... To oppress lawlessness with slavery.
D. I. Fonvizin

“Everything turned pale before two striking works: before the comedy“ The Minor ”by Fonvizin and“ Woe from Wit ”by Griboyedov. They are not the mockery of one person, but the wounds and diseases of the whole society, exposed. "

These words were said about Fonvizin by the great Russian writer N.V. Gogol. What caused Fonvizin's sarcastic mockery, what did his evil jokes feed on? ..

The decree of Catherine II of 1762 "On the freedom of the nobility" gave practically unlimited rights to the nobility. And the age of Catherine became a time of external prosperity and internal decline of the country, in all respects, from enlightenment to the development of serfdom. In Catherine's era, the situation of the peasants was especially difficult, because the power of the landowners over the serfs was not limited. Progressive people of their time raised the question of any restrictions on the arbitrariness of the landowners. One of the first Russian comedians, Denis Ivanovich Fonvizin, belonged to them, and in his comedy "The Minor" he clearly showed that slavery "cannot be tolerated in a well-established state."

Fonvizin in his comedy portrayed in the images of Prostakova, Skotinin not the shortcomings of individuals, but brightly, colorfully and, which is especially important, very accurately described all the feudal landlords with their rudeness, cruelty, and ruthless attitude towards the peasants subject to them. These landowners are haunted by the thirst for hoarding, greed, the passion for profit: they sacrifice everything public to their own, personal. At the same time, their attitude - in particular, Mrs. Prostakova and her son - to education is also characteristic. Not considering it necessary, they thereby further emphasize their moral inconsistency. Their arbitrariness makes the life of serfs difficult, full of suffering, hardship and pain. No one has a living from such landowners: neither courtyard nor quitrent. Both those and others feel the imperious and ruthless hand of the master. Fonvizin in his comedy, revealing the image of Mitrofan, makes it clear that even with the new, young generation, the situation of the peasants will not improve, but, most likely, will become even more difficult, since “what can come out of such a Mitrofan, for which ignoramuses - the parents pay more and money for the ignorant - for the teachers. "

Using the images of the feudal landlords and their peasants, Fonvizin showed how the corruption of the human person proceeds under the influence of serfdom. The ideology of these people completely coincides with their social status. If Eremeevna is a slave at heart, then Prostakova is a true slave owner. The entire comedy "The Minor" fully reflects the reality. Belinsky said that "together with Derzhavin, Fonvizin is the complete expression of the Catherine's age." Fonvizin himself is a serf-nobleman. He cannot speak of the complete abolition of serfdom, he only speaks of its mitigation. But the main ideological hero of "The Minor" Starodum is against the oppression of the human person. “It is illegal to oppress your own kind with slavery,” he says.

I'M GOING TO A LESSON

Lessons from Penza teachers

Methodical recommendations for conducting lessons on comedy by D.I. Fonvizina "Nedorosl" in the 8th grade

From the originator. This is a kind of continuation of the seminary "Lessons from Penza teachers", published in No. 8 for 2003. Unfortunately, not all of the most interesting finds made by Penza language writers were included in that selection. Today we offer our readers one more material, developed by a creative group of language teachers of school № 51.
Note that the teachers of this city work mainly on the educational and methodological complex "In the world of literature", prepared by a team of authors edited by A.G. Kutuzov. Therefore, it is natural that all lessons are focused on him.

Program (section "Russian literature of the 18th century and its traditions"). DI. Fonvizin. "Minor"

Basic characters. Dramatic conflict. Features of the composition. Ways to create a comic effect. Reflection in the comedy of the ideas of the 18th century. The meaning of comedy for contemporaries and subsequent generations

Lesson 1. D.I. Fonvizin. "Minor": educational ideas and Russian literature. Commented reading of the poster and the first act

Working with a tutorial article

What is the role of the writer in the 18th century?

Why did Fonvizin know court life well?

What does an ideal state look like from the point of view of educators? (“We are obliged to obey and submit to every sovereign, without exception, since he has an indisputable right to this; but we must respect and love only his virtues” - Michel Montaigne.)

Why does Fonvizin choose drama?

Why is Fonvizin's favorite genre comedy?

Individual message about the comedy "Brigadier". With the hero of what work we have read, can we compare Ivanushka and why?

The pinnacle of the playwright's creativity - "Minor" (1782)

Working with the epigraph on the chalkboard

... There in the old years,
Satyrs brave lord
Fonvizin shone, friend of freedom ...
(A.S. Pushkin)

Introductory speech of the teacher

The connection of the playwright's work with the historical setting, with the social and artistic thought of the 70s-80s.

Fonvizin was one of the first to touch upon the topic of serfdom - the foundations of his contemporary social system. He considered the unlimited power of the landowners over the peasants to be a great social evil, which could lead the noble state "to the very brink of ultimate destruction and destruction."

Recall the features of dramatic works

DRAMA (from Greek - action, action) is one of the main types of fiction (along with epics and lyrics). It is written in a dialogical form and, as a rule, is intended for staging on stage; the basis of the drama is action. Reproduces, first of all, the world external to the author. Dramatic works are characterized by acute conflict situations that imperiously induce the characters to verbal and physical actions.

COMEDY is a dramatic genre that depicts life situations and characters that cause laughter.

Features of the composition of the pieces XVIII century- the subordination of the composition of the stage work to the rule of three unities.

Events take place over the course of one day and in one place - a provincial manor house, in the house of the landowner Prostakova.

Independent vocabulary work

Card (8 groups). Explain the lexical meaning of the word. As a result of group work, "Dictionary of Comedy", the vocabulary of which is replenished during the entire work on the work.

