Analysis of Gogol's poem "Dead Souls. "dead souls" open questions Whose characteristic is this

Test based on the poem by Gogol N.V. "Dead Souls"

1. Who owns the idea of ​​"Dead Souls"?

2) Pushkin A.S.

3) Griboyedov A.S.

4) Lermontov M.Yu.

2. Indicate the genre of the work by N.V. Gogol's Dead Souls.

1) parable

2) story

3) romance

4) poem

3. What is the lyrical element in the work "Dead Souls"?

1) in a love affair

2) in Chichikov's thoughts about everything he saw

3) in lyrical digressions

4) in landscape sketches

4. Indicate the main theme of the work.

1) the life of the peasants

2) the life of all Russia

3) the life of the landowners

4) life of officials

5. Indicate the correct continuation of the statement.

All parts of the work are connected

1) the manner of the landowners

2) Chichikov's way

4) general plot

6. With what motive is the image of the author closely connected?

1) roads

2) friendship

3) freedom

1) acting person

2) friend of the main character

3) narrator and lyrical hero

4) bystander

8. Indicate the correct continuation of the statement.

The meaning of the title is that

1) the work is based on a fantastic plot

2) Gogol calls the "dead souls" of the feudal lords and officials

4) the main thing in the work is Chichikov's scam to buy papers for dead peasants

9. Who can be called truly living souls in the work?

3) provincial society and Manilov

4) Selifana and Chichikov

10. Indicate the correct sequence of landowners whom Chichikov called in.

1) Box, Manilov, Sobakevich, Plushkin, Nozdrev

2) Manilov, Sobakevich, Plushkin, Korobochka, Nozdrev

3) Korobochka, Sobakevich, Nozdrev, Manilov, Plyushkin

4) Manilov, Korobochka, Nozdrev, Sobakevich, Plyushkin

11. For what purpose N.V. Gogol showed the landowners in this sequence?

1) The landowners are shown randomly.

3) N.V. Gogol thus contrasts the landlords with each other.

12. Why does Gogol dwell in detail on Chichikov's biography in his work?

2) It is necessary for the reader to know all the details of the main character's life.

3) Gogol wanted to draw a parallel between Chichikov and Plyushkin.

13. For what purpose does Gogol introduce "The Tale of Captain Kopeikin" into his work?

1) expand the circle of actors

2) show what poverty and hopelessness leads to

3) point out the bureaucracy of officials

4) refute the judgment about the impunity of the authorities

14. What type of literary heroes can Captain Kopeikin be classified as?

1) "little man"

2) "extra person"

3) "noble robber"

4) resonator

15. What problem is not raised in the work of N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls"

1) the problem of barbarism

2) the problem of false values

3) the problem of moral decline

4) the problem of the destructive influence of money

ANSWERS: 1 - 2, 2 - 4, 3 - 3, 4 - 2, 5 - 3, 6 - 1, 7 - 3, 8 - 2, 9 - 2, 10 - 4, 11 - 2, 12 - 1, 13 - 4, 14 - 3, 15 - 1.

1. What is the overall intent of Dead Souls?

Gogol, thinking long and hard about the purpose of his creation, came to the conclusion that his goal was to show the whole of Russia with its inherent contradictory features, the true Russian person in its entirety, with the versatility of national characters and characteristics. The writer wanted to reveal to us all the hidden corners of the Russian soul, eating up the shortcomings and hidden virtues of a Russian person from the inside, surrounded by an everyday web of trifles, deeds and events. Gogol, thinking about his future work, begins to feel even missionary power in himself: he burns with a desire to help his fatherland by awakening the “dead”, sleeping soul of a Russian person with the best medicine - cleansing laughter. The poem was intended as a revealing, saving tool for "dormant" Russia, Gogol believed that it was his duty, his opportunity to be as useful in his writing as any ordinary civil servant is useful to the fatherland. Nikolai Vasilyevich intended to create a grandiose, comprehensive work, consisting of three interrelated and arising from one another parts. They symbolized Russia's unique path from "lethargy" to awareness, awakening, purification and rapid moral self-development.

Thus, we can say that the idea of ​​the poem "Dead Souls" was the broadest in its scope of characters, characters, ideas, events and phenomena of complex Russian life.

2. What conflicting principles of plot and composition formed the basis of the poem?

The poem "Dead Souls" seems contradictory already in terms of the genre of the work designated by the author. After all, as we know from the definition, a poem is a genre of literature that is distinguished by its poetic form. It turns out that Gogol pushes the existing genre boundaries and creates, as we now call it, a poem in prose. Why did this happen? The answer lies in yet another contradiction: reflecting on his creation, the writer firmly held on to the idea of ​​​​creating an incredibly large-scale, universal work, he wanted to liken it, equate it to an epic, drawing an analogy between such huge works as Dante's Divine Comedy and Homer's poems. And the realization of all these thoughts in prose was possible only thanks to numerous lyrical digressions in the course of the narrative, reminding the reader of the grandeur of the idea, of its further development along an as yet unknown, but great path.

And, finally, one of the main plot and compositional contradictions is the possibility of the very realization of all Gogol's ideas. The writer literally dreamed of creating the strongest work in terms of impact on all readers. In it, he wanted to clearly and accurately show the degradation, stagnation, awakening and setting on the path of the true vicious Russian souls. However, he did not want to simply present to the world the artistic ideal that arose in his head. On the contrary, with all his strength and genius, he tried to draw a living person, as if standing next to us, tangible and really existing. The writer wanted to literally embody a person, to breathe a living spirit into him. And this tragically contradicted the actual implementation: such a task turned out to be not only beyond Gogol's strength, but also beyond the time allotted to the creator himself.

3. Is there a contradiction in the combination "dead souls"? What meaning does this combination hide?

The contradiction in this phrase is obvious: after all, this is a literary oxymoron (the same, for example, “living corpse”, “sad joy”, etc.). But, turning to the poem itself, we discover other meanings.

Firstly, "dead souls" are simply dead serfs, the "hunt" for which is the main task of Chichikov to achieve his personal well-being.

But here, and secondly, another meaning is revealed, which is more important for the ideological component of the work. "Dead souls" are the "rotten", vicious souls of that landlord and bureaucratic circle in which Chichikov rotates. These souls have forgotten what real life is, full of pure, noble feelings and following human duty. Outwardly, all these people seem to be alive, they talk, walk, eat, etc. But their inner content, spiritual filling is dead, it will either forever sink into oblivion, or with great effort and suffering it can be reborn.

Thirdly, there is another hidden meaning of the phrase. It is a religious and philosophical idea. According to Christian teaching, the human soul cannot be dead by definition, it is always alive, only the body can die.

It turns out that Gogol enhances the meaning of rebirth, renewal of the "dirty" soul, likening it to simple human flesh.

Thus, we can say that even such a short and capacious title of the poem helps the writer to convey and reveal a huge number of ideas and topics displayed in the work.

4. How is the idea of ​​"Dead Souls" connected with Gogol's religious and moral quest?

The religious and moral searches of the writer are directly related to the idea of ​​"Dead Souls". We can say that the whole work is built on religious, moral and philosophical ideas.

Nikolai Vasilyevich sought to show in the poem the rebirth of "sinners" into "righteous ones". He closely connected the moral re-education and self-education of the protagonist with Christian dogma. Indeed, to live in a Christian way is to live according to the divine commandments, in the observance of which the best features of a person are displayed. To believe in one God, to be respectful, not to envy, not to steal and not to steal, to be respectful and generally righteous in essence - this is the religious and moral ideal that Gogol wanted to embody in the work. He believed that the transformation of a thoroughly vicious person is still possible with the help of laughter at oneself, purifying suffering, and then accepting following the truth. Moreover, the writer believed that such an example of the reincarnation of a Russian person, and soon all of Russia, could serve as a "beacon" for other nations and even for the whole world. It is quite possible that he dreamed of an unattainable ideal - a universal, universal rebirth from the abyss of sins and the establishment of righteousness.

Gogol closely connected his searches with the idea of ​​the poem, literally weaving the entire “canvas” of the work out of these thoughts.

5. Why do some characters in the poem have biographies and others do not?

The poem shows the characters of many landowners, describes their way of life, passions, customs. But only two people have a backstory, a story about their past. This is Plyushkin and Chichikov.

