Linguistic features of the left-handed skaz. The peculiarity of the language in the story of the left-hander

Realizing the place and significance of N.S. Leskov in the literary process, we always note that this is an amazingly original writer. The outward dissimilarity of his predecessors and contemporaries sometimes made them see in him a completely new phenomenon, unparalleled in Russian literature. Leskov is brightly original, and at the same time, you can learn a lot from him.He is an amazing experimenter who spawned a whole wave of artistic searches in Russian literature; he is a cheerful, mischievous experimenter, and at the same time extremely serious and deep, setting himself great educational goals.

Leskov's creativity, one might say, knows no social boundaries... He displays in his works people of various classes and circles: and landowners - from the rich to the half-poor, and officials of all stripes - from the minister to the quarter, and the clergy - monastic and parish - from the metropolitan to the sexton, and military men of different ranks and types of weapons, and peasants, and people from the peasantry - soldiers, artisans and every working people. Leskov willingly shows different representatives of the nationalities of the then Russia: Ukrainians, Yakuts, Jews, Gypsies, Poles ... Leskov's versatility of knowledge of the life of each class, estate, nationality is surprising. Leskov's exceptional life experience, his vigilance, memory, his linguistic flair were needed to describe the life of the people so intently, with such knowledge of everyday life, economic structure, family relations, folk art, and the national language.

With all the breadth of coverage of Russian life, there is a sphere in Leskov's work, to which his most significant and famous works belong: this is the sphere of the life of the people.

Who are the heroes of Leskov's most beloved works by our readers?

Heroes " A sealed angel"- bricklayers, "Lefties"- blacksmith, Tula gunsmith," Stupid artist "- serf hairdresser and theatrical make-up artist

To place the hero of the people at the center of the narrative, you need first of all to master his language, to be able to reproduce the speech of different strata of the people, different professions, destinies, ages. The task of recreating the living language of the people in a literary work demanded special art when Leskov used the form of the tale.

The tale in Russian literature comes from Gogol, but especially skillfully developed by Leskov and glorified him as an artist. The essence of this manner lies in the fact that the narration is conducted as if not on behalf of a neutral, objective author; the narrator is the narrator, usually a participant in the events reported. The speech of a work of art mimics the living speech of an oral story... At the same time, in a tale, the narrator is usually a person of the wrong social circle and cultural stratum to which the writer and the intended reader of the work belong. Leskov's story is led by a merchant, a monk, a craftsman, a retired mayor, or a former soldier ... Each storyteller speaks in the way that is characteristic of his education and upbringing, his age and profession, his concept of himself, his desire and ability to impress the audience.

This manner gives Leskov's story a special liveliness. The language of his works, unusually rich and diverse, deepens the social and individual characteristics of his heroes, becomes for the writer a means of subtle assessment of people and events. Gorky wrote about the Leskovsky tale: "... People of his stories often speak about themselves, but their speech is so amazingly alive, so truthful and convincing that they stand before you as mysteriously tangible, physically clear, like people from the books of L. Tolstoy and others, otherwise say Leskov achieves the same result, but with a different method of mastery. "

To illustrate Leskov's fairy tale manner, let's take some tirade from "Lefty". Here is how the narrator describes the living and working conditions of English workers based on Lefty's impressions. : "Every worker with them is constantly satiated, dressed not in scraps, but on each capable jacket, shod in thick tweezers with iron tops, so that he does not run his legs on anything anywhere; he works not with boile, but with training and has for himself In front of everyone there is a multiplication groove in plain sight, and under his hand is a washable tablet: everything that the master does is looking at the groove and verifies it with the concept, and then he writes one thing on the board, erases the other and brings it exactly: what is written on the tsyfir , then it actually turns out. "

The storyteller hasn't seen English workers... He dresses them according to his imagination, combining a jacket with a vest. He knows that they are working there "according to science", he himself only heard about the "multiplication trench" in this area, with it, therefore, the master, who does not work with "eyeballs", but with the help of "numbers", must check his products. Familiar words, of course, are not enough for the narrator, he distorts unfamiliar words or uses them incorrectly... "Boots" become "schiglet" - probably by association with panache. The multiplication table turns into "hammering" - obviously, because the students "hammer" it. Wanting to designate some kind of extension on the boots, the narrator calls it a knob, transferring the name of the extension on a stick to it.

