Traditions of the culture of healing in Russian literature. The image of a medical worker in Russian literature

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The image of a doctor is not the most popular topic in Russian literary criticism. And although literary and cultural studies have repeatedly noted the presence of great potential in the study of this issue, nevertheless, in general, the images of doctors in Russian literature are referred to as "of great importance" without explaining this formulation.

We can agree that the image of a doctor is often one of the most interesting, deep and important, not only because the specified period of time is rich in works that can serve as examples of the connection between medicine and literature. In 1924 M. Gorky spoke very sarcastically about Russian literature: “Russian literature is the most pessimistic literature in Europe; all our books are written on the same topic: how we suffer. " Thus, we can say that the images of doctors and their relationships with patients, as a rule, are only part of the overall picture of the "total disease of society."

The image of a doctor penetrates into traditional romantic works together with their characteristic aesthetics of life as suffering, decline, destruction, torment, which ends only with death. The writers of the era of romanticism do not skimp on physiological details to emphasize the break with the tradition of sentimentalism. A peculiar motive of love for death and thirst for death appears. Death is perceived as a cure for all worldly sorrows and diseases. The aesthetics of romanticism includes writing epitaphs, being present at funerals, in cemeteries, looking at dead bodies, etc. The motive of hope for "otherworldly recovery" arises.

In this regard, the image of Dr. Werner from the novel by M. Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time", who is partly a romantic and partly realistic hero, is especially interesting. On the one hand, "he is a skeptic and materialist, like almost all doctors", and on the other, "the irregularities of his skull would have amazed any phrenologist with a strange interweaving of opposite inclinations." In this character it is equally easy to detect both demonic traits and his extraordinary humanity and even naivety. For example, Werner was well versed in people, in the properties of their character, but "never knew how to use his knowledge", "mocked his patients," but "wept over a dying soldier." Doctor of literary studies Lermontov Turgenev

In the era of great discoveries in medicine, much less attention was paid to medical ethics. Physicians of this period are most often portrayed in literature as nihilists or materialists, disillusioned with human nature. If in the literature of the second half of the 19th century there is a positive image of a doctor, then, according to E.S.Neklyudova, he, as a rule, is eccentric, lonely and unhappy in family life. Being engaged in the human body by the nature of his profession, he does not understand the human soul. Helping people to live, he, nevertheless, himself is deeply disappointed in life. So, in Russian literature, the image of a doctor appears, responsible not only for human health, but also for the meaning of his existence. For example, Dr. Krupov from the story of the same name by A. I. Herzen, who began his career as a doctor, driven by a desire to help people. He believed that the human being is built rationally and in the likeness of God, but, however, moving from theory to practice, he discovered that disease and pathology are also part of human nature. By the nature of his profession, dealing mainly with diseases, Krupov comes to the conclusion that the course of history is ruled not by reason, but by madness, that human consciousness is painful, that there is no healthy human brain, just as there is no “pure mathematical pendulum” in nature ... In the novel "Who is to blame?" Krupov already "not so much heals as reflects on everyday life and suits the fate of the Krutsiferskys, Beltovs, and others." In general, the entire novel, in contrast to the story "Doctor Krupov", focuses on the social nature of the disease. A. I. Herzen speaks, rather, about the "illness of society", so here Krupov's profession acquires a symbolic meaning.

Another well-known image of a doctor in the second half of the 19th century. - the image of the medical student Bazarov from the novel by I. S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". Bazarov's affiliation with doctors does not have such a deeply symbolic meaning as Herzen's. It should be noted that Bazarov's profession throughout the novel remains, as it were, on the periphery, his confidence in his own knowledge of life and people comes to the fore, in fact, his complete inability to resolve even his own everyday and worldview contradictions, he knows little and does not understand well even in himself, therefore many of his thoughts, feelings, actions are so unexpected for him. However, the topic of the connection between diseases and the structure of society is not bypassed in this work either. Bazarov, inclined to simplifications, says: “Moral diseases ... from the ugly state of society. Correct the society - and there will be no diseases. " Many of Bazarov's statements sound bold enough, but these are rather hints of actions than the activity itself.

In The Death of Ivan Ilyich, L. N. Tolstoy demonstrates how great the gap is between the patient and the doctor who understands the disease in a purely materialistic way. “For Ivan Ilyich, only one question was important: is his position dangerous or not? But the doctor ignored him. From the point of view of the doctor, this question is idle and not subject to discussion; only the weighing of the probabilities - the vagus kidney, chronic catarrh and caecum disease - is essential. There was no question about the life of Ivan Ilyich, but there was a dispute between the vagus kidney and the cecum ... ".

The connection between literature and medicine, perhaps, never manifested itself as fully and diversely as in the work of A.P. Chekhov, on the one hand, absorbing the experience of previous generations, on the other, giving it a new depth and reliability. In the story "Ward No. 6" doctor Andrei Efimovich Ragin is broken precisely by the uselessness of medicine in the face of death, the inability of medicine to give people eternal life, which turns all the efforts of the doctor into a "tragic delusion", delaying the inevitable. In one of the most famous works of Chekhov about a doctor, the story "Ionych", the main character is not so much mired in the little things of life as he refused to understand the meaning of being if death "puts the limit on life", if "the world has nothing but physicality." After realizing the instability of all that is beautiful and spiritual, this character begins to lead an earthly, bodily life, gradually acquiring money and real estate. Now he is only interested in the most mundane things. The reason for this is precisely the disappointment in the previous values and ideals, the realization of one's own powerlessness.

Summing up, we can say that in Russian literature the image of a doctor has come a long and interesting way from a charlatan to a romantic hero, from a romantic hero to a down-to-earth materialist and from a materialist to a bearer of morality, a hero who knows the truth, who knows everything about life and death, who is responsible for others in the broadest sense.

The image of a doctor in Russian

literature

Abstract on the discipline "Russian language and literature"

CONTENT

Introduction .3

The image of a doctor in the life and work of the writer - doctor A. P. Chekhov 4

The image of a doctor in the life and work of the writer-doctor V.V. Veresaev ... ... 7

The image of a doctor in the life and work of a writer-doctorM. A.Bulgakov….10

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………... 13

Introduction

The profession of a doctor is not only important and interesting.

Medical practice is associated with various aspects of life: birth, life, suffering and death.

The image of a doctor in Russian literature is a serious and responsible topic.