The fact is that such personalities as Korobochka, Manilov, Sobakevich, Nozdryov and others are shown vividly, “in all their glory” and very believable, we can fully form our impression of them and predict their future fate. These characters are representatives of the "stagnation" of the human essence, they are what they are, with all their vices and imperfections, and they will not become different.

As for Chichikov and Plyushkin, one of the facets of the great intention of the writer is revealed here. These two heroes, according to the author, are still capable of development, renewal of their souls. Therefore, both Plyushkin and Chichikov have a biography. Gogol wanted to lead the reader along the entire line of their life, to show a complete picture of the formation of their character, and then the transformation and new formation of characters in subsequent volumes. After all, in fact, it is impossible to understand the whole essence of a person until you get acquainted with his whole history, with all his life vicissitudes, and Gogol was well aware of this.

Based on the foregoing, it is obvious that the writer built any detail of his narrative not by chance, but according to certain principles that help to realize his plan most fully.

1143000State budgetary educational institution
secondary vocational education
Vladimir region
"Vladimir Aviation Mechanical College"
Methodical development
QUIZ
"Souls Dead and Alive"
based on the poem by N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls"
Vladimir 2015
Explanatory note
Hard times are going through the academic discipline Literature. And the point is not so much that the number of hours for studying it is reduced, but that the interest of students in reading fiction has fallen to almost zero. Even the most hardworking students, who have only "4" and "5" in their test books, when meeting with literature, try to replace the process of communicating with a book by reading a brief retelling of it or a film adaptation. And reflection on the problems of the work and the characters of the characters is replaced by memorization of answers to questions extracted from the Internet.
In these difficult conditions, the teacher has to look for such forms of the lesson in which it will be possible to activate both the reader's interest and the research interest in relation to what has been read.
One of the forms of such an “activating” lesson is a literary game or a quiz. A quiz is a game in which participants answer questions that have a common theme.
The use of a literary game in the classroom or in the teacher's extracurricular activities solves several educational tasks at once: in order to have a chance to win (and the desire to win is always inherent in most adolescents), you must carefully read the text of the work. So the first task - increasing interest in reading - will be solved. If you start studying a work in class by notifying students that the final work on it will be a competition between teams (especially if you have to compete with a team from another study group), then interest will be activated both in studying the historical situation at the time the work was written, and in the characters of the characters , and to the author's intention, and even to individual external details of the novel: what the hero looks like, what he says, with whom and how he communicates, etc. (After all, it is not known what knowledge will be needed in the game, but you really want to win!). This means that the task of increasing interest in the study of various aspects of the work will also be solved. The game will provide an opportunity to replenish your knowledge, systematize it and consolidate it, since all answers to questions will be voiced and, if necessary, commented on by the teacher or the jury. In addition, the literary game will allow the teacher to assess the knowledge of students, since this form clearly reveals the final knowledge of students (there is no time to look for clues on the Internet during the game, and each student operates with information already entrenched in the mind). At the same time, the form of the game gives students the opportunity to show their creative abilities, learn how to work in a team, be responsible for the overall result, develop leadership qualities, etc. No wonder Friedrich Schiller noted that "in the game, a person experiences the same pleasure from the free discovery of his abilities, which the artist experiences during creativity." That is, through the game, the educational tasks of the lesson will also be solved. Thus, it turns out that the ancient form of the lesson - the game is very suitable for use in the modern educational process.
There are different ways to conduct a quiz:
Participants are divided into 2 teams, the leader asks questions in turn to each of the teams. Whoever gives the most correct answers wins.
Participants are divided into 2 teams, the leader asks a question to the first team, if there is no answer, the same question is asked to the second team. The team with the most correct answers wins.
You can not divide the participants into teams, but ask questions to all the players, and then identify the one who scored more than the other points.
You can organize the game in such a way that the teams themselves will invent and ask the opponent questions.
It is possible to use different forms of the game in various tasks, this option is more difficult to organize for the teacher, but more interesting for students.
In this methodological manual, I propose a variant of a literary quiz based on the poem by N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls" using materials and biography of the writer.
This event is designed for 1.5 - 2 astronomical hours, so it is necessary to take two couples for it or conduct it after school hours as an extracurricular event.
Literary quiz based on the poem by N.V. Gogol
"Dead Souls"
"Souls Dead and Alive"
"Be not dead, but living souls"
N.V. Gogol
Objectives: Increasing interest in reading fiction and in studying N.V. Gogol's poem "Dead Souls" in particular, popularization of N.V. Gogol's works, moral education of students, formation of aspirations for spiritual enrichment, for an active life position, education of patriotism, checking knowledge on the studied work, revealing the creative abilities of students.
Plan
Warm up.
Guess the hero.
Guess the episode (staging).
Answers to difficult questions that require team discussion.
Questions for the fans.
Captains competition.
Conclusion.
Summarizing.
Quiz progress:
Task 1. Warm-up
(separate simple questions, 1 point for the correct answer)
Questions for team 1:
1. For what purpose does Chichikov buy up dead souls?
(to lay in the Board of Trustees as alive and get money for them)
2. Two main dreams of Manilov?
(build a bridge over a pond and an underground passage under it)
3. Name a "historical person"? (Nozdrev)
4. Which landowner is called "a hole in humanity"? (Plyushkin)
5. Which of the landowners was able to deceive Chichikov? (Sobakevich)
6. Which of the officials “one has only to blink, passing by the fish row or
cellar, and everything will be on the table"? (to police chief)
7. Which of the landowners gave, and did not sell, Chichikov their "dead souls"? (Manilov)
Questions for team 2:
How did Gogol define the genre of Dead Souls? (poem)
What landowner's life story did Gogol tell? (Plyushkina)
Which of the officials "was a kind fellow and embroidered on tulle"?
(governor)
What was the name of Manilov's gazebo? ("Temple of Solitary Reflection")
What nickname did Chichikov give Korobochka? (clubhead)
Which of the landowners sold dead souls to Chichikov most dearly?
(Sobakevich)
Of whom it is said: “He is an idle man and, surely, sits at home, everything is for him
does the solicitor Zolotukha, the foremost thief in the world"? (about the prosecutor)
Task 2. Guess the hero
(answers are worth 2 points)
Questions for the teams:
“The manor’s house stood alone at the south, open to all winds; slope
mountains were dressed with trimmed turf. On it were scattered in-en-
glisky 2-3 flower beds with lilac bushes; lower is a pond covered with greenery ... "
(Manilov)
2. “dark wide entrance hall, from which it blew cold, as from a cellar. On one
there was even a broken chair on the table, and next to it a clock with a stopped ma-
a cobweb, to which the spider has already attached a web.
(Plyushkin)
1. “Ahead was a house with a mezzanine, a red roof and wild walls, - a house
like those built for military settlements. It was noticeable that with
At the construction site, the architect constantly struggled with the taste of the owner. The architect wanted sim-
meters, the owner - convenience "
(Sobakevich)
2. “The room was hung with old striped wallpaper; pictures with some
then birds, mirrors with dark frames ... behind every mirror were laid
or a letter, or an old deck of cards, or a stocking"
(Box)
1. “Not handsome, but not bad-looking, neither too fat nor too
nok; you can’t say that it’s old, but it’s not so that it’s too young ”
(Chichikov)
2. “... he was a prominent person, his features were not devoid of pleasantness, but in
this pleasantness seemed too much transferred to the sugar; in his manners and turns there was something ingratiating himself with location and acquaintance.
(Manilov)
“To complete the resemblance, the tailcoat on him was completely bearish,
the sleeves are long, the pantaloons are long, he stepped with his feet at random and at
stepped on other people's feet. The complexion had a red-hot, hot, what
happens on a copper penny "
(Sobakevich)
“The little eyes had not yet gone out and were running from under high-growing eyebrows,
like mice ... He had something tied around his neck that could not be
make out: is it a stocking, is it a garter, but not a tie in any way "
(Plyushkin)
Who says so: "Open up, darling, mouth"
"Most dearest, dearest"
"May day, name day of the heart"?
(Manilov)
Who said: “These are all scammers, a scammer sits on a scammer and a scammer
drives"?
(Sobakevich)
Task 3. Guess the episode and characters
(3 skits are played, rehearsed in advance, both teams determine the episodes and write down the answers on the sheets, after the end of the sheets they are handed over to the jury, the answers of each team are read out and evaluated at 3 points each correct)
1. Chichikov and Sobakevich. Buying dead souls.
2. Plushkin and the housekeeper. Search for a quarter of paper in Plushkin's house
Meeting just a nice lady and a lady nice in every way. First
brought a second story about buying dead souls.
(See the text of the scenes in Appendix 1)
Task 4. Answers to difficult questions with preliminary preparation
(Both teams are given 3 questions in writing at once, 5 minutes to prepare answers, any player of the team answers orally, reading the question before answering. For the correct answer - 5 points for each) The task can be changed by replacing the questions of the hosts with questions that are prepared in advance commands to each other.
Questions for 1 team:
1. Why is it introduced into the poem "The Tale of Captain Kopeikin"?
(To depict the lawlessness and heartlessness of officials as an all-Russian phenomenon and
justification of the protest of the people against the arbitrariness of officials in the struggle for their rights)
2. Why was Chichikov able to find a common language with the landowners?
(In Chichikovo there are many of the features of the landowners. He is "neither this nor that" and dreamy, like
Manilov; in Chichikov's casket all the knick-knacks are laid out like Korobochka's;
Chichikov dreams of living for his own pleasure, to the full extent of his soul, like Nozdryov,
cunning and prudent like Sobakevich, etc.)
3. Are there "living souls" in the poem? Who are they, why?
(The dead peasants, who live not for themselves, but for the people, managed, despite
the hardships of life, maintain a keen interest in life, are capable of compassion,
mutual help, they know how to enjoy the little things in life.)
Questions for team 2:
1. How does Gogol feel about the appearance in Russia of people like Chichikov?
(Chichikov is a spokesman for new trends in the development of Russian society, he is an entrepreneur. He is energetic, active, resourceful, not as ossified and enslaved as the landowners, he is not so greedy, he knows how to keep himself in check in order to achieve a goal, unlike officials. At the moment writing a poem Chichikov is the future of Russia. But Gogol is not happy at all. Chichikov is a scoundrel. He builds his well-being on other people's troubles: he pushed away an old dying teacher, deceived his boss and his daughter, took bribes, etc. He sets selfish goals, uses immoral means to achieve them.He is a hero of his time, but this is another reason to try to change Russian reality)
2. Who are the "dead souls" in the poem? Justify.
(Landowners, officials, Chichikov. They lead a useless existence,
do not develop intellectually and spiritually, do not have a positive life goal,
do not seek spiritual contact with people, are not able to love, sympathize,
empathize with others, enjoy the little things in life)
3. Why did Gogol call his work a poem?
(A poem is a form of lyrical-epic poetry, the main features of which are:
the plot and the developed image of the lyrical hero - the narrator, who actively
turns on. The lyrical hero emotionally responds to all events
works, evaluates the heroes and their actions, denies the Russia of the landowners and
officials and affirms the Russia of the living Russian people.