Narrators from the folk environment often change incomprehensibly sounding foreign words into Russian which, with such a modification, receive new or additional values; Leskov especially willingly imitates this so-called "folk etymology ". So, in" Levsha "the barometer turns into a" buremeter ", a" microscope "- into a" small scope "," pudding "- into a" studio " etc. Leskov, who was passionately fond of puns, play on words, witticisms, jokes, filled Lefty with linguistic curiosities... But their set does not cause an impression of excess, because the immense brightness of the verbal patterns is in the spirit of folk buffoonery. And sometimes the word game is not only amusing, but there is a satirical denunciation behind it..

The narrator in a tale usually addresses some interlocutor or a group of interlocutors, the story begins and progresses in response to their questions and comments. At the heart of "Dumb artist"- the story of the old nanny to her pupil, a nine-year-old boy. This nanny is in the past an actress of the Oryol Serf Theater of Count Kamensky. This is the same theater that is described in Herzen's story" The Thief Forty "under the name of the theater of Prince Skalinsky. But the heroine of Herzen's story is not only a highly talented, but, due to the exceptional circumstances of life, an educated actress.Lyuba, on the other hand, is an uneducated serf girl, by natural talent capable of both singing and dancing, and performing in plays the role of "visual" (that is, by hearsay, following other actresses She is not able to tell everything and reveal what the author wants to tell the reader, and not everything can know (for example, the conversations of the master with his brother). Therefore, not the whole story is told on behalf of the nanny; part of the event is narrated by the author with the inclusion of excerpts and small quotes from the nanny's story.

In the most popular work of Leskov - "Lefty" we meet with a skaz of a different kind. There is no author, no listener, no storyteller here. More precisely, the author's voice is heard for the first time after the end of the tale: in the final chapter, the writer characterizes the narrated story as a "fabulous legend", "an epic" of the masters, "a myth personified by folk fantasy."

(* 10) The narrator in "Lefty" exists only as a voice that does not belong to a specific, named person. It is, as it were, the voice of the people - the creator of the "gunsmith legend."

"Lefty"- not an everyday tale, where the narrator tells about the events he experienced or personally known to him; here he retells a legend created by the people, how folk storytellers perform epics or historical songs. As in the folk epic, in "Levsha" there are a number of historical figures: two tsars - Alexander I and Nicholas I, ministers Chernyshev, Nesselrode (Kiselvrode), Kleinmichel, ataman of the Don Cossack army Platov, commandant of the Peter and Paul Fortress Skobelev and others.

Contemporaries did not appreciate either Lefty or Leskov's talent in general.They believed that Leskov was excessive in everything: he applied bright colors too thickly, put his heroes in too unusual positions, made them speak in an exaggerated, characteristic language, strung too many episodes on one thread etc.

Most associated with the creativity of the people "Levsha"... The very basis of its plot is a comic saying in which the people expressed admiration for the art of Tula masters: "Tula shod a flea". Used Leskov and walked among the people legends about the skill of the Tula gunsmiths... Back in the early 19th century, an anecdote was published about how an important Russian gentleman showed an expensive English pistol to an artisan of the Tula Arms Factory, who, taking the pistol, "unscrewed the trigger and showed his name under a screw." In "Levsha" Platov arranges the same demonstration to prove to Tsar Alexander that "we have our own at home just as well." In the English "armory of curiosities", (* 12) picking up a particularly vaunted "pistol", Platov unscrews the lock and shows the tsar the inscription: "Ivan Moskvin in the city of Tula".

As you can see, love for the people, the desire to discover and show the best sides of the Russian folk character did not make Leskov a panegyrist, did not prevent him from seeing the features of slavery and ignorance that his history imposed on the people. Leskov does not hide these traits in the hero of his myth about the ingenious craftsman. The legendary Lefty, with two of his comrades, managed to forge and attach horseshoes with carnations to the legs of a steel flea made in England. On each horseshoe "a master's name is displayed: what Russian master did that horseshoe." These inscriptions can be seen only through the "small scope, which increases by five million." But the artisans did not have any microscopes, but only "with an eye on".

This, of course, is a fabulous exaggeration, but it has real reasons. Tula craftsmen have always been especially famous and are still famous for their miniature items, which can only be seen with the help of a strong magnifying glass.

