Biography of Dostoevsky's last years of life. Entries of the category "Dostoevsky Fyodor Mikhailovich

In 1821, a popular Russian writer, Fyodor Dostoevsky, was born. He spent his youth in a large noble family. His father was a rude and hot-tempered man. Everything in the house was adjusted to the father. In 1837, Dostoevsky's mother and Alexander Pushkin, who meant a lot to young Fyodor, suddenly passed away.

After that, Fyodor Dostoevsky begins to live in St. Petersburg. There he enters an engineering school. At that time it was considered one of the best educational institutions in Russia. This was also indicated by the fact that among Dostoevsky's classmates there were many talented people who became famous in the future. During his studies, he also read numerous works, including those of foreign authors. He preferred reading to the noisy society of his fellow students. This was one of his favorite activities. Many contemporaries were amazed at Fyodor Mikhailovich's readiness.

In 1844, Dostoevsky began his long career as a writer. One of his first serious creations was Poor People. This novel was well received by critics and brings fame to its creator. After 5 years, a turning point occurs in the life of the writer. He is sentenced to death, but at the last moment it is commuted to hard labor. The writer comprehends a lot in a new way.

Around 1860, Dostoevsky began writing a huge number of works. He published a two-volume collection of his writings. Contemporaries did not appreciate Dostoevsky's works, although modern critics praised his works.

Dostoevsky's texts literally stunned readers who had never personally encountered the horrors of hard labor.

In 1861. The Dostoevsky brothers set about creating their own magazine, which was named Vremya.

Dostoevsky died in 1881 from bronchitis and tuberculosis. The great writer left at the age of 59.

Option 2

On November 11, 1821, the great classic, writer and thinker Dostoevsky Fyodor Mikhailovich was born. From childhood, the future writer suffered from epilepsy. The family had 7 children, Fedor was born second, he had 3 brothers and 3 sisters. Mother Maria Feodorovna in 1837 dies of tuberculosis. After her death, his father sent his two children Fyodor and Mikhail to study at the St. Petersburg School with a military engineering profile. In 1839, his father dies.

From a young age, the future classic was interested in writing, constantly reading the works of Pushkin, Shakespeare, Lermontov, Schiller, Kornel, Gogol, Balzac, Gogol. In 1843 Fyodor Mikhailovich was so impressed by the work of "Eugene Grande" by O. Balzac that he undertook to translate it.

The years 1844-1845 are considered the beginning of the writer's career. The work "Poor People" is the very first work of the writer. After the publication of the novel, the writer gained fame and popularity. Belinsky V.G. and Nekrasov N.A. highly appreciated the work of the aspiring writer.

The second work of Fyodor Mikhailovich, work on which lasted from 1845 to 1846, is the story "The Double", which was severely criticized by many writers, as well as readers of a literary magazine. At the beginning of his career, all the writer's works were published only in the magazine of his brother.

The year 1849 becomes a crisis for the writer, he was sentenced to death by the court for participating in a circle with a revolutionary mood. Soon the punishment was replaced by hard labor for a period of 4 years in the Omsk fortress. After the end of the sentence, the writer is sent to military service as a soldier. After the events he experienced in penal servitude and during the service, the worldview of the young writer completely changed, he became more devout. While on duty, the writer meets Maria Isaeva, the wife of a former official, they have a romance. After the death of her husband, Maria married Fyodor Mikhailovich in 1857. Soon the young family moved to live in the city of St. Petersburg to work with their brother Mikhail in the magazines "Time" and "Epoch".

The year 1864 becomes very tragic for the classic, his wife and brother die. After these losses, Fyodor Mikhailovich begins to play roulette, accumulates numerous debts for himself. During this difficult period of his life, he worked on the novel Crime and Punishment, then on the novel The Gambler, for which he hired stenographer Anna Sinitkina, she soon became his wife.

The second wife, Anna, was 25 years younger than her husband. After the wedding, he instructed her to manage all his financial affairs. In marriage, they had 4 children. In 1869, the writer finishes working on the novel "The Idiot", in one of Prince Myshkin's monologues, previously experienced emotions before the death penalty are displayed. The period from 1871 to 1881 is considered the most fruitful for the writer's work, he writes works: "Demons", "Diary of a Writer", "Bobok", "Teenager", "The Dream of a Funny Man", "The Collapse of Baimakov's Office", "The Brothers Karamazov" and other.

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky is a great writer, classic of literature, philosopher, innovator, thinker, publicist, translator, representative of personalism and romanticism.

Born on 10/30/1821 in Moscow at the Mariinsky Hospital for the Poor of the Moscow Orphanage. Father is a writer, mother Maria Nechaeva is the daughter of a merchant. Lived in the specified hospital.

The family had a patriarchal life, everything according to the will and routine of the father. The boy was raised by his nanny Alena Frolov, whom he loved and mentioned in the novel "Demons".

Parents from childhood taught the writer to literature. By the age of 10 he knew history, at the age of 4 he had already read it. Father put a lot of effort into Fedor's education.

1834 entered one of the best educational institutions in Moscow. At the age of 16 he moved to St. Petersburg to enter the Main Engineering School. During this period I decided to become a writer.

1843 becomes an engineer-second lieutenant, but soon resigns and goes to literature.

During his studies (1840-1842) he began his dramas "Maria Steward" and "Boris Godunov", in 1844 he finished the drama "Zhid Yankel" and at the same time translated foreign novels and wrote "Poor People". Thanks to his works, Dostoevsky becomes famous and well-known among other popular writers.

Deepens into different genres: the humorous "Novel in 9 Letters", the essay "The Petersburg Chronicles", the tragedies "Another's Wife" and "The Jealous Husband", the Christmas-tree poem "Fir-Trees and Wedding", the stories "Mistress", "Weak Heart" and many others ...

11/13/1849 sentenced to death for maintaining Belinsky's literature, then changed to 4 years and military service, while he survived a staged execution. In hard labor, he continued to secretly create his masterpieces.

1854 sent to the service, where he met Isaeva Maria Dmitrievna and married in 1957. In the same year he was pardoned.

The marriage with Isaeva lasted 7 years, there were no children. 4 children were born with his second wife Anna Grigorievna.

01/28/1881 died of pulmonary tuberculosis, chronic bronchitis. Buried in St. Petersburg.

Biography of Dostoevsky by dates and interesting facts

Fedor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky was born in 1821 in Moscow. In the family of the doctor of the clinic for the poor, Mikhail Andreevich, and later received the title of nobleman. Mother's name was Maria Fedorovna. They had six children. At the age of 16, Fedor and his older brother entered the preparatory boarding house in St. Petersburg.

At the end of 1843, he served as a pre-operator in the engineering team, and a year later he retired and devoted his time entirely to literature.

The first novel was written "Poor People" was published in 1845 and had significant success.

After Dostoevsky took part in an underground printing house. Arrested in 1849, all his archives were destroyed. Dostoevsky was awaiting execution, but Nicholas I changed the sentence to 4 years of hard labor.

In 1857, Fyodor married the widow Isaeva.

Has released comedy stories: "Uncle's Dream" and "The Village of Stepanchikovo and Its Residents."

1863, the dramatic novels The Gambler and The Idiot were published.

1864 his wife died.

In 1866 he worked on the love story "Crime and Punishment" and Dostoevsky's second wedding.

In the last years of his life, he was elected a Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences.

In 1878, Dostoevsky's beloved son died.

The last work "The Brothers Karamazov".

The famous writer died in early 1881.

Biography by dates and interesting facts. The most important thing.

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Someone calls him a prophet, a gloomy philosopher, someone - an evil genius. He himself called himself "a child of the century, a child of unbelief, doubt." Much has been said about Dostoevsky as a writer, but his personality is surrounded by an aura of mystery. The multifaceted nature of the classic allowed him to leave a mark on the pages of history, to inspire millions of people around the world. His ability to expose vices, without turning away from them, made the heroes so alive, and the works - full of mental suffering. Immersion in the world of Dostoevsky can be painful, difficult, but it gives rise to something new in people, this is exactly the literature that educates. Dostoevsky is a phenomenon that needs to be studied for a long time and thoughtfully. A short biography of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky, some interesting facts from his life, work will be presented to your attention in the article.

Brief biography in dates

The main task of life, as Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky wrote, is “not to lose heart, not to fall,” in spite of all the trials sent from above. And a lot of them fell to his lot.

November 11, 1821 - birth. Where was Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born? He was born in our glorious capital - Moscow. Father - head physician Mikhail Andreevich, a religious, pious family. Called by the name of his grandfather.

The boy began to study at a young age under the guidance of his parents, by the age of 10 he knew the history of Russia quite well, his mother taught to read. Attention was also paid to religious education: daily prayer before bedtime was a family tradition.

In 1837, the mother of Fyodor Mikhailovich, Maria, dies, in 1839, father Mikhail.

1838 - Dostoevsky entered the Main Engineering School of St. Petersburg.

1841 - becomes an officer.

1843 - Enrolled in the Engineering Corps. Studying was not pleasing, there was a strong craving for literature, the writer did his first creative experiments even then.

1847 - visiting Petrashevsky Fridays.

April 23, 1849 - Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky was arrested and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress.

From January 1850 to February 1854 - the Omsk fortress, hard labor. This period had a strong influence on the writer's creativity and attitude.

1854-1859th - the period of military service, the city of Semipalatinsk.

1857th - a wedding with Maria Dmitrievna Isaeva.

June 7, 1862 - the first trip abroad, where Dostoevsky stays until October. I got carried away with gambling for a long time.

1863 - falling in love, relations with A. Suslova.

1864 - the writer's wife Maria, elder brother Mikhail die.

1867 - marries stenographer A. Snitkina.

Until 1871 they traveled a lot outside of Russia.

1877 - spends a lot of time with Nekrasov, then gives a speech at his funeral.

1881 - Dostoevsky Fyodor Mikhailovich dies, he was 59 years old.

Biography in detail

The childhood of the writer Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky can be called prosperous: born into a noble family in 1821, he received an excellent education at home and upbringing. Parents managed to instill a love for languages ​​(Latin, French, German), history. After reaching the age of 16, Fedor was sent to a private boarding school. Then the training continued at the military engineering school of St. Petersburg. Dostoevsky showed interest in literature even then, visited literary salons with his brother, tried to write himself.

As the biography of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky testifies, 1839 takes the life of his father. Internal protest is looking for a way out, Dostoevsky begins to get acquainted with the socialists, attends Petrashevsky's circle. The novel "Poor People" was written under the influence of the ideas of that period. This work allowed the writer to finally finish the hated engineering service and take up literature. From an unknown student, Dostoevsky became a successful writer until the censorship intervened.

In 1849, the ideas of the Petrashevists were recognized as harmful, the members of the circle were arrested and sent to hard labor. It is noteworthy that the sentence was originally a death sentence, but the last 10 minutes changed it. The Petrashevites who were already standing on the scaffold were pardoned, limiting the punishment to four years of hard labor. Mikhail Petrashevsky was sentenced to life in prison. Dostoevsky was sent to Omsk.

The biography of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky says that serving a sentence was given to a writer hard. He compares that time to being buried alive. Heavy monotonous work like burning bricks, disgusting conditions, cold undermined Fyodor Mikhailovich's health, but also gave him food for thought, new ideas, themes for creativity.

After serving his sentence, Dostoevsky serves in Semipalatinsk, where the only joy was the first love - Maria Dmitrievna Isaeva. These relationships were tender, somewhat reminiscent of the relationship between mother and son. Stopped the writer from making a proposal to a woman, only the presence of her husband. He died a little later. In 1857, Dostoevsky finally achieves Maria Isaeva, they get married. After the marriage, the relationship changed somewhat, the writer himself speaks of them as "unfortunate".

1859 - return to St. Petersburg. Dostoevsky writes again, opens the Vremya magazine with his brother. Brother Mikhail does business clumsily, gets into debt, dies. Fyodor Mikhailovich has to deal with debts. He has to write quickly in order to be able to pay all the accumulated debts. But even in such a hurry, the most complex works of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky were created.

In 1860, Dostoevsky falls in love with the young Apollinaria Suslova, who is not at all like his wife Maria. The relationship was also different - passionate, bright, lasted three years. At the same time, Fedor Mikhailovich is fond of playing roulette, he loses a lot. This period of his life is reflected in the novel The Gambler.

1864 claimed the lives of his brother and wife. In the writer Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky, something seems to have broken. Relations with Suslova are coming to naught, the writer feels lost, alone in the world. He tries to run away from himself abroad, to distract himself, but melancholy does not leave. Epileptic seizures are becoming more frequent. This is how Anna Snitkina, a young stenographer, recognized and fell in love with Dostoevsky. The man shared his life story with the girl, he needed to speak out. Gradually, they became closer, although the age difference was 24 years. Anna accepted Dostoevsky's offer to marry him sincerely, because Fyodor Mikhailovich evoked the brightest, enthusiastic feelings in her. The marriage was perceived negatively by society, Dostoevsky's adopted son Pavel. The newlyweds leave for Germany.

The relationship with Snitkina had a beneficial effect on the writer: he got rid of his addiction to roulette, became calmer. In 1868 Sophia is born, but dies three months later. After a difficult period of common experiences, Anna and Fyodor Mikhailovich continue to try to conceive a child. They succeed: Love (1869), Fedor (1871) and Alexei (1875) are born. Alexey inherited the disease from his father, died at the age of three. The wife became for Fyodor Mikhailovich support and support, a spiritual outlet. In addition, she helped improve the financial situation. The family moves to Staraya Russa to escape from the nervous life in St. Petersburg. Thanks to Anna, a wise girl beyond her years, Fyodor Mikhailovich becomes happy, at least for a short while. Here they spend their time happily and serenely until Dostoevsky's health forces them to return to the capital.

In 1881, the writer dies.

Carrot or stick: how Fedor Mikhailovich raised children

The indisputability of the father's authority was the basis of Dostoevsky's upbringing, which also passed on to his own family. Decency, responsibility - these qualities the writer managed to put into his children. Even if they did not grow up as geniuses like their father, a certain craving for literature existed in each of them.

The writer considered the main mistakes of education:

• ignoring the inner world of the child;
• intrusive attention;
• bias.

He called a crime against a child suppression of individuality, cruelty, making life easier. Dostoevsky believed that the main instrument of education was not corporal punishment, but parental love. He himself incredibly loved his children, greatly worried about their illnesses and losses.

An important place in the life of a child, as Fyodor Mikhailovich believed, should be given to spiritual light, religion. The writer rightly believed that a child always takes an example from the family where he was born. Dostoevsky's educational measures were based on intuition.

Literary evenings were a good tradition in the family of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky. These evening readings of masterpieces of literature were traditional in the childhood of the author himself. Often the children of Dostoevsky Fyodor Mikhailovich fell asleep, did not understand anything they read, but he continued to educate literary taste. Often the writer read with such a feeling that in the process he began to cry. He loved to hear what impression this or that novel made on children.

Another educational element is a visit to the theater. Opera was preferred.

Lyubov Dostoevskaya

Attempts to become a writer were unsuccessful with Lyubov Fedorovna. Maybe the reason was that her work was always inevitably compared with her father's brilliant novels, maybe she was writing about the wrong one. As a result, the main work of her life was the description of her father's biography.

The girl who lost him at the age of 11 was very afraid that the sins of Fyodor Mikhailovich would not be forgiven in the next world. She believed that after death, life continues, but here, on earth, one must seek happiness. For Dostoevsky's daughter, it was primarily in a clear conscience.

Lyubov Fedorovna lived to be 56 years old, spent the last few years in sunny Italy. She was probably happier there than at home.

Fedor Dostoevsky

Fedor Fedorovich became a horse breeder. The boy began to show interest in horses as a child. I tried to create literary works, but it didn't work out. He was vain, strived to achieve success in life, these qualities were inherited from his grandfather. Fedor Fedorovich, if he was not sure that he could be the first in something, preferred not to do it, his pride was so expressed. He was nervous and withdrawn, wasteful, inclined to excitement, like his father.

Lost his father Fedor at the age of 9, but he managed to put the best qualities in him. The upbringing of his father helped him a lot in life, he received a good education. In his business, he achieved great success, perhaps because he loved what he was doing.

Creative way in dates

The beginning of Dostoevsky's career was bright, he wrote in many genres.

The genres of the early period of creativity of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky:

• humorous story;
• physiological outline;
• tragicomic story;
• Christmas story;
• story;
• novel.

In 1840-1841 - the creation of the historical dramas "Mary Stuart", "Boris Godunov".

1844 - Balzac's translation of Eugenia Grande is published.

1845 - finished the story "Poor People", met with Belinsky, Nekrasov.

1846 - "Petersburg Collection" was published, "Poor People" were published.

In February "Double" was published, in October - "Mister Prokharchin".

In 1847, Dostoevsky wrote "The Hostess", published in the "St. Petersburg Vedomosti".

In December 1848, White Nights was written, in 1849 - Netochka Nezvanova.

1854-1859th - service in Semipalatinsk, "Uncle's Dream", "Stepanchikovo Village and Its Inhabitants."

In 1860, a fragment of the "Notes of a Dead House" was published in the "Russian World". The first collected works have been published.

1861 - the beginning of the publication of the magazine "Time", the printing of a part of the novel "The Humiliated and the Insulted", "Notes from the House of the Dead".

In 1863, "Winter Notes on Summer Impressions" was created.

May of the same year - the Vremya magazine was closed.

1864 - the beginning of the publication of the "Epoch" magazine. "Notes from the Underground".

1865th - "An Unusual Event, or Passage in the Passage" is printed in "Crocodile".

1866 - written by Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment", "The Gambler". Departure abroad with family. "Moron".

In 1870, Dostoevsky wrote the story "The Eternal Husband".

1871-1872 - "Demons".

1875th - Printing of "Teenager" in "Notes of the Fatherland".

1876 ​​- the resumption of the activities of the "Writer's Diary".

From 1879 to 1880, The Brothers Karamazov was written.