One of the popular writers who turned to the work of a doctor is Anton Pavlovich Chekhov. The profession of a doctor is reflected both in Vikenty Vikentievich Veresaev and Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov. Their works reflect the strengths and weaknesses of medicine, show the medical environment, with all its pluses and minuses. We will consider the image of a doctor using examples of the works of the above authors.

Can the hero be associated with his author? The ideal doctor - what is he like? To answer these questions, it is necessary to turn to a number of Chekhov's works. These are "Jumping" (Dr. Dymov), "Ionych" (Dr. Startsev), "Ward No. 6" (Dr. Ragin).

These are the works of Bulgakov: "Notes of a Young Doctor", "Morphine" (Dr. Baumgard); Heart of a Dog (Doctor Preobrazhensky); "Without a road" (Dr. Chekanov). This is Veresaev's Notes of a Doctor.

And, of course, one cannot but take into account the life path of the writers themselves, the memories of their contemporaries.

The aim of this work is to study the image of a doctor in Russian literature.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

Get acquainted with the biographies of medical writers: A.P. Chekhov, V.V. Veresaev, M.A. Bulgakov;

To study the works of A.P. Chekhov, V.V. Veresaev, M.A. Bulgakov about doctors;

Reveal the peculiarities of the characters of the heroes-doctors in the works of writers-doctors.

Doctor's image inLife and work of the doctor-writer A.P. Chekhov

Anton Pavlovich Chekhov entered the medical faculty of Moscow University in 1879. Chekhov himself admits that he does not know why he chose medicine. Probably, my heart prompted. In his autobiography, transmitted by G.I. Rossolimo, he writes that he never regretted his choice.

During his student days, he studied medicine diligently, attended lectures and practical classes with great desire, successfully passed exams, and in his free time he worked in humorous magazines. Already in his student years, Anton Pavlovich organized "industrial practice" and received patients in the Chikinskaya hospital, which was located near Voskresensk.

In November 1884, Chekhov received a certificate that he was approved by the University Council in the rank of district doctor. A plaque appeared on the door of his apartment with the inscription "Dr. A. P. Chekhov."

In addition to the Chikinskaya zemstvo hospital, he was in charge of the Zvenigorod hospital. Anton Pavlovich closely observed the life of the local population - peasants, district intelligentsia, landowners during the period of his medical activity in different cities: Voskresensk, Zvenigorod, in Babkin.

Patient stories served as the basis for the creation of works of art, such as "The Fugitive", "Surgery", "Dead Body", "Siren", "Albion's Daughter", "Burbot", "Witch".

Chekhov was personally acquainted with the zemstvo doctors, and their life is reflected in the stories "Enemies", "Trouble", "Princess", in the play "Uncle Vanya".

In 1890, on a trip to Sakhalin Island, the best features of the doctor Chekhov were manifested. Since 1892 Chekhov has been living on his estate in Melikhovo, where he establishes a regular reception of patients. The medical writer has been practicing medicine for almost his entire life. After becoming a writer, he continues to practice.

Medicine helped Chekhov, enriching him with a scientific understanding of human psychology.

In the story "The Jumping Girl", written by Chekhov in 1891, the husband of the main character is the doctor Osip Stepanovich Dymov. Devoted to his work, he treated the sick for a penny. His colleagues liked him for his character, which is characteristic of doctors. Simple, smart and noble. He worked in the office at night, treated patients.

Chekhov believed that "you need to describe life as smooth and smooth as it really is." His heroes-doctors are ordinary people, and yet their lives are subjected to careful analysis.

In the story "Ionych" we observe the everyday life of the city of S., the Turkins' family and Dr. Dmitry Startsev.

One gets a very pleasant impression of the doctor. At the beginning of the story, Dmitry Ionych is "an extraordinary, amazing doctor", unusually hardworking: "there was a lot of work in the hospital, and he could not find a free hour in any way." He was interested in everything, knew how to think, assess what was happening and even dream.

Unfortunately, this is all in the past.

“Startsev already had a lot of practice in the city. Every morning he hastily received the sick at his place in Dyalizh, then he went to the city's patients, he left not in a pair, but in a troika with bells and returned home late at night. " Everyone seems to be not understanding enough, but he still continues to go to the evenings, not getting close to anyone and not communicating with anyone.

Now Startsev's hobby for mainly private practice and the senseless counting of banknotes speaks of dishonest service to medicine.

What has he become? In a sharp, irritable, impatient Ionych, who lives "bored, nothing interests." At least the good Turkins do not seem so negative compared to Doctor Startsev.

Introducing the reader to the life of ward No. 6, Chekhov shows the life of modern times: "In the hospital yard there is a small outbuilding surrounded by a whole forest of burdock, nettles and wild hemp." The story introduces the mentally ill people. Long and boring time passed for patients suffering from medical indifference.

Dr. Ragin. Immediately, he appears to be very far from the medical environment:

Appearance: the rough appearance of an innkeeper and an old shabby coat;

A doctor not by vocation, but by the will of his father, he himself dreamed of becoming a priest, indecision, indifference to himself;

Disappointment in medicine, after hard work, receiving patients, operations, suddenly everything began to seem useless;

Indifference to the sick.

He himself "dug" this hole with his own helplessness.

Chekhov's doctors are simple, gentle, kind people. Their life goes on smoothly. Chekhov's doctors neither copy the path of the writer, nor do they have prototypes.

Anton Pavlovich, possessing knowledge of human psychopathology, analyzing people for many years, comes to the conclusion that his heroes die internally, and only then from illness.

Chekhov's medicine is the truth about life and death, about the creation of life.

He believed that "knowledge of the biological side of man" is imperative to become a writer.

2. Doctor's image inLife and work of the writer-doctor V.V. Veresaev

A contemporary of Chekhov, writer V.V. Veresaev in 1888, being a candidate of historical sciences, entered the University of Dorpat at the Faculty of Medicine. "Memories" Veresaev - the desire to study medicine and become a writer who knows a person well, both in a healthy state and during illness.

In the year he graduated from the Faculty of Medicine and begins medical practice in Tula. During, they call for military service as a military doctor, inManchuria.

In his works, he spoke about the strengths and weaknesses of medicine, showed the medical environment, doctors who used the noble profession for profit, and those who lived among the people, took his needs to heart, gave him their knowledge and strength. The reader becomes a witness of hunger, crop failures, epidemics. It was very difficult for doctors to work in such conditions.