Heartlessness - lack of softness, cordiality; soullessness, cruelty.

Voivode - in Ancient Russia and in some Slavic states - the chief of an army, a district.

Garrison - belonging to a military unit located in a settlement, fortress or fortified area.

Yard - belonging to the household. Yard people. Outbuilding for courtyards(noun).

Dvornya (collect.) - under serfdom: domestic servants in a landlord's house. Numerous d.

Noble - owned by a nobleman.

Nobleman- person belonging to the nobility.

Despotism - 1) autocratic rule. Monarchic d.; 2) the behavior of the despot (in the second meaning). D. tyrant.

Careerism - pursuit of a career, pursuit of personal well-being, promotion in personal interests.

Greed - striving for personal gain, profit, greed.

Serf - a serf peasant.

Serf - the owner of serfs, a champion of serfdom.

Scammer - a person who is engaged in fraud, a rogue, a swindler. Small m.

Undergrowth - in Russia in the 18th century: a young nobleman who has not reached the age of majority and has not yet entered the civil service; transfer- stupid youth dropout ( colloquial iron.).

Exposure - to expose, revealing something unseemly, harmful, criminal, severely censure. O. vices.

Guardianship - a form of protection of personal and property rights of incapacitated persons (children who have lost their parents, the mentally ill). Take care. Establish guardianship.

Opposition - opposition, resistance ( book.). Someone's politics. To be in opposition to someone else(disagreeing with someone's views and actions, to oppose them).

Estate - land ownership of the landowner. Large, small p.

Devote (what, who, what) - to designate, to give. P. my life work.

Privilege - preemptive right, privilege. War Veterans Privileges.

Courtier - a person who is with the monarch (as well as with a member of his family), who is part of his entourage.

Enlighten (who, what) - to transfer knowledge to someone, to spread knowledge, culture.

Devastation (who, what) - violation, destruction of someone's material well-being, bringing to poverty. R. family.

Collusion - engagement, agreement between the parents of the bride and groom ( outdated.).

Stinginess - great stinginess, greed.

Money-grubbing - greed, desire for profit.

Hard worker - a person who works; hardworking person. Village workers.

Petitioner - the one who submits the petition.

Petty - in Russia before the beginning of the 18th century: written request, complaint. Submit petition.

Favorite - a favorite of a dignitary who receives the benefits and benefits of his patronage.

Assignment for working with a dictionary: be able to explain the lexical meaning of words, make phrases and sentences with words, choose words from a dictionary that may be needed in work on characterizing a hero, interpreting the author's position, and so on.

Who is the main character of the play for you?

Prostakova - a play about her fate. Sophia- the reason for the rivalry between Mitrofan, Skotinin, Milon. Starodum- everything depends on his opinion. Mitrofan- after all, the play is called "Minor".

Working with title(teacher comment)

According to the order established during the reign of Peter I and Empress Anna Ioannovna, every seven-year-old boy-nobleman was obliged to appear at the Heraldry School-Office of the Senate, to say how old he was, what he studied, where his parents and ancestors served, how many serf souls his parents had. Then the "ignoramus", as the boys were called then, were allowed to go home. Five years later, at the “second examination”, the child should have already been able to read and write. After that, he was sent to military or civilian service, allowing him to stay at home only if his parents pledged to teach his son a foreign language, arithmetic, the Law of God. At the age of fifteen, the young man came to a new review, and he was either assigned to an educational institution, or they took a subscription that he would learn geography, history and military engineering.

Work with the poster

Commented reading of the poster. Speaking surnames.

The development of a dramatic conflict. What is the balance of power in the play?

The noble intellectuals Sophia, Starodum, Milon, Pravdin are opposed to the Prostakovs – Skotinin, the ignorant backward serf-owners. ( Who accounts for whom?)

What are the goals and aspirations of both groups?

Selfish acquisitives are opposed to those who want justice, convinced opponents of "malicious ignoramuses", educated and humane people.

How, on this basis, do you imagine the conflict that has arisen between them?

Commented reading and analysis of the first act

Nothing tormented my heart like innocence in the hands of deceit. I have never been so pleased with myself as if it happened to snatch prey from a blemish from my hands.(Starodum)

Reading scenes and dialogues from the first act

How are the characters of the spouses Prostakovs, Mitrofan, Skotinin revealed in the first scenes? How do they behave, what is their speech?

Fitting a caftan (app. 1-3). Barbaric attitude of Prostakova towards serfs, her lust for power and despotism.

The theme of lordly tyranny is the main one in the play. (The play begins with a scene with the tailor Trishka being bullied by the “mistress inhuman”.)

"Mitrofanushka ... mother's son, not father"(manifest. 4). Mitrofanushka is a spoiled and shameless "mama's son".

"The intentions of Prostakova and Skotinin"(manifest. 5).

Skotinin is a stupid rude man, a cruel landowner, anxious about the forthcoming "collusion" with Sophia.

The dialogue between Prostakova and Skotinin characterizes them as cruel serf-owners. “Since we have taken away everything that the peasants had, we cannot rip anything off. Such a disaster! " (Prostakova complains to her brother.)

Self-interest, money-grubbing, profit - the behavior of the Prostakovs and Skotinin is subordinate to them.

Serfdom ,believes Fonvizin, not only leads the peasants to the position of uncomplaining slaves, but also deafens the landlords.

Why does Skotinin want to marry? Do you like the "girl"? No, we need her "villages" in which pigs are found: Skotinin has a "death hunt" for them.