Places in St. Petersburg

The city keeps the spirit of the writer, many of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky's books were written here.

1. Dostoevsky studied at the Engineering Mikhailovsky Castle.
2. The Serapinskaya hotel on Moskovsky Prospekt became the writer's place of residence in 1837, where he lived when he saw St. Petersburg for the first time in his life.
3. Poor People was written in the house of the post-director Pryanichnikov.
4. "Mr. Prokharchin" was created in the Kochenderfer house on Kazanskaya Street.
5. Fyodor Mikhailovich lived in Soloshich's apartment building on Vasilievsky Island in the 1840s.
6. Kotomin's apartment building introduced Dostoevsky to Petrashevsky.
7. The writer lived on Voznesensky Prospect during his arrest, wrote "White Nights", "Honest Thief" and other stories.
8. "Notes from the House of the Dead", "Humiliated and Insulted" were written on 3rd Krasnoarmeyskaya Street.
9. The writer lived in the house of A. Astafyeva in 1861-1863.
10. In the Strubinsky house on Grechesky Prospekt - from 1875 to 1878.

Dostoevsky's symbolism

You can endlessly analyze the books of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky, finding new and new symbols. Dostoevsky mastered the art of penetrating into the essence of things, their soul. It is thanks to the ability to unravel these symbols one by one that the journey through the pages of the novels becomes so fascinating.

• Axe.

This symbol carries a deadly meaning, being a kind of emblem of Dostoevsky's work. The ax symbolizes murder, crime, a decisive desperate step, a turning point. If a person utters the word "ax", most likely, the first thing that comes to his mind is "Crime and Punishment" by Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky.

• Clean linen.

Its appearance in novels occurs at certain similar moments, which allows us to speak of symbolism. For example, a maid hanging out clean linen prevented Raskolnikov from committing murder. Ivan Karamazov had a similar situation. It is not so much the linen itself that is symbolic, but its color - white, denoting purity, correctness, and purity.

• Smells.

It is enough to skim through any of Dostoevsky's novels to understand how important smells are to him. One of them, which occurs more often than others, is the smell of a pernicious spirit.

• Silver pledge.

One of the most important symbols. The silver cigarette case was not made of silver at all. The motive of falsity, falsity, suspicion appears. Raskolnikov, having made a cigarette box out of wood, similar to a silver one, as if he had already committed a deception, a crime.

• The ringing of a brass bell.

The symbol plays a warning role. A small detail makes the reader feel the mood of the hero, present the events more vividly. Small objects are endowed with strange, unusual features, emphasizing the exclusivity of circumstances.

• Wood and iron.

In novels, there are many things from these materials, each of them carries a certain meaning. If a tree symbolizes a person, a sacrifice, bodily torment, then iron is a crime, murder, evil.

Finally, I would like to note some interesting facts from the life of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky.

1. Dostoevsky wrote most of all in the last 10 years of his life.
2. Dostoevsky loved sex, used the services of prostitutes, even when he was married.
3. Nietzsche called Dostoevsky the best psychologist.
4. He smoked a lot, loved strong tea.
5. He was jealous of his women to every pillar, forbidden even to smile in public.
6. He worked more often at night.
7. The hero of the novel "The Idiot" is a self-portrait of the writer.
8. There are many film adaptations of Dostoevsky's works, as well as those dedicated to him.
9. The first child appeared at Fyodor Mikhailovich at the age of 46.
10. Leonardo DiCaprio also celebrates his birthday on November 11th.
11. More than 30,000 people attended the writer's funeral.
12. Sigmund Freud considered Dostoevsky's The Brothers Karamazov the greatest ever written.

We also present to your attention the famous quotes of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky:

1. One must love life more than the meaning of life.
2. Freedom is not about not holding yourself back, but about being in control of yourself.
3. In everything there is a line beyond which it is dangerous to cross; for once stepping over it is impossible to turn back.
4. Happiness is not in happiness, but only in achieving it.
5. No one will take the first step, because everyone thinks that it is not mutual.
6. The Russian people seem to enjoy their suffering.
7. Life goes breathless without an aim.
8. To stop reading books is to stop thinking.
9. There is no happiness in comfort; happiness is bought by suffering.
10. In a truly loving heart, either jealousy kills love, or love kills jealousy.

Conclusion

The result of each person's life is his deeds. Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (years of his life - 1821-1881) left behind great novels, having lived a relatively short life. Who knows if these novels would have been born if the author's life had been easy, without obstacles and hardships? Dostoevsky, who is known and loved, is impossible without suffering, emotional throwing, inner overcoming. It is they who make the works so real.

It always seems strange to me that even a great writer like Dostoevsky (1821-1881), and almost could not imagine what would happen in very recent times. Although he wrote "Demons", a pamphlet on the Russian revolutionaries, he could not foresee that the danger would come from a somewhat different direction and that almost everything was ready for the coming of this danger. The "conspiracy" (in which no one believes) has already been drawn up, and only some technical questions of its implementation remained.

Dostoevsky, who idolized the common Russian people, "fervently prayed" for the sovereign and for the Russian empire, hated the Western peoples and predicted their imminent death - how much malice they expressed about the Germans, French, Swiss, not to mention the Poles! - did not foresee that his beloved wife and children would live to see the greatest Russian catastrophe, fall into the dumbest Soviet land.

In 1879, he wrote to Anna Grigorievna, his wife, about the purchase of the estate:

“I’m all, my dear, thinking about my death myself (seriously thinking) and about what I’ll leave you and the children with. ... you do not like villages, but I have all the convictions that 1) the village is capital, which will triple by the age of the children, and 2) that the one who owns the land also participates in political power over the state. This is the future of our children ... "

"I am in awe of the children and their fate"

Kramskoy. Portrait of Dostoevsky.

I already wrote earlier that the writer's wife, Anna Grigorievna, lived until 1918. In April 1917, she decided to retire to her small estate near Adler to wait for the riots to calm down. But the revolutionary storm reached the Black Sea coast as well. A former gardener at the Dostoevskaya estate, who had deserted from the front, declared that he, the proletarian, should be the real owner of the estate. A.G. Dostoevskaya fled to Yalta. In the Yalta hell of 1918, when the city passed from hand to hand, she spent the last months of her life. There was even no one to bury her until six months later, Fyodor Fyodorovich Dostoevsky's son arrived from Moscow:

“At the height of the Civil War, Fyodor Dostoevsky Jr. made his way to the Crimea, but he didn’t find his mother alive. She was kicked out of her dacha by the caretaker, and she died abandoned by everyone in a Yalta hotel. According to the recollections of his son (grandson of the writer) Andrei Fyodorovich Dostoevsky, when Fyodor Fyodorovich took out Dostoevsky's archive from the Crimea to Moscow, which remained after the death of Anna Grigorievna, he was almost shot by the Chekists on suspicion of speculation, they thought they were transporting contraband in baskets. "

Dostoevsky's children were not marked by any significant talents, and they did not live long.

Dostoevsky's son, Fedor (1871 - 1921), graduated from two faculties of the University of Dorpat - legal and natural, became a specialist in horse breeding. He was proud and vain, strived to be the first everywhere. He tried to prove himself in the literary field, but was disappointed in his abilities. Lived and died in Simferopol. The grave has not survived.

Darling Dostoevsky's daughter Lyubov, Lyubochka (1868-1926), according to the recollections of contemporaries, “she was arrogant, arrogant, and simply quarrelsome. She did not help her mother to perpetuate the glory of Dostoevsky, creating her image as the daughter of the famous writer, later she left Anna Grigorievna altogether. " In 1913, after another trip abroad for treatment, she remained there forever (abroad she became "Emma"). She wrote an unsuccessful book "Dostoevsky in the memoirs of his daughter" ... Her personal life did not work out. She died in 1926 from leukemia in the Italian city of Bolzano.

Dostoevsky's nephew, the son of his younger brother, Andrei Andreevich (1863-1933), amazingly modest and devoted to the memory of Fyodor Mikhailovich. He had a luxurious apartment on Pochtamtskaya. Of course, after the revolution, it was overhauled. Andrei Andreevich was sixty-six when he sent to the White Sea Canal. Six months after his release, he died ...

The former Dostoevskys' apartment was partitioned off and converted into Soviet communal apartment, and the family was squeezed into one room ... And before the centenary of Lenin, this house was declared unfit for habitation and made his great-grandson a housewarming party on the outskirts of Leningrad, in a squalid Khrushchev building.

Dostoevsky's great-grandson himself, Dmitry Andreevich, Born in 1945, lives in St. Petersburg. He is a tram driver by profession, and has worked on route 34 all his life.

Great-grandson Dmitry Dostoevsky

(October 30 (November 11) 1821, Moscow, Russian Empire - January 28 (February 9) 1881, St. Petersburg, Russian Empire)

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Biography

life and creation

The writer's youth

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky was born on October 30 (November 11), 1821 in Moscow. Father, Mikhail Andreevich, from the clergy, received the title of nobility in 1828, worked as a doctor in the Moscow Mariinsky Hospital for the Poor on Novaya Bozhedomka (now - Dostoevsky Street). Having acquired a small estate in the Tula province in 1831-1832, he cruelly treated the peasants. Mother, Maria Fedorovna (nee Nechaev), came from a merchant family. Fedor was the second of 7 children. According to one of the assumptions, Dostoevsky comes from the paternal line of the Pinsk gentry, whose family estate Dostoevo in the 16th-17th centuries was located in the Belarusian Polesie (now the Ivanovsky district of the Brest region, Belarus). On October 6, 1506, Danila Ivanovich Rtishchev received this estate from Prince Fyodor Ivanovich Yaroslavich for his services. From that time on, Rtishchev and his heirs began to be called Dostoevsky.

When Dostoevsky was 15 years old, his mother died of consumption, and his father sent his eldest sons, Fyodor and Mikhail (who later also became a writer), to KF Kostomarov's boarding school in St. Petersburg.

1837 was an important date for Dostoevsky. This is the year of the death of his mother, the year of the death of Pushkin, whose work he (like his brother) is read from childhood, the year of moving to St. Petersburg and entering the military engineering school, now the Military Engineering and Technical University. In 1839 he receives news of the murder of his father by serfs. Dostoevsky takes part in the work of Belinsky's circle. A year before his discharge from military service, Dostoevsky for the first time translated and published Balzac's Eugene Grande (1843). A year later, his first work, Poor People, was published, and he immediately became famous: V. G. Belinsky highly appreciated this work. But the next book, The Double, runs into a misunderstanding.

Soon after the publication of White Nights, the writer was arrested (1849) in connection with the Petrashevsky case. Although Dostoevsky denied the charges against him, the court recognized him as "one of the most important criminals."
The military court finds the defendant Dostoevsky guilty of the fact that, having received in March this year from Moscow from the nobleman Pleshcheev ... a copy of the criminal letter of the writer Belinsky, he read this letter in the meetings: first from the accused Durov, then from the accused Petrashevsky. That is why the military court sentenced him for failure to report on the spread of the criminal about religion and the government of the letter of the writer Belinsky ... to deprive him on the basis of the Code of military decrees ... of ranks and all rights of the state and subject to the death penalty by shooting ..

The trial and the harsh death sentence (December 22, 1849) on the Semyonovsky parade ground was framed as a mock execution. At the last moment, the convicts were pardoned and sentenced to hard labor. One of those sentenced to death, Grigoriev, went mad. The feelings that he might have experienced before the execution, Dostoevsky conveyed in the words of Prince Myshkin in one of the monologues in the novel The Idiot.

During a short stay in Tobolsk on the way to the place of hard labor (January 11-20, 1850), the writer met with the wives of the exiled Decembrists: Zh. A. Muravyova, P. Ye. Annenkova and ND Fonvizina. The women gave him the Gospel, which the writer kept all his life.

Dostoevsky spent the next four years in hard labor in Omsk. In 1854, when the four years to which Dostoevsky was sentenced had expired, he was released from hard labor and sent as a private to the 7th Siberian Line Battalion. During his service in Semipalatinsk, he became friends with Chokan Valikhanov, the future famous Kazakh traveler and ethnographer. A common monument was erected there to the young writer and young scientist. Here he began an affair with Maria Dmitrievna Isaeva, who was married to a high school teacher Alexander Isaev, a bitter drunkard. After some time, Isaev was transferred to the place of the assessor in Kuznetsk. On August 14, 1855, Fyodor Mikhailovich receives a letter from Kuznetsk: M.D. Isaeva's husband died after a long illness.

On February 18, 1855, Emperor Nicholas I dies. Dostoevsky writes a loyal poem dedicated to his widow, Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, and as a result becomes a non-commissioned officer: on October 20, 1856 Fyodor Mikhailovich was promoted to ensign. On February 6, 1857, Dostoevsky was married to Maria Dmitrievna Isaeva in the Russian Orthodox Church in Kuznetsk.

Immediately after the wedding, they leave for Semipalatinsk, but on the way, Dostoevsky has an epileptic seizure, and they stop for four days in Barnaul.

On February 20, 1857, Dostoevsky and his wife returned to Semipalatinsk. The period of imprisonment and military service was a turning point in the life of Dostoevsky: from a still undecided in life "seeker of truth in man" he turned into a deeply religious person, whose only ideal for his entire subsequent life was Christ.

In 1859, in Otechestvennye zapiski, Dostoevsky published his stories The Village of Stepanchikovo and Its Inhabitants and Uncle's Dream.

On June 30, 1859, Dostoevsky was issued a temporary ticket number 2030, allowing him to travel to Tver, and on July 2, the writer left Semipalatinsk. In 1860, Dostoevsky returned to St. Petersburg with his wife and adopted son Pavel, but unofficial surveillance of him did not stop until the mid-1870s. From the beginning of 1861 Fyodor Mikhailovich helped his brother Mikhail to publish his own magazine "Time", after the closure of which in 1863 the brothers began to publish the magazine "Epoch". Such works of Dostoevsky appear on the pages of these magazines, such as "The Humiliated and Insulted", "Notes from the House of the Dead", "Winter Notes on Summer Impressions" and "Notes from the Underground".

Dostoevsky undertakes a trip abroad with the young emancipated special Apollinaria Suslova, in Baden-Baden he is fond of the ruinous game of roulette, feels a constant need for money and at the same time (1864) loses his wife and brother. The unusual way of European life completes the destruction of the socialist illusions of youth, forms a critical perception of bourgeois values ​​and rejection of the West.

Six months after the death of his brother, the publication of "Epoch" ceases (February 1865). In a desperate financial situation, Dostoevsky writes the chapters of Crime and Punishment, sending them to MN Katkov directly into the magazine set of the conservative Russian Bulletin, where they are printed from issue to issue. At the same time, under the threat of losing the rights to his publications for 9 years in favor of the publisher FT Stellovsky, he undertook to write him a novel, for which he did not have enough physical strength. On the advice of friends, Dostoevsky hires a young stenographer, Anna Snitkina, who helps him cope with this task.

The novel "Crime and Punishment" was finished and paid very well, but so that the creditors would not take this money away from him, the writer went abroad with his new wife, Anna Grigorievna Snitkina. The trip is reflected in the diary that A.G. Snitkina-Dostoevskaya began to keep in 1867. On the way to Germany, the couple stopped for several days in Vilna.

The flowering of creativity

Snitkina arranged the life of the writer, took over all the economic issues of his activities, and since 1871 Dostoevsky gave up the roulette wheel forever.

In October 1866, in twenty-one days he wrote and on the 25th completed the novel "The Gambler" for FT Stellovsky.

For the last 8 years, the writer has lived in the town of Staraya Russa, Novgorod province. These years of life were very fruitful: 1872 - "Demons", 1873 - the beginning of the "Diary of a Writer" (a series of feuilletons, essays, polemical notes and passionate journalistic notes on the topic of the day), 1875 - "Teenager", 1876 - "Meek", 1879 -1880 - The Brothers Karamazov. At the same time, two events became significant for Dostoevsky. In 1878, Emperor Alexander II invited the writer to his place to introduce him to his family, and in 1880, just a year before his death, Dostoevsky made a famous speech at the opening of the monument to Pushkin in Moscow. During these years, the writer became close to conservative journalists, publicists and thinkers, corresponded with the prominent statesman K.P. Pobedonostsev.

Despite the fame that Dostoevsky gained at the end of his life, truly enduring, worldwide fame came to him after his death. In particular, Friedrich Nietzsche admitted that Dostoevsky was the only psychologist from whom he could learn a thing or two ("Twilight of the Idols").

On January 26 (February 9), 1881, Dostoevsky's sister Vera Mikhailovna came to the Dostoevsky's house to ask her brother to give up his share of the Ryazan estate, inherited from his aunt A.F. Kumanina, in favor of the sisters. According to the story of Lyubov Fedorovna Dostoevskaya, there was a stormy scene with explanations and tears, after which Dostoevsky's throat began to bleed. Perhaps this unpleasant conversation was the first impetus to the aggravation of his illness (emphysema) - two days later the great writer died.

Buried at the Alexander Nevsky Lavra in St. Petersburg.

Family and environment

The writer's grandfather Andrei Grigorievich Dostoevsky (1756 - circa 1819) served as a Uniate priest, later as an Orthodox priest in the village of Voytovtsy near Nemirov (now the Vinnytsia region of Ukraine).