The story "Without a Road" - a confession - a diary, which tells about 44 days of the life of a young doctor Dmitry Chekanov.

Everything seems boring and unnecessary to him. Chekanov lost faith in himself.

He is ashamed of his privileged position. After the news of the cholera epidemic, Chekanov leaves for a provincial town.

The second part of the diary shows a picture of the life of the people: "The people eat clay and straw, hundreds are dying from scurvy and hungry typhus." It is in this "backwater" that Chekanov acquires the meaning of life, manifests himself as a real doctor. I had to work a lot: all night long in the barracks, home appointments, childbirth, I slept for three hours. At first, the young doctor gets a little lost among the common people, cannot find a common language with them, and new patients do not trust intellectual doctors and do not accept help from them. Every day the situation becomes more and more difficult: people are dying of merciless cholera, there is not enough working personnel, and the worst thing is that strength and energy are leaving.

But suddenly, when volunteers come to the barracks and take care of the patients free of charge, when the doctor realizes that he is acting as a savior of many lives, his mood changes dramatically.

The end of the story is still optimistic, since the doctor “is light and joyful in his soul. Often tears of boundless happiness come to the throat. " He is sure that “there is no need to despair, you need to work hard and hard, you need to look for a way, because there is a lot of work,” and he speaks about this to the rest, just as young, seeking, “roadless”. For him, as a doctor, the interests of the patient became paramount. He died at his post.

A significant place in the work of Veresaev is occupied by the work that brought him fame - "Notes of a Doctor" (1901). Working on the book for eight years, the writer reveals the secrets of the medical profession.

These are dreams and reality, a difficult test on the way to the most responsible profession.

The range of issues shown by the writer is significant: the relationship between a doctor and a patient, a person's dependence on medicine, reflections on experiences and risks in medicine, and payment for treatment.

The hero of the work is "an ordinary average doctor", a recent student, not yet a "man of the profession."

The first thing the hero makes us think about is health.

“Health is the most important thing, everything else revolves around it, nothing is scary with it, no trials; to lose it means to lose everything; without him there is no freedom, no independence, a person becomes a slave of the people around him and the environment; it is the highest and most necessary good ”.

The path of becoming a multifaceted medicine is winding, and only those who are not afraid to take risks, gain experience by the method of their own mistakes and experiments, sometimes even in humans, pass it. But can a doctor risk the lives of others? Who gave him the right to dangerous experiments? The doctor must acquire the skill to easily cope with the assigned tasks and to provide assistance to the patient at any time. But theoretical knowledge at the institute is only the foundation, which cannot be useful without practice. There will always be the first patient, there will always be fear of the unknown.

The profession of a doctor is not the execution of instructions, but an art. The hero finds strength. Can he not believe in medicine, if it makes it possible to save people, because “the disease is cured not only by medicines and prescriptions, but also by the soul of the patient himself; his cheerful and faithful soul is a tremendous force in the fight against the disease. "

"The sword of" accident "hanging over the head of Damocles" keeps the doctor in constant nervous tension. Patient shyness interfering with treatment.

The young doctor is shown in development. “When I started studying medicine, I expected everything from her; seeing that medicine cannot do everything, I concluded that it cannot do anything; now I saw how much she could still do, and this much filled me with trust and respect for science, which I so recently despised to the depths of my soul ”- this is an important confession of a future doctor who will not be afraid of difficulties, experiments and responsibility. The hero will boldly go forward, studying not only the narrow scope of his profession, but also the "colossal circle of sciences" in contact with medicine.

Doctor Veresaeva comes to the conclusion that you need to learn a lot and work on yourself for a long time and hard.

The main thing is the fight. Struggle with life and circumstances, struggle in overcoming oneself.

3. Doctor's image inLife and work of the writer-doctor M. A. Bulgakov

In 1909, Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov entered the Medical Faculty of Kiev University. In 1915, at the height of the war, when Kiev began to turn into a front-line city, the military department turned to the administration of Kiev University with a request to prepare a list of students wishing to serve in the army. And Bulgakov was among the first who decided to voluntarily go to the front.

After graduating from the university in 1916 with the title of "doctor with honors", he immediately began work at the Red Cross hospital in Pechersk. “I had to work a lot: Mikhail very often was on duty at night, in the morning he came physically and mentally broken, literally fell on the bed, slept for a couple of hours, and in the afternoon there was again a hospital, an operating room, and so almost every day. Mikhail loved his work, treated it with all responsibility and, despite fatigue, was in the operating room for as long as he saw fit. " In the last days of September 1916, Bulgakov and his wife arrive in the village of Nikolskoye, where events will unfold, which will later be reflected in his works.

“In 1918 he came to Kiev as a venereologist. And there I continued to work in this specialty - not for long. " It was not possible to arrange a normal, peaceful life in those years. Since the beginning of 1919, the government in Kiev has been constantly changing, and each new government has mobilized Bulgakov as a military doctor into its army.

As a military doctor, he ends up in Vladikavkaz, where he falls ill with typhus. When the city is occupied by the Reds, Mikhail Afanasevich hides his involvement in medicine, begins to cooperate with local newspapers, and instead of the doctor Bulgakov, Bulgakov the writer appears. He will no longer return to the professional occupation of medicine.

The profession of a doctor was imprinted on all of Bulgakov's work. But of particular interest are those works that reflect the medical activities of the writer himself and the experiences associated with this, and these are, first of all, "Notes of a Young Doctor" and "Morphine".

These works "contain deep human problems of contact between a doctor and a patient, the difficulty and importance of the first contacts of a doctor-practitioner, the complexity of his educational role in contact with a sick, suffering, frightened and helpless one."

The "Notes of a Young Doctor" reflects many genuine cases of Bulgakov's medical activities during his work in the zemstvo hospital in the village of Nikolskoye, Smolensk province. Many of the operations performed were reflected in his stories: amputation of the thigh ("Towel with a Rooster"), turning the fetus on the leg ("Baptism by turning"), tracheotomy ("Steel Throat").

The hero of the stories, Vladimir Mikhailovich Bomgard, is a young doctor, a former student who was assigned to the remote village of Gorelovo. Here he starts to panic: “What am I going to do? A? What a frivolous person I am! It was necessary to abandon this site. " But there is no way out, he is the only surgeon, a person with a higher education in this backwater.