Admiring the genius of Lefty, Leskov, however, is far from idealizing the people as they were, according to historical conditions, at that time. The left-hander is ignorant, and this cannot but affect his work. The art of the English masters was manifested not so much in the fact that they cast a flea from steel, but in the fact that the flea danced, being wound up with a special key. Savvy, she stopped dancing. And the English masters, hospitably receiving the Lefty sent to England with a savvy flea indicate that he is hindered by a lack of knowledge: "... Then you could figure out that in every machine there is a calculation of force, but you are very skillful in your hands, but you didn’t realize that such a small machine, like in the nymphozoria, is designed for the most accurate accuracy and carries its horseshoes Now nymphozoria does not jump and does not dance through this. ”Leskov attached great importance to this moment. In an article devoted to the tale of Lefty, Leskov opposes Lefty's genius to his ignorance, and his (ardent patriotism to lack of concern for the people and homeland in the ruling clique. one person, and that where "Levsha" stands, one must read "Russian people".

The left-hander loves his Russia with a simple-hearted and ingenuous love. He cannot be seduced by the easy life in a foreign land. He is eager to go home, because he is faced with a task that Russia needs to fulfill; thus she became the goal of his life. In England, Lefty learned that the muzzles of guns should be oiled, and not cleaned with crushed bricks, as was customary then in the Russian army - why "the bullets dangle in them" and the guns, "God bless the war, (...) are not suitable for shooting. ". With this, he hurries home. He arrives sick, the authorities did not bother to supply him with a document, the police completely robbed him, after which they began to take him to hospitals, but they did not take him anywhere without a "tugament", they dumped the patient on the floor, and, finally, his "back of his head broke on the paratha." ... Dying, Lefty thought only about how to bring his discovery to the tsar, and still managed to inform the doctor about it. He reported to the Minister of War, but in response he received only a rude shout: "Know (...) your vomit and laxative, and don't interfere with your own business: there are generals in Russia for this."

In the story " Dumb artist " the writer displays a rich count with an "insignificant face" exposing an insignificant soul. This is an evil tyrant and tormentor: people who disagree with him are torn to pieces by hunting dogs, the executioners torment them with incredible torture. This is how Leskov opposes “masters” to truly courageous people from the people, who are mad with immense power over people and who imagine themselves courageous, because they are always ready to torment and to destroy people at their own whim or caprice - of course, by the hands of others. There were enough such "alien hands" at the service of the masters: both serfs and civilians, servants and people appointed by the authorities to help the "powerful of this world" in every way. The image of one of the master's servants is vividly outlined in the "Dumb Artist". This is pop. Arkady, not intimidated by the torture threatening him, perhaps fatal, is trying to save his beloved girl from the abuse (* 19) of her depraved master. The priest promises to marry them and hide them for the night, after which both hope to get into the "Turkish Khrushchuk". But the priest, having previously robbed Arkady, betrays the fugitives to the count's people sent in search of the escaped, for which he receives a well-deserved slap in the face.

"Lefty"

THE PERSONALITY OF NARRATION. LANGUAGE FEATURES... Speaking about the genre originality of the story, we did not say anything about such a definition of the genre as “skaz”. And this is no coincidence. Tale as a genre of oral prose implies an orientation towards oral speech, narration on behalf of a participant in the event... In this sense, "Levsha" is not a traditional tale. At the same time, such a way of narration can also be called a skaz, which involves the "separation" of the narrative from the participant in the events... In "Levsha" just such a process takes place, especially since the word "fable" is used in the story), which presupposes the narrative character of the narrative. The narrator, being neither a witness nor a participant in the events, actively expresses his attitude to what is happening in various forms. At the same time, in the tale itself, one can find the originality of the position of both the narrator and the author.

Throughout the story, the narrative changes... If at the beginning of the first chapter, the narrator outwardly simple-mindedly outlines the circumstances of the emperor's arrival in England, then he consistently talks about the events taking place, using vernacular, outdated and distorted forms of words, different types of neologisms etc., then already in the sixth chapter (in the story about the Tula masters) the story becomes different. It does not completely lose its conversational character, however becomes more neutral, distorted forms of words, neologisms are practically not used . By changing the narrative manner, the author wants to show the seriousness of the situation described.... It is no coincidence that it occurs even high vocabulary, when the narrator characterizes the "skillful people on whom the hope of the nation now rested." The same kind of narration can be found in the last, 20th chapter, which, obviously, summing up, contains the author's point of view, therefore its style differs from that of most of the chapters.

In the calm and outwardly dispassionate speech of the narrator, they often introduce expressively colored words(for example, Aleksandr Pavlovich decided to “travel around Europe”), which becomes one of the forms of expressing the author's position, deeply hidden in the text.

The narrative itself skillfully emphasizes intonation features of characters' speech(cf., for example, the statements of Alexander I and Platov).