Without lyrical digressions, the poem would have lost the motive of love for Russia and hope for
revival of spirituality. In "Dead Souls" in 1st place are the feelings of the author: his sadness
about what is happening in Russia and his hope for the revival of the country, and not
events happening to the main characters, as it should be in the novel)
Task 5: Questions to the fans
(in parallel with the execution of 4 tasks by teams)
(assigned to those sitting in the hall, 1 point for the correct answer is given to the team whose fan answered the question first)
1. Which of the landowners had a book laid on page 14 for two years?
(Manilov)
2. Which of the heroes of the poem is characterized by insatiable greed, stinginess, pettiness?
(Plyushkin)
3. Who owns the words: “I considered it a duty to meet and bring my own
reverence"; "You deigned to go"; "I had the honor of covering your bribe as well"?
(Chichikov)
4. Identify the hero according to the description: “He was of medium height, very well built
well done, with full ruddy cheeks, with snow-white teeth and jet-black
whiskers"
(Nozdrev)
5. In what sequence did Chichikov visit the landowners?
(Manilov, Korobochka, Nozdrev, Sobakevich, Plushkin)
6. Which of the heroes is characterized by: kulaks, misanthropy, obscurantism,
coarseness?
(Sobakevich)
7. Which of the landowners lived among entertainment?
(Nozdrev)
8. Which of the officials told the "Story of Captain Kopeikin"?
(postmaster)
9. Who do officials represent Chichikov, having learned about his actions with dead souls?
(Counterfeiter, Captain Kopeikin, Napoleon, fugitive)
10. What nickname did the men give to Plyushkin?
(Patched)
11. What brings together landlords and officials
(they are all dead souls)
12. What does N.V. compare with? Gogol Rus at the end of the poem?
(with a bird - a troika, that is, a troika of horses rushing across the expanses of the universe)
Task 6 Competition of captains:
expressive reading of excerpts from the text of the poem (homework, excerpts were chosen by the captains themselves or the teacher offered lyrical digressions of the finale of the poem and about the youth of the soul)
7. Before summing up - reading the leading poem by N. Nekrasov about Gogol.
(See Appendix 2)
8. Summing up
ATTACHMENT 1
Scene 1 Buying dead souls from Sobakevich
Ch. - I wanted to talk to you about one business. According to the existing provisions of our state, in whose glory there is no equal, revision souls, having completed their careers, are, however, until the submission of a new revision fairy tale on an equal footing with the living. In order not to burden government offices in this way with many petty and useless references and not to increase the complexity of the already very complex state mechanism in terms of paying taxes for serfs ... For all the fairness of this measure, it can be somewhat painful for many owners, obliging them to pay taxes in such a way that as if for a living object, therefore, feeling personal respect for you, I would even be ready to partially take on this really difficult duty. I am ready to take on these expenses and redeem, so to speak, your non-existent souls.
S. - Do you need dead souls?
Ch. - Yes, ... non-existent.
S.- There will be, why not be
Ch. - And if there are, then you, no doubt ... will be pleased to get rid of them?
S.- Excuse me, I'm ready to sell
Ch. - And, for example, what about the price? .. although, by the way, this is such an object ... which is even strange about the price ...
S. - Yes, so as not to ask you for too much, a hundred rubles apiece!
Ch.- According to the hundred ?!
S. - Well, is it expensive for you? But what would be your price?
Ch.- My price! It is true that we somehow made a mistake or do not understand each other, we forgot what the subject is. I believe for my part, hand on heart: eight hryvnia per soul, this is the reddest price!
S.- Ek where enough - eight hryvnias each!
Ch. - Well, in my judgment, as I think, it is no longer possible.
S. - After all, I'm not selling bast shoes.
Ch. - However, you yourself will agree: after all, these are not people either.
S. - So you think you will find such a fool who would sell you a revision soul for two kopecks?
Ch. - But excuse me: why do you call them revisionists, because the souls have already died long ago, there is only one sound that is intangible to the senses. However, in order not to enter into further conversations on this part, one and a half rubles, if you please, ladies, but I can’t do it anymore.
S. - Shame on you to say such a sum! you bargain, say the real price!
Ch. - I can’t, Mikhail Semenovich, believe my conscience, I can’t: what is already impossible to do is impossible to do, but I’ll add another half a ruble.
S. - Why are you stingy? Right, cheap! Another swindler will deceive you, sell you rubbish, not souls, but I have like a vigorous nut, everything is for selection: not a workman, but some other healthy man. You consider: here, for example, Mikheev's carriage maker! after all, he didn’t make any more crews, as soon as spring ones. And it’s not like Moscow work happens, which is for one hour - such strength, it will beat itself and cover it with varnish! And Cork Stepan, the carpenter? I'll lay my head down if you find such a man anywhere. After all, what a force it was! If he had served in the guard, God knows what they would have given him, three arshins and a verst in height! Maxim Telyatnikov, shoemaker: whatever pricks with an awl, then boots, that boots, then thanks, and at least in a drunken mouth. After all, what a people! This is not something that some Plushkin will sell you.
Ch. - But excuse me, why are you counting all their qualities, because there is no sense in them now, because they are all dead people.
S. - Yes, of course, the dead. However, even then to say: what of these people who are now considered living? What are these people? flies, not people.
Ch. - Yes, they still exist, and this is a dream. No, I can't give more than two rubles.
S. - If you please, so that they don’t claim me, that I’m asking dearly and don’t want to do you any favors, if you please - seventy-five rubles per head, only in banknotes, the right is only for acquaintance!
Ch. - It’s strange to me, really: it seems that some kind of theatrical performance or a comedy is going on between us, otherwise I can’t explain it to myself ... You seem to be a rather intelligent person, you have knowledge of education. After all, the subject is just fufu. What is he worth? who needs?
S. - Yes, you are buying, so you need it.
Ch. - Two rubles
S. - Well, if you please, I will also tell you my last word: fifty roubles! Really, loss to yourself, you can’t buy such a good people anywhere cheaper!
Ch. - As you wish, I do not buy for any need, as you think, but in such a way, according to the inclination of my own thoughts. If you don't want two and a half - goodbye!
S. - Well, God bless you, give us thirty and take them for yourself!
Ch. - No, I see you don't want to sell, goodbye!
S. - What will be your last price?
Ch. - Two and a half.
S. - Right, your human soul is like a steamed turnip. Give me at least three rubles!
Ch.- I can't.
S. - Well, there is nothing to do with you, if you please! Loss, yes, such a dog’s temper: I can’t help but give pleasure to my neighbor. I agree to 3 rubles.
Ch. - Agreed!
Scene 2 Plushkin and the housekeeper
P - There were four blank papers on the table, but I don’t know. where have you gone: my people are so useless! Moor! And Maura! Where are you going, paper robber?
M - By God - to God, master, I have not seen, besides a small patch, with which they deigned to cover the glass.
P - But I can see in my eyes that I have trimmed it.
M - Yes, what would I podtibril? After all, I have no use with her; I don't know how to read.
P - You're lying. you demolished the sexton: he marak, so you demolished him.
M - Yes, a sexton, if he wants, he will get himself papers. He did not see your shred!
P - Wait a minute: at the Last Judgment, the devils will bake you for this with iron slingshots! Look how they bake!
M - Yes, what will they bake for, if I didn’t even take a quarter in my hands? It’s more like some other woman’s weakness, and no one has yet reproached me with theft.
P - But the devils will bake you! They will say: “Here you are, a swindler, because the master was deceiving!” , but hot - they will bake you!
M - And I will say “No way! By God, for nothing, I didn’t take it ... ”Yes, there he lies on the table. You always reproach in vain!
P - Well, why did you disagree like that? What a splinter! Say only one word to her, and she will answer a dozen!
Scene 3 Two ladies
What a fun chintz!
Yes, very funny. Praskovya Fyodorovna, however, finds that it would be better if the cells were smaller, and that the specks were not brown, but blue.
Honey, this is ugly.
Oh no, it's not ugly.
Ah, ugly.
Yes, congratulations: frills are no longer worn.
How not to wear?
In place of their festoons.
Oh, this is not good, festoons!
Scallops, all scallops: scalloped cape, scalloped sleeves, scalloped epaulets, scalloped bottoms, scalloped everywhere.
Not good if all the festoons.
Incredibly cute. It is sewn in two ribs: wide armholes and on top ... the whole skirt is gathered around, as it used to be in the old days, even cotton wool is put a little behind, so that there is a modern belle-famme.
As you wish, I will never imitate it.
I myself too ... Really, as you can imagine, what fashion sometimes comes to ... it doesn’t look like anything!
I begged my sister for patterns on purpose for laughter; My Melania began to sew.
So do you have a pattern?
Well, my sister brought it.
My soul, give me for the sake of all that is holy!
Ah, I have already given my word to Praskovya Fyodorovna. Is it after her.
Who will wear after Praskovya Fyodorovna? It will be too strange of you if you prefer strangers to yours.
Yes, she is also my cousin.
From my husband's side... It comes out: you want to inflict such an insult on me... It is evident that you want to stop all acquaintance with me.
Well, our charmer?
2. Oh my God! Why am I sitting in front of you! That's good! Do you know what I came to you with? Let me just tell you...
No matter how you praise or exalt him, I will say it straight, and I will say to his face that he is a worthless person, worthless, worthless, worthless.
Yes, just listen to what I will reveal to you.
Rumors were spread that he was good, but he was not good at all, and his nose was the most unpleasant nose.
2. Let me, let me just tell you, darling. It's a story, you know, a story...
What is the story?
2. Imagine: an archpriest comes to me today - and what would you think: ours is a humble, a visitor is ours, what, huh?
How, did he really build chickens even the archpriest?
2. Ah, let there be chickens, that would be nothing. The landowner Korobochka came to her, frightened and pale as death, and tells a perfect romance: suddenly, at the dead of midnight, there is a knock on the gate, terrible as you can imagine, they shout: “Open, otherwise the gate will be broken down.”
But what about Korobochka, is she young and pretty?
Not at all, old lady!
Ah, lovely! So he took up the old woman.
But no, my dear, not at all what you think. Is armed from head to toe and demands "Sell, says, all the souls that have died." The box replies "I can't sell because they're dead." - “No, he says, they are not dead, it is my business, he says, to know whether they are dead or not; they are not dead, not dead, screaming, not dead.”
But this is strange, what could these dead souls mean?
There are no dead souls here, something else is hiding here.
Well, you think it's hiding here.
Well what do you think
As I think? I confess I'm completely lost
Well, listen to what these dead souls are. Dead Souls…
I'm sorry, what?
2. Dead souls…
Ah, speak for God's sake!
2. It's just invented for cover, but here's the thing: he wants to take away the governor's daughter!
Annex 2
ON THE. Nekrasov. On the day of Gogol's death. February 21, 1852
Blessed is the gentle poet, Feeding his chest with hatred,
In whom there is little bile, a lot of feeling: Having armed the lips with satire,
He is so sincere greetings He goes through a thorny path
Friends of calm art. (...) With his punishing lyre.
Loving carelessness and peace, He is pursued by blasphemy:
Disdaining bold satire, He catches the sounds of encouragement
He firmly rules the crowd Not in the sweet murmur of praise,
With his peaceful lyre. And in the wild cries of anger.
Marveling at the great mind, And believing and not believing again
He is not driven, not slandered. Dream of a high calling,
And his contemporaries He preaches love
While alive, a monument is being prepared... With a hostile word of denial. (…)
But fate has no mercy From all sides they curse him,
To the one whose noble genius And, only seeing his corpse,
Became an accuser of the crowd, How much he did, they will understand,
Her passions and delusions. And how he loved - hating!
Bibliography
1. N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls". - Any edition.
2. Literature / Ed. Sigov V.K. - M., 2009.
3. Russian literature of the 19th century. / Ed. Arkhangelsky A.N. in 2 parts. Part 1., M.,
2002.
4. Kozak O.N. Literary quizzes. - S.-Pb: "Union", 1998.
5. Alieva L.Yu. Literature: tests, control questions. - M .: Publishing School, 1998.
6. Tests. Literature/Author - Compiled by I.M. Mikhailova.- M.: Bustard, 2002.
7. Geimbukh E.Yu. Russian literature of the 19th century. Textbook.- M.: Publishing
department of the UC DO, 2003.

