Archive of the category 'Traditional Slavic musical instruments'. Varieties of ancient musical instruments Rus folk instruments

Many of today's musical instruments have a rich history dating back to prehistoric times. Historians argue that the first attempts of a person to carry out conscious labor activity gave rise to percussion ancient musical instruments, the names of which are now also on everyone's lips.

Antique items are of great value. They are called upon to preserve the entire historical musical tradition. Many of them are no longer used at concerts. But simply because they can be compared with the products of modern factories, they are very expensive for the entire musical world.

Are the drums the very first?

The most ancient origin, as many researchers believe, are percussion instruments. They helped the primitive workers to do hard physical work in a coordinated manner.

After all, primitive people worked for the most part collectively. It was then impossible for one person to get a good result in hunting a mammoth, to butcher a carcass or float a huge tree down the river. People had to act together.

They were helped, apparently, by simple drums, which had another function - they carried out communication between members of the tribe over long distances, such as modern mobile phones.

Xylophone music

In addition to the drum, drums that have existed since ancient times include triangles, cymbals, and bells of various sizes. A whole system of bells is always arranged on the bell towers of our churches, informing citizens, as in ancient times, that they must visit the temple, pay homage to God.

The xylophone also belongs to the drums. Many music historians assume that it is the oldest purely musical instrument. Ancient people learned its sound when they hit a dry log with a stick and heard music. The primitives also had excellent hearing.

However, the drum is now out of competition, especially in rock and pop concerts. It is a versatile tool to turn on viewers instantly.

String music

Apparently, plucked stringed old musical instruments later appeared, their names are familiar to everyone. It:

• harps,
• balalaikas,
• domra,
• gusli,
• mandolin.

The Russians, just like the Spaniards, can proudly declare: the ancient stringed plucked musical instrument, the guitar, is our music!

Probably, for a person from any country of the world, strings always evoke the sweetest and aesthetically colored sensations, contribute to relaxation, rest after hard work.

In addition to plucked string, bowed strings were invented over time. These include, of course, the violin, viola, as well as cello and many others, with purely folk names in different languages.

The complex history of wind instruments

Wind instruments have a not very simple history.

To create them, special metals, invented later, were needed, for example, copper.

Trumpet, trombone, French horn have also been known to the art world for a long time. They were popular already in the Middle Ages.

They played their role, and are still used, by the military, especially on the battlefields, inspiring them to feats.

Our time is electronics

Modern music is impossible without electronic drums. They provide musicians with unique opportunities to create previously unimaginable sounds, extraordinary, unique coloring of ultra-fashionable compositions, as well as the transformation of classical music into digital works.

Speaking about the connection between modern and ancient generations of instruments, one should not forget about wooden reeds. This is an accordion, button accordion, accordion, harmonica. Wooden musical instruments are very convenient for their portability. Quite recently, in our country, especially in remote villages, the accordion player was the most important person at all the holidays. Considering the music in retrospect, it is imperative to pay tribute to keyboards, horns (organ, harmonium), and most importantly, string keyboards, that is, the piano, which has many predecessors and followers. This instrument not only in previous centuries, but also today occupies a central place in all musical events.

Listing this whole, of course, endless list of types of musical products, it should be borne in mind that they all undergo great changes over time, both externally and in terms of sound. Even, for example, violins made by one master can be completely different in sound.

The piano and upright pianos are also different. Some masters, keen on antiquity, are trying to recreate instruments that are identical to those old, relict ones.

There is a craftsman in the Czech Republic who makes instruments identical to those on which they played, for example, Chopin or Beethoven. His products are in great demand.

These pianos and harpsichords help to recreate the playing style of great musicians, to feel its special flavor, which in most cases is still unique.

Video: Playing the Xylophone

Ancient musical instruments are sometimes more valuable than modern ones. The reason is that these tools are of high quality. Winds, pipes and tweeters of various types are considered the first musical instruments. Naturally, you can only admire such exhibits in the museum. But there are a number of tools that can be purchased at auctions.

An ancient musical instrument is a broad concept. It is understood as products that emit sounds and were made in the days of Ancient Greece and Egypt, as well as less "old" items that can produce musical sounds and have a resistor. It is noteworthy that percussion instruments that produce musical sounds do not have a resistor.

1) The ancestor of stringed instruments is the hunting bow, which was used by our ancestors. Since when the string was pulled, it made a methodical sound, later it was decided to pull several strings of various thicknesses and lengths, as a result of which it turned out to emit sounds of different ranges.

Replacing the body with a whole box resulted in sounds that were beautiful and melodic. The first stringed instruments include:

1. Gusli.
2. Guitar.
3. Theorbu.
4. Mandolin.
5. Harp.

Attention should be paid to violins, which are in great demand. The most popular violin maker is Antonio Stradivari. Experts agree that Antonio made the best violins in 1715; the quality of these instruments is simply amazing. A distinctive feature of the master's work is the desire to improve the shape of the instruments, changing them to a more curved one. Antonio strove for perfect sound and melodiousness. Decorated the case of violins with precious stones.

In addition to violins, the master made harps, cellos, guitars and violas.