The young doctor had not yet had time to get used to it, to buy glasses in order to look more personable and experienced, when workdays began. And immediately - amputation. Anyone would be at a loss, would wish a quick death to the girl, so as not to torment either her or himself, as, incidentally, the young man did. Fortunately, someone and another lived in it, who sternly ordered: "Camphor". Only "common sense, whipped up by the extraordinary situation" worked for him. And here already no glasses will overshadow the talent, courage and confidence of the surgeon during the operation. "And in everyone - both Demyan Lukich and Pelageya Ivanovna - I noticed respect and surprise in their eyes."

Medical duty is what determines his attitude towards patients. He treats them with a truly human feeling. He deeply regrets the suffering person and ardently wants to help him, no matter what it costs him personally. She also regrets the little choking Lidka ("Steel Throat"), and the girl who fell into a crush ("Towel with a Rooster"), and the woman in labor who did not reach the hospital and give birth by the river in the bushes, and stupid women who talk about their illnesses in incomprehensible words ("The Lost Eye").

The young doctor is not afraid to say how difficult it is for him to admit his mistakes. Introspection, sincere repentance, and remorse take place here.

Mikhail Bulgakov was keenly observant, impetuous, resourceful and courageous, he had an outstanding memory. These qualities define him as a good doctor, they helped him in his medical work. He made diagnoses quickly, was able to immediately grasp the characteristic features of the disease; rarely made mistakes. Courage helped him decide on difficult operations. "Notes of a Young Doctor" was created on the basis of "Notes of a Doctor" (1901) by Veresaev, with whom Bulgakov became a friend.

For Veresaev, "the only way out is that you can see your personal destiny and success only in the fate and success of a common cause." For the author and protagonist of "Notes of a Young Doctor", professional success is important, and he sees cooperation in unity with his medical colleagues.

Bulgakov's doctors deserve respect for their hard work, they are trusted, because they saved the lives of many.

These doctors will never reveal medical secrets, endowed with a sense of duty, merciful, serve medicine. They don't make mistakes.

If a doctor needs knowledge, then he strives to receive it with great joy.

Bulgakov teaches us to suffer and experience, love and disgust, believe and wait, that is, to really feel and live.

“Even being an ordinary average person, a doctor nevertheless, by virtue of his very profession, does more good and shows more selflessness than other people,” wrote V.V. Veresaev.

Conclusion

Literature and medicine met in the works of medical writers, how poetry and prose came together in Lermontov, like ice and fire came together in Pushkin.

The medical writers were medical professionals with a higher medical education. It was medicine that helped them study the psychology and state of mind of a person, feel the life of their future characters, convey a part of themselves. Only medical writers can look at the doctor-hero from a right angle. Each of the writers described the images of doctors in their own way, each understood the medical profession in its own way. Chekhov's hero-doctor is kind, hardworking and sympathetic, but also malleable.

The gallery of zemstvo doctors was brought out in his works by Veresaev, who was close to the thoughts of the people and the peasant masses. Veresaev's "Doctor's Notes" - experienced situations. His physician is a thinker serving his patients.

Bulgakov's young doctors repeat the fate of the writer himself. They are educated and talented, successful, able to overcome difficulties and work on themselves, ready for experiments.

By combining the best listed qualities of doctors, you can get the perfect image. He is fearless in the face of the unknown, always on the protection of his patient, to whom you will not be afraid to hand over your life, for whom knowledge and mercy have become a professional motto.

After reading this literature, the following conclusions can be drawn:

There are many interesting facts from the life of writers in Russian literature;

In the Russian fiction of medical writers, the activities of doctors are described in detail and in depth;

Having considered the peculiarities of the characters of doctors, an idea of the ideal image of a doctor has been created.

Bulletin of the Samara humanitarian akalemia. Series “Philosophy. Philology". 2010. No. 2 (8)

LITERATURE AND MEDICINE: TRANSFORMATION OF THE DOCTOR'S IMAGE IN RUSSIAN LITERATURE OF THE XIX CENTURY *

The article summarizes the key concepts about doctors and me & iin in Russian literature of the XIX century, shows the mutual influence of literature and public life, literature and me & iina. Using the example of the transformation of the image of a doctor in Russian literature of this period, the author shows how literature becomes a part of the general development of society, reflects current cultural concepts.

Key words: the image of a doctor, transformation, soul, body, suffering.

The image of a doctor is not the most popular topic in Russian literary criticism. And although literary and cultural scientists have repeatedly noted the presence of great potential in the study of this issue, nevertheless, in general, the images of doctors in Russian literature are referred to as "of great importance" without explaining this formulation, or there are attempts to reduce them to a certain common denominator , although in reality they have undergone significant changes and can be generalized only very conditionally.

We can agree that the image of a doctor is most often one of the most interesting, deep and important, not only because the specified period of time is rich in works that can serve as examples.

* The article was prepared as part of a research that received grant support (Presidential Grant MD-333.2009.6).

Baranova Irina Alekseevna

Postgraduate student of the Department of Philosophy

humanitarian faculties Samara

State University

mi connection of medicine with literature. Of course, among writers and other figures of Russian culture, doctors were also not uncommon1, but the connection between Russian literature and medicine is manifested not so much at the level of quantitative references to certain medical realities, as in the general atmosphere and inclination of the authors, according to K. A. Bogdanov, to "pathographic discourse" 2. The psycholinguist V. P. Belyanin, having analyzed a significant part of Russian classical literature, concluded that most of it "turns out to be" sad "" 3. In 1924 M. Gorky spoke very sarcastically about Russian literature: “Russian literature is the most pessimistic literature in Europe; all our books are written on the same topic about how we suffer - in adolescence and adulthood: from a lack of reason, from the oppression of autocracy, from women, from love for one's neighbor, from an unsuccessful arrangement of the universe; in old age: from the consciousness of mistakes in life, lack of teeth, indigestion and the need to die ”4. However, one can also come across more decisive responses, according to which "moral masochism and the cult of suffering" 5 are the defining characteristics of Russian literature and culture in general.

