sentences, only a definition can appear, since it always refers to the subject.
For example: "Morning. Summer day. Winter".
In all these sentences there is only a subject, but a predicate is not provided there.
In addition to the noun, noun sentences can contain a phrase in which one noun is in the nominative, and the second in the genitive.
For example: "Time of warmth and sun. Songs of fun and joy."
One-piece definite personal sentences
In these syntactic constructions, only the predicate is present in 1 and 2 l. units and many others. h. The predicate stands in the indicative or imperative mood, depending on the person and is expressed by a verb.
These constructions are always called one-part definitively personal sentences, since the grammatical base is equal to one main member of the sentence.
For example:
- "I'm going up the stairs, looking out the windows."
- "Let's play together?"
- "Please put me this piece of cake!"
- "Do me a favor."
Uncertain personal suggestions
The following syntactic units also contain a predicate expressed by a verb in the 3rd person plural. The predicate can stand in the past or future tense, and also have an indicative or subjunctive (conditional) mood.
For example:
- "I was told from the cancellation of lessons."
- "Give me a discount at this store!"
- "Let them first tell you about all the nuances of the work!"
In these constructions it is possible to select only the personal pronoun "they" and substitute it in the place of the subject.
Generalized personal suggestions
Such syntactic units of speech are a real fusion of definitely and indefinitely personal speech utterances, however, in generalized personal sentences, the predicate carries a generalized, not specific meaning. That is why this type of one-piece structures is used most often in proverbs and sayings, where it is impossible to refer to a specific person.
For example:
- "If you love the tops, love the roots."
- "You can't catch a fish out of a pond without difficulty."
- "Seven times measure cut once".
Impersonal sentences
These sentences are a separate and very interesting kind - they do not and cannot have a subject, therefore only one predicate remains, which can be expressed in various categories:
- A verb without a face: "It is light." "It was getting dark." "It was getting dark."
- A verb that used to be personal, and then turned into an impersonal form: "My nose itches." "He can't sleep at all." "It got dark in the distance."
- A category of state, or an impersonal predicative word: "It was quiet in the garden." "It's very sad at heart." "It's stuffy and hot."
- The negative particle "no" or the negative word "no": "You have no conscience!" "There is not a star in the sky."
Infinitive sentences
The last category of one-part sentences also has in its grammatical basis only the predicate, expressed by the infinitive - the initial form of the verb. The infinitive is very easy to identify - it answers the questions "what to do / what to do?"
This part of speech has neither a number nor a face, since it is unchangeable.
- "You don't need to listen to anyone!"
- "Why lie for a long time on the beach under the scorching sun?"
- "Why not dance at the party?"
To easily remember the types of one-part sentences (table with examples), it is best to learn which main term is missing in them. If this is a predicate, then you have a nominative sentence, etc.
Thus, one-part sentences are a special kind of syntactic constructions, the grammatical basis of which has only one main member. Subject or predicate. In addition, there are several types of one-part sentences. In each of them, either only the subject in the nominative case is used, or only the predicate in different persons and numbers.
The offers are divided into simple and complex... Both simple and complex sentences can be widespread and uncommon, i.e., contain or not contain, in addition to the main, minor members (definitions, additions, circumstances, etc.): He came very fast. and He came.
Simple sentence
A simple sentence is a syntactic unit formed by one syntactic link between the subject and the predicate, or by one main term.
A two-part sentence is a simple sentence with subject and predicate as necessary components: They laughed. He was smart. The cloud is black, heavy in outline.
A one-piece sentence is a simple sentence that has only one main term (with or without dependent words). One-piece sentences are:
- Vaguely personal: Me caused to the director.
- Generalized personal: Easily you can't pull it out and a fish from the pond.
- Impersonal: Outside it got dark.
- Definitely personal: Sitting and draw.
- Infinitive: To be silent ! You already drive.
- Noun: Night. Street. Flashlight. Pharmacy.
- Incomplete offer Is a sentence that is missing one or more members (major or minor) that the context or situation indicates: The truth remains true and word of mouth... We got to talking as if the centuries were familiar... You probably know about our work? And about me? I will put on this is blue.
Difficult sentence
A complex sentence consists of two or more simple sentences connected by meaning and / or by means of conjunctions. Complex sentences are divided into:
- Compound sentences consist of parts (simple sentences), grammatically independent, connected by meaning and with the help of compositional conjunctions and, but, but, yes, or, or, however, but, as well as complex compositional conjunctions neither ... nor ..., then ... then ..., either ..., or ..., not that ..., not that ... and etc.: The rain is over , and the sun rose. That the phone will ring , then will ring the doorbell.