So, the EXPOSITION of the play - the acquaintance with the characters took place.

Why did Prostakova initially have nothing against her brother's marriage to Sophia? ( She considered her a dowry.)

Prostakova changes her plans(manifest 6)

Why is she changing her plans? ( He learns that she is the heiress of a rich uncle, Starodum.)

What is the comic of her behavior? (Inconsistency: he wants to consider his fiction as true, the truth is fiction.)

What interesting things do we learn about Prostakova? ( Can't read.)

It is from this event that the dramatic conflict begins to develop - this is the BINDING of the play. And it seems that nothing will help Sophia.

The balance of forces is not changing in favor of the Prostakovs-Skotinin(manifest. 8).

What event changes the balance of power? (Soldiers came to the village to stand, led by officer Milon, Sophia's fiancé. He is a friend and associate of Pravdin, a staunch opponent of the “malicious ignorant”.)

Lesson 2. Commented reading of comedy: speech and actions as the main means of creation character in a dramatic work

Homework check: discussion of the compiled presentation text, its comparison with the sample text.

Morning at Prostakova's house

Morning. The omnipotent mistress examines the caftan made by the tailor Trishka. And although the caftan is sewn "pretty little", it is difficult to please the capricious lady. “Thief”, “thief's mug”, “blockhead”, “swindler” - these are the mildest epithets with which she awards her servants.

A frequent visitor to the Prostakovs' estate is her brother Skotinin, whose very name speaks volumes. Today he came to his sister to set the day of the "conspiracy." The fact is that Prostakova, having robbed a distant relative Sophia “on a legal basis,” decided to marry her off to her brother. At the same time, Sophia's opinions are not asked, of course.

And here is the son of Prostakova - Mitrofanushka, in whose character the features of the same serf owner as his mother and uncle are clearly visible. But in some respects he went even further than his mother. Prostakova loves her son in her own way, and the ignorant is heartless and rude to her. However, he perfectly understands who is the real master of the house, and therefore clumsily flattering his mother, telling his dream, Mitrofan “pity mother”, who is so tired, “pounding the priest”.

This is how the action of this wonderful comedy by D.I. Fonvizin, and the life of a landlord's estate of the 18th century appears before us.

Work on the topic of the lesson: what happens in the second act?

Positive characters meet, talk, find moral support and mutual understanding.

Phenomenon 1

Why does Pravdin come to the village? (He has an assignment in his service to go around the district, at the behest of his heart, noticing the use of power over people by landowners for evil, seeks to correct the situation.)

Phenomenon 2

What did Pravdin discover in the Prostakovs' estate? (“I found a landowner, an innumerable fool, and a wife despised by a fury, to whom a hellish temper makes the whole of their house unhappy.”)

Phenomenon 3

What is Skotinin's cherished dream? How is his surname reflected in his speech?

Phenomenon 4

What is Eremeevna's character in this scene? What did we learn about Mitrofan's character by reading about the clash of rivals?

Phenomenon 5

How does Prostakova manage her estate? (Find her self-characterization.)

Important: the characters of negative characters are clearly outlined.

Homework (optional)

1. Pick up aphorisms that speak of the life principles of Starodum (action III, phenomena 1 and 2; action V, phenomenon 1).

2. Complete written work-presentation "Biography of Starodum".

Lesson 3. The concept of dramatic conflict and its development. Reading the roles of individual scenes of the comedy

Analysis of the third action

Mind, since it is just mind, is the most trifle. With fleeting minds we see bad men, bad fathers, bad citizens. Good manners give him a direct price.(Starodum)

Phenomenon 1

Whose worldview does the conversation between Starodum and Pravdin introduce us to? (The dialogue introduces the worldview of the progressive noble intellectuals who sharply criticize the “depraved age” of Catherine II, her idle and vicious nobles and ignorant landlords-serf-owners.)

The images of the bearers of virtue are Starodum and Pravdin. Positive images of lovers - Sophia and Milona. They are entrusted with the thoughts and feelings of the playwright himself and those close to him. They talk about what is dear to the author: about the need to instill in a person from childhood the consciousness of duty, love for the Fatherland. Infallible honesty, truthfulness, self-esteem, respect for people, contempt for baseness, flattery, dishonesty. They put forward concepts of honor, nobility and wealth that are directly opposite to simpletons of all ranks.

Their speeches reveal the arbitrariness of the government, which gives rise to people in Russia who are unworthy to be people, nobles, unworthy to be nobles.

Homework check

We read the written work "Biography of Starodum". Comprehend the “speaking surname”(what and who is the ideal of the author). Peter I and his era.

Working with cards "Life principles of Starodum"(by rows). Determine what socio-political and moral issues he touches. Formulate and write them down. If possible, supplement the cards with your own examples.

Card I

• In the then century under Peter I, the courtiers were warriors, but the soldiers were not courtiers.
• In the big world there are tiny souls.
• Where the sovereign thinks, where he knows what his true glory is, there humanity cannot but return their rights.
• It is in vain to call a doctor to see the sick is not cure: here the doctor will not help, unless he himself becomes infected.

Card II

• It is illegal to oppress your own kind with slavery.
• An ignoramus without a soul is a beast.

Card III

• Ranks begin - sincerity ceases.
• Ranks are often begged for, but true respect must be earned.
• A downright loving person is jealous of deeds, not ranks.

Card IV

• Cash is not cash denominations.
• Wealth does not help a foolish son.
• The golden fool is all fool.

Messages on the results of work in the group

1) The role of government is to know what its role is: to protect human rights. The tsar and the great world are “unhealthy”, “little souls” instead of serving the state take care of their careers.