Thus, we can say that the image of doctors, their relationships with patients and various kinds of diseases, as a rule, is only part of the overall picture of the “total disease of society” and is not an end in itself. Only after examining the transformation of the image of a doctor in Russian literature, one can see that he not only conveys the idea of medicine as a social phenomenon with its inherent signs of the times, but also generates a new, deeper understanding of it. This transformation is genetically related to the changes that all Russian literature and culture underwent throughout the 19th century. But here we should immediately make a reservation that we are primarily interested in the change in the image of the doctor in the literature of the 19th century, and not in the presence of the image of the doctor in each specific work. During this period, the image of a doctor is found in a wide range of writers and in a large number of works. Exploring them all is a task for an extremely interesting and important, but larger research volume than this article. We will rather outline the line along which these images changed, therefore, as examples, we will cite only those works that, in our opinion, made a great contribution to changing the idea of the doctor's image both among literary scholars and among the general reading public.

1 Bogdanov K.A. Doctors, patients, readers: Pathographic texts of Russian culture of the 17th-19th centuries. M.: OGI, 2005.S. 9-33.

2 Ibid. P. 9.

3 Belyanin V.P. Texts about death in Russian literature // www.textology.ru/article.html

4 Cit. Quoted from: Bogdanov K.A. Decree. op. P. 22.

5 Yarskaya-Smirnova E.R. Russianness as a diagnosis // www.soc.pu.ru/publications/ jssa / 2000/1 / 19jarskaja.html

First of all, it should be noted that the doctor was not always perceived as a hero who knows not only the patient's body, but also his soul. Even in post-Petrine Russia, despite the ruling spirit of rationalism and the active propaganda of science in general and medicine in particular (for example, in the magazines of that time one could find along with artistic, historical, philosophical and scientific-medical texts), the profession of a doctor was not in honor 6. In Russian folklore of this period, as well as in the epigrams, a skeptical or even clearly hostile attitude towards medicine and doctors is predominantly found. Researchers associate this, firstly, with the sinful, from the point of view of ordinary people, the desire to treat the disease as something separate from the patient's soul. It is worth recalling that before the advent of medicine, the functions of doctors were performed by various kinds of healers, healers, or representatives of the church (most often, monks). It was believed that the disease is an extension of the personality and a consequence of the patient's life. Illness is a punishment for a sinful life and adherence to one or more vices. Having healed the soul, the patient, as a rule, healed the body as well (this motive, for example, is quite common in the lives of the saints) 7. In addition, in such texts, one could often find almost anatomical details when describing death and diseases, which were designed to demonstrate the frailty of the body shell and reminded of the “other fate of the human soul,” that is, pursued didactic goals. The sudden break with the customary tradition aroused mistrust. In addition, until the middle of the 19th century. most of the doctors in Russia were foreigners. Thus, the alienation of the profession, as it were, was reinforced by the alienation of origin. Numerous examples of this can be found not only in folklore or epigrams, but also in the literature of the "average" style, like the novels of F. Bulgarin or V. Narezhny, as well as in the classical texts of Russian literature. Suffice it to recall the lyrical hero A.S. Pushkin, who happily "escaped Aesculapius, thin, shaved, but alive" on "e" "10, from the comedy" The Inspector General "by N. V. Gogol.

The image of a doctor penetrates into traditional romantic works together with their characteristic aesthetics of life as suffering, decline, destruction, torment, which ends only with death. Writers

6 Bogdanov K.A. Decree. op. S. 81-82.

7 Smilyanskaya E. Sacred and bodily in folk narratives of the 18th century about miraculous healings // Russian literature and medicine: Body, prescriptions, social practice: collection of articles. Art. M.: New Publishing House, 2006.S. 28-40.

8 Bogdanov K.A. Decree. op. S. 119-140.

9 Pushkin A. S. NN (V. V. Engelgardt) ("I eluded Aesculapius ...") / A. S. Pushkin // Sobr. op. in 10 volumes, Moscow: State Publishing House of Fiction, 1959. T. I. S. 72.

10 Gogol N. V. Inspector // Complete Works [In 14 volumes] / N. V. Gogol. M.; L: Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1951.Vol. 4, p. 13.

epochs of romanticism do not skimp on physiological details to emphasize the break with the tradition of sentimentalism. “Medically detailed pictures of illness, death and posthumous decomposition express the radicalism of the“ new literature ”and“ new philosophy ”” 11. And although such works have much in common with folk and religious ideas about the soul, imprisoned in a corporeal shell, nevertheless here the theme of death is devoid of the didactic unambiguity of popular print texts. A peculiar motive of love for death and thirst for death appears. Death is perceived as a cure for all worldly sorrows and diseases. The aesthetics of romanticism includes writing epitaphs, being present at funerals, in cemeteries, looking at dead bodies, etc. The motive of hope for "otherworldly recovery" arises.

The propaganda of scientific knowledge, its dissemination and the growing interest of the reading public in it gradually lead to the fact that romantic aesthetics is noticeably trivialized, a large number of parodies of the works of “cemetery” poetry appear, and, ultimately, its popularity fades away. In society, the most common concept of the body is understanding it as a kind of integral and unchanging given, and anatomical research and experiments are of interest not only to scientists, but also to the secular public, numerous confirmations of this can be found in the diaries, memoirs and letters of contemporaries12.

In this regard, the image of Dr. Werner from the novel "Hero of Our Time" by M. Yu. Lermontov, who is partly a romantic and partly realistic hero, is especially interesting. On the one hand, “he is a skeptic and materialist, like almost all doctors” 13, and on the other, “the irregularities of his skull would have amazed any phrenologist with a strange interweaving of opposite inclinations”, and “the youth called him Mephistopheles” 14. In this character it is equally easy to detect both demonic traits and his extraordinary humanity and even naivety. For example, Werner was well versed in people, in the properties of their character, but "never knew how to use his knowledge", "mocked his patients", but "wept over a dying soldier" 15. This character indicated the direction in which the image of a doctor developed in Russian literature, from Dr. Krupov A. I. Herzen to Bazarov I. S. Turgenev.

“The dominant feature of medical theory of the second half of the XIX century. becomes an apology for a “laboratory” as opposed to clinical observation of a patient “at the bedside” at home and in a hospital ”16, - writes

11 Bogdanov K.A. op. P. 164.

12 See: A. M. Stochik, M. A. Paltsev, S. N. Zatravkin. Pathological anatomy at Moscow University in the first half of the 19th century. M.: Medicine, 1999.297 p.