- Complex sentences consist of parts (simple sentences), one of which is not independent in grammatical and semantic terms; parts are connected using subordinate unions and union words: what, so that, where, when, where, why, if (if), how, while, although, therefore, which, which, whose etc., as well as complex subordinate unions: due to the fact that, in view of the fact that, due to the fact that, instead of, despite the fact that, before, since etc. The subordinate union and the union word are always in the subordinate clause: I know , what they are friends. He does not want , to he was expected. Sergey did not answer , because did not hear the question.
- Unionless proposals. Parts of a non-union sentence (simple sentences) are almost always grammatically independent, but sometimes unequal in meaning; conjunctions and union words are missing: The sun was shining, birches were green, birds were whistling. I hear: knocking on the door. The cheese fell out - there was a cheat with it.
type of a sentence
Structural and semantic variety of a sentence. Types of sentences according to the purpose of the statement. Types of one-part sentences. cm. typology of a simple sentence (in the article a sentence).
Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M .: Education. D. E. Rosental, M. A. Telenkova. 1976 .
See what "sentence type" is in other dictionaries:
communicative type of sentence- a category that determines the functional purpose of an utterance in an act of communication within a sentence ... Explanatory translation dictionary
a scheme for analyzing a polynomial sentence with different types of connection- (sentences of contaminated structure) 1) type of sentence by structure; 2) the type of sentence by the number of predicative parts; 3) a subtype of a polynomial sentence of a contaminated structure: a) a polynomial sentence with an essay and ... ...
inseparable sentences Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
inseparable sentences- A type of sentence, opposed to the main structural types of a simple sentence - two-part and one-part: Are you going tomorrow? - No. N. p. are devoid of grammatical form: 1) the members of the sentence are not distinguished in them - neither the main ones, nor ... ...
complex sentence analysis scheme- 1) the type of sentence by the nature of the main syntactic connection of the predicative parts and their number; 2) the type of a complex sentence in terms of structure: a) an undivided structure (adjective); b) a dismembered structure (attached, ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
analysis scheme for a two-term unionless complex sentence Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
compound sentence analysis scheme- 1) the type of sentence by the nature of the main syntactic connection and the number of predicative parts; 2) type of proposal by the number of subjects: a) mono-subject; b) polysubjective; 3) the type of proposal for the structure: a) homogeneous composition; b) ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
polynomial complex sentence analysis scheme- 1) the type of sentence by the nature of the main syntactic connection and the number of predicative parts; 2) the type of subordination according to the method of communication of the subordinate clauses: a) sequential subordination (indicate the degree of subordination); b) subordination: homogeneous subordination ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
The type of SPP, determined depending on the purpose of the main part: 1) if it is narrative in nature, the whole sentence is narrative; 2) if the main part expresses a question, the SPP qualifies as an interrogative; 3) if ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
functional complex sentence type- The type of SPP, determined depending on the purpose of the main part: 1) if it is narrative in nature, the whole sentence is narrative; 2) if the main part expresses a question, the SPF qualifies as an interrogative; ... ... Syntax: Reference Dictionary
Books
- Pass Cambridge Bec Preliminary: Workbook,. PASS Cambridge BEC Preliminary is the first stage of the Business English course for students. Corresponds to A2 Elementary - B1 Pre-Intermediate levels. PASS Cambridge BEC grammar ...
1. Functional types of sentences.
2. Structural types of sentences.
Various types of sentences are distinguished in the Russian language. By the nature of the attitude towards reality expressed in them (by modality), affirmative and negative sentences with various shades of modal meanings are distinguished: assumptions, doubts, confidence, possibilities, impossibilities.
Affirmative is called a sentence in which the established connection between the subject of speech and what is said about it is realized as really existing.
Negative is called a sentence in which the connection between the subject of speech and what is said about it is denied, recognized as not existing in reality.
In the course of two weeks, our affairs have progressed (affirmative);
Fortunately, due to an unsuccessful hunt, our horses were not exhausted (negative);
In Russian, grammatically negation is usually expressed by the particle NOT, and the assertion is usually expressed by its absence. Denial is complete and partial. The complete is achieved by placing the particle NOT in front of the predicate, such a sentence is called generally negative. The NOT particle in front of other members of the sentence expresses partial negation. Such offers are called partly negative.
It should be noted that the particle NOT, even with a predicate, does not always serve as a sign of a negative sentence. The sentence loses its negative meaning:
1) when repeating the particle NOT
Ex.: I could not help but laugh (P.)