2) A wind musical instrument can be made of wood, metal, or other material. In fact, it is a tube of various diameters and lengths, which makes sound due to the vibrations of the air.

The larger the volume of the wind instrument, the lower the sound it makes. Distinguish between wood and copper tools. The principle of operation of the first is simple - it is necessary to open and close holes that are located at different distances from each other. As a result of such actions, the air masses fluctuate and music is created.

Ancient wooden instruments include:

• flute;
• bassoon;
• clarinet;
• oboe.

The tools got their name due to the material from which they were made in those days, but modern technologies do not stand still, so the material was replaced partially or completely. Therefore, today these tools look different, they are made from different materials.

To get the sound from brass instruments is obtained by changing the position of the lips and due to the force of the blown and blown air. Later, in 1830, a valve mechanism was invented.

Copper wind instruments include:

1. Trombone.
2. The pipe.
3. Tubu, etc.

In most cases, these tools are made of metal, and not only of copper, brass and even silver are used. But the works of the craftsmen of the Middle Ages were made of wood in part or in full.

Perhaps the most ancient wind instrument is the horn, which was used for various purposes.

Button accordions and accordions

Button accordions, accordions and all varieties of accordions are referred to as reed musical instruments.

Tradition allows only those instruments that have a keyboard on the right side to be called an accordion. But in the United States, other examples of hand accordions also fall under the concept of "accordion". In this case, the varieties of accordions may have their own names.

Around the end of the 19th century, accordions were made in Klingenthal, and German accordions are still in demand among Russian musicians.

There are also hydroid models that can be attributed to artifacts, most of these models are no longer used, but require attention due to their rarity and uniqueness.

The accordion by Schrammel is an instrument with a unique structure. On the right side is the keypad. This accordion is used in Viennese chamber music.

Accordion Tricitix - on the left side there is a 12 button bass, on the right side there is a keyboard.

The British chromatic accordion, although produced in Germany, is considered the favorite instrument of Scottish musicians.

The old Schwitzerörgeli accordion bears a resemblance to the Belgian bass system, and the accordion is also called the organ from Scotland.

It is also worth paying attention to one copy of the times of the USSR - this is the "Malysh" accordion, which has a unique design. The peculiarity of this instrument is that the accordion has a smaller size. It was used to teach children, but not only. Due to its compactness, the instrument has some structural features:

• the first row is the bass and the second row is the chords;
• there is no major and minor;
• one button acts as two.

To buy such an accordion today can be inexpensive compared to models from Germany, intended for training. Despite the fact that the accordion has various reviews and criticism of the instrument, it is considered ideal for teaching children.

A bit of nationality

There are not so few folk instruments, each nation has its own. The Slavs differed in the quantity and quality of the models. One of the first instruments of the Slavs should be considered:

1. Balalaika.
2. Accordion.
3. Tambourine.
4. Dudku.

1) The balalaika, along with the accordion, is considered a symbol of Russia and is perceived as the most common instrument. Historians do not give an answer when exactly the balalaika appeared; the approximate date is considered to be the 17th century. The balalaika is a triangular body and three strings, the vibration of which leads to the appearance of music.

The balalaika acquired its modern look in 1833, thanks to the musician Vasily Andreev, who began to improve the balalaika.

2) The button accordion is a kind of hand accordion that was designed by a Bavarian master. A similar kind of accordion was recognized in Russia in 1892. In 1907, a master from St. Petersburg, Pyotr Yegorovich Sterligov, made an instrument for accordion player Yakov Fedorovich Orlansky-Titarenky. The work took the master about two years. The instrument was named after a singer and storyteller named Bayan.

3) The tambourine is an instrument of indeterminate pitch in different cultures, it has its own varieties. It is a circle covered with leather on both sides; metal bells or rings were also attached to the tambourine. Tambourines were of various sizes and were often used for shamanistic rituals.

But there is also an orchestral tambourine - the most common instrument today. Plastic tambourine - a round wooden hoop covered with leather or other membrane.

4) The pipe is a kind of folk wind instruments that were widespread in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. The pipe is a small tube with holes.

Keyboard instruments

One of the most famous instruments that has survived to this day is the organ. Its original device had its own peculiarities: the organ keys were so large that they had to be pressed with fists. The sound of the organ invariably accompanied the services in the church. This instrument dates back to the Middle Ages.

The clavichord is very similar to a piano, but its sound was quiet, so playing the clavichord in front of a large number of people did not make sense. The clavichord was used for evenings and playing music at home. The instrument had keys that were pressed with your fingers. Bach had the clavichord, he played musical works on it.

The piano replaced the clavichord in 1703. The inventor of this instrument was the master from Spain Bartolomeo Cristofori, he was engaged in the manufacture of instruments for the Medici family. He called his invention "an instrument that plays softly and loudly." The principle of the piano was as follows: the keys had to be hit with a hammer, and there was also a mechanism for returning the hammer to its place.

The hammer hit the key, the key touched the string and made it vibrate, causing a sound; there were no pedals or dampers. Later, the piano was modified: a device was made that helped the hammer to drop by half. The modernization has significantly improved the sound quality and facilitated the process of making music.