13 Lermontov M. Yu. Hero of our time. M.: OLMA Media Group, 2007.S. 93.

14 Ibid. P. 94.

15 Ibid. P. 93.

16 Bogdanov K.A. Decree. op. P. 19.

K. A. Bogdanov. Obviously, in this atmosphere, the human contact between the patient and the doctor fades into the background. In the era of great discoveries in medicine, much less attention was paid to medical ethics. Physicians of this period are most often portrayed in literature as nihilists or materialists, disillusioned with human nature17. If in the literature of the second half of the 19th century there is a positive image of a doctor, then, according to E.S.Neklyudova, he, as a rule, is eccentric, lonely and unhappy in family life. Being engaged in the human body by the nature of his profession, he does not understand the human soul18. Helping people to live, he, nevertheless, himself is deeply disappointed in life. So, in Russian literature, the image of a doctor appears, responsible not only for human health, but also for the meaning of his existence. For example, Dr. Krupov from the story of the same name by A. I. Herzen, who began his career as a doctor, driven by a desire to help people. He believed that the human being is built rationally and in the likeness of God, but, however, moving from theory to practice, he discovered that disease and pathology are also part of human nature. By the nature of his profession, dealing mainly with diseases, Krupov comes to the conclusion that the course of history is ruled not by reason, but by madness, that human consciousness is painful, that there is no healthy human brain, just as there is no “pure mathematical pendulum” in nature nineteen. In the novel "Who is to blame?" Krupov already "not so much heals as reflects on everyday life and suits the fate of the Krutsiferskys, Beltovs, etc." 20. In general, the entire novel, in contrast to the story "Doctor Krupov", focuses on the social nature of the disease. A. I. Herzen speaks, rather, about the "illness of society", so here Krupov's profession acquires a symbolic meaning.

Another well-known image of a doctor in the second half of the 19th century. - the image of the medical student Bazarov from the novel by I. S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". This character was a little more fortunate than most doctors in Russian literature, more than one scientific work is devoted to him, so we will not dwell on this figure in detail. Suffice it to say that this image is very different from that of Dr. Krupov. Bazarov's affiliation with doctors does not have such a deeply symbolic meaning as Herzen's. Some researchers note that Bazarov's profession throughout the novel remains, as it were, on the periphery, on the

17 Merten S. Poetics of medicine: from physiology to psychology in early Russian realism // Russian literature and medicine: Body, prescriptions, social practice: collection of articles. Art. M.: New publishing house, 2006.S. 103-122.

18 Neklyudova E. S. Household doctor and women's secrets // Mythology and everyday life: Gender approach in anthropological disciplines. SPb. : Aleteya, 2001.S. 363-364.

19 Herzen A.I.Dr. Krupov // Sobr. op. in 9 volumes, Moscow: Goslitizdat, 1955.Vol. 8, p. 434.

20Anikin A.A. The image of a doctor in Russian classics // www.portal-slovo.ru/ philology / 37293.php? ELEMENT_ID = 37293.html

But his plan comes out of his confidence in his own knowledge of life and people, in fact, his complete inability to resolve even his own everyday and worldview contradictions, he does not know well and does not even understand himself well, therefore many of his thoughts, feelings, actions turn out to be so unexpected for himself. However, the topic of the connection between diseases and the structure of society is not bypassed in this work either. Bazarov, inclined to simplifications, says: “Moral diseases ... from the ugly state of society. Correct the society - and there will be no diseases ”21. Many of Bazarov's statements sound bold enough, but these are rather hints of actions than the activity itself.

In the second half of the XIX century. the image of the nihilistic physician is becoming very common. There is an idea of the doctor as a gross materialist who is only interested in the human body. In Leo Tolstoy's novel Anna Karenina, the main character, describing the society that gathers at the table in her house, says about the doctor: “... a young man, not exactly a nihilist, but, you know, eats with a knife” 22 ... Karenina and Vronsky, violating the laws of the world, are forced to gather in their society a society that is practically indecent for the people of their position. The young doctor puts food in his mouth with a knife, not a fork, "eats with a knife", demonstrating his bad manners. "In Anna's opinion, such bad manners must have been among the 'nihilists'" 23, writes S. L. Tolstoy. OS Muravyova points out that “the remark casually thrown by the Tolstoy heroine about a young doctor who“ is not just a nihilist, but eats with a knife ”indicates that a clear connection between ideological positions and everyday habits was fixed at the level of everyday consciousness” 24 ... That is, when we say that the image of a doctor as a rude materialist existed in society, the word “rude” can be understood literally. Rude means disregarding the beautiful form “in which human relationships are clothed” 25, and ultimately disregarding the spiritual needs of the patient.

In The Death of Ivan Ilyich, LN Tolstoy again demonstrates how great the gap is between the patient and the doctor who understands the disease in a purely materialistic way. “For Ivan Ilyich, only one question was important: is his position dangerous or not? But the doctor ignored this inappropriate question. From the point of view of the doctor, this question is idle and not subject to discussion; only the weighing of probabilities is essential - wandering

21 Turgenev I.S.Fathers and children // Sobr. op. in 12 volumes, Moscow: Nauka, 1953, vol. 3, p. 289.

22 Tolstoy L. N. Anna Karenina. Kuibyshev: Book. publishing house, 1985.S. 77.

23 Tolstoy S.Y. About the reflection of life in "Anna Karenina": From the memoirs // L.N. Tolstoy / Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Inst rus. lit. (Pushkin House). M .: Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1939. Book. II. S. 584-586.

24 Muravyova O.S. "In all the splendor of his madness" (Utopia of a noble upbringing) / O.S. Muravyov // Russian Utopias (Almanac "Kanun"). You are t. 1. SPb. : Publishing house "Terra Fantastic", Publishing house "Corvus", 1995. P. 172.

giving kidney, chronic catarrh and caecum disease. There was no question about the life of Ivan Ilyich, but there was a dispute between the vagus kidney and the cecum ... "26. Ivan Ilyich's "suffering personality" is simply absent in the eyes of the doctor, he solves completely different problems: he tries to cure the patient's body, while the origins of the disease may be hidden in his soul. “Ivan Ilyich’s question is“ inappropriate ”in the literal sense - there is no“ place ”for a person experiencing danger - a threat to his life in this world. Embedding moral discourses in the apparatus of biotechnology complicates the practice of storytelling. The patient as a person receives a special “place” in them - the place of a “moral subject”. However, the gift of one's own place at the same time turns into its withdrawal. After all, the layman does not know the true “place” of this place ”27, writes P. Tishchenko. In medicine, which deals only with the human body, answers to the existential questions of Ivan Ilyich "What's wrong with me?", "Is my position dangerous?" either does not exist, or they are given in an even more frightening language, incomprehensible to the "profane".