2) when the particle does NOT acquire other shades of value:
assumptions -
Ex .: I sprinkled the light, do you want to get married? (Gr.)
generalizations -
Ex: Who hasn't cursed the station keepers? (NS).
fears -
Ex .: No matter how something happens!
endorsements -
Ex.: Why not work!
necessity -
Ex .: How can I not cry!
An NI particle can act as a negative particle, which introduces an additional amplifying shade of the value:
Ex: There is not a soul in the living room (Ch.)
Strengthening the negation is also achieved with the help of negative pronouns and adverbs:
Ex .: Nothing foreshadowed bad weather! (Ars.)
According to the purpose of the statement and the emotional coloring, sentences are divided into narrative, interrogative and motivating ones. They serve to convey the three main forms of thought - judgment, question, motivation. Each type is characterized by a corresponding structure of intonation and a set of formal indicators - verb forms, service words. Sentences of each of the three types can be emotionally colored - using intonation means, particles, i.e. exclamation points.
Narrative are called sentences that contain a message about any fact of reality, phenomenon, event.
Ex.: The rider sat in the saddle deftly and carelessly (M.G.)
Interrogative sentences are called that serve to express a question addressed to the interlocutor.
The grammatical means for the design of interrogative sentences are as follows:
1) interrogative intonation - raising the tone of the word with which the meaning of the question is associated;
Ex.: Did you call me with a song happiness?
Is it you was the song calling for happiness?
Are you song calling for happiness?
2) word arrangement (a word is added to the beginning of the sentence, with
to which the question is related);
Ex .: Not hail Is the hostile burning? (NS.)
But soon will you come back?
3) interrogative words - interrogative particles, adverbs,
pronouns;
Ex .: Where does the glow shine from? (L.)
What would you like to do? (NS.)
Interrogative sentences are divided into proper-interrogative, interrogative-motivating and interrogative-rhetorical.
Proper interrogative sentences contain a question that requires a mandatory answer.
Ex .: Did you write your will? (L.)
Interrogative-motivating sentences contain a motivation for action, expressed through a question.
Ex.: Shouldn't we talk about business first? (Ch.)
Interrogative rhetorical sentences do not imply and do not require an answer. They express various feelings and experiences of the speaker - meditation, doubt, sadness, regret, sadness, joy, anger.
Ex .: What is the coming day for me? (NS.)
Suggestions are called incentives, which express the will, the urge to action.
They express:
1.order, request, supplication:
Ex .: Silence! (M.G.)
Go, Peter! - commanded by a student (M.G.)
2.advice, suggestion, warning, protest, threat:
Ex .: Pets of windy fate, tyrants of the world! Tremble! And you, take heart and heed, rise up, fallen slaves! (NS.)
3.consent, permission:
Ex .: You can go wherever your eyes look.
4.call, invitation to joint action:
Ex .: My friend, we will devote our souls to our homeland with wonderful impulses! (NS.)
5. desire:
Ex.: Give him Dutch soot with rum (M.G.)
Exclamation points are sentences emotionally colored. This is conveyed by a special exclamation intonation.
Ex .: Farewell, letter of love, goodbye! (NS.)
In Russian, sentences are common and uncommon.
An uncommon proposal is a sentence consisting only of the main members - subject and predicate.
Ex .: Autumn has come.
They came.
A sentence that has, along with the main, minor members, is called common proposal.
Ex .: The clear sky shone with blue.
The sun rose high above the trees.
A sentence can consist of the main members - the subject and the predicate, and the secondary ones, of which some relate to the subject and together with it form the composition of the subject, others - to the predicate and form with it the composition of the predicate.
Depending on how many grammatical structures are in the sentence, it can be two-part or one-piece.
Two-part proposal has two grammatical structures - subject composition and predicate composition.
Ex .: In the middle of summer, hayfields boiled along the Desna (E. Nosov);
Throughout its long life, the poplar reaches for the sun (E. Nosov).
A two-part sentence may be incomplete (not to have both compositions, but this does not deprive him of the specificity of a two-part sentence, the missing composition is implied).
One-piece sentence has one grammatical structure (one main term with or without explanatory words). Usually, the main member of a one-part sentence coincides in form with either the predicate or the subject.
Pr.: Somehow I felt sad in the monotonous steppe (Koltsov).
Road.
A simple sentence has one or two grammatical structures and contains one predicative unit.
Ex .: From the cliff, a handful of dry leaves were picked up by the wind (E. N).
On the same day I left the city. (K.V.)
There are different types of syntactic units in. They can be divided into groups according to different criteria: according to the purpose of the statement, according to the peculiarities of the grammatical basis, according to intonation, according to structure. In the Russian language there is a whole section that studies this construction as a unit of text. This section is called "". Consider what types of sentences exist in Russian.