There are a lot of ancient instruments, this concept includes models of the culture of the Slavs, accordions made in the USSR and violins from the time of Antonio Stradivari. It is difficult to find such an exhibit in a private collection; for the most part, you can admire rare instruments in various museums. But some models are successfully sold at auctions, offering buyers to pay not too high a price for the instruments. Unless, of course, we are talking about copies that fall under the concept of "antiques".

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Russian folk instruments Prepared by: student of grade 4 "A", GBOU School № 633 Nikitina Alisa Teacher: Kirillova OA MOSCOW 2016

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Russian folk instruments occupy a special place in the musical culture of our country. They are distinguished by timbre variety and expressiveness: here there is a flute sadness, and dance balalaika tunes, and the noisy fun of spoons and rattles, and the dreary shrillness of a pity, and, of course, the richest accordion palette, which absorbs all the shades of the musical portrait of the Russian people. Russian folk instruments can be classified under the generally accepted division system: strings (domra, gusli, balalaika, whistle); reed (button accordion, accordion); wind (horns, zhaleika, flute, kugikly, jew's harp, whistle); percussion (spoons, tambourine, ratchets, wood, beater). Let's get acquainted with some of them. Classification of Russian folk musical instruments

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Stringed musical instruments: gusli Under the gusli ringing tunes Young men and maidens fell in love. At weddings, the gusli sang And the young were blessed. Under the enumeration of magic strings Everyone was having fun - old and young, Guslar was known as an important person, He was the soul of the people. The gusli got their name thanks to their strings, which, as it were, hummed when the strings were played. But in ancient times, any musical sound of a string instrument was called a buzz. Unlike wind or percussion musical instruments, any stringed plucked instrument was called nothing more than a gusli. The ancient Russian harp was usually played, giving them a horizontal position. The number of strings in the harp was not a fixed value, that is, they could be installed in any required number. Metal strings give the harp a special, characteristic sound. That is why the psaltery got its recognizable epithet "bell-ringed". Experienced talented guslars have always played the harp strings with their own fingers and never used picks or plectrons. In the old days, the ringing gusl could be heard in any courtyard: whether it was the farm of a simple farmer or the rich princely mansion. Vedun-guslar was the keeper of Russian ancient traditions, and it is thanks to them that today we have got the opportunity to look into the endless depths of our Great Past.

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Stringed musical instruments: domra Domra is an ancient folk stringed plucked musical instrument, known since ancient times in Russia. In its usual form, domra has three strings that are played with a pick. It is believed that domra is the prototype or descendant of the first Russian balalaika. Three-string domra is found in several forms: piccolo (the smallest), small, alto and bass. The domra body and neck are made of wood. The neck, like all stringed instruments, consists of two parts: the head and the neck. Sometimes, however, the neck is made in one piece, in the form of one piece. The domra tuning pegs, which are used to set up the instrument, should be rotated manually. The domra body is preferably made of maple or rosewood. It is clear that for the manufacture of the neck, hard wood is taken. Tuners in modern times are made of metal, and in the old days they were also made of hard wood. The strings are made from steel wire of various thicknesses. Domra is the most important instrument. Beautiful, with the most tender voice. When you touch the strings with your hand, you will be transported to the old world! There is sensitivity, joy, kindness and beauty of all consonances in it! It will be sad, then it will laugh! All the charm of sounds is given to her And she gives us a miracle!

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Stringed musical instruments: balalaika The balalaika is a Russian folk three-stringed plucked musical instrument with a triangular slightly curved wooden body. This is one of the instruments that have become a musical symbol of the Russian people. The very name of the instrument is typically folk, with the sound of syllables, conveying the character of playing it. The root of the words "balalaika", or, as it was also called, "balabaika", has long attracted the attention of researchers by its kinship with such Russian words as balakat, balabonit, balabolit, joke, which means talking about something insignificant, chatting, raskorovariv, empty ring , scribble. All these concepts, complementing each other, convey the essence of the balalaika - a light, amusing, "strumming" instrument, not very serious. The body is glued from separate (6-7) segments, the head of the long neck is slightly bent back. Metal strings The neck of the modern balalaika has 16-31 metal frets (up to the end of the 19th century - 5-7 fixed frets). In the modern orchestra of Russian folk instruments, five varieties of balalaika are used: prima, second, alto, bass and double bass. Of these, only the prima (600-700 mm) is a solo, virtuoso instrument, and the rest are assigned purely orchestral functions: the second and alto implement the chord accompaniment, and the bass and contrabass (up to 1.7 meters long) - the bass function. The sound is clear, but soft. The most common techniques for producing sound: rattling, pizzicato, double pizzicato, single pizzicato, vibrato, tremolo, fractions, guitar techniques.