Starodum does not hide his opposition to Catherine's monarchy. In the army, noble loafers enjoy themselves, having not been in a single battle, and military officers are neglected. Flattery, rivalry, and mutual hatred soar at court. Anyone who does not want to lie, hypocrite, flatter in the struggle for a warm place, resigns, as Starodum did. So, to be in favor at court, one must be dishonest. It is difficult to characterize the situation more sharply. And although Starodum does not say a word about the empress, it is clear that the dishonorable awards can be poured in at the court of either a stupid or a dishonorable monarch. Nobody considered Catherine II stupid.

Fonvizin, as Panin's secretary, lived at the court until 1773 and saw with his own eyes the fierce struggle of court groups and individuals on the narrow road to the empress's mercy, “Where two, having met, cannot part. One dumps the other. "

The continuation of Starodum's conversation with Pravdin completes the gloomy picture. To Pravdin's words that people like Starodum should be called to court for the same purpose as a doctor is called to the sick, Starodum replies: "My friend! You are wrong. It is futile to call a doctor to see a sick person. Here the doctor will not help, unless he himself gets infected. "

The arbitrariness of the government as a result of the unlimited power of the Empress and her favorites, the arbitrariness of the bureaucracy, natural in a country where there is no firm legislation, arbitrariness in a serf estate, where the power of some people over others is not limited and is not controlled by anyone, arbitrariness in the family, the pursuit of power is everywhere , the insatiable power of wealth, the measure of which determines the strength of power - these are the links in a single chain that fosters servility, baseness of the soul, meanness - anything but humanity.

2) Serfdom is illegal. If an uneducated person does not yet have a soul, he is a beast.

The "undersized" only demanded a human relationship to the serfs. “It is illegal to oppress your own kind with slavery,” says Starodum. But Fonvizin understood that moral preaching did not reach the consciousness of serf-owners, that conviction alone could not influence tyrants who were corrupted by uncontrolled power. According to the writer, government intervention is necessary. And the law at that time forbade the landowner only to kill the peasant. Prostakova, on the other hand, did not kill anyone, did not injure her, did not burn her maids with tongs, like Countess Kozlovskaya, did not force the lackeys to tickle the girls in her presence until they gave up their breath, did not drive out naked in the cold, did not sew the fingers of an inept seamstress to her body, even did not pinpoint to death, as many, many nobles did. Prostakova is not Saltychikha, who tortured 140 peasants. She is an ordinary ordinary landowner, and the fact that Fonvizin portrayed her just like that is the great power of comedy, its deep truth in life. Saltychikha, Kozlovskaya and other monsters were spoken of as exceptions. The image of Prostakova, which absorbed the features of thousands of landowners, was supposed, according to the author, to become a living reproach to the gentlemen in whose houses the same thing happened. And not only for gentlemen. Having forced Pravdin to take Prostakova's estate into custody at the end of the comedy, Fonvizin tells the government a way out: all landowners who mistreat the peasants should be deprived of the right to own the peasants. Everyone, not just rabid killers.

3) Service. The main thing is not ranks, but deeds.

"It is much more honest to be bypassed without guilt than granted without merit." "I will calculate the degree of nobility according to the number of deeds that the great gentleman has done for the fatherland ..."

4) Wealth is not in money.

The huge influence on human relations of another terrible force - the power of money. In The Nedoroslya, Fonvizin showed that “money is the first deity,” sovereign masters over serfs are themselves slaves of money. Mrs. Prostakova is rude to everyone who depends on her, and she fawns at Starodum when she learns that he has ten thousand. She pushes Sophia around at the beginning of the play and curses up with her - a bride with wealth. She remembers with pride father, who knew how to make a fortune with bribes, and, without hesitation, teaches his son: “I found the money, do not share it with anyone. Take everything for yourself, Mitrofanushka. " "The rich man ... the one who counts out what is too much to help the one who does not have what is needed.", - says Starodum.

5) Wealth in spiritual qualities. The dignity of a person is his soul, heart.

What can Fonvizin oppose to all this? Belief in the good principles of the human soul, which, according to the enlighteners, is capable of distinguishing bad from good; hope for the strength of conscience - a faithful friend and strict judge of a person; moral sermon: "Have a heart, have a soul and you will be a man at all times" and the like.

To Pravdin's remark - "So, you left the yard with nothing?" - Starodum answers: “The price of a snuffbox is 500 rubles. Two came to the merchant. One paid money, brought home a snuffbox. Another came home without a snuff box. And you think the other came home with nothing? You are wrong. He brought home his 500 rubles in whole. I left the courtyard without villages, without ribbons, without ranks, but I brought mine home intact, my soul, my honor, my rules ”.

Starodum resigns, not wanting to oppress his own kind with slavery, he leaves for Siberia, acquires a small fortune there and, upon returning, preaches his views in a narrow circle of people close to him. Fonvizin behaves more courageously: he writes "Minor". And he understands the meaning of his act, through the lips of Milo, placing the fearlessness of a statesman who speaks the truth to the sovereign, risking his anger, higher than the fearlessness of a soldier going into battle. Death in battle is honorable. Opala threatens with dishonor, slander, doom to inaction, moral death.

Fonvizin is not afraid of opals. But, having pronounced the harsh verdict of Catherine's Peseta, what could he offer in return? What are those new, not similar to European, ways and forms of life, about which he wrote to Bulgakov? The playwright did not rise above the idea of ​​replacing the bad advisers of the tsar with the Starodums, the bad officials with the Pravdins, the careerists of the military with the Milones, and the bad landowners with the good ones.