Father, Mikhail Andreevich (1787-1839), studied at the Moscow branch of the Imperial Medical and Surgical Academy, served as a doctor in the Borodino infantry regiment, an intern at the Moscow military hospital, a doctor at the Mariinsky hospital of the Moscow orphanage (that is, in a hospital for the poor, still known called Bozhedomki). In 1831 he acquired the small village of Darovoe in the Kashirsky district of the Tula province, and in 1833 the neighboring village of Cheremoshnya (Chermashnya), where in 1839 he was killed by his own serfs:
His addiction to alcoholic beverages apparently increased, and he was almost constantly in an abnormal position. Spring came, promising little good ... It was at that time in the village of Chermashne, in the fields under the edge of the forest, an artel of peasants, of a dozen or a half dozen people worked; the case, then, was away from home. Pissed off from himself by some unsuccessful action of the peasants, or perhaps only what seemed to him as such, his father flared up and began to shout at the peasants very much. One of them, the more daring, responded to this cry with strong rudeness and after that, fearing this rudeness, shouted: "Guys, karachun to him! ..". And with this cry, all the peasants, up to 15 people, rushed at their father and in an instant, of course, finished with him ... - From the memoirs of A. M. Dostoevsky

Dostoevsky's mother, Maria Feodorovna (1800-1837), came from a wealthy Moscow merchant family of the Nechaevs, which after the Patriotic War of 1812 lost most of their fortune. At the age of 19, she married Mikhail Dostoevsky. She was, according to the recollections of the children, a kind mother and gave birth to four sons and four daughters in marriage (son Fedor was the second child). MF Dostoevskaya died of consumption. According to researchers of the great writer, certain features of Maria Feodorovna were reflected in the images of Sofia Andreevna Dolgoruka ("Teenager") and Sofia Ivanovna Karamazova ("The Brothers Karamazov") [source not specified 604 days].

Dostoevsky's elder brother Mikhail also became a writer, his work was marked by the influence of his brother, and work on the magazine "Time" was carried out by the brothers to a large extent jointly. The younger brother Andrei became an architect, Dostoevsky saw in his family a worthy example of family life. A. M. Dostoevsky left valuable memories of his brother. Of the Dostoevsky sisters, the closest relationship was established between the writer and Varvara Mikhailovna (1822-1893), about whom he wrote to his brother Andrei: “I love her; she is a glorious sister and a wonderful person ... ”(November 28, 1880). Of the numerous nephews and nieces, Dostoevsky loved and singled out Maria Mikhailovna (1844-1888), whom, according to the memoirs of L.F. her success with young people ”, however, after the death of Mikhail Dostoevsky, this closeness faded away.

Fyodor Mikhailovich's descendants continue to live in St. Petersburg.

Philosophy

As OM Nogovitsyn showed in his work, Dostoevsky is the most prominent representative of "ontological", "reflexive" poetics, which, unlike traditional, descriptive poetics, leaves the character in a sense free in his relationship with the text that describes him ( that is, the world for him), which is manifested in the fact that he is aware of his relationship with him and acts on the basis of it. Hence all the paradox, contradiction and inconsistency of Dostoevsky's characters. If in traditional poetics the character remains always in the power of the author, is always captured by the events happening to him (captured by the text), that is, it remains completely descriptive, completely included in the text, completely understandable, subordinate to causes and consequences, the movement of the narrative, then in ontological poetics we are for the first time we encounter a character who is trying to resist the textual elements, his subservience to the text, trying to "rewrite" it. With this approach, writing is not a description of the character in various situations and his positions in the world, but empathy for his tragedy - his willful unwillingness to accept the text (world), in its inescapable redundancy in relation to it, potential infinity. For the first time, M.M. Bakhtin drew attention to such a special attitude of Dostoevsky to his characters.

Political views

During Dostoevsky's life, at least two political currents were in conflict in the cultural strata of society - Slavophilism and Westernism, the essence of which is approximately as follows: the adherents of the first argued that the future of Russia in nationality, Orthodoxy and autocracy, the adherents of the second believed that Russians should take an example in everything Europeans. Both those and others reflected on the historical fate of Russia. Dostoevsky, however, had his own idea - "soil cultivation". He was and remained a Russian person, inextricably linked with the people, but at the same time did not deny the achievements of the culture and civilization of the West. Over time, Dostoevsky's views developed, and during his third stay abroad, he finally became a convinced monarchist.

Dostoevsky and the "Jewish question"

Dostoevsky's views on the role of Jews in Russian life were reflected in the writer's journalism. For example, discussing the further fate of the peasants freed from serfdom, he writes in the Writer's Diary for 1873:
“It will be so if the work continues, if the people themselves do not come to their senses; and the intelligentsia will not help him. If he doesn’t come to his senses, then the whole, entirely, in the shortest possible time will be in the hands of all kinds of Jews, and here no community will save him ... , therefore, they will have to be supported. "

The Electronic Jewish Encyclopedia claims that anti-Semitism was an integral part of Dostoevsky's worldview and found expression both in novels and stories, and in the writer's journalism. A clear confirmation of this, in the opinion of the compilers of the encyclopedia, is Dostoevsky's work "The Jewish Question". However, Dostoevsky himself in the "Jewish question" asserted: "... in my heart this hatred was never ...".

The writer Andrei Dikiy attributes the following quote to Dostoevsky:
“The Jews will destroy Russia and become the head of anarchy. The Jew and his kagal are a conspiracy against the Russians. "

Dostoevsky's attitude to the “Jewish question” is analyzed by the literary critic Leonid Grossman in his article “Dostoevsky and Judaism” and the book “Confessions of a Jew”, dedicated to the correspondence between the writer and Jewish journalist Arkady Kovner. The message to the great writer sent by Kovner from the Butyrka prison made an impression on Dostoevsky. He ends his letter in reply with the words "Believe in the complete sincerity with which I shake your hand outstretched to me," and in the chapter on the Jewish question of the "Diary of a Writer" he extensively quotes Kovner.

According to the critic Maya Turovskaya, the mutual interest of Dostoevsky and the Jews is caused by the incarnation in the Jews (and in Kovner, in particular) of the search for Dostoevsky's characters.

According to Nikolai Nasedkin, a contradictory attitude towards Jews is generally characteristic of Dostoevsky: he very clearly distinguished between the concepts of Jew and Jew. In addition, Nasedkin also notes that the word "Jew" and its derivatives were for Dostoevsky and his contemporaries a common word-toolkit among others, was used widely and everywhere, it was natural for all Russian literature of the 19th century, in contrast to modern times ..

It should be noted that Dostoevsky's attitude to the "Jewish question", which is not subject to the so-called "public opinion", may have been associated with his religious beliefs (see Christianity and anti-Semitism) [source?].

According to BV Sokolov, Dostoevsky's quotes were used by the Nazis during the Great Patriotic War for propaganda in the occupied territories of the USSR, for example, this one from the article "The Jewish Question":
What if it were not for Jews there were three million in Russia, but Russians, and there would be 160 million Jews (in the original Dostoevsky had 80 million, but the country's population was doubled - to make the quote more relevant. - B.S.) - well What would the Russians turn to and how would they treat them? Would they have allowed them to equal themselves in rights? Would you let them pray freely among them? Wouldn't they be turned into slaves? Even worse: would they not have flayed their skin at all, would not have beaten to the ground, until the final extermination, as they did with foreign peoples in the old days? "

Bibliography

Novels

* 1845 - Poor people
* 1861 - Humiliated and insulted
* 1866 - Crime and Punishment
* 1866 - The Player
* 1868 - Idiot
* 1871-1872 - Demons
* 1875 - Teenager
* 1879-1880 - Brothers Karamazov

Stories and stories

* 1846 - The Double
* 1846 - How Dangerous it is to indulge in ambitious dreams
* 1846 - Mr. Prokharchin
* 1847 - A novel in nine letters
* 1847 - Mistress
* 1848 - Sliders
* 1848 - Weak heart
* 1848 - Netochka Nezvanova
* 1848 - White nights
* 1849 - Little Hero
* 1859 - Uncle's dream
* 1859 - The village of Stepanchikovo and its inhabitants
* 1860 - Someone else's wife and husband under the bed
* 1860 - Notes from the House of the Dead
* 1862 - Winter Notes on Summer Impressions
* 1864 - Notes from the Underground
* 1864 - Bad anecdote
* 1865 - Crocodile
* 1869 - Eternal husband
* 1876 - Meek
* 1877 - The dream of a funny man
* 1848 - An Honest Thief
* 1848 - Christmas tree and wedding
* 1876 - The boy at Christ's on the tree

Publicism and criticism, essays

* 1847 - Petersburg Chronicle
* 1861 - The stories of N.V. Uspensky
* 1880 - The verdict
* 1880 - Pushkin

Writer's diary

* 1873 - Diary of a writer. 1873 year.
* 1876 - Diary of a writer. 1876
* 1877 - Diary of a writer. January-August 1877.
* 1877 - Diary of a writer. September-December 1877.
* 1880 - Diary of a writer. 1880
* 1881 - Diary of a writer. 1881 year.

Poems

* 1854 - On European events in 1854
* 1855 - On July 1, 1855
* 1856 - For coronation and peace
* 1864 - Epigram on the Bavarian colonel
* 1864-1873 - Fighting nihilism with honesty (officer and nihilist)
* 1873-1874 - Describe all of the priests alone
* 1876-1877 - The collapse of Baimakov's office
* 1876 - Children are expensive
* 1879 - Do not rob, Fedul

Standing apart is the collection of folklore material "My Convict Notebook", also known as "Siberian Notebook", written by Dostoevsky during his hard labor.

Main literature about Dostoevsky

Domestic research

* Belinsky V. G. [Introductory article] // St. Petersburg collection, published by N. Nekrasov. SPb., 1846.
* Dobrolyubov N.A. Hammered people // Contemporary. 1861. No. 9. dep. II.
* Pisarev D.I. Struggle for existence // Business. 1868. No. 8.
* Leontiev K.N.On world love: Concerning the speech of F.M.Dostoevsky at the Pushkin holiday // Warsaw diary. 1880. July 29 (No. 162). S. 3-4; August 7 (No. 169). S. 3-4; August 12 (No. 173). S. 3-4.
* Mikhailovsky N.K. Cruel talent // Otechestvennye zapiski. 1882. No. 9, 10.
* Solovyov V.S. Three speeches in memory of Dostoevsky: (1881-1883). M., 1884.55 p.
* Rozanov V.V. The Legend of the Grand Inquisitor F.M.Dostoevsky: The Experience of a Critical Commentary // Russian Bulletin. 1891.Vol. 212, January. S. 233-274; February. S. 226-274; T. 213, March. S. 215-253; April. S. 251-274. Separate ed .: St. Petersburg: Nikolaev, 1894.244 p.
* Merezhkovsky D. S. L. Tolstoy and Dostoevsky: Christ and the Antichrist in Russian literature. T. 1. Life and creativity. Saint Petersburg: World of Art, 1901.366 p. T. 2. The religion of L. Tolstoy and Dostoevsky. SPb .: World of Art, 1902. LV, 530 p.
* Shestov L. Dostoevsky and Nietzsche. SPb., 1906.
* Ivanov Viach. I. Dostoevsky and the novel-tragedy // Russian thought. 1911. Book. 5.S. 46-61; Book. 6.S. 1-17.
* Pereverzev V. F. Creativity of Dostoevsky. M., 1912. (reprinted in the book: Gogol, Dostoevsky. Research. M., 1982)
* Tynyanov Yu. N. Dostoevsky and Gogol: (To the theory of parody). Pg .: OPOYAZ, 1921.
* Berdyaev N.A. Dostoevsky's world outlook. Prague, 1923.238 p.
* Volotskaya M.V. Chronicle of the Dostoevsky family 1506-1933. M., 1933.
* Engelgardt B. M. Dostoevsky's Ideological Novel // F. M. Dostoevsky: Articles and Materials / Ed. A. S. Dolinina. L .; M .: Thought, 1924. Sat. 2.S. 71-109.
* Dostoevskaya A.G. Memoirs. M .: Fiction, 1981.
* Freud Z. Dostoevsky and parricide // Classical psychoanalysis and fiction / Comp. and general ed. V. M. Leibin. SPb .: Peter, 2002.S. 70-88.
* Mochulsky K. V. Dostoevsky: Life and Work. Paris: YMCA-Press, 1947.564 pp.
* Lossky N.O. Dostoevsky and his Christian worldview. New York: Chekhov Publishing House, 1953.406 p.
* Dostoevsky in Russian criticism. Collection of articles. M., 1956. (introductory article and note by A. A. Belkin)
* Leskov NS About the peasant of the celebrities, etc. - Sobr. cit., t. 11, M., 1958. S. 146-156;
* Grossman L.P. Dostoevsky. M .: Molodaya gvardiya, 1962.543 p. (Life of wonderful people. Series of biographies; Issue 24 (357)).
* Bakhtin M. M. Problems of Dostoevsky's work. L .: Priboy, 1929.244 p. 2nd ed., Rev. and additional: Problems of Dostoevsky's poetics. M .: Soviet writer, 1963.363 p.
* Dostoevsky in the memoirs of his contemporaries: In 2 volumes. M., 1964.Vol. 1.Vol. 2.
* Friedlander G. M. Realism of Dostoevsky. M .; L .: Nauka, 1964.404 p.
* Meyer G. A. Light in the night: (On "Crime and Punishment"): Experience of slow reading. Frankfurt / Main: Posev, 1967.515 p.
* F. M. Dostoevsky: Bibliography of F. M. Dostoevsky's works and literature about him: 1917-1965. M .: Kniga, 1968.407 p.
* Kirpotin V. Ya. Disappointment and collapse of Rodion Raskolnikov: (A book about Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment"). M .: Soviet writer, 1970.448 p.
* Zakharov V.N. Problems of studying Dostoevsky: Textbook. - Petrozavodsk. 1978.
* Zakharov V.N. Dostoevsky's system of genres: Typology and poetics. - L., 1985.
* Toporov V. N. On the structure of Dostoevsky's novel in connection with archaic schemes of mythological thinking ("Crime and Punishment") // Toporov V. N. Myth. Ritual. Symbol. Image: Research in the field of mythopoetic. M., 1995.S. 193-258.
* Dostoevsky: Materials and Research / Academy of Sciences of the USSR. IRLI. L .: Science, 1974-2007. Issue 1-18 (continuing edition).
* Odinokov V. G. Typology of images in the artistic system of F. M. Dostoevsky. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1981.144 p.
* Seleznev Yu. I. Dostoevsky. M .: Molodaya gvardiya, 1981.543 p., Ill. (The life of wonderful people. Series of biographies; Issue 16 (621)).
* Volgin I. L. The Last Year of Dostoevsky: Historical Notes. M .: Soviet writer, 1986.
* Saraskina L. I. "Demons": a warning novel. M .: Soviet writer, 1990.488 p.
* Allen L. Dostoevsky and God / Per. with fr. E. Vorobieva. SPb .: Branch of the magazine "Youth"; Dusseldorf: The Blue Horseman, 1993.160 p.
* Guardini R. Man and Faith / Per. with him. Brussels: Life with God, 1994.332 p.
* Kasatkina T.A. The characterology of Dostoevsky: Typology of emotional-value orientations. Moscow: Heritage, 1996.335 p.
* Louth R. Dostoevsky's Philosophy in a Systematic Presentation / Per. with him. I. S. Andreeva; Ed. A. V. Gulygi. Moscow: Respublika, 1996.448 p.
* Balnep RL The structure of the "Brothers Karamazov" / Per. from English SPb .: Academic project, 1997.
* Dunaev M. M. Fedor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (1821-1881) // Dunaev M. M. Orthodoxy and Russian literature: [At 6 hours]. M .: Christian Literature, 1997.S. 284-560.
* Nakamura K. Dostoevsky's Feeling of Life and Death / Author. per. from japan. SPb .: Dmitry Bulanin, 1997.332 p.
* Meletinsky EM Notes on the work of Dostoevsky. Moscow: RGGU, 2001.190 p.
* Novel FM Dostoevsky "The Idiot": The current state of the study. Moscow: Heritage, 2001.560 p.
* Kasatkina T. A. On the creative nature of the word: The ontological nature of the word in the works of F. M. Dostoevsky as the basis of "realism in the highest sense." Moscow: IMLI RAN, 2004.480 p.
* Tikhomirov B. N. “Lazar! Come Out ": FM Dostoevsky's novel" Crime and Punishment "in a modern reading: Book-commentary. Saint Petersburg: Silver Age, 2005.472 p.
* Yakovlev L. Dostoevsky: ghosts, phobias, chimeras (reader's notes). - Kharkov: Karavella, 2006 .-- 244 p. ISBN 966-586-142-5
* Vetlovskaya V. E. Dostoevsky's novel "The Brothers Karamazov". SPb .: Publishing house "Pushkin House", 2007. 640 p.
* The novel by FM Dostoevsky "The Brothers Karamazov": the current state of study. Moscow: Nauka, 2007.835 p.
* Bogdanov N., Rogovoy A. Genealogy of the Dostoevsky. In search of lost links., M., 2008.
* John Maxwell Coetzee. "Autumn in St. Petersburg" (this is the name of this work in the Russian translation, in the original the novel is entitled "The Master from St. Petersburg"). M .: Eksmo, 2010.
* Openness to the abyss. Meetings with Dostoevsky Literary, philosophical and historiographic work of the culturologist Grigory Pomerants.

Foreign research:

English:

* Jones M.V. Dostoevsky. The novel of discord. L., 1976.
* Holquist M. Dostoievvsky and the novel. Princeton (N. Jersey), 1977.
* Hingley R. Dostoyevsky. His life and work. L., 1978.
* Kabat G.C. Ideology and imagination. The image of society in Dostoevsky. N.Y., 1978.
* Jackson R.L. The art of Dostoevsky. Princeton (N. Jersey), 1981.
* Dostoevsky Studies. Journal of the International Dostoievsky Society. v. 1 -, Klagenfurt-kuoxville, 1980-.

German:

* Zweig S. Drei Meister: Balzac, Dickens, Dostojewskij. Lpz., 1921.
* Natorp P.G: F. Dosktojewskis Bedeutung fur die gegenwartige Kulurkrisis. Jena, 1923.
* Kaus O. Dostojewski und sein Schicksal. B., 1923.
* Notzel K. Das Leben Dostojewskis, Lpz., 1925
* Meier-Crafe J. Dostojewski als Dichter. B., 1926.
* Schultze B. Der Dialog in F.M. Dostoevskijs "Idiot". Munchen, 1974.