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Stringed musical instruments: Gudok Gudok (another name is the closure) belongs to the old stringed Russian folk musical instruments. The wooden body of the horn is hollowed out by craftsmen to give it an oval or pear-shaped shape. The horn of the horn is relatively short, without frets and with a straight or curved head. Three strings are installed and secured on the fretboard. A resonator hole has been made on the flat horn. The length of this musical instrument does not exceed one meter. Its maximum dimensions are 30-80 centimeters. The bow-shaped bow at the horn is shaped like a bow. When playing the horn, the musician touches all the strings with his bow. However, only one (first) string is used to extract the main melody. The other two strings are called bourdon strings and they sound in the same key without changing their sound. The constant, non-stop hum of the lower strings is a characteristic feature of the horn, and indeed of all other ancient plucked musical instruments. INTERESTING TO KNOW: In Dahl's dictionary, the meaning of the word "beep" is interpreted as a kind of violin without grooves on the sides with a flat bottom and a cover, in three strings. In contrast to the same gusli, in the Old Russian writings the whistle is not mentioned until the middle of the 17th century. Instead, in various chronicles of the 16th century, the instrument "sink" is mentioned. The horn was not particularly encouraged by the church. For example, in the lists of the "Leader of the Book" - the code of laws, the Orthodox Church - it is said about the impossibility of "buzzing with a ray".

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Reed musical instruments: accordion What kind of teddy bears - Little guys! Together with my mother they play, They play with goroshechki! The loudest harmonica With the palm of the bear! The accordion, or accordion, is a reed musical instrument with a pneumatic keyboard mechanism. There are two keyboards on the sides of the instrument: the melody is played on the right, and the left is for accompaniment. Harmonica is understood as a whole range of musical instruments, both hand and mouth. The sound in these instruments is achieved by vibrating the tongue (metal bar) under the action of the air flow. In hand-held models, as in an accordion, air is pumped using a special reservoir - fur. The true origin of such a musical instrument as the accordion has not yet been precisely established. Some sources claim that the accordion was invented in Germany, others that in Russia. According to one version, the accordion was invented by František Kiršnik, a Czech organ master in 1783. According to academician Mirek, the action took place in St. Petersburg. The main design, which we can observe in the modern accordion, was given to the instrument in 1829 by the Russian master who lived in Vienna, Demianov. He came up with the idea of ​​creating a case and two keyboards. It had 7 keys on the right side and 2 keys on the left side of the accordion. Already in 1830, the mass production of accordions was organized. They were made by the Tula master Ivan Sizov. In literally one decade, the tool has spread throughout all Russian provinces. The harmony has become a national instrument for all classes. The wide range, loud expressive sound of the accordion fit perfectly into the Russian flavor. There are two types of Russian accordion. In the first, when the bellows are stretched or compressed, each button produces a sound of the same pitch. In accordions of the second type, the pitch of the sound when the button is pressed depends on the direction of movement of the bellows. Another division of harmonies is carried out by the number of rows of buttons. There are one-, two- and three-row accordions.

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Wind Instruments: Horn Usually, the horn is made from maple, juniper or birch wood. The horn often takes its name from the locality where it was produced and gained the highest popularity. The horn is widely used in the arsenal of shepherds, warriors and watchmen. The sound of the horn has always riveted the attention and hearing of a person and served as a kind of signal for their relatives about the attack of some dashing. In addition to giving signals, the horn could serve to play song and dance melodies. The repertoire of horn players is widely represented. The device of the horn does not differ in its complexity: a conical straight wooden tube, with five play holes on the top and one hole on the bottom. On opposite sides of the horn are a bell and a mouthpiece adapted for sound extraction. The bell was made from the horn of a pet or wood (for example, birch bark). The sound of the horn is quite sharp and sonorous, at the same time it has hidden strength and softness. The sound range reaches ten notes, from which millions of different melodies and compositions are born. The shepherd will go out into the field, Play his horn.

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Wind musical instruments: zhaleika A special peep (tongue) gives a characteristic sound to a zhaleika. The role of the bell-resonator is performed either by a natural ox (cow) horn, or a wooden (birch bark) funnel. Thanks to such attachments, in some areas of modern Russia, a pity is mistakenly called a horn. The dimensions of the pitcher (usually about fifteen centimeters) directly affect the height of its tuning. A special mouthpiece, in which the squeak is located, is inserted into the tube, which makes it very easy, if necessary, to replace it with a new one. Several holes have been made on the surface of the tube to expand the sound range. These holes are arranged according to the same principle and in exactly the same order as on the pipe. The age of the pity was lost in the bottomless depths of millennia. It is not by chance that the Russian folk wind musical instrument is called a pitiful one. Indeed, the root of the name of this instrument contains words such as "regret", "pity". At the sounds of pity, a person hears obvious pity for someone. The harsh, crying sound of a pity comes from the unique abilities of this instrument. Common materials for making zhaleika are reeds and wood (willow, elderberry). However, in today's time, the zhaleiki tube is increasingly made of plastic or metal.

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Wind instruments: flute Various sources give the flute a variety of names: snot; the tartar. The flute has a lot in common with the device of the longitudinal flute. The svirel can often be seen in various documentaries and feature films, where she acts as a musical instrument played by shepherds and young men in love. The most ancient, extant, sample of the flute was discovered in the territory of modern Smolensk region. The usual, classical form of the pipe is given to the pipe in music workshops, where today it is made of metal or wood. True, the most popular is the pipe made of wood. The classic pipe has six play holes on its surface. In addition to the ordinary flute, there is also the so-called double flute, which allows a musician to significantly expand his musical capabilities and his repertoire. Here is the cane dry and ringing .. Good Pan! tie it up Carefully with a thin thread And put it in a pipe!