Generalization.

What covenant of his father does Starodum consider to be the main one for himself? What aphorisms do you find interesting and important today?

Lesson 4. Lesson-workshop “Traditions and innovations of comedy by D.I. Fonvizina "Minor" "

1. Traditions of classicism in comedy. Features of the plays of the 18th century (individual communication)

• Submission of the composition of a stage work to the rule of three unities: place, time, action.

Are these three unities observed in Fonvizin's comedy? Events take place over the course of one day and in one place (in a provincial manor house, in the house of the landowner Prostakova).

• Satire must correct morals, teach... Does comedy correct morals what it teaches?
• Vice and virtue must be visualized, and virtue must, of course, triumph.

The main characters of the comedy are sharply divided into two camps. In one - representatives of vice, "evil" - Prostakova, Skotinin, Mitrofan. In another camp, the bearers of virtue are Starodum, Milon, Pravdin, Sophia.

Does virtue prevail? Virtue really wins.

• According to the traditions of classicism, each hero should have some one characteristic feature.

Determine what are the main quality heroes, the bearers of what vices or virtues they are.

Prostakova is “malevolent”, Prostakov is downtrodden, Skotinin is bestial, Mitrofan is ignorant, Starodum is straightforward, Pravdin is honest, Sophia is noble ...

• In the plays of that time, there is always a hero who directly expresses the author's ideas, his most cherished and dear thoughts.

In "Nedorosl" this is Starodum. Its main task is to express what the author wants to convey to the audience.

2. The innovation of Fonvizin the playwright

• The heroes of the comedy turned out to be much more complicated than tradition required. They are not only walking masks of the bearers of virtue or vice.

Are Kuteikin, Vralman, Tsyfirkin, Eremeevna bad or good? You cannot answer unequivocally.

Fonvizin follows the classic tradition of portraying goodies. Portraying negative heroes departs from this tradition.

Prove that Prostakova is not only malevolent, find her positive qualities.

Prostakova cruel and rude, but she madly in love with his son... In the finale of the comedy in front of us suffering mother losing the last consolation - the consolation of her son. She no longer evokes laughter, but sympathy.

Define the character traits of Mitrofan that go beyond the definition of an ignoramus and a "mama's boy."

Mitrofan not only an ignoramus and a "mama's boy". He cunning, knows how to flatter his mother (story about a dream). Smart(answer to Starodum's question). Heartlessness- this is his most terrible feature. “An ignoramus without a soul is a beast,” says Fonvizin. Mitrofanushka the ignoramus is ridiculous, but the repulsive mother is terrible.

• Fonvizin's innovation lies in his ability to structure the speech of his heroes in such a way that the reader represents the characters of the characters.

Individual tasks for the compilation of speech characteristics

Prostakova's speech is illiterate, but very changeable. From timid, obsequious to domineering and rude. Confirm with examples.

Skotinin's speech is not only rude, but also fully corresponds to the surname. He speaks of himself and of others as animals. Confirm with examples.

Starodum's speech is the speech of an educated, cultured person. She is aphoristic, sublime.

What is the originality of the speech of Kuteikin, Vralman, Tsyfirkin?

• Everything in the play is national: theme, plot, social conflict and characters of the characters. And in the works of classicism, in the depiction of characters, they tried to reveal not the individual, but the general, eternal, inherent in people of all countries and times.
• Virtue wins.

But why do the goodies win?

They win accidentally... Not because there is a just law. He turned out to be an honest man Pravdin. The governor here is a good man. Uncle Starodum arrived on time. Accidentally I saw Milon's detachment through the village. A confluence of happy circumstances, not the triumph of a just law.

Innovation is the idea of ​​the author. The idea of ​​enlightenment is not new. Fonvizin asserts that education alone is not enough. “Science in a depraved person is a fierce weapon to do evil,” says Starodum. "Enlightenment elevates one virtuous soul." First you need to cultivate virtue, take care of the soul, and then - about the mind.

The playwright believes that such a law is needed so that virtue is beneficial, so that everyone understands that “without good behavior, no one can go out to people. Then everyone finds his own benefit to be well-behaved and everyone becomes good. "

Thus, it turns out that the landlords are not to blame for their ill-will, the officials and the sovereign are to blame, who do not establish a good law.

A truly statesman in comedy is Starodum (thinks in terms of the era of Peter I). Unfortunately, in the modern era, the author does not need honesty, courage, or concern for the benefits of the state.

Beginning with the comedy "The Minor", Russian literature entered into a noble struggle against state power, a struggle for justice and for a person.

4. Aphorism

A short expressive statement containing a generalizing inference.

Individual task: find and list the expressions of Fonvizin, which enriched Russian speech with catchphrases, became aphorisms.

Homework. Retelling an article from a textbook; prepare answers to questions (by options).

Speech characteristics - Fonvizin's great achievement.

Prostakova is an imperious landowner, speaks abruptly, imperatively, often turning to shouting, distorting words, using rude expressions and insulting others. Affectionately addresses only Mitrofan.

Starodum- an educated and humane person. His judgments are label and witty ("Small souls are found in the big world", "Cash is not dignity").

A vivid imagination and heartfelt responsiveness early manifested in Fonvizin's relations with those around him. He was able to feel the state of another person as his own and, in his words, “he was not so afraid of anything how to do injustice to someone, and for that he was not so afraid of anyone as before those who depended on me and who would answer they were not able to me ”.

However, this did not mean that he was timid and compliant.