Screen adaptations

* Fyodor Dostoevsky (English) on the Internet Movie Database
* Petersburg Night - a film by Grigory Roshal and Vera Stroeva based on Dostoevsky's novellas "Netochka Nezvanov" and "White Nights" (USSR, 1934)
* White Nights - a film by Luchino Visconti (Italy, 1957)
* White Nights - a film by Ivan Pyriev (USSR, 1959)
* White Nights - a film by Leonid Kvinikhidze (Russia, 1992)
* Beloved - a film by Sanjay Leela Bhansalia based on Dostoevsky's novel "White Nights" (India, 2007)
* Nikolai Stavrogin - a film by Yakov Protazanov based on Dostoevsky's novel "Demons" (Russia, 1915)
* Demons - film by Andrzej Wajda (France, 1988)
* Demons - a film by Igor and Dmitry Talankin (Russia, 1992)
* Demons - a film by Felix Schultess (Russia, 2007)
* The Brothers Karamazov - a film by Viktor Turyansky (Russia, 1915)
* The Brothers Karamazov - a film by Dmitry Bukhovetsky (Germany, 1920)
* The killer Dmitry Karamazov - a film by Fyodor Otsep (Germany, 1931)
* The Brothers Karamazov - a film by Richard Brooks (USA, 1958)
* The Brothers Karamazov - a film by Ivan Pyriev (USSR, 1969)
* Boys - a free fantasy film based on the novel by Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky "The Brothers Karamazov" by Renita Grigorieva (USSR, 1990)
* The Brothers Karamazov - a film by Yuri Moroz (Russia, 2008)
* The Karamazovs - film by Petr Zelenka (Czech Republic - Poland, 2008)
* Eternal Husband - a film by Evgeny Markovsky (Russia, 1990)
* Eternal Husband - Film by Denis Granier-Defer (France, 1991)
* Uncle's Dream - a film by Konstantin Voinov (USSR, 1966)
* 1938, France: The Gambler (French Le Joueur) - director: Louis Daken (French)
* 1938, Germany: "The Gamblers" (German: Roman eines Spielers, Der Spieler) - director: Gerhard Lampert (German)
* 1947, Argentina: "The Gambler" (Spanish El Jugador) - directed by Leon Klimovski (Spanish)
* 1948, USA: "The great sinner" - director: Robert Siodmak
* 1958, France: "The Gambler" (French Le Joueur) - director: Claude Otan-Lara (French)
* 1966, - USSR: "The Gambler" - director Bogatyrenko Yuri
* 1972: The Gambler - Director: Michail Olschewski
* 1972, - USSR: "The Gambler" - director Alexei Batalov
* 1974 USA: The Gambler - directed by Karel Rice
* 1997, Hungary: The Gambler - directed by Mac Carola (Hungarian)
* 2007, Germany: "The Gamblers" (German: Die Spieler, English The Gamblers) - director: Sebastian Binjeck (German)
* "The Idiot" - a film by Pyotr Chardynin (Russia, 1910)
* "The Idiot" - a film by Georges Lampen (France, 1946)
* "The Idiot" - a film by Akira Kurosawa (Japan, 1951)
* "The Idiot" - a film by Ivan Pyriev (USSR, 1958)
* "The Idiot" - TV series by Alan Bridges (UK, 1966)
* "Crazy Love" - ​​a film by Andrzej Zulawski (France, 1985)
* "The Idiot" - TV series Mani Kaula (India, 1991)
* "Down House" - a film-interpretation by Roman Kachanov (Russia, 2001)
* "The Idiot" - TV series by Vladimir Bortko (Russia, 2003)
* Meek - a film by Alexander Borisov (USSR, 1960)
* Meek - film-interpretation of Robert Bresson (France, 1969)
* Meek - a drawn cartoon film by Petr Dumala (Poland, 1985)
* Meek - a film by Avtandil Varsimashvili (Russia, 1992)
* Meek - a film by Evgeny Rostovsky (Russia, 2000)
* Dead House (prison of peoples) - a film by Vasily Fedorov (USSR, 1931)
* Partner - film by Bernardo Bertolucci (Italy, 1968)
* Teenager - a film by Evgeny Tashkov (USSR, 1983)
* Raskolnikov - a film by Robert Wien (Germany, 1923)
* Crime and Punishment - a film by Pierre Chenal (France, 1935)
* Crime and Punishment - film by Georges Lampen (France, 1956)
* Crime and Punishment - a film by Lev Kulidzhanov (USSR, 1969)
* Crime and Punishment - Aki Kaurismäki's film (Finland, 1983)
* Crime and Punishment - hand-drawn cartoon film by Piotr Dumala (Poland, 2002)
* Crime and Punishment - Film by Julian Jarold (UK, 2003)
* Crime and Punishment - TV series by Dmitry Svetozarov (Russia, 2007)
* Dream of a funny man - cartoon by Alexander Petrov (Russia, 1992)
* The village of Stepanchikovo and its inhabitants - TV movie by Lev Tsutsulkovsky (USSR, 1989)
* A nasty anecdote - a comedy film by Alexander Alov and Vladimir Naumov (USSR, 1966)
* Humiliated and insulted - TV movie Vittorio Cottafavi (Italy, 1958)
* Humiliated and Insulted - TV series by Raul Araisa (Mexico, 1977)
* Humiliated and insulted - a film by Andrei Eshpai (USSR - Switzerland, 1990)
* Another's wife and husband under the bed - a film by Vitaly Melnikov (USSR, 1984)

Films about Dostoevsky

* "Dostoevsky". Documentary. TsSDF (RTSSDF). 1956.27 minutes. - a documentary film by Bubrik Samuil and Ilya Kopalin (Russia, 1956) about the life and work of Dostoevsky on the occasion of the 75th anniversary of his death.
* The writer and his city: Dostoevsky and Petersburg - a film by Heinrich Böll (Germany, 1969)
* Twenty-six days in the life of Dostoevsky - a feature film by Alexander Zarkhi (USSR, 1980; starring Anatoly Solonitsyn)
* Dostoevsky and Peter Ustinov - from the documentary "Russia" (Canada, 1986)
* The return of the prophet - a documentary film by V.E. Ryzhko (Russia, 1994)
* The life and death of Dostoevsky - documentary (12 episodes) Klyushkin Alexander (Russia, 2004)
* Demons of St. Petersburg - feature film by Giuliano Montaldo (Italy, 2008)
* Three women of Dostoevsky - a film by Evgeny Tashkov (Russia, 2010)
* Dostoevsky - TV series by Vladimir Khotinenko (Russia, 2011) (starring Yevgeny Mironov).

The image of Dostoevsky is also used in the biographical films Sophia Kovalevskaya (Alexander Filippenko) and Chokan Valikhanov (1985).

Current events

* On October 10, 2006, Russian President Vladimir Putin and Federal Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel unveiled a monument to Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky in Dresden by People's Artist of Russia Alexander Rukavishnikov.
* A crater on Mercury is named in honor of Dostoevsky (Latitude:? 44.5, Longitude: 177, Diameter (km): 390).
* Writer Boris Akunin wrote the work “F. M. ", dedicated to Dostoevsky.
* In 2010, director Vladimir Khotinenko began filming a multi-part film about Dostoevsky, which will be released in 2011 on the occasion of the 190th anniversary of Dostoevsky's birth.
* On June 19, 2010, the 181st station of the Moscow metro "Dostoevskaya" was opened. The exit to the city is carried out on Suvorovskaya square, Seleznevskaya street and Durov street. Station decoration: the walls of the station depict scenes illustrating four novels by FM Dostoevsky (Crime and Punishment, The Idiot, The Demons, The Brothers Karamazov).

Notes (edit)

1 IF Masanov, "Dictionary of pseudonyms of Russian writers, scientists and public figures." In 4 volumes. - M., All-Union Book Chamber, 1956-1960.
2 1 2 3 4 5 November 11 // RIA Novosti, November 11, 2008
3 Mirror of the week. - No. 3. - January 27 - February 2, 2007
4 Panaev I. I. Memories of Belinsky: (Fragments) // I. I. Panaev. From "literary memoirs" / Executive editor N. K. Piksanov. - A series of literary memoirs. - L .: Fiction, Leningrad branch, 1969. - 282 p.
5 Igor Zolotussky. String in the fog
6 Semipalatinsk. Memorial House-Museum of F.M.Dostoevsky
7 [Troyes Henri. Fedor Dostoevsky. - Moscow: Eksmo Publishing House, 2005 .-- 480 p. (Series "Russian Biographies"). ISBN 5-699-03260-6
8 1 2 3 4 [Henri Troyes. Fedor Dostoevsky. - Moscow: Eksmo Publishing House, 2005 .-- 480 p. (Series "Russian Biographies"). ISBN 5-699-03260-6
9 On the building located in the place where the hotel where the Dostoevskys stayed was, in December 2006, a memorial plaque was unveiled (by the sculptor Romualdas Kvintas) A memorial plaque to Fyodor Dostoevsky was unveiled in the center of Vilnius
10 History of the Zaraysky district // Official site of the Zaraysky municipal district
11 Nogovitsyn O. M. “Poetics of Russian prose. Metaphysical research ", VRFS, SPb., 1994
12 Ilya Brazhnikov. Dostoevsky Fyodor Mikhailovich (1821-1881).
13 F. M. Dostoevsky, "A Writer's Diary". 1873 year. Chapter XI. "Dreams and Dreams"
14 Dostoevsky Fyodor. Electronic Jewish Encyclopedia
15 F.M.Dostoevsky. The Jewish Question on Wikisource
16 Dikiy (Zankevich), Andrey Russian-Jewish Dialogue, section "F. M. Dostoevsky about the Jews." Retrieved June 6, 2008.
17 1 2 Nasedkin N., Minus Dostoevsky (F. M. Dostoevsky and the "Jewish question")
18 L. Grossman "Confessions of a Jew" and "Dostoevsky and Judaism" in the Imwerden library
19 Maya Turovskaya. Jew and Dostoevsky, "Zarubezhnye zapiski" 2006, no. 7
20 B. Sokolov. An occupation. Truth and myths
21 "Fools". Alexey Osipov - Doctor of Theology, professor at the Moscow Theological Academy.
22 http://www.gumer.info/bogoslov_Buks/Philos/bened/intro.php (see box 17)

Fedor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky
11.11.1821 - 27.01.1881

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky, Russian writer, was born in 1821 in Moscow. His father was a nobleman, landowner and doctor of medicine.

He was brought up to 16 years old in Moscow. In the seventeenth year he passed the exam in St. Petersburg at the Main Engineering School. In 1842 he graduated from the military engineering course and left the school as an engineer-second lieutenant. He was left in the service in St. Petersburg, but other goals and aspirations attracted him irresistibly. He became especially interested in literature, philosophy and history.

In 1844 he retired and at the same time wrote his first rather large story, Poor People. This story at once created a position for him in literature, was met with criticism and the best Russian society extremely favorably. It was a rare success in the full sense of the word. But the constant ill health that followed for several years in a row harmed his literary pursuits.

In the spring of 1849, he was arrested along with many others for participating in a political conspiracy against the government, which had a socialist connotation. He was committed to the investigation and the highest appointed military court. After eight months in the Peter and Paul Fortress, he was sentenced to death by shooting. But the sentence was not carried out: the mitigation of the sentence was read and Dostoevsky, after being deprived of the rights of state, ranks and nobility, was exiled to Siberia to hard labor for four years, with enrollment at the end of the term of hard labor in ordinary soldiers. This verdict over Dostoevsky was, in its form, the first ever case in Russia, for anyone sentenced to hard labor in Russia loses his civil rights forever, even if he ends his term of hard labor. Dostoevsky, on the other hand, was appointed, after serving the term of hard labor, to enter the soldier - that is, the rights of a citizen were returned again. Subsequently, such pardons happened more than once, but then this was the first case and happened at the behest of the late Emperor Nicholas I, who regretted his youth and talent in Dostoevsky.

In Siberia, Dostoevsky served his four-year term of hard labor in the fortress of Omsk; and then in 1854 he was sent from penal servitude as an ordinary soldier to the Siberian line battalion _ 7 in the city of Semipalatinsk, where a year later he was promoted to non-commissioned officers, and in 1856, with the accession to the throne of the now reigning emperor Alexander II, to officers. In 1859, being in an epileptic illness, acquired while still in hard labor, he was dismissed and returned to Russia, first to the city of Tver, and then to St. Petersburg. Here Dostoevsky began to study literature again.

In 1861, his elder brother, Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky, began to publish a monthly large literary magazine ("Revue") - "Time". F. M. Dostoevsky also took part in the publication of the magazine, having published his novel "The Humiliated and the Offended" in it, which was sympathetically received by the public. But in the next two years he began and finished Notes from the House of the Dead, in which, under assumed names, he told his life in hard labor and described his former comrades-convicts. This book was read by the whole of Russia and is still highly valued, although the orders and customs described in Notes from the House of the Dead have long since changed in Russia.

In 1866, after the death of his brother and after the termination of the journal "Epoch" published by him, Dostoevsky wrote the novel "Crime and Punishment", then in 1868 - the novel "The Idiot" and in 1870 the novel "Demons". These three novels were highly appreciated by the public, although Dostoevsky, perhaps, treated them too harshly towards modern Russian society.

In 1876, Dostoevsky began to publish a monthly magazine under the original form of his "Diary", written by him alone, without collaborators. This edition was published in 1876 and 1877. in the amount of 8000 copies. It was successful. In general, Dostoevsky is loved by the Russian public. He deserved even from literary opponents his opinion of a highly honest and sincere writer. By his convictions, he is an open Slavophile; his former socialist convictions have changed quite dramatically.

Brief biographical information dictated by the writer A. G. Dostoevskaya (Published in the January 1881 issue of the "Writer's Diary").