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Wind Musical Instruments: Kugikly The lower ends-trunks of the tubes are closed, and the upper ones are adapted for playing. The barrels can be rearranged from one place to another (depending on the need), since they do not have a fixed connection. The upper ends of the tubules-trunks lie in the same plane and are lined up in one horizontal line, which adds convenience when playing. The barrels can be customized: by inserting movable plugs into them; filling the trunks with wax or sandbags; drilling new holes in their walls; by shortening or lengthening the tubes. Kugikly (kuvikly, kuvychki) belong to the family of multi-barrel flutes, which are made from hollow stems of reeds or kuga. This is what the reeds were previously called. In order to make kugikly, you can take some other types of plants: elderberry, whose branches have a soft core; umbrella species of grasses, the stems of which have a hollow core; bamboo plants. Kugicles are made of three to five tubes of the same diameter, but different lengths (approximately 100-160 mm).

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Wind Musical Instruments: Jew's Harp Nevertheless, some enthusiastic researchers of the past suggest that the direct predecessor, the ancestor of the jew's harp, is an ordinary hunting or military bow. It was enough for a person to fix one end of the bow in the ground, and rest the other end against his sky or teeth, as the deadly weapon was immediately transformed, turning into a musical instrument of an original look and sound. Over time, a lamellar, wooden or bone, jew's harp appeared, which much later began to be made of metal. The jew's harp still exists in this form. The playing of the jew's harp is carried out as follows: · a metal frame-arc is applied to the lips; · Through it the musician pushes and draws in air; · At the same time, the musician moves a small steel strip-tongue with his finger. In the twentieth century, the jew's harp was banned as a "harmful relic of the past", however, human memory has preserved and brought to us information about this exotic and vibrant musical instrument. Today, the sounds of the jew's harp delight their adherents with the mysterious and mysterious sounds of the musical instrument of our distant ancestors. The jew's harp is an ancient musical instrument, widespread in the territory of Ancient Russia and modern Russia. Over the many millennia of its history, the jew's harp has not significantly changed either its sound or its shape. Jew's harp is a self-sounding reed musical instrument. Playing on it contributes to the harmonization of all body functions, purification of consciousness and strengthening of vitality. The time of the origin of the jew's harp is hidden behind the deep curtains of the past millennia.

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Wind Musical Instruments: Whistle The whistle can be simple, geometric in shape, and sometimes it is given a curly shape in the form of some kind of animal or bird. It is not possible to establish the exact age of the whistle, since clay objects are not subject to long-term use and storage. Surely, the first whistle has long turned into a simple lump of clay. Nevertheless, in the foreseeable past, we can easily find the remains of a whistle. The device of this musical instrument-toy is ingeniously simple: in a small clay chamber, by blowing through it, swirls and vibrations of the air are created, emitting sibilant and subtle sounds. In the old days, our ancestors used the whistle as a magical tool designed to communicate with the Gods Stribog and Perun. Nowadays, the whistle has turned from a magical instrument into an original musical instrument or into an ordinary children's toy. - Waxwing bird, Voiced craft! Come on, come on, say, What do you have inside? - Believe it or not, my dear, And inside there is nothing, Except for two dry peas And your breath.

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Percussion musical instruments: firewood It was along this path that our ancient and wise inventors-ancestors decided to go. They invented the prototype of the modern concert xylophone, only it was much more interesting and curious. The xylophone-firewood, in its original performance, was an ordinary bundle of firewood, however, the musical abilities of this instrument exceeded the level reached by its modern counterpart. The xylophone-firewood is tuned according to the same principle as its modern counterpart: to lower or raise the tone of the sound, you need to increase or decrease the volume (length, thickness) of the keys of this musical instrument. The ancient, exotic Russian folk percussion musical instrument firewood originated in deep, hoary antiquity. It is made from wood, which is a typical material for many other musical instruments. People have long known that wood makes sound when in physical contact with it. To do this, it is enough to construct a musical instrument that sounds like an ordinary xylophone.

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Percussion musical instruments: spoons Spoons are not just a cutlery for everyday use, but also an original Russian folk musical instrument. It is difficult to find an older and more proven device for reproducing rhythmic musical sound. Obviously, spoons, as a musical instrument, are as old as this most common cutlery. It can even be suggested that spoons are the very first and most widespread percussion instrument on Earth. Old wooden spoons were made by hand, without the use of modern high-precision machines and equipment, so they turned out to be thicker, were much stronger and had a lower and higher quality sound. Many spoon musicians hang all kinds of bells and bells from their spoons, which undoubtedly diversifies and enhances their sound. Playing on spoons is recognizable by its rhythmic pattern and openwork polyphonic sound, which undoubtedly adds popular love and popularity to the spoons. Spoons are different, and sometimes they play. They beat off a rhythm like this. Anyone will immediately dance. Spoons - if not a piano. But they have their own piano. There are forte, even trills, Like cello strings.