According to I.V. Stolyarova, Leskov “Directs readers' interest to the events themselves”, Which is facilitated by the special logical structure of the text: most of the chapters have an ending, and some have a kind of beginning, which makes it possible to clearly separate one event from another. This principle creates the effect of a fantastic manner. It can also be noted that in a number of chapters it is in the ending that the narrator expresses the author's position: “And the courtiers who stand on the steps, all turn away from him, think:“ Platov got caught and now they will drive him out of the palace, because they could not stand him for courage ”” (end of the 12th chapter).

It should be noted the use of various techniques that characterize the features of not only oral speech, but also folk poetry in general: tautologies(“Shod on horseshoes”, etc.), peculiar prefixed verb forms(“Admired”, “send”, “slap”, etc.), words with diminutive suffixes("Palm", "belly", etc.). It is interesting to pay attention to the proverb text(“Morning is wiser than night”, “snow on the head”). Sometimes Leskov can modify them.

O mixing of different modes of narration is evidenced by the nature of neologisms... They can in more detail describe an item and its function(two-seat carriage), scene(busts - combining the words busts and chandeliers, the writer gives a more complete description of the room in one word), action(whistlers - whistles and messengers accompanying Platov), ​​indicate foreign curiosities(. merblyusy mantons - camel coats, etc.), the state of the heroes (expectation - expectation and agitation, an annoying bite on which Platov lay for many years, characterizing not only the hero's inaction, but also his wounded pride). The emergence of neologisms in Leskov is in many cases due to literary play.

“Thus, Leskov's tale as a type of narration not only transformed, enriched, but also served to create a new genre variety: a fairy tale. The fairy tale is distinguished by a great depth of coverage of reality, approaching in this sense to the form of a novel. It was Leskov's fairy tale that contributed to the emergence of a new type of truth-seeker, which can be put on a par with the heroes of Pushkin, Gogol, Tolstoy, Dostoevsky ”(Muschenko E.G., Skobelev V.P., Kroychik L.E. S. 115). The artistic originality of "Lefty" is due to the task of searching for special forms of expression of the author's position in order to assert the strength of the national character.

1880s - the heyday of creativity N. S. Leskov. He spent all his life and all his strength to create a "positive" type of Russian person. He defended the interests of the peasants, defended the interests of the workers, denounced careerism and bribery. In search of a positive hero, N. S. Leskov often turns to people from the people. "Levsha" is one of the heights of the writer's artistic creativity. NS Leskov does not give a name to his hero, thereby emphasizing the collective meaning and significance of his character. “Where 'Lefty' stands, one should read 'Russian people',” the writer said. He loves his hero, but does not idealize him, showing that with diligence and skill he did not study the sciences and instead of the four rules of addition from arithmetic, he takes everything according to the Psalter C according to Half-Dream.

The narration is led by the narrator, his speech is full of neologisms. "N. S. Leskov ... is a magician of the word, but he wrote not plastically, but told, and in this art he has no equal, "- noted M. Gorky. And it's hard to disagree with this. That is why NS Leskov was constantly looking for "living faces" with a rich spiritual content, capable of arousing the interest of others. For this, N. S. Leskov uses the memoir form of a fictional work of art. "Memoir" is only an artistic means, since most of Leskov's heroes did not have prototypes.

The language of the story is “real, kondovy Russian,” it demanded a lot of painstaking work from the author. However, in the story, he is perceived simply and clearly. It contains outdated words ("English flea", "yascheysky", "veret"), vernaculars ("rumor", "trifle", "sour", "poke with hammers"), borrowed words, often distorted ("melancholy", "Small scope", "nymphosoria", "dance").

At the end of the story, Pushkin’s sayings are heard - "the deeds of bygone days" and "the tradition of antiquity."

The story has a "fabulous warehouse of legend" and "the epic character of the protagonist." The real (proper) name of the left-hander is not called, it, like the names of many geniuses, is forever lost for posterity. NS Leskov created a myth personified by fantasy.

In the last chapter, the writer regrets that with the development of technology, machines have replaced manual labor. Machines, according to the author, "do not favor aristocratic prowess, which sometimes exceeded the measure, inspired the popular fantasy to compose such fabulous legends today." NS Leskov shows that the workers appreciate the benefits that mechanics give them, but they remember the old days with pride and love.

NS Leskov himself, assessing the artistic originality of "Lefty", complains that the creation of a language is a very laborious business. In his opinion, only one love for his work can induce a person to take on such mosaic work. NS Leskov writes: "This is the very" peculiar "language and blamed me and still forced it to spoil and discolor a little."