“My addiction to satire showed up very early. My sharp words rushed across Moscow. As they were sarcastic for many, the offended announced me as an evil and dangerous boy. They soon began to fear me, then hate me ... My works were sharp curses: there was a lot of satirical salt in them, but not a drop of reason, so to speak, ”the writer admitted.

For example: “Oh, Klim, your deeds are great! But who praised you? Relatives and two stutterers. "

From his youth, Fonvizin mastered the art of "mimicking", acting reincarnation. He was characterized by the ability to "take on the face" of a familiar person and speak "not only with his voice, but also with his mind."

In all his first experiments, the gift of speech is manifested.

Practicing the theme "Speech characteristics of heroes"

Target: show high dramatic skill in the creation of speech characteristics.

1. Individual tasks:

1) the life of Kuteikin; biography of Tsyfirkin; Vralman's life;

2) vocabulary inherent only to Kuteikin; Tsyfirkin; Vralman.

2. Working with the class. What is the originality of Kuteikin's speech?

Speech dropout seminarian. Built on Church Slavonic vocabulary and phraseology, saturated with forms of Church Slavonic: pitch darkness, the talk of the town; woe to me, a sinner; the local diocese, hungry, called byh and come; God willing, if Vladyka did not make me wise too etc.

What is the originality of Tsyfirkin's speech?

Speech based on being in the past was a soldier and now teaches arithmetic. Hence, in his speech, constant calculations, as well as military terms and phraseological turns. Give examples to prove this.

What is the originality of Vralman's speech?

Make a brief description of the speech. Give examples.

3. Assignments for work in groups:

Compile the speech characteristics of Skotinin(only one group works in this lesson).

• talk, characterizing Skotinin.
• Prove with comedy materials that the entire lexical structure of Skotinin's speech characterizes his bestial character. For proofs, use not only lexical material, but also syntactic constructions.

Work on the text of the comedy(continuation)

Phenomenon 3

Reading by Role(Prostakova, Milon, Skotinin, Starodum, author's remarks)

How does the relationship of Starodum, Pravdin, Milon and Sophia differ from the relationship of the Prostakovs, Skotinin? What is amazing about a brother and sister relationship?

Lack of related feelings. ("Let go! Let go, father! Give me to the face, to the face ...")

Phenomenon 7

Reading by Role(Prostakova, Mitrofan, Tsyfirkin, Kuteikin, author's remarks)

How is Mitrofanushka learning?

How does Prostakov explain the need for his teachings?

How is the teaching going?

Who are Mitrofanushka's teachers?

How does Mitrofan himself relate to teachers and teaching?

Important: Throughout the comedy, the theme of the upbringing and education of young nobles runs through. “A nobleman, for example, would consider it a first dishonor not to do anything when he has so many things to do: there are people to help; there is a fatherland to serve ”(app. 1. d. 4).

The upbringing that Prostakov gives to his son kills his soul. Mitrofan loves no one but himself, does not think about anything, treats the teachings with disgust and waits only for an hour when he becomes the owner of the estate and will, like his mother, push around his loved ones and uncontrollably dispose of the fate of the serfs.

Analysis of the fourth action. Reading the roles of the advice of Starodum (yavl. 2).

Homework

Assignment for everyone: compare Prostakova in the lesson of Mitrophon and Starodum in a conversation with Sophia. What do they teach, what do they consider to be the main thing - ideals of heroes in whom? How do they want their children to be?(It is desirable to perform in the form of a plan, a comparative table.)

Individual tasks:

• the life of Kuteikin; biography of Tsyfirkin; Vralman's life;
• vocabulary inherent only in Kuteikin's speech; Tsyfirkina; Vralman (prepare orally);
• prepare an analytical retelling of the fifth act;
• answer the questions:

What does Starodum say about upbringing and enlightenment? What, in his opinion, is more important? What ways does Starodum see to make people kind?

What "merit" award does each of the comedy characters receive? How did Prostakova's malice turn against her in the last act?

Lesson 5. Continuation of the workshop lesson

Group assignments(continuation):

Draw up the speech characteristics of Prostakova.

• Analysis of the author's remarks. Find synonyms for the verb talk, characterizing Prostakova.
• Analysis of references in Prostakova's speech: how they change depending on the situation.
• Prove with comedy materials that the character of a person is rude, unrestrained, tyrannical. For proofs, use not only lexical material, but also syntactic constructions.

Make up the speech characteristics of Starodum.

• Analysis of the author's remarks. Find synonyms for the verb talk, characterizing Starodum.
• Prove with the materials of the comedy that Starodum's speech is saturated with book vocabulary, testifies to his education and high morality. For proofs, use not only lexical material, but also syntactic constructions.

Checking work in groups.

Summarizing: With the help of speech features (characteristics), the author managed to create unforgettable images of the heroes of the comedy. Let us recall that speech characteristics are the main means of creating an image in a dramatic work.

Continuation of the analysis of the fourth action.

Prostakova adapts to Starodum's requirements and changes her tactics. She pretends to be a hospitable mistress of the house, tries to please the honorable guest. He never misses an opportunity to praise himself and Mitrofan. Sharp transitions in behavior - from rudeness to exaggerated courtesy - reveal the cunning and hypocrisy of Prostakova.

Scene "Mitrofan's Exam" (yavl. 9), reading (possibly with elements of dramatization) and brief explanations.

What can be said about the knowledge of Mitrofan?

Does a nobleman need science? How do Prostakova and Skotinin answer the question? What was Prostakova up to when she learned about the upcoming departure of Sophia and Starodum?