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Percussion musical instruments: ratchet The classic ratchet is a set of rectangular wooden plates, one end strung on a strong cord. When shaking the ratchet, a sharp, crackling sound is emitted. In order to make a ratchet, you need to stock up on twenty smooth, even, equal plates of equal size (about 6x20 centimeters). These musical records are carved from sturdy and dry wood (preferably oak). A wooden spacer is inserted between each successive plate, which has a thickness of about five millimeters, which makes it possible to achieve a louder and more sonorous sound. Along one edge of the plates, at the same distance from each other, two identical holes are drilled (about 6-7 mm). A strong cord is pulled through these holes. The ends of the cord remaining free should be tied in a knot. You should get a loose and strong ring that allows you to achieve a more comfortable and easy ratchet play. - What kind of crackling all over the area? - This is we bursting with a friend! - Oh, the ratchets are good, It's a feast for the soul!

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Percussion musical instruments: tambourine The tambourine has been known in Russia since time immemorial. It is not possible to establish his exact age today. The tambourine is a round wooden base-shell, on one side of which a strong leather membrane is stretched, which is the main source of sound. At the request of the musician, bells or bells can be suspended from the shell. The sidewalls of the shell can be cut, and clinking and rattling metal plates are installed there. In the old days, any musical percussion instruments were called a tambourine in Russia, which, much later, began to receive new, their own names: timpani; xylophone; drum and so on. No less famous in ancient times were the so-called military tambourines: tulumbas, alarm. Their dimensions were so great that at least four horses were required to transport them. War (military) tambourines were used in the Russian Army (in the infantry and in the cavalry). The thunder of war tambourines, together with the piercing sounds of trumpets and pipes, was so terrible that the enemy troops fled without starting a battle. The sounds of modern tambourines are produced with the fingers of the hand or the palm of the hand. The tambourine itself is slightly shaken and tapped. As the bear went to dance, Sing and hit the tambourine: - Boom! Boom! Tram - ra - ry! Fly away, mosquitoes!

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Percussion musical instruments: beater The beater is a very ancient Russian folk percussion musical instrument. At first, it was intended for guards and watchmen who walked the night streets of cities and villages, tapping with a mallet at regular intervals. These sounds frightened off night robbers and thieves, and served as a signal to ordinary people that everything was in order around. Over time, this musical instrument has become firmly entrenched in Russian Folk ensembles. A rare holiday did without the measured sound of a beater. It turned out that the beater beats the musical rhythm of the melody. The beater looks like a kind of wooden frame-box or some kind of a simple drum covered with leather. As a rule, a small wooden ball or piece of wood was tied to the upper end of the beater. The swinging movements of the beater made the ball unwind and hit the surface of the frame or membrane. At the same time, clear, knocking sounds were heard. Beater knock-knock-knock, The animal is sleeping Spider, The cow is sleeping, The fly is sleeping, The moon hangs above the ground. Above the ground, a large bowl of Overturned Water. The potato plant is sleeping. Fall asleep sooner and you!

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Russian musical instruments have great technical and artistic capabilities. They are capable of performing a wide variety of works - from simple, artless tunes, tunes and dances to complex original musical compositions. Many of the considered musical instruments are in development, their design and sound quality are being improved. This process directly depends on the achievements of leading concert performers. Thanks to their close collaboration with composers, a highly artistic original folk repertoire is being created. The range of musical images transmitted by folk instruments is expanding, the very aesthetics of their sound becomes another. Development of Russian folk musical instruments at the present stage The current state of the instrumental folk musical tradition inspires certain hopes for its preservation and further fruitful development. Russian folk musical instruments are a distinctive phenomenon in world musical culture. Inseparably linked in their development with spiritual life, practical activities, everyday life, aesthetic and moral foundations of wide strata of the Russian people, they express the wealth of their inner world, inexhaustible optimism, intelligence, depth of feelings, special specific features of the nation.

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National Academic Orchestra of Folk Instruments of Russia N.P. Osipov Only he was given to accommodate the Russian field in the concert hall. Music sounds like epic chimes of gusli, morning flute, wide sound of horn and wheat ripeness of balalaikas. She gives us Russia. The orchestra of Russian folk instruments has become a unique phenomenon not only in domestic but also in the entire world musical culture. It represents a special synthesis of Russian folklore and European academic art and at the same time has a unique characteristic timbre, which has become, to a certain extent, a musical symbol of Russian national culture.

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To foster love for the Motherland, it is necessary to know and understand folk traditions. Revealing the origins of the creation of folk instruments, developing an emotionally holistic attitude to life through works of musical folklore, we all learn to understand, respect and not destroy the cultural heritage of our ancestors. Output

Russian folk instruments.
Classification of instruments by sound source and method of sound production.

According to modern data, in instrumentation, musical instruments are classified according to a defining feature - the source of sound and are subdivided according to the method of its extraction. This systematization is based on the classification of K.A. Vertkov, based on the developments of German scientists E. Hornbostel and K. Sachs. According to the sound source, Russian folk instruments are divided into:

Wind instruments (aerophones),
string (chordophones),
membrane (membrane phones),
self-sounding (idiophones).

Let's consider each of the groups in more detail.

Russian folk instruments: wind instruments.

The source of sound here is the air flow. According to the method of sound production, the group is subdivided into whistle, reed and mouthpiece.