"Lefty" is a work in which the writer has achieved great power and depth of artistic generalization. In it, the speech coloring of the depicted environment is so accurately recreated that when reading the story, the illusion of the reliability of the events and the reality of the narrator's image arises.

Republican open day for school principals.

Guryanova E.P. teacher of the Russian language and literature.

Open lesson in literature in grade 6 a.

Topic: N. S. Leskov (1831-1895). Lefty tale. Features of the tale

Lesson objectives : briefly acquaint students with the biography and work of Leskov; to give an idea of ​​\ u200b \ u200bthe genre of the tale; to interest students in the unusual narrative.

Lesson equipment: portrait of N. S. Leskov, multimedia lesson on the works of N. S. Leskov

Methodical techniques: teacher's story, expressive reading, explanation of theoretical questions, discussion of questions.

During the classes

I. Checking homework Working with the interactive whiteboard.Simulator based on the poem by N.A. Nekrasov "Railway"

II. Teacher's word.Open the first page of the media lesson. Portrait and biography of Leskov. (Leskov "Levsha")

For the first time we turn to the work of one of the most interesting Russian writers, Nikolai Semenovich Leskov. But you've probably heard about his famous hero, Lefty. This hero received, with the light hand of the writer, an independent life.

The homeland of Nikolai Semenovich Leskov is the city of Oryol.

The writer was born on February 16, 1831, his father graduated from the spiritual seminary, but did not want to become a priest, but became an official and rose to the ranks that gave hereditary nobility.

When NS Leskov was seventeen years old, his father died of cholera, and the future writer had to work and serve. He moves to Kiev to his uncle, lives and works there. In Kiev, he was caught by changes that were significant for the era: the death of Nicholas I, the lifting of many prohibitions, and the harbinger of forthcoming reforms, from which they expected more than they brought. The new era caused an upsurge in commercial and industrial activity, for which educated and enterprising people were needed, and Leskov began working in a commercial enterprise, for which he moved to the Penza province in 1857. For three years he traveled all over Russia. Later, answering the question of a newspaper reporter: "Where do you get the material for your works?" - Leskov pointed to his forehead: “From this chest. Here are the impressions of my commercial service, when I had to wander around Russia on business, this is the best time of my life, when I saw a lot and lived easily. "

III. Tale as a form of storytelling. Heuristic conversation.

The subtitle indicates the genre of the work - skaz. Remember what work, written in the genre of a tale, we studied last year. Who is its author?

How do we define the genre of the tale?(Tale is an epic genre based on folk tales and legends. It is characterized by a combination of accurate sketches of folk life and customs with the fabulously fantastic world of folklore.open the page "Genre of the work"

How is a tale different from a fairy tale?(The tale is based on a legend that, in turn, arose on the basis of a real event)

So, first the real event happens. Then, on the basis of this event, a legend arises among the people, which is told by folk storytellers. The writer gets to know this legend and tells it to his readers, recreating the appearance of the narrator (storyteller). Event - Legend - Skaz.

How do you explain what a narrator image is?(The narrator in the tale is not a real person, but an artistic image, but it seems to readers that he possesses all the features of a real person)

What features does the image of the narrator have in Bazhov's tales?(The narrator is an old experienced person who knows the ore business well, lives and works all his life in the same place where his heroes live. He loves and respects his comrades, is attentive to nature, to the feelings and lives of other people. that the storyteller is old, with a gray-haired young man, with kind eyes and deep wrinkles on his face. He is dressed in the clothes that artisans used to wear. When he tells his stories, he smiles a little sadly.)

What tale of Bazhov did we read in class? Was it interesting for you to read it?

What tales of Bazhov have you read yourself?

Let's go back to the topic of the lesson. The story of the oblique left-hander and the lame flea is a tale. What can we assume, knowing the genre of the work?(We can assume that the work was written by Leskov on the basis of a legend he heard from some person. This legend, in turn, arose on the basis of a real event)Open the page "Lefty. History of creation"

And in the first edition of "Levsha" the author pointed to a supposedly existing person, from whom he heard the legend about the master who shod a flea. But that is why Leskov's story is amazing, that neither the narrator nor the folk legend existed. There was only one joke: "The British made a flea out of steel, and our Tula shod it, and sent it back to them."

IV. Working with the tutorial... Reading an excerpt from Yuri Nagibin's article.

The image of the narrator and the images of the heroes created by Leskov turned out to be so convincing that after the publication of this tale in Tula, a legend arose about a left-handed person who shod a flea.