The connection between literature and medicine, perhaps, never manifested itself as fully and diversely as in the work of A.P. Chekhov, on the one hand, absorbing the experience of previous generations, on the other, giving it a new depth and reliability. One can often come across the opinion that the images of doctors created by the writer complete the development of this topic, and all subsequent representatives of this profession (up to our contemporaries) in Russian literature are just variations of what has already been created. In the works of Chekhov, as a rule, a doctor is assigned the duty to heal not only the bodies, but also the souls of his patients. The impotence of medicine in the face of human sorrows often becomes the cause of mental breakdown and apathy in Chekhov's characters, on the contrary, the approach to the ideal of healing greatly inspires them. In the story "Ward 6" doctor Andrei Efimovich Ragin is broken precisely by the uselessness of medicine in the face of death, the inability of medicine to give people eternal life, which turns all the efforts of the doctor into a "tragic delusion", delaying the inevitable. “Why stop people from dying if death is the normal and legal end of everyone?” 28 he asks.

Thus, Chekhov again sounded the theme of the relationship between religion and medicine, their common claims for the salvation of man. However, the inevitability of destruction and death of the human body deprives the doctor of the opportunity to act in the role of the Savior, which paralyzes the will of many of his characters. In one of the most famous works of Chekhov about the

26 Tolstoy L. N. Death of Ivan Ilyich // Stories and stories. L.: Artist. lit., 1983.S. 153.

27 Tishchenko P. Bio-power in the era of biotechnology. Bioethics as a moral autopsy // http://polbu.ru/tischnko_bioauthority/ch30_all.html

28 Chekhov A.P. Chamber c 6 // Sobr. op. in 12 volumes, Moscow: State Publishing House of Fiction, 1956.Vol. 7.P. 134.

Th, in the story "Ionych", the main character is not so much mired in the little things of life, as is commonly believed, as he refused to understand the meaning of being, if death "puts a limit to life", if "the world has nothing but physicality." Startsev's mental breakdown occurs at the cemetery, where he thinks about the once beautiful female bodies, now buried in graves and decayed. “How badly Mother Nature jokes about man, how insulting it is to realize this!” 29 Startsev thinks. After realizing the instability of everything beautiful and spiritual, this character begins to lead an earthly, bodily life, gradually overgrowing with money, real estate, and he himself also increases in volume. Now he is only interested in the most mundane things. The reason for this, in our opinion, is still not the gradual oblivion of the former values, but precisely the disillusionment with the former values and ideals, the awareness of one's own powerlessness.

Startsev lets everything take its course, because he does not know what to do to change the existing state of affairs. But not all of Chekhov's characters are like that. Some of them do not undertake complex global tasks, but try to approach the ideal to the best of human strength, saving the human body and soul as much as possible. Such are, for example, Dr. Dymov from the story "Jumping" and doctor Korolev from "Case from practice." It should be added that in many of Chekhov's works there are also negative images of doctors who relate to their profession exclusively as a source of income ("Rural Aesculapians", "Surgery", etc.). He also has neutral images of doctors that do not have an obvious symbolic role. Considering that the doctor appears 386 times30 on the pages of this author's works, 30 it can indeed be assumed that Chekhov “developed all possible variations in the interpretation of this

image "31.

Summing up, we can say that the image of a doctor in Russian literature of the 19th century is not only one of the most widespread, but also one of the deepest and most filled in the number of those problems and questions that he was intended to highlight and sharpen. This is a question of the social structure of the state, and questions of religion, morality and ethics. The image of a doctor is often of great importance when the work deals with the basic modes of human existence: care, fear, determination, conscience. This is not surprising, since it is possible to penetrate into the very root of human existence only in such borderline situations that the doctor often deals with: struggle, suffering, death. In Russian literature, the image of a doctor has gone a long and interesting way from a charlatan to a romantic hero, from a romantic hero to a down-to-earth materialist and from a materialist to a bearer of morality, a hero who knows the truth, knows everything about life and death, who is responsible for others in the broadest sense.

29 Chekhov A.P. Ionych // Stories / A.P. Chekhov. M.: Artist. lit., 1963, p. 212.

30 Gromov M.P.The book about Chekhov / M.P. Gromov. M.: Sovremennik, 1989.S. 240.

31 Anikin A.A. Decree. op.

REFERENCES Sources

1. Herzen, A. I. Doctor Krupov // Sobr. op. in 9 volumes / A.I. Herzen. - M.: Goslitizdat, 1955 .-- T. 8.

2 Gogol, N. V. Inspector // Complete Works. In 14 volumes / N.V. Gogol. -

M.; L.: Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1951. - T. 4.

3. Lermontov, M. Yu. Hero of our time - M.: OLMA Media Group, 2007.

4. Pushkin, A. S. NN (V. V. Engelhardt) ("I eluded Aesculapius ...") //

Collected op. in 10 volumes / A.S. Pushkin. - M.: State Publishing House of Fiction, 1959. - T. I.

5. Tolstoy, L. N. Anna Karenina. - Kuibyshev: Book. publishing house, 1985 .-- P. 77.

6. Tolstoy, L. N. Death of Ivan Ilyich // Stories and stories / L. N. Tolstoy. - L.: Artist. lit., 1983.

7. Turgenev, IS Fathers and children // Sobr. op. in 12 volumes / I. S. Turgenev. - M.: Nauka, 1953 .-- T. 3.

8. Chekhov, A. P. Ionych // Stories / A. P. Chekhov. - M.: Artist. lit., 1963.

9. Chekhov, A. P. Chamber c 6 // Sobr. op. in 12 volumes / A.P. Chekhov. - M.: State Publishing House of Fiction, 1956 .-- T. 7.

Critical literature

I. Anikin, A. A. The image of a doctor in Russian classics // www.portal-slovo.ru/ philology / 37293.php? ELEMENT_ID = 37293.html

2 Belyanin, V.P. Texts about death in Russian literature // www.textology.ru/article.html

3. Bogdanov, K. A. Doctors, patients, readers: Pathographic texts of Russian culture of the 17th-19th centuries. - M.: OGI, 2005.