Checking individual assignments.

Retelling-analysis of the fifth act of the comedy.

What does Starodum say about upbringing and enlightenment? What, in his opinion, is more important? What ways does Starodum see to make people kind?

What "merit" award does each of the comedy characters receive? How did Prostakova's malice turn against her in the last act?

Outcome: The goals of the Prostakovs and Skotinin are insignificant and base (enrichment at the expense of the suffering of other people). The positive characters in the play strive for the triumph of justice and truly human feelings.

Analysis of the final scene

What led Prostakov to the disaster? Who is more right in explaining the cause of Prostakova's misfortune: Pravdin (“mad love” for Mitrofan “brought her most of all”) or Starodum (“had the power to do bad things to others”)?

How does Prostakov's son see and what is he really like? Prostakova turns to her son for sympathy. But he rudely pushes her away: “Yes, get off, mother! How imposed ... "To the woeful cry:" I have no son! " - Starodum answers with words full of deep meaning: "Here are evil worthy fruits!"

Homework

Choose the topic of the essay (topics are suggested in the textbook) or come up with your own wording. Pick up material for it.

Lesson 6. Creative workshop: work on an essay on the comedy by D.I. Fonvizina "Minor"

Proposed essay topics for analysis:

• "Merry" family.
• Funny and sad in Mitrofan.
• The life of Starodum.
• Teachers Mitrofan.

Three main laws(Imagine that you have the opportunity to establish three laws. What laws will they be? How to formulate them? How to explain their meaning to people?)

• Education and upbringing.(What is the difference between education and upbringing? An educated person and an educated person are the same thing? What, in your opinion, should be the main goal of upbringing? And what is the goal of education?)

Preparation for the essay

Self-selection of episodes of a literary work. Their analysis is determined by this topic. What is a characteristic?

Characteristic- this is a description of a living person and character, that is, stable human characteristics that depend on the lifestyle and are manifested in actions, deeds and statements.

How is the composition structured - characterization of the character?

1. Thesis - a thought is expressed.

2. Arguments - proved by examples from the text.

3. Conclusion - a logical generalization.

Characteristic of Mitrofanushka

(Essay; main theses)

What determines a person's character?

From the environment, life, conditions for the formation of a young person as a person. This is how D.I. Fonvizin in the comedy "The Minor". Its importance is underlined by the title itself.

General notes about the character

Mitrofanushka, "an ignoramus", is one of the main characters of the comedy. Mitrofan is a Greek name and translated into Russian means “like a mother”. This is a fifteen-year-old young man, the son of provincial landowners, despotic and ignorant serf-noblemen.

Logical transition. New thought

"Like a mother" ... This already says a lot. But no, in some respects he went further than his mother.

Generalization, transition and new thought

His mother loves him (albeit in her own way), and Mitrofan only pretends to be loving. In fact, he is heartless, extremely selfish and rude.

Proof

At the end of the comedy, when Prostakova is looking for sympathy from him, the “ignoramus” rudely pushes her away: “Let go of you, mother! How imposed. "

Intermediate thesis

His rudeness and cruelty are manifested in everything.

Proof

“Teachers” came to him - he grumbles: “Shoot them, take them!” Tsyfirkin, who really wants to teach him something, he calls the "garrison rat." The old serf nanny Eremeevna for all the worries hears only abuse in her address. And after they failed to kidnap Sophia, he and his mother intend to “take for people,” that is, flog the servants.

Logical generalization

Thus, teachers for him are enemies, and servants ... he does not consider servants to be people either.

Moving on to a new thought

But, speaking about the character traits of Mitrofanushka, one cannot fail to mention his extreme ignorance ...

Job assignments:

Come up with your introduction to work.

Divide the text into paragraphs.

Style tips:

You don't need to use many quotes, especially large ones.

Avoid repeating words, use synonyms.

Use only those words and phrases that you understand.

Pay attention to the correct word order in the sentence.

Do not write fragmentary, unfinished sentences, subordinate clauses without a main one.

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Mistakes that are often made:

• unclear or erroneous formulation of thought;
• lack of evidence or insufficient evidence;
• inconsistency of evidence of the expressed thought;
• lack of logical generalizations;
• lack of logical connection between the individual parts of the essay.

It is illegal to oppress your own kind with slavery

The heroes of DI Fonvizin's comedy are people from different strata of the population who lived at the end of the 18th century. It is known that serfdom finally took root in Russia in 1649 and for a long time formed the basis of social and social relations. For almost two hundred years, the nobles mistreated their peasants in fact on legal rights, about which many works have been written.

One of the most prominent representatives of the Russian classics of the late 18th century was D.I.Fonvizin, who raised the problem of oppression

Forced people in tragicomic form. In his play "The Minor", the author showed the life of the cruel landowner Prostakova, who took possession of the villages by dishonest means, who talks to her servants like cattle. Her brother by the name of Skotinin differs little from her.

It is known that it was no coincidence that Fonvizin chose the names and surnames for his heroes, but with the intention of showing their essence. Skotinin, for example, loved his pigs more than anything else. In contrast, such as him, heroes with euphonious names are shown: Starodum, Sophia, Milon, Pravdin.

A special role is assigned to Starodum, a retired sixty-year-old man who, with his speeches, opens the eyes of those around him to the evil mores of the Prostakov family.

This man served at the imperial court and adheres to the old foundations. He believes that everyone needs to receive public education, and most importantly, to maintain goodness in their souls. Because even the smartest person without a kind soul can turn into a monster.