Reading an excerpt from L.A. Anninsky's book "Leskovskoe necklace". Leskov created the image of the narrator, on whose behalf the story is told. Speaking about the heroes of the work, we will keep in mind that the narrator is the same hero. He has a special speech and his own, special attitude to the events he talks about.

V. Expressive reading and conversation on issues.Open the text "Lefty" on the whiteboard

1. The teacher reads the first chapter of the tale.

1. What elements of folklore have you noticed? (Vthe tale has a beginning, there are repetitions. The ending of the tale contains edification: "And if they had brought the words of the left-handed people to the sovereign in due time, in the Crimea, in a war with the enemy, there would have been a completely different turn of events.")
2. Who do you think the narrator could be, the narrator?(The storyteller is most likely a simple person, artisan, artisan. In his speech there are many inaccuracies, vernaculars, inversions characteristic of folklore, historical characters - Alexander I and Platov - are shown from the point of view of a commoner.)
3. When and where does the story take place? (The action takes place in Russia and in England shortly after the war with Napoleon, the Vienna Congress of 1814-1815 is mentioned. The trip of Alexander I with Platov to London is a historical fact. The uprising of the Decembrists of 1825, called "confusion", is mentioned.)

2. Listen to the reading of the second chapter and commentary on it on the interactive whiteboard. "Point of view of the Tula master"

Vi. Characteristics of heroesOpen the page "State people and the left-hander"

(Alexander Pavlovich: “He traveled all over the country and everywhere, through his affection, always had the most internecine conversations with all sorts of people”; “We, Russians, are worthless with our meaning”; and others.

Platov: “And as soon as Platov notices that the sovereign is very interested in something else strange, then all the escorts are silent, and Platov will now say: so and so, and we have our own at home just as well, and will take something away”; “And Platov keeps his anticipation, that for him everything means nothing”; and etc.)

Let's pay attention to the new, unusual words of the tale. How are they formed? Give examples. Open the page "Speech of Heroes".(New words are formed, the narrator or hero collides with words unfamiliar to an illiterate person and changes them so that it is “more understandable.” For example: “small scope” - a microscope; “acidic” - kizlyarka; “Abolon Polvedera” - Apollo Belvedere; “dolbitsa "- table;" two-seated "- double;" ceramides "- pyramids; "Prelamut" - mother of pearl; "Candelabria" - Calabria, etc.)

What is the role of such words? (Such "folk" words have a humorous effect.)

V. Testing at the end of the lesson using the interactive whiteboard.

Homework

1. Reread 4-10 chapters of the tale;

1. Write out quotes characterizing Nikolai Pavlovich, Platov, left-handed.

1. Prepare a retelling of the episode of your choice.

SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE

"FIRST STEPS IN SCIENCE"

LANGUAGE FEATURES OF NS LESKOV'S TALE "LEVSHA".

Performed by a student of 8 "G" class MOBU SOSH №4

Mayatskaya Anastasia.

(Scientific adviser)

An equal to Dostoevsky, he is a missed genius.

Igor Severyanin.

Any subject, any occupation, any work seems uninteresting to a person if it is incomprehensible. The work of Nikolai Semenovich Leskov "Lefty" is not very popular among seventh-graders. Why? I think because it is difficult, incomprehensible to schoolchildren of this age. And when you start to ponder, understand, guess and get to the bottom of the truth, then the most interesting moments open up. And personally, I now think the story "Lefty" is one of the most extraordinary works of Russian literature, in the linguistic structure of which is hidden so much new for a modern schoolchild ...

The linguistic features of the story "Lefty" and appeared subject of study our work. We tried to understand each word usage unusual for the modern Russian language, to find, if possible, the reasons for the differences. We had to track such changes in all sections of the language: phonetics, morphemics, morphology, syntax, punctuation, spelling, spelling. This is what structure of our work - a description of linguistic changes in different sections of the language, although it should be immediately noted that this classification is very relative, because some linguistic changes can be attributed to several sections at once (however, like many phenomena of the modern language).

so , purpose work - to study the work "Lefty" (the Tale of the Tula oblique left-hander and the steel flea) for its linguistic features, to identify words unusual for the modern Russian language at all linguistic levels and, if possible, to find explanations for them.

2. The reasons for the inconsistencies of word use in the tale "Levsha" and modern Russian.

"The Tale of the Tula scythe Lefty and the steel flea" was published in 1881. It is clear that significant changes have occurred in the language over 120 years, and this first reason the emergence of discrepancies with modern norms of word use.