Dostoevsky Fyodor Mikhailovich

Dostoevsky, Fyodor Mikhailovich - famous writer. Born on October 30, 1821 in Moscow in the building of the Mariinsky Hospital, where his father served as a headquarters doctor. He grew up in a rather harsh environment, over which hovered the gloomy spirit of his father - a "nervous, irritable-prideful" man, always busy taking care of the welfare of the family. Children (there were 7 of them; Fedor is the second son) were brought up in fear and obedience, according to the traditions of the old days, spending most of their time in front of their parents. Rarely leaving the walls of the hospital building, they communicated very little with the outside world, except through the patients with whom Fyodor Mikhailovich, secretly from his father, sometimes spoke, and even through former nurses who usually appeared in their house on Saturdays (from them Dostoevsky got acquainted with a fairy-tale world). Dostoevsky's brightest memories of late childhood are associated with the village - a small estate that his parents bought in the Kashirsky district of the Tula province in 1831. The family spent the summer months there, usually without a father, and the children enjoyed almost complete freedom. Dostoevsky left for his whole life many indelible impressions from peasant life, from various meetings with peasants (Muzhik Marey, Alena Frolovna, etc.; see "Diary of a Writer" for 1876, 2 and 4, and 1877, July - August). Liveliness of temperament, independence of character, extraordinary responsiveness - all these traits manifested in him already in early childhood. Dostoevsky began his studies quite early; his mother taught him the alphabet. Later, when they began to prepare him and his brother Mikhail for an educational institution, he studied the Law of God from the deacon, who carried away with his stories from the Holy History not only children, but also parents, and the French language in half board N.I. Drashusov. In 1834, Dostoevsky entered Herman's boarding school, where he was especially fond of literature lessons. At that time he read Karamzin (especially his story), Zhukovsky, V. Scott, Zagoskin, Lazhechnikov, Narezhnago, Veltman and, of course, the "demigod" Pushkin, whose worship remained with him for the rest of his life. For 16 years Dostoevsky lost his mother and was soon assigned to an engineering school. He could not put up with the barracks spirit that reigned in the school; he was not very much interested in the subjects of teaching; he did not get along with his comrades, lived in solitude, and acquired a reputation as an "unsociable eccentric." He all goes into literature, reads a lot, thinks even more (see his letters to his brother). Goethe, Schiller, Hoffmann, Balzac, Hugo, Cornelle, Racine, Georges Sand - all this is included in the circle of his reading, not to mention everything original that appeared in Russian literature. Georges Sand captivated him as "one of the most clairvoyant presentiments of a happier future awaiting humanity" (Diary of a Writer, 1876, June). Georges-zand motives interested him even in the last period of his life. By the beginning of the 40s, his first attempt at independent creativity belongs to the dramas Boris Godunov and Maria Stuart that have not come down to us. Apparently, "Poor People" was also started at the school. In 1843, at the end of the course, Dostoevsky was enlisted in the service of the St. Petersburg engineering team and was sent to the drafting engineering department. His life was still secluded, full of a passionate interest in literature alone. He translates Balzac's Eugene Grandet, as well as Georges Sand and Hsue. In the fall of 1844, Dostoevsky resigned, deciding to live only by literary labor and "work hellishly." "Poor people" are already ready, and he dreams of great success: if they pay little in Otechestvennye Zapiski, then 100,000 readers will read it. At the direction of Grigorovich, he gives his first story to Nekrasov in his "Petersburg Collection". The impression she made on Grigorovich, Nekrasov and Belinsky was amazing. Belinsky warmly greeted Dostoevsky as one of the future great artists of the Gogol school. It was the happiest moment in Dostoevsky's youth. Subsequently, remembering him in hard labor, he strengthened his spirit. Dostoevsky was accepted into Belinsky's circle, as one of his equals, he often visited him, and then, probably, the social and human ideals that Belinsky so passionately preached were finally strengthened in him. Dostoevsky's good relations with the circle soon deteriorated. The members of the circle did not know how to spare his morbid pride and often laughed at him. He continued to meet with Belinsky, but he was very offended by the bad reviews of his subsequent works, which Belinsky called "nervous nonsense." The success of Poor People had an extremely exciting effect on Dostoevsky. He works nervously and passionately, grasps on many topics, dreaming of "plugging in the belt" both himself and all others. Before his arrest in 1849, Dostoevsky wrote 10 novellas, in addition to various sketches and unfinished things. All were published in Otechestvennye Zapiski (except for Roman in 9 Letters, - Contemporary 1847): Double and Prokharchin - 1846; "The Mistress" - 1847; "Weak Heart", "Another's Wife", "Jealous Husband", "Honest Thief", "Christmas Tree and Wedding", "White Nights" - 1848, "Netochka Nezvanova" - 1849 The last story remained unfinished: on the night of April 23, 1849, Dostoevsky was arrested and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress, where he stayed for 8 months ("Little Hero" was written there; published in "Otechestvennye Zapiski" 1857). The reason for his arrest was his involvement in the Petrashevsky case. Dostoevsky became friends with the Fourierist circles, the closest was with Durov's circle (where his brother Mikhail was also). He was accused of having attended their meetings, took part in the discussion of various socio-political issues, in particular - the issue of serfdom, rebelled together with others against the severity of censorship, listened to the reading of "Soldier's Conversation", knew about the proposal to start a secret lithograph and read several times at meetings the famous letter from Belinsky to Gogol. He was sentenced to death, but the sovereign replaced it with hard labor for 4 years. On December 22, Dostoevsky, along with other convicts, was brought to the Semyonovsky parade ground, where they underwent the ceremony of announcing the death penalty by execution. The convicts survived the horror of the "death row", and only at the last moment was it announced to them, as a special mercy, the real sentence (about Dostoevsky's feelings at that moment, see "The Idiot"). On the night of December 24-25, Dostoevsky was shackled and sent to Siberia. In Tobolsk he was met by the wives of the Decembrists, and Dostoevsky received the Gospel from them as a blessing, which he never parted with. Then he was sent to Omsk and here in the "Dead House" he served his sentence. In "Notes from the House of the Dead" and even more precisely in letters to his brother (February 22, 1854) and Fonvizina (early March of the same year), he reports about his experiences in hard labor, about his state of mind immediately after leaving there and about those the consequences that she had in his life. He had to experience "all the revenge and persecution that they (convicts) live and breathe towards the nobility." "But the eternal concentration in himself," he writes to his brother, "where I ran away from the bitter reality, has borne fruit." They consisted - as can be seen from the second letter - "in strengthening the religious feeling" that was extinguished "under the influence of the doubts and unbelief of the age." This is what he understands, obviously, by the "rebirth of convictions", which he speaks of in the "Diary of a Writer". One must think that penal servitude further deepened the anguish of his soul, increased his ability to painfully analyze the last depths of the human spirit and its sufferings. At the end of the term of hard labor (15 February 1854 g. ) Dostoevsky was assigned as a private in the Siberian line 7 battalion in Semipalatinsk, where he stayed until 1859. Baron A.E. Wrangel took him there under his patronage, largely easing his position. We know very little about Dostoevsky's inner life during this period; Baron Wrangel in his "Memoirs" gives only its external appearance. Apparently, he reads a lot (requests for books in letters to his brother), works on "Notes". Here, it seems, the idea of ​​"Crime and Punishment" is already being born. From the external facts of his life, it should be noted his marriage to Maria Dmitrievna Isaeva, the widow of the overseer for the tavern section (February 6, 1857, in the city of Kuznetsk). Dostoevsky went through a lot of painful and difficult things in connection with his love for her (he met her and fell in love with her during the life of her first husband). On April 18, 1857, Dostoevsky was restored to his former rights; On August 15 of the same year he received the rank of ensign, soon filed a letter of resignation and on March 18, 1859, he was dismissed, with permission to live in Tver. In the same year, he published two stories: "Uncle's Dream" ("Russian Word") and "The Village of Stepanchikovo and Its Inhabitants" ("Otechestvennye Zapiski"). Longing in Tver, striving with all his might to the literary center, Dostoevsky is busy trying to get permission to live in the capital, which he soon receives. In 1860 he was already based in St. Petersburg. All this time Dostoevsky endured extreme material poverty; Maria Dmitrievna was already sick with consumption, and Dostoevsky earned very little from literature. In 1861, together with his brother, he began to publish the Vremya magazine, which immediately gained great success and fully supported them. In it, Dostoevsky publishes his "Humiliated and Insulted" (61 years, books 1 - 7), Notes from the House of the Dead (61 and 62 years old) and a small story "Bad Joke" (62 years, 11 books). In the summer of 1862, Dostoevsky went abroad for medical treatment, spent time in Paris, London (meeting with Herzen) and Geneva. He described his impressions in the journal Vremya (Winter Notes on Summer Impressions, 1863, books 2 - 3). Soon the journal was closed for an innocent article by N. Strakhov on the Polish question (1863, May). The Dostoevskys tried to get permission to publish it under a different name, and at the beginning of 64 the Epoch began to appear, but without the previous success. The patient himself, spending all his time in Moscow at the bedside of his dying wife, Dostoevsky almost could not help his brother. The books were compiled in a hurry, extremely late, and there were very few subscribers. April 16, 1864 the wife died; On June 10, Mikhail Dostoevsky died unexpectedly, and on September 25, one of the closest associates, beloved by Dostoevsky, Apollon Grigoriev, died. Blow after blow and the mass of debts finally upset the business, and at the beginning of 1865 "The Epoch" ceased to exist (Dostoevsky published "Notes from the Underground", books 1 - 2 and 4, and "Crocodile" in the last book). Dostoevsky had 15,000 rubles in debt and a moral obligation to support the family of his deceased brother and his wife's son from her first husband. At the beginning of July 1865, having somehow settled his money matters for a while, Dostoevsky went abroad, to Wiesbaden. Nervously upset, at the edge of despair, whether in the thirst for oblivion or in the hope of winning, he tried to play roulette there and lost to a penny (see the description of the sensations in the novel "The Gambler"). I had to resort to the help of my old friend Wrangel in order to somehow get out of the difficult situation. In November, Dostoevsky returned to St. Petersburg and sold his copyright to Stellovsky, with the obligation to add a new one to his previous works - the novel The Gambler. Then he finished "Crime and Punishment", which soon began to be published in the "Russian Bulletin" (1866, 1 - 2, 4, 6, 8, 11 - 12 books). The impression from this novel was great. Once again, Dostoevsky's name was on everyone's lips. This was facilitated, in addition to the great merits of the novel, and the distant coincidence of its plot with the actual fact: at the time when the novel was already being published, a murder was committed in Moscow for the purpose of robbery by student Danilov, who motivated his crime somewhat similar to Raskolnikov. Dostoevsky was very proud of this artistic insight. In the fall of 1866, in order to fulfill his obligation to Stellovsky by the deadline, he invited the stenographer Anna Grigorievna Snitkina to his place and dictated "The Gambler" to her. On February 15, 1867, she became his wife, and two months later they went abroad, where they stayed for over 4 years (until July 1871). This overseas trip was an escape from creditors who had already filed for foreclosure. He took 3000 rubles for the trip from Katkov for the planned novel "The Idiot"; of this money, he left most of his brother's family. In Baden-Baden, he was again captivated by the hope of winning and again lost everything: money, his suit, and even his wife's dresses. I had to make new loans, work desperately, "on postage" (31/2 pages per month) and need the bare essentials. These 4 years, in terms of funds, are the most difficult in his life. His letters are filled with desperate requests for money, all kinds of calculations. His irritability reaches an extreme degree, which explains the tone and character of his works during this period ("Demons", and partly "The Idiot"), as well as his collision with Turgenev. Driven by need, his creativity went on very intensively; written "The Idiot" ("Russian Bulletin", 68 - 69), "Eternal husband" ("Dawn", 1 - 2 books, 70) and most of the "Demons" ("Russian Bulletin", 71 , 1 - 2, 4, 7, 9 - 12 books and 72 years, 11 - 12 books). In 1867 the "Diary of a Writer" was conceived, at the end of 68 - the novel "Atheism", which later formed the basis of "The Brothers Karamazov". Upon his return to St. Petersburg, the brightest period in the life of Dostoevsky begins. Smart and energetic Anna Grigorievna took all financial affairs into her own hands and quickly corrected them, freeing him from debts. From the beginning of 1873 Dostoevsky became the editor of "Citizen" with a fee of 250 rubles a month, in addition to the fee for the articles. There he reviews foreign policy and publishes feuilletons: "A Writer's Diary". At the beginning of 1874, Dostoevsky already left "Citizen" to work on the novel "Teenager" ("Notes of the Fatherland", 75, books 1, 2, 4, 5, 9, 11 and 12). During this period the Dostoevskys spent the summer months in Staraya Russa, from where in July and August he often left for Ems for treatment; once they stayed there for the winter. From the beginning of 1876, Dostoevsky began to publish his "Diary of a Writer" - a monthly magazine without employees, without a program and departments. In material terms, the success was great: the number of dispersed copies ranged from 4 to 6 thousand. "The Diary of a Writer" found a warm response both among its adherents and among its censors, for its sincerity and rare responsiveness to the exciting events of the day. In his political views, Dostoevsky is very close in him to the Slavophiles of the right wing, sometimes even merges with them, and in this respect, The Diary of a Writer is of no particular interest; but it is valuable, firstly, according to memoirs, and secondly, as a commentary on the artistic work of Dostoevsky: often you find here a hint of some fact that gave impetus to his fantasy, or even a more detailed development of one or another idea touched on in a work of art; There are also quite a few excellent stories and essays in the "Diary", sometimes only outlined, sometimes completely finished. Since 1878, Dostoevsky stops "The Diary of a Writer", as if passing away, in order to begin his last legend - "The Brothers Karamazov" ("Russian Bulletin", 79 - 80 years old). "A lot of mine lay in him," he himself says in a letter to I. Aksakov. The novel was a huge success. During the printing of part 2, Dostoevsky was destined to experience the moment of the highest triumph at the Pushkin holiday (June 8, 1880), at which he delivered his famous speech, which led a large audience into indescribable delight. In it, Dostoevsky, with true pathos, expressed his idea of ​​a synthesis between west and east, by merging both principles: general and individual (the speech was published with explanations in the only issue of the "Diary of a Writer" for 1880). It was his swan song, on January 25, 1881, he censored the first issue of the "Diary of a Writer", which he wanted to resume, and on January 28 at 8:38 pm he was no longer alive. In recent years he suffered from emphysema. On the night of 25-26, there was a rupture of the pulmonary artery; he was followed by a seizure of his usual illness - epilepsy. The love of reading Russia for him showed on the day of the funeral. Huge crowds of people saw off his coffin; 72 deputations took part in the procession. All over Russia they responded to his death as a huge social misfortune. Dostoevsky was buried in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra on January 31, 1881 - Characteristics of creativity. From the point of view of the foundations, the main guiding ideas, Dostoevsky's work can be divided into 2 periods: from "Poor People" to "Notes from the Underground" and from "Notes" to the famous speech at the Pushkin holiday. In the first period, he is an ardent admirer of Schiller, Georges Sand and Hugo, an ardent defender of the great ideals of humanism in their usual, generally accepted understanding, the most devoted student of Belinsky - a socialist, with his deep pathos, his intense emotion in defending the natural rights of the "last man" is not inferior to himself teacher. In the second, if he does not completely abandon all his previous ideas, then some of them undoubtedly overestimate and, having overestimated, rejects, while some, although they leave, try to put completely different grounds under it. This division is convenient in that it sharply emphasizes that deep crack in his metaphysics, that apparent "degeneration of his convictions", which in fact was revealed very soon after hard labor and - one must think - not without its effect on the acceleration, and perhaps the direction inner mental work. He begins as a faithful student of Gogol, the author of The Overcoat, and understands the duties of an artist-writer, as Belinsky taught. "The most downtrodden last man is also a man and is called your brother" (words spoken by him in "The Humiliated and Insulted") - this is his main idea, the starting point of all his works for the first period. Even the world is the same Gogolian, bureaucratic, at least in most cases. And he, according to the idea, is almost always divided into two parts: on one side there are weak, miserable, downtrodden "officials for writing" or honest, truthful, painfully sensitive dreamers who find comfort and joy in someone else's happiness, and on the other - inflated to the point of losing their human appearance, "their excellencies", in essence, may not be evil at all, but according to their position, as if by duty, distorting the lives of their subordinates, and next to them are medium-sized officials claiming to be bonton, imitating their bosses in everything ... Dostoevsky's background is much broader from the very beginning, the plot is more confusing, and more people participate in it; the mental analysis is incomparably deeper, the events are outlined brighter, more painful, the sufferings of these little people are expressed too hysterically, almost to the point of cruelty. But these are inalienable properties of his genius, and they not only did not interfere with the glorification of the ideals of humanism, but on the contrary - they even strengthened, deepened their expression. Such are "Poor People", "Double", "Prokharchin", "Novel in 9 Letters" and all other stories published before hard labor. According to the guiding idea, Dostoevsky's first works after hard labor also belong to this category: "The Humiliated and Insulted", "The Village of Stepanchikovo" and even "Notes from the Dead House". Although in the "Notes" the pictures are entirely painted with the gloomy-harsh colors of Dante's hell, although they are imbued with an unusually deep interest in the soul of the criminal, as such, and therefore could be attributed to the second period, nevertheless, here the goal, apparently, is the same: to awaken pity and compassion for the "fallen", to show the moral superiority of the weak over the strong, to discover the presence of the "spark of God" in the hearts of even the most notorious, notorious criminals, on whose foreheads are the stigma of eternal damnation, contempt or hatred of all living in the "norm." Here and there and now and then, Dostoevsky has even earlier come across some strange types - people "with convulsively strained will and inner powerlessness"; people to whom insult and humiliation give some kind of painful, almost voluptuous pleasure, who already know all the confusion, all the bottomless depth of human experiences, with all the transitional steps between the most opposite feelings, know to the point that they already cease to "distinguish between love and hatred ", they themselves cannot contain (" The Mistress "," White Nights "," Netochka Nezvanova "). But nevertheless, these people only slightly violate the general appearance of Dostoevsky as the most talented representative of the Gogol school, created mainly thanks to the efforts of Belinsky. "Good" and "Evil" are still in their former places, the former idols of Dostoevsky are sometimes, as it were, forgotten, but they are never offended, they are not subjected to any revaluation. Dostoevsky sharply distinguishes from the very beginning - and this, perhaps, is the root of his future convictions - an extremely peculiar understanding of the essence of humanism, or, rather, of the being that is taken under the protection of humanism. Gogol's attitude to his hero, as is often the case with a humorist, is purely sentimental. Clearly makes itself felt a shade of condescension, looking "from top to bottom". Akaki Akakievich, with all our sympathy for him, all the time is in the position of a "little brother". We pity him, sympathize with his grief, but for a single moment do not merge with him entirely, consciously or unconsciously feel our superiority over him. This is him, this is his world, but we, our world, are completely different. The insignificance of his experiences by no means loses its character, but only skillfully hides behind the soft, sad laugh of the writer. At best, Gogol refers to his position as a loving father or an experienced elder brother to the misfortunes of a small, unreasonable child. Dostoevsky's is not at all the same. Even in his very first works, he looks at this "last brother" quite seriously, approaches him close, intimately, precisely as a completely equal. He knows - and not with his mind, but with his soul - the absolute value of every person, whatever its social value. For him, the experiences of the most "useless" being is as sacred and inviolable as the experiences of the greatest figures, the greatest benefactors of this world. There are no "great" and "small", and the point is not that more began to sympathize with the lesser. Dostoevsky immediately transfers the center of gravity to the "heart" area, the only sphere where equality prevails, and not an equation, where there are no and cannot be any quantitative correlations: every moment there is exclusively, individually. It is this feature, by no means arising from some abstract principle, inherent in Dostoevsky alone due to the individual qualities of his nature, and gives his artistic genius that tremendous strength that is needed to rise in the outlining of the inner world of the smallest of the smallest to world level, universal. For Gogol, for those who always evaluate, always compare, such tragic scenes as the funeral of a student or Devushkin's state of mind when Varenka leaves him (Poor People) are simply unthinkable; what is needed here is not recognition in principle, but a sense of the absoluteness of the human "I" and the resulting exceptional ability to become entirely in the place of another, without bending down to him and not raising him to himself. Hence follows the first characteristic feature in the work of Dostoevsky. At first he seems to have a completely objectified image; you feel that the author is somewhat aloof from his hero. But then his pathos begins to grow, the process of objectification is interrupted, and then the subject - the creator and the object - the image are already merged into one; the experiences of the hero are made by the experiences of the author himself. That is why Dostoevsky's readers have the impression that all his characters speak the same language, that is, in the words of Dostoevsky himself. Other features of his genius, also very early, almost at the very beginning, which manifested themselves in his work, correspond to the same peculiarities of Dostoevsky. Striking is his addiction to depicting the most acute, most intense human torment, an irresistible desire to cross the line beyond which artistry loses its softening power, and pictures of unusually painful, sometimes more terrible than the most terrible reality begin. For Dostoevsky, suffering is an element, the original essence of life, raising those in whom it is most fully embodied to the highest pedestal of fatal doom. All people for him are too individual, exceptional in each of their experiences, absolutely autonomous in the only important and valuable area for him - in the area of ​​the "heart"; they obscure the general background surrounding their reality. Dostoevsky precisely breaks the closed chain of life into separate links, at each given moment so riveting our attention to a single link that we completely forget about its connection with others. The reader immediately enters the most secret side of the human soul, enters in some roundabout way, always lying aside from reason. And this is so unusual that almost all of his faces give the impression of fantastic creatures, with only one side of their own, the most distant, in contact with our world of phenomena, with the kingdom of reason. Hence the very background against which they act - everyday life, the situation - also seems fantastic. And yet the reader does not doubt for a moment that this is the real truth. It is in these features, or rather, in one reason that gives rise to them, that is the source of the bias towards the views of the second period. Everything in the world is relative, including our values, our ideals and aspirations. Humanism, the principle of universal happiness, love and brotherhood, a wonderful harmonious life, the resolution of all issues, the quenching of all pains - in a word, everything we strive for, what we so painfully crave, all this is in the future, in a distant fog, for others, for subsequent, for not existing yet. But what about now with this particular person, who has come into the world for the time allotted to her, what about her life, with her torments, what kind of consolation can I give her? Sooner or later, but inevitably a moment must come when a person will protest with all the forces of his soul against all these distant ideals, demand, and above all from himself, exclusive attention to his short-term life. Of all the theories of