MBOU "Volokonovskaya Secondary School No. 2 named after the Hero of the Soviet Union, Major General I.S. Lazarenko, Volokonovsky District, Belgorod Region"

Teacher of Russian language and literature

Test based on the poem by N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls"

1. Who gave N.V. Gogol the plot of the work "Dead Souls"?

a) V.A. Zhukovsky; b) M.Yu. Lermontov; c) nobody d) A.S. Pushkin.

2. How many volumes of Dead Souls did N.V. Gogol plan to write?

a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4

3. The type of literature to which the work of N.V. Gogol belongs?

a) epic b) lyroepos; c) drama; d) lyrics.

4. Determine the genre of N.V. Gogol's work "Dead Souls"

a) a novel b) a story; c) a poem; d) story.

5. The peculiarity of the composition of "Dead Souls" is the absence of:

a) exposure; b) interchanges; c) off-plot lines; d) strings.

6. What was the name of Chichikov?

a) Peter Ivanovich; b) Pavel Nikolaevich; c) Nikolai Ivanovich;

d) Pavel Ivanovich.

7. With what amount did Chichikov's financial career begin?

a) From a penny; b) From a half; c) From the ruble; d) From five rubles.

8. What was the name of Chichikov's brown harness horse?

a) Chairman; b) Assessor; c) Deputy; d) minister.