The phrase "To oppress your own kind with slavery is lawless" was introduced by Fonvizin and put into the mouth of Starodum. The hero was in every possible way against bullying the serf layer.

In contrast to him, Mrs. Prostakova is shown, easily humiliating, insulting and punishing her peasants. She pays them negligible, only the charlatan Vralman, who was once a coachman, manages to get a high salary from her, like a great scientist. She considers it normal to be rude to the elderly Eremeevna, who gave forty years of her life in the service of their family.

Trishka is treated like cattle by the tailor.

In a word, Prostakova is used to humiliating the peasants, raising herself against their background, her son of a fool and her weak-willed husband. However, everything is decided by Starodum's insight and the awareness of the state official Pravdin. For fraud and mistreatment of the peasants, he deprives the evil landowner of the village and the entire economy.

At the end of the work, Prostakova remains at a broken trough and even her son turns away from her.

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40. DI Fonvizin wrote his comedy "The Minor" at the end of the 18th century. Despite the fact that several centuries have passed since then, many of the problems raised in the work are relevant to this day, and her images are alive. Among the main problems that are highlighted in the play was the author's meditation on the legacy that the Prostakovs and Skotinins are preparing for Russia. Previously […]...

There are people from different walks of life who lived at the end of the 18th century. It is known that serfdom finally took root in Russia in 1649 and for a long time formed the basis of social and social relations. For almost two hundred years, the nobles mistreated their peasants in fact on legal rights, about which many works have been written.

One of the most prominent representatives of the Russian classics of the late 18th century was D.I.Fonvizin, who touched upon the problem of oppression of forced people in a tragicomic form. In his play "The Minor", the author showed the life of the cruel landowner Prostakova, who took possession of the villages dishonestly, who talks to her servants like cattle. Her brother by the name of Skotinin differs little from her.

It is known that it was no coincidence that Fonvizin chose the names and surnames for his heroes, but with the intention of showing their essence. Skotinin, for example, loved his pigs more than anything else. In contrast, such as him, heroes with euphonious names are shown: Starodum, Sophia, Milon, Pravdin. A special role is assigned to Starodum, a retired sixty-year-old man who, with his speeches, opens the eyes of those around him to the evil mores of the Prostakov family.

This man served at the imperial court and adheres to the old foundations. He believes that everyone needs to receive public education, and most importantly, to maintain goodness in their souls. Because even the smartest person without a kind soul can turn into a monster. The phrase "To oppress one's own kind with slavery is unlawful" was introduced by Fonvizin and put into the mouth of Starodum. The hero was in every possible way against bullying the serf layer.

In contrast to him, Mrs. Prostakova is shown, easily humiliating, insulting and punishing her peasants. She pays them negligible, only the charlatan Vralman, who was once a coachman, manages to get a high salary from her, like a great scientist. She considers it normal to be rude to the elderly Eremeevna, who gave forty years of her life in the service of their family. Trishka is treated like cattle by the tailor.

In a word, Prostakova is used to humiliating the peasants, raising herself against their background, her son of a fool and her weak-willed husband. However, everything is decided by Starodum's insight and the awareness of the state official Pravdin. For fraud and mistreatment of the peasants, he deprives the evil landowner of the village and the entire economy. At the end of the work, Prostakova remains at a broken trough and even her son turns away from her.

What is the role of positive characters in DI Fonvizin's comedy "The Minor"?

2.5. What plots from the works of Russian and foreign literature are relevant to you and why? (Based on the analysis of one or two works.)

Explanation.

Typical for the comedy of this time, the method of combating evil was the opposition to the negative phenomenon of a positive phenomenon, and in those cases when it did not exist in reality, it was portrayed as if it really existed. In full accordance with these aesthetic requirements, the four negative characters of "The Minor" - Prostakova, Prostakov, Skotinin and Mitrofan - Fonvizin opposed the same number of positive characters - Starodum, Pravdin, Sophia and Milon.

The main positive character of the play Starodum is to a large extent the exponent of the author's opinions. Fonvizin would later emphasize his unanimity with Starodum by calling his name a journal intended to serve as an organ of the same circle of ideas that found a vivid expression in Nedoroslya.

One detail is noteworthy. Fonvizin did not say a word about whether the main positive hero of his comedy was a landowner. The author has put into the mouth of Starodum a significant phrase: "it is illegal to oppress your own kind with slavery." Forming the center around which the positive characters of the play unite, Starodum appears on the stage only in the third act. If the character of Starodum is distinguished by a certain static character, then one cannot nevertheless say that the main positive character of "The Little Growth" is an abstract scheme, "the repository of all virtues," as they said then. Talking about his past, Starodum does not hide the fact that he very much regrets - the inappropriate fervor that prompted him to quit military service. He is not devoid of a sense of humor and knows how to joke, as can be seen from his dialogue with Skotinin, who is beginning to understand that Mitrofan is not without reason interfering in his conversation with Starodum about his marriage to Sophia.

Often, when speaking about the positive characters of the comedy, critics put Starodum and Pravdin on the same level, considering them to be equally the spokesmen of the author's opinions. Meanwhile, Fonvizin himself, uniting Starodum and Pravdin on the basis of "honest people", gives each of them an individual face. /.../

Starodum can be viewed as a collective image, embodying not only the features of Fonvizin himself, but also those of his contemporaries, for whom adherence to Peter's “antiquity” was a kind of rejection of Catherine’s “novelty”. It was already clear to the next generation that the image created by Fonvizin is rooted in Russian historical reality. Prototypes were sought for him both among the associates of Peter I, and among the closest circle of Fonvizin.