happiness, the most painful for a given personality is positively sociological, which is most consistent with the prevailing scientific spirit. She proclaims the principle of relativity both in quantity and in time: she means only the majority, undertakes to strive for the relative happiness of this relative majority, and sees the approach of this happiness only in a more or less distant future. Dostoevsky begins his second period with a merciless criticism of positive morality and positive happiness, with the debunking of our dearest ideals, since they are based on such a cruel foundation for a single personality. In "Notes from the Underground" the first antithesis is put forward very strongly: "I and Society" or "I and Humanity", and the second is already outlined: "I and the World." For 40 years a man lived in the "underground"; digging in his soul, tormented, realizing his own and other people's insignificance; more morally and physically, he strove somewhere, did something and did not notice how life went stupidly, disgustingly, boringly, without a single bright moment, without a single drop of joy. Lived a life, and now the tormenting question is relentlessly pursued: what for? Who needed it? Who needed all of his suffering, which distorted his entire being? But he, too, once believed in all these ideals, also saved someone or was going to save, worshiped Schiller, cried over the fate of his "little brother", as if there was someone else less than him. How can we live through the pale remnant years? Where to look for consolation? It does not exist and cannot be. Despair, boundless anger - that's what he was left with as a result of life. And he brings out this anger of his, hurls his bullying in the face of people. All lies, stupid self-deception, stupid playing with spillikins of stupid, insignificant people, in their blindness bothering about something, worshiping something, some stupid invented fetishes that do not stand up to any criticism. At the cost of all his torment, at the cost of all his ruined life, he bought his right to the merciless cynicism of the following words: for me to have tea and whether the world should perish, I will say: “I want tea and let the world perish”. If the world does not care about him, if history in its forward movement ruthlessly destroys everyone along the way, if the ghostly improvement of life is achieved at the cost of so many sacrifices, so much suffering, then he does not accept such a life, such a world - does not accept in the name of his absolute rights, as a single time of an existing personality. And what can they object to him: positivistic-social ideals, the coming harmony, the crystal kingdom? The happiness of future generations, if it can console anyone, is a complete fiction: it is based on a wrong calculation or an outright lie. It assumes that as soon as a person finds out what his benefits are, he will immediately and certainly begin to strive for it, and the benefit is to live in harmony, to obey the general established norms. But who decided that a person is looking only for benefits? After all, it seems only from the point of view of reason, but reason plays the least role in life, and it is not for him to curb the passions, the eternal striving for chaos, for destruction. At the very last moment, when the crystal palace is about to be completed, there will certainly be some gentleman with a retrograde physiognomy, who will put his hands on his hips and say to all people: “Why, gentlemen, should we not push all this prudence at once , with the sole purpose that all these logarithms go to hell and so that we will live again of our own stupid will, "even if in misfortune. And he will certainly find followers for himself, and not even a few, so that all this gimmick, called history, will have to start all over again. For "your own, free and free will, your own, even the wildest whim, your own fantasy - this is all that missed, the most profitable benefit, which does not fit into any classification and from which all systems , all theories go to hell all the time. " This is how a man from the "underground" is malignant; Dostoevsky reaches such a frenzy, standing up for the ruined life of an individual person. It was the ardent student of Belinsky who, together with his teacher, who recognized the absoluteness of the beginning of the personality, could come to this conclusion. The whole future destructive work of Dostoevsky is also inscribed here. In the future, he will only deepen these thoughts, evoke from the underworld more and more forces of chaos - all the passions, all the ancient instincts of man, in order to finally prove the entire inconsistency of the usual foundations of our morality, all its weakness in the fight against these forces and thereby clear the ground for another justification - mystical and religious. Raskolnikov, the hero of one of the most brilliant works in world literature: "Crime and Punishment", fully assimilates the thoughts of a man "from the underground". Raskolnikov is a consistent nihilist, much more consistent than Bazarov. Its basis is atheism, and his whole life, all his actions are just logical conclusions from it. If there is no God, if all our categorical imperatives are just a fiction, if ethics, therefore, can be explained only as a product of certain social relations, then would it not be more correct, would it not be more scientific, the so-called double-entry bookkeeping of morality: one - for gentlemen, the other is for slaves? And he creates his theory, his ethics, according to which he allows himself to violate our main norm, which prohibits the shedding of blood. People are divided into ordinary and extraordinary, into the crowd and heroes. The first is a cowardly, submissive mass, according to which the prophet has every right to fire from cannons: "obey, trembling creature, and do not reason." The second are brave, proud, born masters, Napoleons, Caesars, Alexandra the Great. By this, everything is permitted. They themselves are the creators of laws, the setters of all values. Their path is always strewn with corpses, but they calmly step over them, carrying new higher values ​​with them. It's up to everyone to decide for himself and for himself who he is. Raskolnikov decided and sheds blood. This is his scheme. Dostoevsky puts into it a content of extraordinary genius, where the iron logic of thought merges together with the subtle knowledge of the human soul. Raskolnikov kills not an old woman, but a principle, and until the last minute, being already in hard labor, does not recognize himself as guilty. His tragedy is not at all a consequence of remorse, revenge on the part of the "norm" he has violated; it is completely different; she is all in the consciousness of her insignificance, in the deepest resentment, for which only fate is to blame: he turned out to be not a hero, he did not dare - he, too, is a trembling creature, and this is unbearable for him. He was not resigned; to whom or to what should he accept? There is nothing obligatory, there is no categorical; and people are even smaller, stupider, nastier, more cowardly than him. Now in his soul there is a feeling of complete isolation from life, from the people most dear to him, from everyone who lives in the norm and with the norm. This is how the starting point of the "underground man" becomes more complicated. In the novel, a number of other persons are also displayed. And as always, deeply tragic and interesting are only the fallen, the martyrs of their passions or ideas, struggling in agony on the brink of the line, then crossing it, then executing themselves for having crossed (Svidrigailov, Marmeladov). The author is already close to resolving the questions he posed: to the abolition of all antitheses in God and in the belief in immortality. Sonya Marmeladova also violates the norm, but God is with her, and this is the inner salvation, her special truth, the motive of which deeply penetrates the entire gloomy symphony of the novel. In The Idiot, Dostoevsky's next great novel, the criticism of positive morality and, along with it, the first antithesis is somewhat weakened. Rogozhin and Nastasya Filippovna are simply martyrs of their irresistible passions, victims of internal contradictions that tear the soul apart. The motives of cruelty, unbridled voluptuousness, gravitation towards Sodom - in a word, Karamazovism - already sound here with all their terrible catastrophic power. Of the minor ones - after all, all the images, including Rogozhin and Nastasya Filippovna, are conceived only as a background for Prince Myshkin - these motives become the main ones, captivate the tense soul of the artist, and he reveals them in all their breathtaking breadth. The more the second antithesis, even more painful for man, is put forward: I and the world or I and the cosmos, I and nature. Few pages are devoted to this antithesis, and one of the secondary characters, Hippolytus, puts it, but its dark spirit hovers over the entire work. The whole meaning of the novel changes under its aspect. Dostoevsky's thought goes along the following path, as it were. Can even those chosen ones, Napoleons, be happy? How in general can a person live without God in his soul, with only one mind, since there are inexorable laws of nature, the all-consuming maw of "a terrible, dumb, mercilessly cruel beast" is eternally open, ready to devour you every moment? Let the person put up in advance with the fact that all life consists in the continuous eating of each other, let, accordingly, take care of only one thing, in order to somehow save a place at the table, so that he himself can eat as many people as possible; but what joy can there be in life at all, once it has a deadline, and with every moment the fatal, inexorable end is moving closer and closer? Even Dostoevsky's "underground" man thinks that the rational faculty is only one twentieth part of the entire ability to live; the mind knows only what it has managed to learn, and human nature acts as a whole, with everything that is in it, consciously and unconsciously. But in this very nature, in her unconscious, there are depths, where, perhaps, the true answer to life is hidden. Among the raging passions, amid the noisy and colorful worldly vanity, only Prince Myshkin was bright in spirit, although not joyful. For him alone, gaps in the mystical area are open. He knows all the impotence of reason in solving eternal problems, but with his soul he senses other possibilities. Foolish, "blessed", he is clever with a higher mind, comprehends everything with his heart, with his insides. Through the "sacred" illness, in a few unspeakably happy seconds before a seizure, he learns the highest harmony, where everything is clear, meaningful and justified. Prince Myshkin is sick, abnormal, fantastic - and yet it is felt that he is the healthiest, strongest, most normal of all. In depicting this image, Dostoevsky reached one of the highest heights of creativity. Here Dostoevsky embarked on a straight path to his mystical sphere, in the center of which Christ and the belief in immortality are the only unshakable foundation of morality. The next novel, The Demons, is another daring ascent. It contains two parts that are uneven in both quantity and quality. In one - angry criticism, reaching as far as caricatures, of the social movement of the 70s and its old inspirers, the reassured, self-righteous priests of humanism. The latter are ridiculed in the person of Karmazinov and the old man Verkhovensky, in which they see disfigured images of Turgenev and Granovsky. This is one of the shadow sides, of which there are many in Dostoevsky's journalistic activities. Another part of the novel is important and valuable, which depicts a group of persons with "theoretically irritated hearts" struggling to resolve world issues, exhausted in the struggle of all kinds of desires, passions and ideas. The former problems, the former antitheses, pass here into their last stage, in opposition: "The God-Man and the Man-God." Stavrogin's tense will equally gravitates towards the upper and lower abyss, towards God and towards the devil, towards the pure Madonna and towards the sins of Sodom. Therefore, he is able to simultaneously preach the ideas of God-manhood and man-deity. The first is Shatov, the second is Kirillov; he himself is not captured by either one or the other. He is hindered by his "inner powerlessness", weakness of desires, inability to ignite either thought or passion. There is something of Pechorin in him: nature gave him great strength, a great mind, but in his soul there is a deadly cold, his heart is indifferent to everything. He is deprived of some mysterious, but most necessary sources of life, and his last destiny is suicide. Shatov also perishes unfinished; Kirillov alone carries out the idea of ​​humanity that he has assimilated to the end. The pages devoted to him are amazing in terms of the depth of mental analysis. Kirillov - at a certain limit; one more movement, and he seems to comprehend the whole mystery. And he, like Prince Myshkin, also has seizures of epilepsy, and in the last few moments he is given a feeling of supreme bliss, all-permissive harmony. Longer - he says himself - the human body is not able to withstand such happiness; it seems, one more moment - and life by itself would end. Perhaps these seconds of bliss give him the courage to oppose himself to God. There is in him some kind of unconscious religious feeling, but it is littered with the tireless work of reason, its scientific convictions, his confidence as a mechanical engineer that all cosmic life can and should be explained only mechanically. The languor of Ippolit (in The Idiot), his horror before the inexorable laws of nature - this is Kirillov's starting point. Yes, the most offensive, most terrible thing for a person, with which he absolutely cannot put up, is death. In order to somehow get rid of her, from her fear, man creates a fiction, invents God, at whose bosom he seeks salvation. God is the fear of death. This fear must be destroyed, and God will die with it. To do this, you need to show self-will, in its entirety. No one has yet dared to kill himself like that, without any extraneous reason. But he, Kirillov, will dare and thus prove that he is not afraid of her. And then the greatest world revolution will take place: man will take the place of God, become a man-god, for, having ceased to fear death, he will physically begin to be reborn, finally overcome the mechanicalness of nature and will live forever. This is how a person measures up against God, dreaming of overcoming Him in a half-delusional fantasy. Kirillov's God is not in three persons, there is no Christ here; it is the same cosmos, the deification of the same mechanicalness that so frightens him. But it cannot be mastered without Christ, without faith in the Resurrection and in the miracle of immortality that follows from this. The suicide scene is stunning for the terrible agony that Kirillov is going through in his inhuman horror before the coming end. - In the next, less successful novel "Teenager", the pathos of thought is somewhat weaker, comparatively less and mental tension. There are variations on previous themes, but already complicated by somewhat different motives. It is outlined, as it were, the possibility of overcoming the previous extreme denials by a person, and in our everyday sense healthy. The protagonist of the novel, a teenager, knows the distant echoes of Raskolnikov's theory - the division of people into "daring" and "trembling creatures." He would also like to rank himself among the first, but no longer in order to cross the "line", to violate the "norms": there are other aspirations in his soul - a thirst for "good looks", a presentiment of synthesis. He, too, is attracted by Wille zur Macht, but not in his usual manifestations. He bases his activity on the original idea of ​​the "stingy knight" - the acquisition of power by means of money, assimilates it entirely up to: "I have had enough of this consciousness." But, being alive, mobile by nature, he paints such a consciousness for himself not as tranquility in contemplation alone: ​​he wants to feel powerful for just a few minutes, and then he will distribute everything and go into the desert to celebrate even greater freedom - freedom from the mundane hustle and bustle, on your own. Thus, the highest recognition of one's "I", the highest affirmation of one's personality, thanks to the organic presence in the soul of the elements of Christianity, at the very last edge turns into its negation, into asceticism. Another hero of the novel, Versilov, also gravitates towards synthesis. He is one of the rare representatives of the world idea, "the highest cultural type of concern for everyone"; torn apart by contradictions, he languishes under the yoke of an incredibly huge egoism. There may be a thousand like him, not more; but for their sake, perhaps, Russia existed. The mission of the Russian people is to create, through this thousand, a general idea that would unite all the particular ideas of the European peoples, merge them into a single whole. This idea of ​​the Russian mission, which is the dearest for Dostoevsky, is varied by him in different ways in a whole series of journalistic articles; it was already in the mouths of Myshkin and Shatov, it is repeated in The Brothers Karamazov, but its bearer, as a separate image, as if specially created for this, is only Versilov. - "The Brothers Karamazov" is Dostoevsky's last, most powerful artistic word. Here is a synthesis of his entire life, all his intense searches in the field of thought and creativity. Everything that he wrote before is nothing more than ascending steps, partial attempts at embodiment. According to the main idea, Alyosha was to be the central figure. In the history of mankind, ideas die out and along with them people, their carriers, but they are replaced by new ones. The situation in which mankind has now found itself cannot continue any longer. There is the greatest confusion in my soul; on the ruins of old values, an exhausted person bends under the weight of eternal questions, having lost all justifying meaning of life. But this is not absolute death: here is the torment of the birth of a new religion, a new morality, a new person who must unite - first in himself, and then in action - all the private ideas that until then guided life, to illuminate everything with a new light, to answer all hearing to all questions. Dostoevsky managed to complete only the first part of the plan. In those 14 books that have been written, birth is only being prepared, a new being is only outlined, attention is paid mainly to the tragedy of the end of the old life. The last blasphemous cry of all its deniers, who have lost their last foundations, sounds powerful over the entire work: "Everything is allowed!" Against the background of spider voluptuousness - Karamazovism - ominously illuminated the naked human soul, disgusting in its passions (Fedor Karamazov and his bastard son Smerdyakov), unrestrained in its falls and yet helplessly restless, deeply tragic (Dmitry and Ivan). Events are rushing by with extraordinary speed, and in their impetuous run there is a mass of sharply outlined images - old, familiar from previous creations, but here deepened and new, from different strata, classes and ages. And they all got entangled in one strong knot, doomed to death, physical or spiritual. Here the acuteness of the analysis reaches extreme proportions, reaches the point of cruelty, to the point of torment. All this is, as it were, the foundation on which the most tragic figure rises - Ivan, this defender, the plaintiff for all people, for all the suffering of mankind. In his rebellious cry, in his rebellion against Christ himself, all the groans and cries that emanated from the lips of men merged. What meaning can there still be in our life, what values ​​should we worship, since the whole world is in evil and even God cannot justify it, since the Chief Architect himself built it and continues to build every day with tears already, in any case, innocent of anything creatures - a child. And how can you accept such a world, so falsely, so cruelly built, if even there is God and immortality, there was and will be the Resurrection? The future harmony in the second coming - no longer positivistic, but the most real, genuine universal happiness and forgiveness - can it really pay off, justify at least one tear of a child hunted by dogs or shot by the Turks at the very second when he smiled at them with his innocent childish smile? No, Ivan would rather remain outside the threshold of the crystal palace, with his unrevenged offense, but he will not allow the mother of a tortured child to embrace his tormentor: for herself, for her maternal torments, she can still forgive, but she should not, she dare not forgive for torment your child. So Dostoevsky, once accepting the "last man" in his heart, recognizing his feelings as an absolute value in itself, took his side against everyone: against society, the world and God, carried his tragedy through all his works, elevated it to the level of a world, brought it to struggle against himself, against his own last refuge, against Christ. This is where the Legend of the Grand Inquisitor begins - the final idea of ​​this final creation. The entire thousand-year history of mankind is focused on this great duel, on this strange, fantastic meeting of a 90-year-old old man with a second come Savior, who descended on the stacks of weeping Castile. And when the elder, in the role of the accuser, tells Him that He did not foresee the future history, was too proud in His demands, overestimated the Divine in man, did not save him, that the world had turned away from Him for a long time, left along the path of the Smart Spirit and would follow him to the end that he, the old inquisitor, is obliged to correct His feat, to become the head of the weak suffering people and at least deceive them to give them the illusion of what was rejected by Him during the three great temptations - then in these deeply sorrowful speeches it is clear self-mockery is heard, Dostoevsky's revolt against himself. After all, the discovery that Alyosha makes: "Your inquisitor does not believe in God" still saves little from his murderous arguments. No wonder, just about the "Grand Inquisitor" Dostoevsky burst out the following words: "Through a great furnace of doubts, my hosanna came." In the written parts, there is one crucible of doubts: his hosanna, Alyosha and the elder Zosima, are strongly effaced by the greatness of his denials. This is how the artistic paths of the martyr Dostoevsky come to an end. In his last work, again, with titanic power, the same motives as in the first one sounded: pain for the "last man", boundless love for him and his suffering, willingness to fight for him, for the absoluteness of his rights, with everyone, not excluding God. Belinsky would certainly have recognized him as his former student. - Bibliography. 1. Editions: the first posthumous collected works of 1883; publication by A. Marx (supplement to the magazine "Niva" 1894 - 1895); edition 7, A. Dostoevskaya, in 14 volumes, 1906; edition 8, "Enlightenment", the most complete: here are options, excerpts and articles that were not included in previous editions (the supplement to "Demons" is valuable). - II. Biographical information: O. Miller "Materials for the biography of Dostoevsky", and N. Strakhov "Memories of FM Dostoevsky" (both in the I volume of the 1883 edition); G. Vetrinsky "Dostoevsky in the memoirs of contemporaries, letters and notes" ("Historical Literary Library", Moscow, 1912); Baron A. Wrangel "Memories of Dostoevsky in Siberia" (St. Petersburg, 1912); Collection "Petrashevtsy", edited by V.V. Callash; Vengerov "Petrashevtsy" ("Encyclopedic Dictionary" Brockhaus-Efron); Akhsharumov "Memories of Petrashevts"; A. Koni "Essays and Memories" (1906) and "On the Path of Life" (1912, vol. II). - III. Criticism and bibliography: a) On creativity in general: N. Mikhailovsky "Cruel Talent" (vol. V, pp. 1 - 78); G. Uspensky (vol. III, pp. 333 - 363); O. Miller "Russian Writers after Gogol"; S. Vengerov, "Sources of the Dictionary of Russian Writers" (vol. II, pp. 297 - 307); Vladislavlev "Russian Writers" (Moscow, 1913); V. Soloviev, "Three speeches in memory of Dostoevsky" (works, vol. III, pp. 169 - 205); V. Chizh "Dostoevsky as a Psychopathologist" (Moscow, 1885); N. Bazhenov "Psychiatric conversation" (Moscow, 1903); Kirpichnikov "Essays on the History of New Literature" (vol. I, Moscow, 1903); V. Pereverzev "Works of Dostoevsky" (Moscow, 1912). From the latest trends in the field of criticism about Dostoevsky: V. Rozanov "The Legend of the Grand Inquisitor" (edition 3, St. Petersburg, 1906); S. Andreevsky "Literary Sketches" (3rd edition, St. Petersburg. , 1902); D. Merezhkovsky "Tolstoy and Dostoevsky" (5th edition, 1911); L. Shestov "Dostoevsky and Nietzsche" (St. Petersburg, 1903); V. Veresaev "Living Life" (Moscow, 1911); Volzhsky "Two Sketches" (1902); his "The Religious and Moral Problem with Dostoevsky" ("The World of God", 6-8 books, 1905); S. Bulgakov, collection "Literary Business" (St. Petersburg, 1902); Y. Eichenwald "Silhouettes" (vol. II); A. Gornfeld "Books and People" (St. Petersburg, 1908); V. Ivanov "Dostoevsky and the novel-tragedy" ("Russian Thought", 5 - 6, 1911); A. Bely "The Tragedy of Creativity" (Moscow, 1911); A. Volynsky "On Dostoevsky" (2nd edition, St. Petersburg, 1909); A. Zakrzhevsky "Underground" (Kiev, 1911); his "Karamazovshchina" (Kiev, 1912). - b) On individual works: V. Belinsky, vol. IV, Pavlenkov's edition ("Poor People"); his, v. X ("Double") and XI ("Mistress"); I. Annensky "The Book of Reflections" ("Double" and "Prokharchin"); N. Dobrolyubov "Downed People" (vol. III), about "Humiliated and Insulted". About "Notes from the House of the Dead" - D. Pisarev ("The Dead and Perishing", vol. V). "On" Crime and Punishment ": D. Pisarev (" The Struggle for Life ", vol. VI); N. Mikhailovsky (" Literary Memoirs and Contemporary Troubles ", vol. II, pp. 366 - 367); I. Annensky ( "The Book of Reflections", vol. II). About "Demons": N. Mikhailovsky (op. Vol. I, pp. 840 - 872); A. Volynsky ("The Book of Great Wrath"). About "The Brothers Karamazov": S Bulgakov ("From Marxism to Idealism"; 1904, pp. 83 - 112); A. Volynsky ("The Kingdom of the Karamazovs"); V. Rozanov ("The Legend of the Grand Inquisitor"). On the "Writer's Diary": N. Mikhailovsky (in the collected works); Gorshkov (MA Protopopov) "Preacher of the new word" ("Russian Bogatstvo", 8th book, 1880) Foreign criticism: Brandes "Deutsche literarische Volkshefte", No. 3 (B., 1889); K. Saitschik "Die Weltanschauung D. und Tolstojs" (1893); N. Hoffman "Th. M. D. "(B., 1899); E. Zabel" Russische Litteraturbilder "(B., 1899); Dr. Poritsky" Heine D., Gorkij "(1902); Jos. Muller" D. - ein Litteraturbild "(Munich, 1903); Segaloff" Die Krankheit D. "(Heidelberg, 1906); Hennequi" Etudes de crit. scientif. "(P., 1889); Vogue" Nouvelle bibliotheque popoulaire. D. "(P., 1891); Gide" D. d "apres sa correspondance" (1911); Turner "Modern Novelists of Russia" (1890); M. Baring "Landmarks in Russian Literature" (1910). See the free work of M. Zaydman: "F. M. Dostoevsky in Western Literature". A more complete bibliography - A. Dostoevskaya "Bibliographic Index of Works and Works of Art Relating to the Life and Work of Dostoevsky"; V. Zelinsky "Critical commentary on the works of Dostoevsky" (bibliography up to 1905. ); I.I. Zamotin "FM Dostoevsky in Russian criticism" (part I, 1846 - 1881, Warsaw, 1913). A. Dolinin.