9. Which of these characters is not from Dead Souls?

a) Manilov; b) a box; c) Strawberry; d) Nozdryov.

10. What is the headdress of Gogol's Chichikov?

a) Kartuz; b) Beret; c) Cylinder; d) Hat with earflaps.

a) Plyushkin and Chichikov; b) Korobochka and Manilov;

c) Nozdrev and Sobakevich; d) Korobochka and Nozdrev

12. Recognize the hero by keywords: "A piece of apple, candy, nut, darling, mouth, beaded case, cigar, name day of the heart, if you please pass, honored with a visit, most gracious, the spirit of pleasure"

a) Manilov; b) a box; c) Nozdrev; d) Sobakevich.

13. Recognize the hero by keywords: "Secular standing, strong oak, clumsy order, lamb side, Christ-sellers, a turkey as tall as a calf, gnawed, sucked, machines, strongmen, bears"

a) Sobakevich; b) Plushkin; c) Nozdrev; d) Manilov.

14. Which of the heroes of N.V. Gogol treats guests like this:
“In my case, when pork - put the whole pig on the table, lamb - drag the whole ram, goose - just the goose!”

a) Plyushkin; b) Sobakevich; c) Nozdrev; d) box.

15. Whose manor house is this: “... the room was hung with old striped wallpaper; pictures with some birds; ... behind every mirror was either a letter, or an old deck of cards, or a stocking"?

a) a box b) Plushkin; c) Nozdrev; d) Manilov.

16. Whose portrait is this: “He was fresh, like blood with milk; health seemed to spurt from his face.

a) Manilov; b) Plushkin; c) Nozdrev; d) Chichikov.

17. Which of the heroes of the work belonged to this serf: “Maxim Telyatnikov, a shoemaker: what pricks with an awl, then boots, that boots, then thank you, and at least in a drunken mouth”?

a) the Governor; b) Plushkin; c) Sobakevich; d) Chichikov

18. Which of these landowners did Chichikov visit first?

a) Sobakevich; b) Plushkin; c) Manilov; d) box.

19. Which of the characters in the poem gave Chichikov the highest price for "dead souls"?
a) Sobakevich; b) Plushkin; c) Nozdryov; d) box.

20. From whom did Chichikov receive dead souls on the most favorable terms?

a) from Sobakevich; b) from Manilov; c) from Plyushkin; d) from the box.

21. Which of these Gogol characters in "Dead Souls" was particularly stingy?

a) Sobakevich; b) Plushkin; c) Nozdryov; d) Manilov.

22. What did Chichikov and Nozdryov play in N.V. Gogol's work "Dead Souls"?

a) small towns; b) Maps; play chess; d) Checkers.

23. Which character in Dead Souls always had a book open to page 14?
a) at Nozdrev; b) at Manilov; b) at Sobakevich; c) at the box.

24. Theme "The Tale of Captain Kopeikin":

a) the clash of a true patriot of the Fatherland with a soulless government;

b) the life story of a participant in the Patriotic War of 1812;

c) the life of St. Petersburg in the early 19th century;

d) the life of St. Petersburg at the end of the 19th century.

a) metaphor; b) Hyperbole; c) epithet; d) Litota.

Answers to the test based on N.V. Gogol's poem "Dead Souls"

Why do you think A. S. Pushkin, after listening to the first chapters of "Dead Souls" (these chapters were read to him by Gogol himself), exclaimed: "God, how sad is our Russia"? How can you explain the title of the poem? What features unite the characters depicted by N.V. Gogol?

They are united by the absence of lofty motives, indifference to the fate of the motherland and people, greed, narrowness of interests, gross egoism, dullness of all human feelings, mental squalor and narrow-mindedness.

These vices are typical: they are inherent in both landowners and city officials, although they manifest themselves in different forms. Greed, bribery, the desire not to serve, but to serve, envy, intrigue each other, gossip, slander - these are the characteristic features of the bureaucracy. Both the landlords, and the officials, and the "purchaser" Chichikov are dead souls who own and dispose of living souls.

What is more important: common features of landlords and officials or their individual differences? Why do you think so? Is the similarity between the city officials depicted by Gogol in "Dead Souls" and the characters of "The Government Inspector" accidental? How did Chichikov prepare for his career in life? What did his father tell him?

How does this instruction differ from Father Molchalin's "testament"? From childhood, Chichikov showed the abilities of a dishonest "business" person: he knew how to make a favorable impression, please those on whom he depended, turn out a good deal, and having achieved his own, betray, turn away from the person he had deceived (recall his school speculations, attitude towards the teacher; then " way up" in the office). For the rest of his life, he remembered his father's advice, above all else in the world, to save a penny that "never betrays." Father's order to Chichikov is very reminiscent of Father Molchalin's "testament": both taught their sons to adapt to life using dishonorable means, but time made its own amendments to parental instructions: if Molchalin Sr. above all put the connections and favor of the right people, then Chichikov's father during capitalization of Russia believed that the surest means to succeed in life - money.

How is the gallery of freak landowners built? What is the sequence of the story about each of them? In fact, the chapters devoted to the landowners are built according to one plan. Do you consider this an advantage or a disadvantage of the work? Why? What role does The Tale of Captain Kopeikin play in Dead Souls? Why was she banned by censorship? How is the theme of the people revealed in the poem? In your opinion, would Gogol agree with Nekrasov's words: More Russian peopleLimits are not set.Before him is a wide path? What are the main themes of lyrical digressions in "Dead Souls". What is their role in revealing the ideological content of the work?

Lyrical digressions push the boundaries of the narrative. They reveal the image of the author - a patriot who believes in the great future of his homeland, in its people. In lyrical digressions, subtle observation, wit, civil courage of the writer are manifested. Their topics are very diverse: about thick and thin (ch. I), about the weakness of the Russian person (ch. II), about the hidden meaning of the image of Chichikov (ch. XI), about the author's attitude to life in youth, adulthood and old age (ch. . VI), on the attitude of readers to the novelist and satirist writer (chap. VII).

A special place in the disclosure of the ideological content of the poem is occupied by the author's reflections on the fate of the runaway peasants Plyushkin and Rus-Troika, which affirm the writer's faith in the future of Russia.

What elements of the composition of the poem can you name after reading the first chapter?

Already in the first chapter we find two elements of composition - exposition and plot. The exposition presents a description of the city, acquaintance with the provincial officials, some of the surrounding landowners, of course, the reader's acquaintance with Chichikov himself. Chichikov's acquaintance with the landowners and his agreement to pay them visits is already the beginning of the plot action.

What helped you find the line between exposure and initiation?

In practice, there is no boundary between exposure and complication. Both of these compositional elements are closely merged with each other. As happens in many literary works, when the same episodes introduce the reader into the situation of the future action and at the same time outline its starting points.

One of the researchers of Gogol's work claims that the writer's details are "soldered into the plot." As an example, the wheel is given, which the men talk about at the very beginning. It would seem, a trifle. You immediately forget about it. But the wheel brings Chichikov on the road. The researcher claims that at the second appearance of the wheel, one can talk about the wheel of Fortune known from mythology. Is he right?

Rights researcher. "Dead Souls" is a kind of transformation of a picaresque adventure novel, the dynamics of the development of the plot in which was based on the idea of ​​the vicissitudes of Fortune (fate). The Wheel of Fortune has let Chichikov down more than once in his undertakings, both before and after his main adventure with the "negotions" of dead souls.

Name the landlords who gave Chichikov the opportunity to carry out his "negotion". Tell us about the one that interests you the most. Gogol himself will help you. Use the plan according to which the writer created these images: a description of the estate and the house, a portrait, a dialogue about the sale of dead souls, parting with the hero.

Chichikov was given the opportunity to carry out his "negotion" by Manilov, Korobochka, Sobakevich and Plyushkin. It's hard to say who might interest me the most - all the landowners are bright, colorful, as artistic images, and meaningful stories can be made about all of them. Let's take, for example, the Box, to which Chichikov lands by accident. Interestingly, she is the only woman - a landowner. There is an opinion, spread by some researchers, that the development of agriculture on estates was delayed because many of them were in the hands of women, usually widows or unmarried daughters. Basically, ladies who do not have education and experience, either entrusted management to hired persons or clerks, or, by their inept actions, led the estate to ruin. The poorly educated Korobochka ran the household herself and quite successfully. In her district, she could not be called a small estate, because she owned eighty male souls.