TO whistle Russian folk instruments(the sound in them arises as a result of the dissection of the air jet blown in by the performer against the sharp edge of the tube or a special cutout in it) include various longitudinal pipes.

Single-barrel pipe- a longitudinal tube, usually with six playing holes, giving a diatonic scale.

Double-barreled pipe(It is also called a twin, twin, or flute - there are usually three holes on each pipe, giving scales that are in a quart ratio; collectively, they correspond to the range of a single pipe.

Kugikly, or kuvikly, kuvichki- multi-barrel pipes are several pipes, usually from two to five playing holes, with a diatonic scale and a small range within a fifth.

Ocarina- hollow ceramic figurines, usually in the form of a bird or an animal, with two or three playing holes, in some instruments - up to ten, with a diatonic scale in the volume of a nona.

Reed wind instruments.

Reed wind instruments (the sound arises from the vibration of a reed - a metal plate) can be of two types. One of them uses the so-called hitting tongues... Made from reed, birch bark, sometimes the flattened base of a goose feather, etc., they are located at the openings, slots, covering them. When air is blown, the tongue strikes the edges of these slots. Another group of reed - with slipping, usually metal tongues... The tongues here are slightly smaller than the openings of the metal frames, to which they are precisely fitted. One end of them is firmly attached to the frame, the other freely oscillates in the opening. If the reeds of the first type (beating) can emit several sounds depending on the force and method of injection (interrupting the air stream, they form oscillations of the air column in the tube in which they are located), then the reeds of the second type (skipping) emit one sound corresponding to the frequency of oscillations the metal plate itself. Slip tongues are the basis harmonics- from the simplest accordion designs to modern concert button accordions and accordions. The hitting tongues include sorry- a pipe with a small number of play holes (from three to seven), with a peep and a bell, usually from a cow's horn; it has a diatonic scale and range within an octave. On a paired zhaleika - two fastened zhaleikas - the melody, within the same scale and range, is performed on a pipe that has a greater number of playing holes. On the second pipe, a bourdon or an undervoice sounds.

Bagpipes- is a bag that is inflated by the performer through a special tube and two or three playing tubes. The bag serves as an air reservoir. One of the pipes is melodic, with voice holes, similar to a pity, the rest are invariably sounding, bourdon.

Mouthpiece wind instruments.

The mouthpiece (ear-cushion) wind Russian folk instruments (the sound here is caused by the vibration of the performer's tense lips applied to the narrow end of the tube or to the mouthpiece) shepherd's horn- a wooden pipe with a mouthpiece, a bell and a small number of playing holes (most often 5-6), giving a diatonic scale. Horns are often used in ensembles and come in a variety of sizes and styles.

Among the mouthpieces also - shepherd's trumpet and horn; unlike wooden horns, they have no play holes. A natural scale is produced on a shepherd's trumpet, and on a horn (made of metal, usually copper), only two sounds: the main one and an octave higher.

Russian folk instruments: Strings.

Their source of sound is a stretched string. Russian string instruments are subdivided into plucked and bowed.

Russian string instruments: plucked.

Plucked (the sound is produced by plucking a string) include instruments vulture, or tanbury - domra and balalaika and vultureless (psalterlike) - different kinds gusley... In the first, the pitch changes mainly by shortening the strings on the fretboard with the fingers of the left hand while plucking or tremolating along them with the right, and in the second - as a result of plucking the strings and swiping them quickly with your fingers or a special plate - a pick (plectrum).

Russian string instruments: bowed.

Bowed Russian folk instruments include a whistle and a violin. Beep(it was widespread in Russia until the end of the 19th century) had an oval or pear-shaped body, most often with three strings, the lower two tuned in an octave, and the third - a fifth higher. They played the whistle with a short bow-shaped bow. The performer held the instrument in an upright position, resting it on the knee or pinching it with his knees when playing while sitting; the whistle could also be in a bent arm when playing standing.

Nowadays, as a Russian folk instrument in a number of regions, mainly in the Smolensk, Bryansk, Kursk violin... The performance on it has characteristic features: an insignificant role of vibrato, an abundance of hard quarter-second accords, a bourdon, continuously sounding background of an organ point to the presentation of a melodic line, etc.

Russian folk instruments: membrane.

Here the sound source is an elastic membrane that vibrates as a result of impact on it. Among the Russian membrane, the most famous tambourine- in the form of a wooden hoop, one side of which is covered with a leather membrane. Small metal cymbals are usually inserted into the holes in the walls of the hoop, complementing the sound of a tambourine with ringing sounds. The performer strikes the membrane, makes a tremolo, shakes a tambourine, etc. In the past centuries were popular cover- small clay timpani, the leather membrane of which was struck with two sticks. Since ancient times, a drum was also known in Russia, which had a cylindrical or barrel-shaped shape, leather membranes were stretched on both sides of the wooden shells, on which they hit with a mallet.

Russian folk instruments: self-sounding.

Usually they are also percussion instruments, but the source of the sound in them is the material from which they are made. In the Russian ethnic environment, the most popular were spoons- in the form of wooden tablespoons with slightly elongated handles, to which bells are sometimes tied. They play on spoons in a variety of ways - hitting with a spoon in the right hand on two or three of the spoons held in the left, on the spoon in the bootleg, by sharply shaking the spoons held in both hands, etc.