The second is the genre feature. "Levsha" entered the treasury of Russian literature also by the fact that such a stylistic device as a skaz was perfected in it.

A tale is, by definition, "an artistic orientation towards an oral monologue of a narrative type, it is an artistic imitation of a monologue speech." If you think about the definition, it will become obvious that a mixture of colloquial ("oral monologue") and book ("artistic imitation") speech is characteristic of a work of this genre.

"Tale", as a word in Russian, clearly originated from the verb "to tell", the fullness of the meanings of which perfectly explains: "to speak", "to explain", "to notify", "to say" or "to say", that is, the fairy tale style goes back to folklore. It is closer not to literary, but to colloquial speech (which means that a large number of vernacular word forms, words of the so-called folk etymology are used). The author, as it were, is removed from the narrative and reserves the role of the one who writes down what he has heard. (Evenings on a farm near Dikanka are written in this style). In "Levsha" imitation of oral monologic speech is carried out at all levels of the language, Leskov is especially inventive in word creation. And this The second reason inconsistencies with modern literary norms.

The sources of the writer's artistic language are varied - they are primarily associated with the stock of his life observations, deep acquaintance with the life and language of various social groups. The sources of the language were also old secular and church books, historical documents. “On my own behalf, I speak in the language of ancient fairy tales and in the church-folk language in purely literary speech,” the writer said. In his notebook, Leskov enters the old Russian words and expressions that interest him in their expressiveness, which he later uses in the text of works of art. Thus, in the texts of the works, the author also used Old Russian and Church Slavonic word forms, rooted in the distant linguistic past. And this third reason inconsistencies of linguistic word forms in Leskov's work with modern ones.

Igor Severyanin, also distinguished by his unusual word-creation, once wrote a sonnet dedicated to. There were lines:

Dostoevsky's equal, he is a missed genius.

Enchanted Wanderer of the Catacombs of the Tongue!

It is through these catacombs of the language of Leskov's "Lefty" that I suggest you set off.

VOCABULARY.

Referring to folk vernacular, spoken language, folklore expressions, using words with folk etymology, Leskov tries to show that Russian folk speech is extremely rich, talented, expressive.

Obsolete words and word forms.

The text of the work "Lefty", of course, is unusually rich in archaisms and historicisms (chubuk, postilian, kazakin, erfix (sobering agent), talma ...), but any modern edition contains the necessary number of footnotes, explanations of such words, so that every student can read them on one's own. We were more interested in obsolete word forms:

Comparative adjective more useful, that is, more useful;

The participle "serving" as a noun from the lost verb "serve": "... showed servant on the mouth. "

The short participle "dressed" (that is, dressed) from the disappeared head of the garment.

The participle "khosh", formed from the verb "want" (with a modern, by the way, suffix -ш-)

The use of the word "though" instead of the modern "though": "Now, if I had although one such master in Russia ... "

The case form “on figures” is not a mistake: along with the word “figure” there was also the now outdated (with a touch of irony) form “figures”.

The obsolete form of the adverb " one night " instead of “however.” (Like “ far away burst out: hurray "y).

The emergence of the so-called prosthetic consonant "in" between vowels

("Righteous») Was characteristic of the Old Russian language in order to eliminate the phenomenon of gaping (concatenation of vowels) unusual for it.

Colloquial expressions:

- "... a glass of sour cream squeezed out ";

- ".. pretty much I go ", that is, quickly

- “... so watered without mercy, ”that is, they beat me.

- "... something will take away ... ", that is, distract.

- "... smoked without overhaul "

Poodle-poodle

Tugament instead of document

Kazamat - casemate

Symphon - siphon

Grandeve - rendezvous

Tweezers = boots

Washable - Washable

Half-skipper-skipper

Puplection - apoplexy (shock)

Words with folk ztymology, formed most often by the combination of words.

Coach two-seat–Connection of the words "double" and "sit down"

In the text, there are fluctuations in the gender of nouns, which is characteristic of the literary norm of that time: “. shutter slammed ”; and unusual for the norm, erroneous forms: “his silom did not hold ", that is, the instrumental case is inclined after the masculine gender, although the nominative case is a feminine noun.

Mixing of case forms. The word "look" can be used both with nouns in V. p., And with nouns in R. p., Leskov mixed these forms: "... in different states miracles look."

- "Everything is here in your mind, - and provide. ”, That is,“ browse ”.