Arriving at night, Chichikov was able to notice that "already one barking dog ... it could be assumed that the village was decent." The furnishings of the room were ancient: the walls were hung with pictures of some birds, old little mirrors with dark frames in the form of curled leaves between the wallpaper. Behind every mirror was either a letter, or an old deck of cards, or a stocking. There was a wall clock with painted flowers on the dial. The bed that the maid had prepared for Chichikov, with a fluffed-up feather bed, was also distinguished by solidity and old-fashioned taste. She was so high that he had to stand up on a chair to climb on her, and then she sank under him almost to the floor. In the morning he noticed that not only paintings with birds were hanging on the wall, but also a portrait of Kutuzov. From the window, the guest saw something like a chicken coop with a huge number of birds and all sorts of domestic creatures, "the pig with the family found himself right there." Behind him stretched spacious vegetable gardens with cabbage, onions, potatoes and other household vegetables. There were apple trees and other fruit trees in the garden, covered with nets from sparrows and magpies. "For the same reason, several scarecrows were erected on long poles with outstretched arms; one of them was wearing the cap of the mistress herself." Behind the gardens were peasant huts, which showed the contentment of the inhabitants, "because they were properly maintained: the worn-out boarding on the roofs was everywhere replaced by a new one; the gates did not squint anywhere," there were new carts in the sheds, or even two.

Korobochka herself had the typical air of a landowner's mother, who keeps her head somewhat to one side, constantly complains about crop failures, but puts her money in mottled bags - one rubles, another fifty dollars, the third quarters - and arranges them in drawers of a chest of drawers.

In the dialogue about the sale of dead souls, Korobochka is depicted sharply satirically: on the one hand, Gogol emphasizes her religiosity, fear of evil spirits, on the other, her economic and commercial intelligence, reaching extreme stupidity. Like Sobakevich, she kindly remembers the dead peasant workers. And even the persuasion that Chichikov exempts Nastasya Petrovna from paying taxes for revision souls (the losses from this greatly upset her) do not convince her that these souls are worth nothing and do not have any material benefit.

In the dialogue, Korobochka shows herself to be a good connoisseur of the price situation for natural products - honey, hemp, etc., and persistently offers them instead of dead souls, the prices for which she does not know.

The comic effect is created by situations substituted by Chichikov that cause Korobochka's mystical fear, for example, by the suggestion to use the dead instead of scarecrows in the garden and the wish to see the devil (“The power of the godfather is with us! "). She gives in, frightened by Chichikov's "zabranki" and hoping that he will become her buyer in the future ("do not forget about contracts"). Chichikov agreed to everything, just to get rid of her now. Korobochka's persistence psychologically exhausts Pavel Ivanovich. with all his ability to behave, adapting to the interlocutor, as discussed in this chapter, he has to thoroughly “sweat” in order to conclude an agreement with her about “negotion”.

Interesting speech Korobochka. It combines folk expressions, which speaks of her constant communication with serfs (boar, tea, oiled the zealot, take a sip of tea, appeals father, my father, etc.) and expressions from the Holy Scriptures.

When parting with the owner of the estate, Gogol, through the mouth of Chichikov, usually gives a final characterization, aphoristically and aptly expressed. The box is called clubhead. However, Gogol expands this generalization and thus typifies its image. “Is there really a great abyss separating her from her sister, inaccessibly fenced by the walls of an aristocratic house with fragrant cast-iron stairs, shining copper, mahogany and carpets, yawning over an unfinished book in anticipation of a sharply smart social visit, where she will have a field to show off her mind and to express articulate thoughts that, according to the laws of fashion, occupy the city for a whole week, thoughts not about what is happening in her house and on her estates, confused and upset due to ignorance of economic affairs, but about what political upheaval is being prepared in France, what direction she has taken fashionable Catholicism. Gogol, as if calming his hero and urging him not to be angry with Korobochka, remarks along the way: "a different and respectable, and even statesman man, but in reality the perfect Korobochka comes out."

Choose a chapter about one of the landowners and explain the role landscape descriptions play in it.

The landscape descriptions in the chapters on the landlords testify to the state of the estate, as well as the character and habits of the owner. In answer to the previous question, we talked about Korobochka's housekeeping style - unpretentious, not following fashion, but solid and strong for an estate with an average number of souls, which brings a certain income thanks to the practical ingenuity of the hostess. The landscape in the Manilov estate is of a romantic nature: a stone house with two floors on the Jura, the slope of the mountain was dressed with trimmed turf, two or three flower beds scattered in English with lilac bushes and yellow acacias, five or six birches, a gazebo with a characteristic inscription "Temple of the Solitary reflections", a pond covered with greenery, "which ... is not a wonder in the English gardens of Russian landowners." Downstairs there were about two hundred log huts, which, as yet, for reasons unknown to us, Chichikov began to count. This landscape corresponds to the dreamy mood of Manilov and his wife, and also suggests that they were not engaged in farming.

Gogol's poem is written in a very bright language, saturated with various artistic techniques. Find epithets in one of the chapters (of your choice) and try to characterize them. They can be close to folklore, they can be metaphorical, they can be hyperbolic.

For example, the epithet non-existent replaces the dead. Manilov, trying to express himself as nobly as possible, when Chichikov offered to set a price for him, refused to take the money, citing the fact that they, in some way, had ended their existence. This extended epithet produces a comic impression. A detailed epithet for the word "negotion" also sounds comical and even grotesque - it does not correspond to civil decrees and further views of Russia. So ornately asks Manilov, softly defining what is a gamble. But the "education" and the "most pleasant" impression that the guest makes make him believe that the registration of the purchase of dead souls will not harm the future views of Russia. The word "sacred" sounds blasphemous as an epithet to the word "duty" in the mouth of Chichikov in the context of his machinations.

Remember two comparisons in the poem: a man was importunate like a fly, and people died like flies. Remember what these comparisons were connected with. What is the difference between their content, the nature of the use of comparison?

The image of a fly as a comparison is repeatedly used in Dead Souls. So, in the first chapter, the writer compares officials in black tailcoats with heaps of flies rushing around refined sugar during the hot July summer. Reflecting on the adaptability of Chichikov to the characters of his interlocutors, Gogol paints a portrait of an official, the ruler of the office, who among his subordinates sits importantly like Prometheus, and behaves like a fly in front of his superiors. Comparison of Prometheus and a fly speaks of opportunism as a quality of Russian bureaucracy. If in the first two cases the comparison is comic in nature, then the expression "people are dying like flies", which characterizes the state of affairs in the Plushkin estate, already emphasizes the tragic situation of the Russian serfs, who are completely dependent on the "dead souls" of the landowners and officials who govern Russia. .

Recall examples of hyperbole that you remember while reading. Could you distinguish the hyperbolas in Gogol's works from the hyperbolas in the works of other writers? What could help you with this?

Each writer has his own way of using figurative and expressive means, including hyperbolization. The chapter on Plyushkin, for example, is built on hyperbole. The image of a heap located in a landowner's house and collected from rubbish picked up on the road is hyperbolic. Hyperbolically comical is the appearance of the old man, whom Chichikov takes either for the housekeeper, or for the housekeeper. Here, hyperbole merges with the grotesque in the aspect of combining the ugly with the funny and gives the description an element of the tragic.

Hyperbolas were often used by M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin. We are familiar with his stories. In them, hyperbole takes on a fantastic connotation. The generals, who find themselves on a desert island, are so unadapted to life that they do not know how bread is made, they think that rolls grow on trees. The hyperbolic humility of a peasant is fantastic, who allows, being at large, to exploit himself and even tie him with a rope so that he does not run away.

Try to create a dictionary of the most typical words and expressions of Nozdrev or Manilov, Sobakevich or Korobochka. What, besides the words characteristic of each of them, could be put into it?

Manilov's dictionary may include words characteristic of him, giving "sugarness" and cloying to his behavior, such as do me a favor, I beg you most humbly, let you not allow this, darling, most amiable, courteous and pleasant person, worthy, spiritual pleasure, name day hearts, chance brought happiness, kind (appeal to the clerk), etc. Manilov often repeats the word education, a brilliant education, which he appreciates in his interlocutor or in the people he speaks about, clearly exaggerating his level due to his own lack of education. No other characters in the poem talk about education and learning. So the neutral word used by Manilov somewhat deepens the characterization of his image.