Dostoevsky Fyodor Mikhailovich

Was born in Moscow. Father, Mikhail Andreevich (1789-1839), was a doctor (head physician) at the Moscow Mariinsky Hospital for the Poor, in 1828 he was promoted to a hereditary nobleman. In 1831 he acquired the village of Darovoe in the Kashirsky district of the Tula province, in 1833 the neighboring village of Chermoshnya. In raising his children, his father was an independent, educated, caring family man, but he had a quick-tempered and suspicious character. After the death of his wife in 1837, he retired and settled in Darovoe. According to the documents, he died of apoplectic stroke; according to the recollections of relatives and oral legends, he was killed by his peasants. Mother, Maria Fedorovna (née Nechaeva; 1800-1837). The Dostoevsky family had six more children: Mikhail, Varvara (1822-1893), Andrei, Vera (1829-1896), Nikolai (1831-1883), Alexandra (1835-1889).

In 1833, Dostoevsky was given to NI Drashusov's half-board; he and brother Mikhail went there "every morning and returned to dinner." From the fall of 1834 to the spring of 1837, Dostoevsky attended the private boarding school of L.I. The teacher of the Russian language N.I.Bilevich played a certain role in the spiritual development of Dostoevsky. Memories of the boarding house served as material for many of the writer's works.

Hardly going through the death of his mother, which coincided with the news of the death of A.S. Pushkin (which he perceived as a personal loss), Dostoevsky in May 1837 went with his brother Mikhail to St. Petersburg and entered the preparatory boarding school of KF Kostomarov. At the same time, he met I.N.Shidlovsky, whose religious and romantic mood captivated Dostoevsky. Since January 1838, Dostoevsky studied at the Main Engineering School, describing his usual day as follows: “... from early morning until evening, we barely have time to follow the lectures in our classes. ... , singing ... they put on guard, and all the time goes by in this ... ". The heavy impression of the "convict years" of the doctrine was partially brightened up by friendly relations with V. Grigorovich, doctor A. E. Rizenkampf, duty officer A. I. Saveliev, artist K. A. Trutovsky.

Even on the way to St. Petersburg, Dostoevsky mentally "composed a novel from Venetian life," and in 1838 told Riesenkampf "about his own literary experiences." A literary circle was formed around Dostoevsky at the school. On February 16, 1841, at an evening hosted by brother Mikhail on the occasion of his departure to Revel, Dostoevsky read excerpts from two of his dramatic works - "Mary Stuart" and "Boris Godunov".

Dostoevsky informed his brother about the work on the drama "Zhid Yankel" in January 1844. The manuscripts of the dramas have not survived, but already from their names the literary hobbies of the novice writer emerge: Schiller, Pushkin, Gogol. After the death of his father, the relatives of the writer's mother took care of Dostoevsky's younger brothers and sisters, and Fyodor and Mikhail received a small inheritance. After graduating from college (late 1843), he was enrolled as a field engineer-second lieutenant in the Petersburg engineering team, but already at the beginning of the summer of 1844, having decided to devote himself entirely to literature, he resigned and resigned with the rank of lieutenant.

In January 1844 Dostoevsky completed the translation of Balzac's story "Eugene Grande", whom he was especially fond of at that time. The translation was Dostoevsky's first published literary work. In 1844 he began and in May 1845, after numerous alterations, he finished the novel Poor People.

The novel Poor People, whose connection with Pushkin's Stationmaster and Gogol's Overcoat was emphasized by Dostoevsky himself, was an exceptional success. Based on the traditions of a physiological sketch, Dostoevsky creates a realistic picture of the life of the "downtrodden" inhabitants of the "Petersburg corners", a gallery of social types from the street beggar to "his excellency."

Summer 1845 (like the next) Dostoevsky spent in Reval with his brother Mikhail. In the fall of 1845, upon his return to St. Petersburg, he often met with Belinsky. In October, the writer, together with Nekrasov and Grigorovich, compiles an anonymous program announcement for the almanac "Zuboskal" (03, 1845, No. 11), and in early December, at an evening at Belinsky's, reads the chapters of "The Double" (03, 1846, No. 2), in which for the first time gives a psychological analysis of the split consciousness, "duality".

The story "Mr. Prokharchin" (1846) and the story "The Hostess" (1847), in which many motives, ideas and characters of Dostoevsky's works of the 1860-1870s were sketched, were not understood by modern criticism. Belinsky also radically changed his attitude towards Dostoevsky, condemning the "fantastic" element, "pretentiousness", "mannerism" of these works. In other works of the young Dostoevsky - in the novellas "Weak Heart", "White Nights", the cycle of acute socio-psychological feuilletons "The Petersburg Chronicle" and the unfinished novel "Netochka Nezvanova" - the problematics of the writer's work are expanded, psychologism is strengthened with a characteristic emphasis on the analysis of the most complex, elusive internal phenomena.

At the end of 1846, there was a cooling in the relationship between Dostoevsky and Belinsky. Later, he also had a conflict with the editors of Sovremennik: Dostoevsky's suspicious, arrogant character played an important role here. Mockery of the writer by recent friends (especially Turgenev, Nekrasov), the harsh tone of Belinsky's critical reviews of his works were acutely felt by the writer. Around this time, according to the testimony of Dr. S.D. Yanovsky, Dostoevsky developed the first symptoms of epilepsy. The writer is burdened by exhausting work for Otechestvennye zapiski. Poverty forced him to take on any literary work (in particular, he edited articles for the "Reference Encyclopedic Dictionary" A. V. Starchevsky).

In 1846 Dostoevsky became close to the Maikov family, regularly attends the literary and philosophical circle of the Beketov brothers, in which V. Maikov was in charge, and A.N. Maikov and A.N. Pleshcheev are Dostoevsky's friends. From March-April 1847 Dostoevsky became a visitor to the "Fridays" of MV Butashevich-Petrashevsky. He also participates in the organization of a secret printing house for printing appeals to the peasants and soldiers. Dostoevsky's arrest took place on April 23, 1849; during his arrest, his archive was taken away and, probably, destroyed in Section III. Dostoevsky spent 8 months in the Alekseevsky Ravelin of the Peter and Paul Fortress under investigation, during which he showed courage, hiding many facts and trying to mitigate the guilt of his comrades as much as possible. He was recognized by the investigation as "one of the most important" among the Petrashevites, guilty of "intent to overthrow the existing domestic laws and state order." The initial verdict of the military court commission read: "... a retired engineer-lieutenant Dostoevsky, for failure to report on the dissemination of a criminal letter about religion and government by the writer Belinsky and the malicious essay of Lieutenant Grigoriev, to deprive ranks, all rights of state and subject to the death penalty by shooting." On December 22, 1849, Dostoevsky, together with others, awaited execution of the death sentence on the Semyonovsky parade ground. According to the resolution of Nicholas I, the execution was replaced by a 4-year hard labor with the deprivation of "all rights of the state" and subsequent surrender to the soldiers.

On the night of December 24, Dostoevsky was sent in chains from Petersburg. On January 10, 1850, he arrived in Tobolsk, where the writer met with the wives of the Decembrists - P.E. Annenkova, A.G. Muravyova and N.D. Fonvizina; they gave him the gospel, which he kept all his life. From January 1850 to 1854 Dostoevsky, together with Durov, served hard labor as a "laborer" in the Omsk fortress. In January 1854 he was enlisted as a private in the 7th Line Battalion (Semipalatinsk) and was able to renew his correspondence with his brother Mikhail and A. Maikov. In November 1855, Dostoevsky was promoted to non-commissioned officer, and after long troubles of the prosecutor Wrangel and other Siberian and Petersburg acquaintances (including E.I. Totleben) - to ensign; in the spring of 1857, the hereditary nobility and the right to publish were returned to the writer, but police supervision over him remained until 1875.

In 1857 Dostoevsky married the widowed M.D. Isaeva, who, in his words, was "a woman of the most sublime and enthusiastic soul ... The idealist was in the full sense of the word ... both pure and naive, moreover, she was just like a child." The marriage was not happy: Isaeva agreed after long hesitations that tormented Dostoevsky. In Siberia, the writer began work on memories of hard labor (the "Siberian" notebook containing folklore, ethnographic and diary entries served as a source for "Notes from the Dead House" and many other books by Dostoevsky). In 1857, his brother published the story "Little Hero", written by Dostoevsky in the Peter and Paul Fortress. Having created two "provincial" comic stories - "Uncle's Dream" and "The Village of Stepanchikovo and Its Inhabitants", Dostoevsky entered into negotiations with M.N. Katkov, Nekrasov, A.A. Kraevsky. However, modern criticism did not appreciate and passed over in almost complete silence these first works of the "new" Dostoevsky.

On March 18, 1859, Dostoevsky was dismissed "due to illness" to retire with the rank of second lieutenant, and received permission to live in Tver (with the prohibition of entry into the Petersburg and Moscow provinces). On July 2, 1859, he left Semipalatinsk with his wife and stepson. From 1859 - in Tver, where he renewed his previous literary acquaintances and made new ones. Later, the chief of the gendarmes informed the Tver governor of Dostoevsky's permission to live in Petersburg, where he arrived in December 1859.

Dostoevsky's intensive activity combined editorial work on "other people's" manuscripts with the publication of his own articles, polemical notes, notes, and most importantly, works of art. The novel "The Humiliated and the Offended" is a transitional work, a kind of return to a new stage of development to the motives of the art of the 1840s, enriched with the experience of what was experienced and felt in the 1850s; it has very strong autobiographical motives. At the same time, the novel contained the features of the plots, style and heroes of the works of the late Dostoevsky. "Notes from the House of the Dead" had a huge success.

In Siberia, according to Dostoevsky, "gradually and after a very, very long time," his "convictions" have changed. The essence of these changes, Dostoevsky formulated in the most general form as "a return to the national root, to the recognition of the Russian soul, to the recognition of the spirit of the people." In the journals Vremya and Epoh, the Dostoevsky brothers appeared as ideologists of "soil" - a specific modification of the ideas of Slavophilism. "Soilism" was rather an attempt to outline the contours of a "general idea", to find a platform that would reconcile Westernizers and Slavophiles, "civilization" and the popular principle. Skeptical about the revolutionary ways of transforming Russia and Europe, Dostoevsky expressed these doubts in works of art, articles and announcements of Vremya, in sharp polemics with the publications of Sovremennik. The essence of Dostoevsky's objections is the possibility, after the reform, of rapprochement between the government and the intelligentsia with the people, their peaceful cooperation. Dostoevsky continues this polemic in the story "Notes from the Underground" ("Epoch", 1864) - a philosophical and artistic prelude to the "ideological" novels of the writer.

Dostoevsky wrote: “I am proud that for the first time I brought out the real man of the Russian majority and for the first time exposed his ugly and tragic side. Tragicism consists in the consciousness of ugliness. him and, most importantly, in the vivid conviction of these unfortunates that everyone is like that, and therefore, it is not worth correcting! "

In June 1862 Dostoevsky went abroad for the first time; visited Germany, France, Switzerland, Italy, England. In August 1863, the writer went abroad for the second time. In Paris, he met with A.P. Suslova, whose dramatic relationship (1861-1866) was reflected in the novel The Gambler, The Idiot and other works. In Baden-Baden, carried away, by the recklessness of his nature, playing roulette, "all, completely to the ground" is played; this long-term passion for Dostoevsky is one of the qualities of his passionate nature. In October 1863 he returned to Russia. Until mid-November he lived with his sick wife in Vladimir, and at the end of 1863 - April 1864 - in Moscow, visiting St. Petersburg on business.

1864 brought heavy losses to Dostoevsky. On April 15, his wife died of consumption. The personality of Maria Dmitrievna, as well as the circumstances of their "unhappy" love, were reflected in many works of Dostoevsky (in particular, in the images of Katerina Ivanovna - "Crime and Punishment" and Nastasya Filippovna - "The Idiot"). On June 10, M.M. died. Dostoevsky. On September 26, Dostoevsky is present at the funeral of Grigoriev. After his brother's death, Dostoevsky took upon himself the publication of the Epoch magazine, burdened with a great debt and lagging behind by 3 months; the magazine began to appear more regularly, but a sharp drop in subscriptions in 1865 forced the writer to stop publishing. He remained indebted to creditors about 15 thousand rubles, which he was able to pay only by the end of his life. In an effort to provide conditions for work, Dostoevsky signed a contract with F.T. Stellovsky to publish his collected works and undertook to write a new novel for him by November 1, 1866.