- “... Nikolai Pavlovich was awful ... memorable. " (instead of "memorable")

- “... they look at the girl without hiding, but with all kinship. "(Relatives)

- “... that not a single minute for the Russian usefulness did not disappear "(benefit)

Inversion:

- "... now very angry."

- "... you will have something worthy to present to the sovereign splendor."

Mixing styles (colloquial and bookish):

- "... I want to go to my native place as soon as possible, because otherwise I can get a kind of insanity."

- "... no special holidays" (special)

- "... wants a detailed intention to discover about the girl ..."

- “.. from here with a left-handed person and foreign species went. "

- “... we are going to watch their armory cabinet of curiosities. nature of perfection "

- “... each person has everything for themselves absolute circumstances It has". In addition, the use of a similar form of the predicate verb is not characteristic of the Russian language (as, for example, English; but it is precisely about the English that the hero is talking about).

- “.. I don’t know now for what need do I have such a repetition? "

Conclusion.

As you can see from the above examples, changes have taken place at all levels of the language. I suppose, having familiarized themselves with at least some of them, seventh-graders will not only receive new information, but will also react with great interest to reading the work "Lefty".

For example, we invited classmates to work with examples from the "Vocabulary" section, here you can show ingenuity, and language flair, and no special preparation is required. After explaining several variants of words with folk etymology, they offered to figure out the rest on their own. The students were interested in the work.

And I would like to finish my research with the words of M. Gorky: “Leskov is also a magician of the word, but he wrote not plastically, but - he told, and in this art he has no equal. His story is a spiritualized song, simple, purely Great Russian words, descending one with the other in intricate lines, then thoughtfully, then funny calls, and always in them one can hear a quivering love for people ... "

1. Introduction (relevance of the topic, structure of work, purpose of the study).

2. The reasons for the inconsistencies in word usage in the work "Levsha" and in modern Russian.

3. Research of the peculiarities of the Skaz language "Levsha" at all levels:

Vocabulary;

Morphology;

Word formation;

Phonetics;

Text science;

Syntax and punctuation;

Spelling.

4. Conclusion.

References.

one. . Stories and stories, -M.: AST Olympus, 1998

2.,. Historical grammar of the Russian language.-M .: Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1963

3.. Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language (1866). Electronic version.

Features of the genre of the tale "Lefty" by N. S. Leskov

"The Tale of the Tula oblique left-hander and the steel flea" Nikolai Semyonovich Leskov wrote in 1881. The original idea of ​​the author was to "pass off" his work as a folk legend, written down by him. But designated as the story of an old gunsmith, "The Tale ... of the Left-Handed" turned out to be so talented that many readers took it for a piece of oral folk art.

The very word "skaz" means that the narration is conducted orally. Listeners perceive the intonation of the narrator, speech, free from the norms of the literary language, filled with vernacular words and phrases.

The first thing that readers pay attention to is the lively spoken language of the work. The narrator and the heroes use words in the wrong sense: internecine conversations are conversations among themselves, distorting sounds ("horny nose" instead of humpback, "curl" instead of "fold"). They combine unfamiliar words ("busters" combined busts and "chandeliers", "Melkoskop" - "microscope" and "shallow"). Foreign words are changed in the Russian way ("pudding" becomes "studding", "microscope" "small scope").

However, Leskov's neologisms tell the reader more than words used correctly. They evoke whole figurative pictures in our minds. Thus, the word "busters" did not just contain two words. We seem to see the ballroom in the palace, light and majestic. This speaks of the richness and imagery of folk thinking.

The very history of the left-hander is closely connected with folklore. After all, even before Leskov's work, there were legends about the Tula masters.

The choice of a man of the people as the main character is also not accidental. The left-hander embodied the best national traits: talent, ingenuity, honesty, nobility, love for the homeland. However, his death also symbolizes the fate of an ordinary person, unnecessary to the state and forgotten by it.

The opposition of power and people is characteristic of folklore tradition. The people are depicted as gifted and brilliant, and the authorities are headstrong and cruel to them. The left-hander loves his homeland and, dying, thinks that it is impossible to clean guns with bricks, “otherwise<…>they are not good for shooting. " The authorities are indifferent to the common man, worried only about their own well-being.

It is no coincidence that readers mistook Leskov's "Lefty" for a folklore work. Not only the language of the tale, the image of its protagonist and the main ideas were understandable to the common man. The author's attitude, indifference and sympathy for the people’s lot, perhaps, bring the work closer to the reader than all artistic techniques.

Searched here:

• features of skaz lefty
• artistic features of skaz lefty
• features of the tale of Leskov