The poem "Dead Souls" is a lyrical epic work. This is its shortest definition. Until now, you have read and listened to poems that were written in verse, their lyrical character was obvious to you and, probably, did not cause doubts. However, the lyrical and epic beginnings merge in many prose works. Highlight the elements of the epic and lyrical in Gogol's poem.

Chichikov's arrival in the provincial town, the plot connected with the visit of the landowners in order to buy "dead souls", the exposure of the hero, the background of the hero - the epic elements of the work. Author's digressions and Chichikov's reasoning about the peasants, "Oh, the Russian people! Doesn't like to die a natural death!", About "two travelers and two writers, youth and old age", about "Rus-troika" and others, of which there are many in the "Dead souls", give the work a lyrical beginning.

VG Belinsky called such reflections of the writer "humane subjectivity".

Compare the lyrical digressions of Pushkin's novel and Gogol's poem. What brings them together and what makes them different?

It brings together a patriotic feeling: love for the country, reflections on its future and present, although the themes of lyrical digressions of both Pushkin and Gogol are different. At the same time, Gogol's digressions, in comparison with Pushkin's, introduce civic pathos, although, like Pushkin, the poem contains reflections-memories of youth. In "Eugene Onegin" there are also lyrical passages about art, the customs of secular life, etc.

The protagonist of the poem "Dead Souls" is Chichikov. The epic aspects of the work, the development of the storyline are associated with it. At the same time, some literary critics refer to the heroes and the Author. There are reasons for this, because he actively expresses his position in monologues, which are lyrical digressions and reflections. In a lyrical work, the image of the Author can merge with the image of the lyrical hero.

Bulgakov in the list of characters (billboard) indicated the following heroes: The first in the play; Chichikov Pavel Ivanovich; Secretary of the Board of Trustees; Sex in a tavern; Governor; Governor; Governor's daughter Chairman Ivan Grigorievich; Postmaster Ivan Andreevich; Prosecutor Antipator Zakharyevich; Gendarme Colonel Ilya Ilyich; Anna Grigorievna; Sofia Ivanovna; MacDonald Karlovich; Sysoi Pafnutevich; Parsley; Selifan; Plyushkin, landowner; Sobakevich Mikhail Semenovich, landowner; Manilov, landowner; Nozdrev, landowner; Korobochka Nastasya Petrovna, a landowner... How do you explain the order in which these characters appear in the list of characters?

In the first place comes the First as a commentator, fastening the action of the play. This is followed by Chichikov, the protagonist of the play, and the Secretary of the Board of Trustees, whose role is very significant, since he unwittingly gave the idea for Chichikov's adventure, and therefore, suggested to Gogol the plot of the poem, and Bulgakov - the plot of the play. Then the heroes are divided into city officials, their wives, residents of the city. They constitute a special group in the poster as persons who determine the life of the Russian provinces. At the same time, it is interesting to note that some characters of Gogol's poem, which are only mentioned in the text, receive their voice and some function in the play, for example, Makdonald Karlovich and Sysoi Pafnutevich, reminiscent of the famous Bobchinsky and Dobchinsky. Another significant group of characters, following the group of city dwellers, are the landowners with whom Chichikov conspired to buy and sell dead souls. It was the urban group, embodying the administrative system of Russia, that created the conditions for the implementation of Chichikov's adventure.

There are 32 characters in total in the comedy. Which of them (look again at the poster) came from the pages of Gogol's poem and who did Bulgakov introduce additionally?

Additionally introduced the First in the play. From the poem by N.V. Gogol, Chichikov, landowners, officials, servants came to the play. A number of minor characters, whose presence in the poem is only mentioned, are included in the poster and named by specific names, which is explained by the laws of the process of staging a prose work and turning it into a play. So, the governor's daughter, and Sysa Pafnutevich, and Makdonald Karlovich, about whom Gogol says that they "were never heard of" get their roles.

What chapters of Gogol's poem are used to create the "Prologue"? What role does the "Prologue" play in the composition of the comedy?

To create the text of the Prologue, an episode from Chapter XI (Chichikov's conversation with the secretary and giving a bribe) was used. The compositional role of this dialogue is very important: Bulgakov brings into the Prologue the birth of Chichikov's plan to get rich by acquiring the souls of dead peasants that exist only on paper. Such a beginning allows the screenwriter to dynamically build the plot of the play based on the implementation of this plan. For Gogol, it is important to gradually reveal the biography and the formation of the personality of his hero, therefore, the episode of the emergence of a criminal plan is given in the context of Chichikov's background, which was included in the composition of the poem after the end of the adventure. Thus, the "Prologue" in Bulgakov's play can be considered an exposition.

Compare the first act of Bulgakov's comedy with the text of Gogol's poem. What chapters are included in it?

The first act is composed of the following chapters. Firstly, a brief description of Chichikov's first visit to the governor (Chapter I) is staged, from which the viewer learns about the latter's addiction to embroidering on tulle, about "velvet" roads and about the invitation "to come to him the same day to a house party." From the same chapter, the play included Chichikov's introduction to the governor's wife, acquaintance with landowners and officials. Some biographical information that could be reported to the governor passed into the first act of Bulgakov's play from the eleventh chapter of the poem with emotional exaggerations about his honesty before the law and people (chapters about meetings with landowners). The introduction of the governor's daughter, which takes place in the first act of the play, took place at Gogol's in the eighteenth chapter. The first act also includes visits to the landowners and scenes of trading in dead souls (Manilov, Sobakevich). The monologue of the First gives an idea of ​​Gogol's lyrical digressions, his reflections on his homeland. His final remarks about the landowners carry the author's characteristics into the play.

The sequence of Chichikov's visits to the landlords in Bulgakov's play is broken in comparison with Gogol's text. Scheduled meetings are shown first, which brings them closer to the first meeting at the governor's party.

Prepare a message about one of the landlords using the text of the comedy. Point out the similarities and differences with the characters of Gogol's poem.

Everyone will choose a character for their message individually. Differences in the depiction of landlords in the play and poem are explained by the peculiarities of the dramatic work that Bulgakov created on the basis of Gogol's prose text. The characterization of the character will be compiled by you on the basis of his dialogues with Chichikov, remarks and some comments of the First. The poem contains a lot of author's descriptions of both the landowner himself and the environment in which he is depicted.

Prepare a message about Chichikov as the main character of the comedy. Try at least in the most general terms to indicate what the hero of the comedy has lost and gained in comparison with the hero of the poem.

When preparing this message, one should also rely on knowledge of the specifics of a dramatic work. Chichikov's backstory is not given in its entirety, as in Gogol's, but it turned out to be scattered in the lines of the First and in the scene with the secretary of the board of trustees. A description of the appearance of the hero, details of his life falls out. And this, of course, impoverishes the idea of ​​Chichikov, but in the eyes of the viewer it enhances the play's entertaining nature, its comedic character, as well as the comedic image of the protagonist.

What is the role of the First in the play? Why, in your opinion, did Bulgakov introduce this character into the comedy?

The role of the First is commentary. Bulgakov was going to make him the host of the play. In a letter to V. I. Nemirovich-Danchenko, the playwright expressed the idea that "the play will become more significant ... if the Reader, having opened the play, leads it in direct and lively movement along with the rest of the characters, that is, takes part not only in reading, but also in action". This idea did not find support from the director, and as the premiere was being prepared, the role of the First was reduced and relegated to the background.

So, according to Bulgakov’s plan, in the finale of the comedy, when Chichikov, robbed completely by a gendarmerie colonel and a police chief, again drove around Russia, the First tries to awaken the sympathetic attitude of the audience to themselves, to the usual fate in our fatherland persecuted by contemporaries of the poet.

What favorite techniques of the satirist writer were fully preserved when the poem was staged? What did Bulgakov add from the playwright's own arsenal?

Bulgakov treats Gogol's text with care and retains in the play the techniques of a satirist writer, for example, the contrast between Korobochka's religiosity, her constant fear of mystical forces, and her stubborn fear of making a mistake when selling dead souls. She does not understand that she is committing a blasphemous act, which demonstrates her stupidity. However, she (and this is funny) is characterized by a romantic fantasy. She says that Chichikov broke into her house and forced her to sell the dead. Strengthening the grotesque in the image of Korobochka is facilitated by the introduced scene of her interrogation at the chairman.