In the spring of 1865 Dostoevsky was a frequent visitor to the family of General V.V. Korvin-Krukovsky, whose eldest daughter A.V. Korvin-Krukovskaya he was greatly attracted by. In July, he left for Wiesbaden, from where in the fall of 1865 he offered Katkov a story for the Russian Bulletin, which later grew into a novel. In the summer of 1866, Dostoevsky was in Moscow and at his dacha in the village of Lyublino, near the family of his sister Vera Mikhailovna, where at night he wrote the novel Crime and Punishment.

"The psychological account of one crime" became the plot line of the novel, the main idea of ​​which Dostoevsky outlined as follows: "Insoluble questions arise before the murderer, unsuspecting and unexpected feelings torment his heart. God's truth, the earthly law takes its toll, and he ends up being forced I’m forced to die in hard labor, but to join the people again ... ". Petersburg and "current reality", a wealth of social characters, "a whole world of estate and professional types" are accurately and multifacetedly depicted in the novel, but this is a reality transformed and discovered by the artist, whose gaze penetrates to the very essence of things. Intense philosophical disputes, prophetic dreams, confessions and nightmares, grotesque caricature scenes that naturally turn into tragic, symbolic meetings of heroes, the apocalyptic image of a ghost town are organically linked in Dostoevsky's novel. The novel, in the words of the author himself, was "extremely successful" and raised his "reputation as a writer."

In 1866, the expiring contract with the publisher forced Dostoevsky to work simultaneously on two novels - Crime and Punishment and The Gambler. Dostoevsky resorts to an unusual way of working: on October 4, 1866, the stenographer A.G. Snitkin; he began to dictate to her the novel The Gambler, which reflected the writer's impressions of his acquaintance with Western Europe. At the center of the novel is the clash of the "multi-developed, but unfinished in everything, distrustful and not daring not to believe, rebelling against the authorities and afraid of them" "foreign Russian" with "complete" European types. The protagonist is "a poet of his own kind, but the fact is that he himself is ashamed of this poetry, for he deeply feels its baseness, although the need for risk ennobles it in his own eyes."

In the winter of 1867, Snitkina becomes the wife of Dostoevsky. The new marriage was more successful. From April 1867 to July 1871 Dostoevsky and his wife lived abroad (Berlin, Dresden, Baden-Baden, Geneva, Milan, Florence). There, on February 22, 1868, his daughter Sophia was born, whose sudden death (May of the same year) Dostoevsky was very upset. The daughter Love was born on September 14, 1869; later in Russia on July 16, 1871 - son Fedor; 12 Aug 1875 - son Alexei, who died at the age of three from an epileptic seizure.

In 1867-1868 Dostoevsky worked on the novel The Idiot. "The idea of ​​the novel," the author pointed out, "is my old and beloved, but so difficult that I did not dare to take on it for a long time. The main idea of ​​the novel is to portray a positively beautiful person. There is nothing more difficult in the world, and especially now ... "

Dostoevsky began work on the novel "Demons", interrupting work on the widely conceived epics "Atheism" and "The Life of the Great Sinner" and hastily composing a "storyline" "Eternal Husband". The immediate impetus for the creation of the novel was the "nechaev's affair". The activities of the secret society "People's Massacre", the murder by five members of the organization of the student of the Petrovskaya Agricultural Academy I.I. Ivanova - these are the events that formed the basis of "Demons" and received a philosophical and psychological interpretation in the novel. The writer's attention was drawn to the circumstances of the murder, the ideological and organizational principles of the terrorists ("Catechism of a Revolutionary"), the figures of accomplices in the crime, the personality of the head of society S.G. Nechaev. In the process of working on the novel, the concept changed many times. Initially, it is a direct response to events. The scope of the pamphlet later expanded significantly, not only nechaevites, but also figures of the 1860s, liberals of the 1840s, T.N. Granovsky, Petrashevtsy, Belinsky, V.S. Pecherin, A.I. Herzen, even the Decembrists and P.Ya. Chaadaev falls into the grotesque-tragic space of the novel.

Gradually, the novel develops into a critical depiction of the common "illness" experienced by Russia and Europe, a striking symptom of which is the "devilry" of Nechaev and the Nechaevites. In the center of the novel, in its philosophical and ideological focus, is placed not the sinister "swindler" Pyotr Verkhovensky (Nechaev), but the mysterious and demonic figure of Nikolai Stavrogin, who "allowed everything" for himself.

In July 1871, Dostoevsky returned to St. Petersburg with his wife and daughter. The writer spent the summer of 1872 with his family in Staraya Russa; this city has become a permanent summer residence for the family. In 1876 Dostoevsky bought a house here.

In 1872 the writer visited the "milieu" of Prince VP Meshchersky, a supporter of counterreforms and the publisher of the newspaper-magazine "Citizen". At the request of the publisher, supported by A. Maikov and Tyutchev, Dostoevsky in December 1872 agreed to take over the editorial staff of "Grazhdanin", having stipulated in advance that he was taking on these duties temporarily. In Citizen (1873), Dostoevsky implemented the long-conceived idea of ​​a Writer's Diary (a cycle of political, literary and memoir essays united by the idea of ​​direct, personal communication with the reader), published a number of articles and notes (including political reviews "Foreign Events "). Soon Dostoevsky began to feel weary about the ed. work, the clashes with Meshchersky also became more and more sharp, the impossibility of turning the weekly into an "organ of people with independent convictions" became more obvious. In the spring of 1874, the writer gave up editing, although he occasionally collaborated in "Citizen" and later. Due to deteriorating health (increased emphysema of the lungs) in June 1847 he leaves for treatment in Ems and repeats trips there in 1875, 1876 and 1879.

In the mid-1870s. Dostoevsky's relations with Saltykov-Shchedrin were resumed, which had been interrupted in the midst of the polemic between Epoch and Sovremennik, and with Nekrasov, at whose suggestion (1874) the writer published his new novel Teenager, a novel of education, in Otechestvennye zapiski. a kind of "Fathers and Sons" of Dostoevsky.

The personality and worldview of the hero are formed in an atmosphere of "general decay" and disintegration of the foundations of society, in the struggle against the temptations of the century. The adolescent's confession analyzes the complex, contradictory, chaotic process of personality formation in the "ugly" world that has lost its "moral center", the slow maturation of a new "idea" under the powerful influence of the "great thought" of the wanderer Versilov and the philosophy of life of the "noble" wanderer Makar Dolgoruky.

At the end of 1875, Dostoevsky again returned to publicistic work - the "mono-journal" "Diary of a Writer" (1876 and 1877), which had great success and allowed the writer to enter into direct dialogue with correspondent readers. The author defined the nature of the publication as follows: "A Writer's Diary" will be like a feuilleton, but with the difference that a feuilleton in a month cannot naturally resemble a feuilleton in a week. I am not a chronicler: on the contrary, this is a perfect diary in the full sense of the word, that is, a report on what interested me most personally. " The "Diary" refracted immediate, in hot pursuit, Dostoevsky's impressions and opinions about the most important phenomena of European and Russian socio-political and cultural life, which worried Dostoevsky's legal, social, ethical-pedagogical, aesthetic and political problems. "the writer's attempts to see in the modern chaos the contours of a" new creation ", the foundations of a" developing "life, to predict the appearance of" the coming future Russia of honest people who need only one truth "are occupied.

Criticism of bourgeois Europe, a deep analysis of the state of post-reform Russia is paradoxically combined in the Diary with polemics against various currents of social thought in the 1870s, from conservative utopias to populist and socialist ideas.

In the last years of his life, Dostoevsky's popularity increased. In 1877 he was elected a corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. In May 1879, the writer was invited to the International Literary Congress in London, at the session of which he was elected a member of the honorary committee of the International Literary Association. Dostoevsky takes an active part in the activities of the St. Petersburg Frebel Society. He often speaks at literary and musical evenings and matinees with reading excerpts from his works and Pushkin's poems. In January 1877 Dostoevsky, impressed by Nekrasov's "Last Songs," visits the dying poet, often sees him in November; On December 30, he makes a speech at the funeral of Nekrasov.

Dostoevsky's activities required a direct acquaintance with "living life". He visits (with the assistance of A.F. In 1878, after the death of his beloved son Alyosha, he made a trip to Optina Pustyn, where he talked with Elder Ambrose. The events in Russia are of particular concern to the writer. In March 1878, Dostoevsky is at the trial of Vera Zasulich in the hall of the St. Petersburg District Court, and in April he replies to a letter from students asking them to speak out about the beating of a student demonstration by shopkeepers; In February 1880 he attended the execution of I.O. Mlodetsky, who shot at M.T.Loris-Melikov. Intensive, diverse contacts with the surrounding reality, active journalistic and social activities served as a multilateral preparation for a new stage in the writer's work. The Diary of a Writer ripened and tested the ideas and plot of his latest novel. At the end of 1877, Dostoevsky announced the termination of the "Diary" in connection with the intention to take up "one artistic work that had developed ... during these two years of publication of the" Diary "inconspicuously and involuntarily.

"The Brothers Karamazov" is the final work of the writer, in which many of the ideas of his work received artistic embodiment. The history of the Karamazovs, as the author wrote, is not just a family chronicle, but a typified and generalized "image of our modern reality, our modern intellectual Russia." Philosophy and psychology of "crime and punishment", the dilemma of "socialism and Christianity", the eternal struggle of "God" and "devil" in the souls of people, the theme of "fathers and children", traditional for classical Russian literature - such is the problematic of the novel.

In The Brothers Karamazov, a criminal offense is associated with the great world "questions" and eternal artistic and philosophical themes. In January 1881, Dostoevsky speaks at a meeting of the council of the Slavic Charitable Society, works on the first edition of the renewed "Diary of a Writer", learns the role of the schema-monk in the "Death of Ivan the Terrible" by A. K. Tolstoy for a home performance in the salon of S. A. Tolstoy, makes a decision " by all means participate in the Pushkin evening "on January 29th. He was going to "publish" The Diary of a Writer "... for two years, and then dreamed of writing the second part of" The Brothers Karamazov ", where almost all the former heroes would appear ...". On the night of January 25-26, Dostoevsky's throat began to bleed. In the afternoon of January 28, Dostoevsky said goodbye to the children, at 8:38 am. in the evening he passed away.

The funeral of the writer took place on January 31, 1881, with a huge crowd of people. He is buried in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra in St. Petersburg.

Without children it would be impossible to love humanity so much.

(Fedor Dostoevsky )

Who did Dostoevsky's children become, how did their fate develop, and how did the Great Writer relate to his posterity?

Despite the cruel upbringing, sometimes even petty tyranny, little Fyodor Dostoevsky respected his father. When the writer had children of his own, he tried to adopt only the bright sides of father Mikhail Andreevich and educate the little Dostoevsky with all his love and tenderness. So, from early childhood, Lyuba and Fedor participated in literary evenings, when the writer read them the works of Geniuses - Pushkin, Gogol, Lermontov, Tolstov.
Fyodor Mikhailovich attended church twice a week, without his children. But one day, when Lyubochka was 9 years old, the writer took her with him to the Service, put her on a chair and talked about what was happening.
So how many children did Dostoevsky have and what characters did his descendants have? In total, the writer had four children and an adopted son from his first wife, with whom a relationship was not immediately established.

Isaev Pavel Alexandrovich

Fyodor Dostoevsky's adopted son from his first wife Maria

• Date of birth - 10 (22) November 1847
• Date of death - 1900

Despite the coldness of his stepson, Dostoevsky always treated him with warmth.

Little is known about his fate. From 1857 to 1859, Pavel studied on Siberian cadet leave, but was expelled due to "childish prank". Fyodor Mikhailovich worried about him, found teachers, places of service, but because of his character and behavior, Pavel did not stay anywhere for a long time. Judging by the letters, the writer was always worried about the future of his adopted son and sent him money until the end of his days.
As for Anna Grigorievna, in her memoirs she did not speak very well of Pavel. Once, having learned about the engagement of Fedora and Anna, Isaev Jr. showed up in the writer's office, where he rudely expressed his attitude to the wedding. On that day, there was a quarrel between them and Fyodor Mikhailovich even kicked out his stepson from his office. Dostoevsky's entourage insisted that Pavel behaved rudely, pompously and lazily, but despite this, the writer always said that he considered his adopted son an honest and kind fellow, and indeed, between them, after all, there was some kind of affection. When Pavel had a son, he was named after Dostoevsky - Fedor.

According to Anna Grigorievna, Pavel Isaev is the prototype of Alexander Lobov in the work "The Eternal Husband".

Sofia Fedorovna Dostoevskaya

F.M.Dostoevsky's first daughter

• Date of birth - February 21 (March 5) 1868
• Date of death - 12 (24) May 1868

On February 22, 1868, little Sophia was born. When, worried, Fyodor Mikhailovich first heard a child crying outside the door, he rushed into the room where the exhausted Anna lay with her little daughter and began to kiss the hands of his dear wife.
In his letters to his sister V. M. Ivanova, Dostoevsky wrote “Anya gave me a daughter. Nice, healthy and smart girl, ridiculously similar to me ”. The birth of his daughter stirred up feelings in the writer that were unknown to him until that moment. Not for a minute did he leave the little angel - he cared, swaddled and assured that, despite such an early age, Sonya would recognize him.

In early May, on the insistent recommendations of doctors, the Dostoevsky family went for a walk with little Sophia. On one of these days, during a walk, a strong wind began and Sonya most likely caught a cold. The girl's cough and high fever did not arouse suspicion among the doctors, they assured that Sophia would soon recover and even 3 hours before her death, they were convinced of their words.
But fate was not kind to the Dostoevsky. After a few days in agony, the little body became lifeless. It is impossible to describe the grief of Anna and Fyodor at that moment. Dostoevsky lost weight, grew thin and was inconsolable.
Sonya's grave is located in Geneva, in the cemetery of the Kings. On a small slab there is an inscription in French “Sophia. Daughter of Fyodor and Anna Dostoevsky ”.

Lyubov Fedorovna Dostoevskaya

F.M.Dostoevsky's second daughter

• Date of birth September 14, 1869
• Died November 10, 1926

When the second daughter was born, the life of the Dostoevskys sparkled with new colors. Fyodor Mikhailovich treated Lyuba with extraordinary tenderness, bathed her, lulled her and was happy. In his letters to his family, he wrote: “The girl is healthy, cheerful, developed beyond her years, everything sings with me when I sing to her, and everything laughs; a rather quiet uncaptious child. Looks like me, ridiculously, to the slightest bit”.

When Lyuba was 11 years old, Fyodor Mikhailovich was already dying. The bitter loss affected her daughter's health, and although the writer said that Lyubochka was a healthy child, his letters showed concern about her nervous health. His fears were not groundless. After the death of her father, Lyuba spent a lot of time in sanatoriums and health resorts in order to recover from numerous illnesses. She was also unlucky with her personal life. Until the end of her days, Lyubov Fedorovna remained alone. Trying to imitate Fyodor Mikhailovich in everything, Lyuba herself began to write works, but, unfortunately, her works were of no value.

Dostoevsky's daughter died at the age of 57, from leukemia, in Italy.

Fyodor Fyodorovich Dostoevsky

The eldest son of F.M.Dostoevsky

• Date of birth - July 16 (28), 1871
• Date of death - January 4, 1922

“If a son is born, at least ten minutes before midnight on July 15, we will call him Vladimir,” Anna Grigorievna recalled, but Dostoevsky’s first son was not destined to bear the name Vladimir. He was born on July 16th and was named after his father. And so Fyodor Fedorovich Dostoevsky was born.

From childhood, Dostoevsky, the younger, had an extraordinary interest in horse breeding. Often the Dostoevskys were afraid that the horses would hurt their son, but Fedya always found a common language with the horses. So, the son of the famous writer became a specialist in horse breeding. Several years after the death of his father, Fedya moved to live in Simferopol. The first marriage of Dostoevsky - the youngest was not happy and by the age of 30 he was divorced and devoted his life entirely to horse racing, where he earned first places and won all the prizes.

Once in Simferopol, a costume ball was held at the governor's place, and it was there that Fedor found his love and his second wife, Catherine. Soon a daughter appeared in their family, who died a couple of minutes after birth. A little later, Catherine gave birth to the son of the writer, two heirs - Andrei and Fedor.

When Fedor's mother Anna Grigorievna died, he remained to live in Crimea, but was arrested and sentenced to death. Taking advantage of his surname then, Dostoevsky Jr. was released.

He returned to Moscow in 1921. Hunger and numerous diseases left him no chance of life. He died in 1922.

Alexey Fedorovich Dostoevsky

F.M.Dostoevsky's second son

• Date of birth - 10 (22) August 1875
• Date of death - May 16 (28), 1978

On August 10, another son appeared in the Dostoevsky family, who was named Alexei. In his letters, Fyodor Mikhailovich often mentioned that the child is healthy and strong. From the memoirs of Lyubov Fedorovna it is known that Lesha was the father's favorite of all the children. Little Lyuba and Fedya were not allowed to enter the writer's office without asking, when Lesha could come in at any time.

Dostoevsky's love for little Lesha was special, as if he knew that soon his second son would be gone.

On May 16, 1978, Anna and Fedor noticed convulsive twitching on Alexey's face. They immediately went to the doctor, but he convinced the parents that everything was in order with Lesha. When the convulsions persisted, the Dostoevskys turned to another doctor, Professor Uspensky. After examining the shaking body of little Lesha, he said that soon everything will pass. From the memoirs of Anna Grigorievna: “Fyodor Mikhailovich went to see the doctor off, came back terribly pale and knelt by the sofa, I wanted to ask him what exactly the doctor said (and he, as I found out later, told Fyodor Mikhailovich that the agony had already begun), but he forbade me to speak with a sign. " On that day, the second son of the writer died.