In contact with
Division into groups
Let us analyze what sentences are available for the purpose of the statement:
Narrative sentences are sentences that end with a period. Narrative sentences tell about an event. Examples can be cited from any text describing certain events.
There must be an exclamation mark at the end of the exclamation point. It is used to express anger, surprise, and other strong feelings.
An interrogative always ends with a question mark. It is used in cases when a person wants to ask about something, make inquiries, clarify information.
Attention! In Russian, unlike some other European languages (for example, from), you can make an interrogative from a declarative statement (and vice versa) without changing the word order. For example: "Masha is a student" and "Masha is a student?" In the first case, this is a statement of fact, in the second case - an expression of uncertainty, a desire to clarify the reliability of information.
Dividing into groups according to emotional coloring
Emotionally, sentences are exclamation and non-exclamation.
Exclamation point:
- Aren `t you ashamed!
- Shame on the Losers and the Lazy!
- Look at the silence around! Grace!
Exclamation sentences, as you can see from the examples, express different ones, from contempt to admiration.
Non-exclamation point:
- My mom is a teacher.
- There are many interesting places in my hometown.
- When I grow up, I will be a mechanic.
In order to understand what non-exclamation statements are, any examples of them can be read aloud. The intonation will be even, calm. If there is an exclamation mark at the end of a written statement, the intonation, on the contrary, will be uneven, ascending.
There are different sentences in terms of intonation. This applies not only to Russian, but also to all other languages of the world. In Russian, according to intonation, sentences are emotionally colored or emotionally neutral.
Sentences in written speech that have a pronounced emotional connotation have an exclamation mark at the end. Expressions in oral speech, characterized by emotions, are pronounced with a raised voice at the end of the phrase.
Attention! If there is an exclamation mark at the end of a phrase, read the phrase out loud in a very expressive way. This is especially true for reading poetry. If you pronounce such phrases in an even, calm voice, the meaning of the statement and its expressiveness are often lost.
Classification according to the characteristics of the grammatical basis
By the presence or absence of components of the grammatical basis, sentences are one-piece and two-piece. A one-part has only a predicate or a subject. The two-part has both the subject and the predicate. The characteristic of constructions according to the peculiarities of the grammatical basis occupies an important place in the school course of the modern Russian language.
According to the full or partial presence of the grammatical basis, complete thoughts in writing are one-part and two-part. Here are examples of a typical incomplete one-part sentence:
- Day is breaking.
- It's getting colder.
- I came, I saw, I won.
And here are examples of two-part complete:
- The embroiderer has finished her needlework.
- Santa Claus came to the Christmas tree at school.
- The grandmother milked the cow and went to rest.
Classification of sentences
Classification by the number of grammatical bases
What groups are these syntactic units divided into according to the number of grammatical bases? For two - simple and complex... It is possible to determine what type a statement belongs to by the presence of one or more bases. When it comes to simple and complex sentences, you can use simple examples to learn an important rule of punctuation. It is shown below.
Simple sentences
Attention! All grammatical bases included in the composition are separated by a comma. There may be a union between them, but it may not be there. For example: "The sun went down and the animals in the barn fell asleep" or "It was drizzling, a boy in galoshes was splashing in the puddles."
A simple sentence is a written statement that has only one grammatical base. Here are typical examples:
- I went to distant lands.
- My uncle works as a tractor driver on a collective farm.
- The cat can jump and scream loudly.
The main signs of a complex: the presence of several grammatical foundations, the use of conjunctions (although they may not exist), the division of the statement into logical parts using commas. Examples:
- My brother taught lessons and I played the piano.
- Mom sang a song, and the children sang along with her.
- Morning came, grandmother took her grandson to kindergarten.
Types of complex sentences
A complex sentence can consist of several parts, connected by a compositional or subordinate link. What groups can complex structures be divided into? On complex and complex... Typical examples are:
- I live in a house that is under the mountain (subordinate relationship).
- I will go where no one knows me (subordinate relationship).
- Snowflakes are spinning, and the new year is coming (compositional alliance connection).
- I was sitting at home, my mother was asleep (non-union compositional connection).
Sentence, its grammatical basis
Different types of complex sentences
Output
The characterization of a sentence is one of the most difficult questions in modern Russian. This problem is actively studied by modern linguists, and is also considered in the Russian language course for students in grades 5-9 of secondary schools. According to various criteria in modern Russian, they are divided into different groups. A detailed description of this syntactic unit helps to better understand the essence of the utterance, as well as to understand the rules of punctuation.