Bulgakov added a new ending to the plot, a completely unexpected denouement. Real meaning is given to the phantasmagoric event. A new governor-general is appointed to the city. Chichikov is arrested. Threatening him with Siberia, the police chief and the gendarmerie colonel in the "arrest room" rip him off like sticky, take a bribe of thirty thousand from him ("Here it is all together - and ours, and the colonel, and the governor-general") and let him go. The satirical force in exposing Chichikov and the provincial rulers dramatically increases, as they say, by a factor of two. The viewer is convinced that if such an adventurer and swindler as Chichikov is robbed to the skin in the city of N., then both Sobakevich and Chichikov are right when they say about the city rulers "a swindler sits on a swindler and drives a swindler."

How are the lyrical digressions of the poem used in comedy?

The lyrical digressions of the poem, of course, are significantly reduced and included in the speeches of the First, as well as in some statements of the hero himself. These are digressions about the road, about youth and old age, which sound both before and after Chichikov's visit to Plyushkin's estate. The story of Captain Kopeikin is interestingly presented in the comedy. It is told by the postmaster, who fails to convey the ordeals that Kopeikin experienced in his troubles. And suddenly a real Kopeikin appears, who turned out to be a courier and brought a dispatch about the appointment of a new governor-general. The prosecutor dies.

How are landscapes, interiors, and portraits from Gogol's text used in the comedy?

In the remarks, in the dialogue between Manilov and Chichikov, in which chairs the dear guest should sit. The portraits of the heroes and the interior appear in the comments of the First, especially before the dialogues in the estates of Plyushkin and Sobakevich. Interesting remarks are heard in the remarks about the changes in Plyushkin's face when he recalls the years of study together with the chairman of the chamber. First: "The evening dawn is spreading and the beam falls on Plyushkin's face" - there was some kind of bright glimpse of the human. And the remark of the First: "Oh, a pale reflection of feeling. But the miser's face, following the moment that feelings slipped on it, became even more insensitive and vulgar."

Prepare a reading in the faces of one of the comedy episodes. Participants can give their commentary on the episode shown after the performance.

The scene of the acquisition of dead souls from Manilov is expressively read. The conversation is carried on in a beautiful manner. Everyone wants to be liked. Chichikov speaks insinuatingly, Manilov is trying hard to insert learned words into his speech, for example, "negotiation" instead of "deal", "purchase".

Make a short dictionary of the language of one of the comedy characters. You can also create dictionaries of two heroes, then to compare them. If you worked on creating such dictionaries while studying Gogol's poem, then compare them.

Dictionary of Mikhail Semenovich Sobakevich: fool, robbers, dog, pig, affectionate face, robber, Gog and Magog, swindler, Christ-sellers, steamed turnip (reviews about people); haggle, stint, real price, earnest money, etc.

Describe the remarks in one of the comedy acts.

Act two. Remarks to the fifth, sixth and seventh scenes briefly describe the situation in front of the houses of Plyushkin, Nozdrev, Korobochka, the situation corresponding to the characters and mood of the owners of the house. Running, rotten, full of rubbish - epithets characterizing the state of Plyushkin's house and estate. In Nozdrev's house, the interior indicates the owner's riotous nature - a saber on the wall, two guns and a portrait of Suvorov. A candle, a lamp, a samovar, stormy twilight - the situation in which Chichikov finds himself at Korobochka.

Theater lovers can prepare a story about the fate of the comedy "Dead Souls" on the stage of the Moscow Art Theater.

The history of staging "Dead Souls" on the stage of the Moscow Art Theater was complex and brought Mikhail Afanasyevich a lot of mental suffering. When, after a telephone call from Stalin, he entered the theater, he was offered to stage "Dead Souls" and take part in the production of the play. By that time, 160 options for staging had already been proposed. None of them satisfied Bulgakov, and he declared that "Dead Souls" could not be staged, a new dramatic work had to be created. They agreed with him and instructed to carry out this work. In May 1930, he makes the first sketches. He had a plan to show Gogol himself, dictating a poem in Rome. However, this idea was immediately rejected. On October 31, the first reading of the dramatization took place in the presence of V. I. Nemirovich-Danchenko. The famous director generally approved of the comedy, but Bulgakov failed to introduce into the performance the image of an equal character, somewhat reminiscent of the author. He was considered a reasoner, a commentator, interfering with the development of the action. Bulgakov insisted. It seemed to him that the First would play a positive role, especially in the scene with Plyushkin, and even wanted to put him into action. An attempt was made to implement this idea, but Kachalov, who was entrusted with the role of the First, could not cope with it. I had to take her out of the show. In addition, the director Sakhnovsky oriented the actors towards the grotesque-tragic Gogol, towards a symbolic solution of the theme in the spirit of Vs. Meyerhold, which did not suit Bulgakov. From February 1931, K. S. Stanislavsky joined the work on the performance, and the performance began to acquire realistic features. However, Stanislavsky also refused the role of the First. In the process of long, exhausting rehearsals, the idea of ​​the staging changed: Stanislavsky had his own vision of "Dead Souls", and he staged them differently than Bulgakov would have liked.

In a letter to P. S. Popov, he describes the creative process of working on Dead Souls as follows: “And I smashed the whole poem to stone. Literally to shreds. Chichikov accidentally thought of buying and pawning the dead (look at vol. I, ch. XI). Chichikov went to buy and not at all in the order as in the poem. In the tenth scene, called in the rehearsal sheets "cameral", Selifan, Petrushka are interrogated , Korobochki and Nozdryova, a story about Captain Kopeikin, why the prosecutor dies. Chichikov is arrested, imprisoned and released (police chief and gendarmerie colonel), robbed clean. He leaves. "

Vladimir Ivanovich was furious. There was a great battle, but nevertheless, in this form, the play went into work, which lasted about two years.

Bulgakov agreed with many decisions of Stanislavsky and even admired them, about which he wrote to Konstantin Sergeevich. So, he was fascinated by the judgment about Manilov: "You can't say anything to him, ask about anything - he will immediately stick."

In the process of Stanislavsky's work on the play, the stage action grew. The role of the First dropped out, some were cut, other scenes were changed. There was a theatrical version of the comedy. The premiere took place on November 28, 1932. It was attended by such famous actors as Toporkov, Moskvin, Tarkhanov, Leonidov, Kedrov. He withstood hundreds of performances, became a classic of Russian dramatic art.

As a modern researcher of the life and work of M. A. Bulgakov V. V. Petelin writes, “Bulgakov created an independent work, bright, scenic, many actors enthusiastically gave themselves to the game, because, as they said, the roles were “playable”, there were individual scenes , were massive, where dozens of actors and actresses were employed ... So the theater celebrated its success. And at the same time, in the play "everything is from Gogol, not a single word of someone else," Bulgakov himself claimed more than once, and the researchers only confirmed the truth of his words " .

Carefully read the fragments from Gogol's "Dead Souls". Decide what is in front of you: comparisons or metaphors, and try to prove your case: "The noise from the feathers was great and looked like several carts with brushwood were passing through a forest littered with a quarter of an arshin with withered leaves"; "Chichikov saw in his hands a decanter, which was covered in dust, as if in a jersey." V. Kataev claims that these are metaphors. Is he right?

The question is complicated, since, nevertheless, an undivided comparison can be considered a metaphor, in which both members are easily seen. Here they are connected by the unions "as if", "as", which is typical for comparisons. They can be considered metaphorical comparisons due to the fact that Gogol gave the compared images extraordinary expressiveness and visibility.

For what reason or combination of reasons did Gogol call "Dead Souls" a poem? Why did he sometimes call the same "Dead Souls" a novel in his letters?

"Dead Souls" is called a poem due to the strong lyrical element inherent in this work that accompanies the plot action: inserted reasoning and lyrical digressions. There are many sad and at the same time dreamily lyrical thoughts about the future of Russia, about its talented people, worthy of a different fate and suffering from stupid and mediocre landlords and officials who control their fate. At the same time, the variety of problems posed in Dead Souls, the wide coverage of Russian reality, expressed in the creation of vivid pictures of city and local life, allows us to consider this work a novel.