Also very popular are ratchets- most often, in the form of wooden planks strung on a cord or strap and separated from each other by narrow wooden planks. When shaking the boards, hitting one against the other, they emit a dry, crackling sound.

As a primordially national Russian musical instrument, they are widely known bells... Over the course of many centuries, various types of bell ringing, characteristic of great melodic and rhythmic originality, were formed in Russia - festive, alarm, counter, counter, wire, funeral, etc.

In past centuries, as a Russian instrument was also used jew's harp, in the form of a metal horseshoe, in the center of which there was a tongue - a thin metal plate with a hook at the end. When playing, the jew's harp is clamped with teeth, pinching the hook with your fingers. By vibrating, the tongue emits a burdoning fundamental tone, and by changing the volume of the oral cavity, the performer emphasizes a certain overtone - usually in a range of a fourth or fifth. Currently, as a Russian instrument is not used, however, varieties of this instrument are very common among many other peoples of Russia (Bashkir kubyz, Yakut khomus, etc.).

For academic instrumentation, it is important that all membrane and self-sounding (with the exception of the jew's harp) constitute a group of percussion instruments of the orchestra, in particular the Russian folk. The way of producing sound on them - a blow - practically turns out to be more significant than the sound source. Therefore, in the music of the musical tradition, it is much more important to classify percussion instruments not into membrane and self-sounding ones, but into instruments with a certain pitch (timpani, bells, bells, vibraphone, etc.) and with an indefinite pitch (tambourine, big and snare drums, triangle, plates, spoons, ratchets, etc.).

There are other criteria for the systematization of musical instruments. But in order to understand the reasons why some Russian folk instruments were academized and became part of the orchestra of folk instruments, while others remained only in the practice of the auditory tradition - folklore, it is important to identify the intonation essence of Russian instrumentation, systematizing it on this basis.

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Basic information Zhaleika is an ancient Russian folk woodwind musical instrument - a wooden, reed or reed tube with a horn or birch bark socket. Zhaleika is also known as zhaleika. Origin, history of zhaleika The word "zhaleika" is not found in any ancient Russian written language. The first mention of a zhaleika is in the notes of A. Tuchkov, dating back to the end of the 18th century.

Basic information Zurna is an ancient woodwind musical instrument, widespread among the peoples of Transcaucasia and Central Asia. Zurna is a wooden tube with a bell and several (usually 8-9) holes, one of which is on the opposite side. The zurna range is about one and a half octaves of the diatonic or chromatic scale. The zurna timbre is bright and piercing. Zurna is in close

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Basic information Ken (Spanish quena) is a woodwind musical instrument - a longitudinal flute used in the music of the Andean region of Latin America. Kena is usually made from cane and has six upper and one lower play holes. As a rule, kena is done in G (sol) tuning. The kenacho flute is a lower-pitched version of the kena, in D (d) tuning.

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Basic information, application The transverse flute (or simply the flute) is a woodwind musical instrument of the soprano register. Transverse flute names in different languages: flauto (Italian); flatus (Latin) flute (French) flute (English); flote (German) The flute has a wide variety of performance techniques, she is often entrusted with an orchestral solo. The transverse flute is used in symphony and brass bands, as well as, along with the clarinet,

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Basic information Saxophone (Sax - the name of the inventor, phone - sound) is a woodwind musical instrument, according to the principle of sound production, belonging to the wood family, despite the fact that it is never made of wood. The saxophone family was designed in 1842 by the Belgian music master Adolphe Sachs and patented by him four years later. Adolf Sachs named his first constructed instrument

Basic information Svirel is an ancient Russian woodwind musical instrument of the longitudinal flat type. The origin, history of the pipe The Russian pipe has not been sufficiently studied yet. Experts have long been trying to correlate common whistle instruments with ancient Russian names. Most often chroniclers use three names for tools of this type - a pipe, a nozzle and a tartar. According to legend, the son of the Slavic goddess of love Lada played the pipe

Basic information Suling is an Indonesian woodwind musical instrument, a longitudinal whistle flute. Sling consists of a bamboo cylindrical trunk, about 85 cm long and equipped with 3-6 play holes. The swilling sound is very gentle. Usually sad melodies are played on this instrument. Suling is used as a solo and orchestral instrument. Video: Sulingna video + sound Thanks to these videos you

Basic information, device, application Shakuhachi is a woodwind musical instrument, a longitudinal bamboo flute, which came to Japan from China during the Nara period. The Chinese name for the shakuhachi flute is chi-ba. The standard length of a shakuhachi flute is 1.8 Japanese feet (which is 54.5 cm). This determined the very Japanese name of the instrument, since shaku means foot and hachi means eight.

Basic information Tilinka (calf) is a Moldavian, Romanian and Ukrainian folk woodwind musical instrument, which is an open pipe without playing holes. Tilinka is widespread in rural life, most often used by peoples living near the Carpathian Mountains. The sound of teelinka depends on how far the musician covers the open end of the tube with his finger. The transition between notes is carried out by overdub and closing / opening of the opposite