4. Gromov, M. P. The book about Chekhov. - M.: Sovremennik, 1989.

5. Muravyova, OS "In all the splendor of his madness" (Utopia of noble upbringing) // Russian Utopias (Almanac "Kanun"). - Issue. 1. - SPb. : Publishing house "Terra Fantastic": Publishing house "Corvus", 1995.

6. Neklyudova, E. S. Household doctor and women's secrets // Mythology and everyday life: Gender approach in anthropological disciplines. - SPb. : Aletheia, 2001.

7. Russian literature and medicine: Body, prescriptions, social practice: collection of articles. Art. - M.: New Publishing House, 2006.

8. Table AM, Fingers MA, Zatravkin SN Pathological anatomy at Moscow University in the first half of the 19th century. - M.: Medicine, 1999.

9. Tishchenko, P. Bio-power in the era of biotechnology. Bioethics as a moral autopsy // http://polbu.ru/tischnko_bioauthority/ch30_all.html

10. Tolstoy, S. L. On the reflection of life in "Anna Karenina": From memoirs / Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Inst rus. lit. (Pushkin. House). - M .: Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1939. - Book. II.

II. Yarskaya-Smirnova, E.R. Russianness as a diagnosis // www.soc.pu.ru/publications/ jssa / 2000/1 / 19jarskaja.html

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on the topic: The image of a doctor in Russian fiction

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Shevchenko Galina

Doctors are representatives of one of the most difficult professions. In their hands is the life of a person. The essence of the profession of a doctor is most clearly revealed in the works of classical literature. Writers from different eras often made doctors heroes of their works. Moreover, many talented writers came to literature from medicine: Chekhov, Veresaev, Bulgakov. Literature and medicine are brought together by the deepest interest in the human person, since it is the caring attitude towards the person that determines the true writer and the true doctor. Since ancient times, the main commandment of a doctor is “do no harm”.

The image-profession of a doctor in Russian classics has an increased semantic load, even when it appears fleetingly in a work, in a short episode. Let us recall the work of Astafiev "Lyudochka". In one of the episodes, we meet a guy who is dying in the hospital. The boy caught a cold in the cutting area, and a boil appeared on his temple. The inexperienced paramedic scolded him for turning over trifles, squeamishly squeezing the abscess with her fingers, and a day later she accompanied the guy, who had fallen into unconsciousness, to the regional hospital. Perhaps, during the examination, the paramedic herself provoked the breakthrough of the abscess, and he began to exert his destructive effect.

In medicine, this phenomenon is called "iatrogeny" - the negative impact of a medical professional on a patient, leading to adverse consequences.

For comparison, I would like to cite Bulgakov's story "Towel with a Rooster." A young doctor ended up in a provincial hospital after a medical university. He is worried about the lack of professional experience, but he scolds himself for his fear, because the medical staff of the hospital should not doubt his medical competence. He is shocked when a dying girl with a shattered leg is on the operating table. He never performed amputations, but there is no one else to help the girl. Despite the fact that the hero of the story is not alien to human weaknesses, like any of us, all personal experiences, all personal experiences recede before the consciousness of a medical duty. It is thanks to this that he saves human life.

In my opinion, the most complete fate of the doctor, with all its life twists and turns and troubles, with the search for our own "I", we can find in the works of A.P. Chekhov ("Ward No. 6", "Case from practice", "Ionych", etc.).

M.A. Bulgakov can be called the successor of the tradition that has developed in Russian literature, which can be conditionally designated as a "doctor-writer". A writer of this type doesn't just portray the professional practice of the doctor, he turns to the spiritual side of healing.

In "Notes of a Young Doctor" Bulgakov draws a parallel, quite traditional for Russian literature, between the concepts of "doctor" and "man", trying to show us that one is inconceivable without the other. Also, in the stories of Bulgakov's cycle, the main features of this situation were reflected: the loneliness of the doctor, his existence outside history, outside the family, an indication of his proximity to foreigners (the doctor's name is Bomgard, his best "friends" are the books of the German Doderlein, his predecessor, about whom he recalls with gratitude, also a German - Leopold Leopoldovich). In the course of his professional activity, a young doctor finds himself on the brink of life and death, performs the functions of a healer not only of the body, but also of the soul.

The peculiarities of the cycle "Notes of a Young Doctor" are that we are given a unique opportunity to track the professional growth of a doctor. The "young" doctor, making the journey from death to life together with the patient, acquires not only new knowledge, but also a new status in society.

In this regard, the image of Dr. Werner from the novel by M.Yu. Lermontov's "Hero of Our Time", who is partly romantic and partly realistic hero. On the one hand, "he is a skeptic and materialist, like almost all doctors", and on the other, "the irregularities of his skull would have amazed any phrenologist with a strange interweaving of opposite inclinations", and "the youth called him Mephistopheles." In this character it is equally easy to detect both demonic traits and his extraordinary humanity and even naivety. For example, Werner was well versed in people, in the properties of their character, but "never knew how to use his knowledge", "mocked his patients," but "wept over a dying soldier."

This character indicated the direction in which the image of a doctor in Russian literature developed, from Dr. Krupov A.I. Herzen to Bazarov I.S. Turgenev.

The well-known image of a doctor in the second half of the 19th century is the image of a medical student Bazarov from the novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". In my opinion, this image is very different from the image of Dr. Krupov. Bazarov's affiliation with doctors does not have such a deeply symbolic meaning as Herzen's. Bazarov's profession throughout the novel remains, as it were, on the periphery, his confidence in his own knowledge of life and people comes to the fore, in fact, his complete inability to resolve even his own everyday and worldview contradictions, he knows poorly and does not even understand himself well. therefore, many of his thoughts, feelings, actions are so unexpected for him.

However, the topic of the connection between diseases and the structure of society is not bypassed in this work either. Bazarov, inclined to simplifications, says: “Moral diseases ... from the ugly state of society. Correct the society - and there will be no diseases. " Many of Bazarov's statements sound bold enough, but these are rather hints of actions than the activity itself. literature character story

Doctors are the heroes of many literary works. This is due to the fact that the importance of human health in our life is enormous. Accordingly, the role of the healer of the suffering is great. Literature is an artistic rethinking of real life situations. As M.M. Zhvanetsky: "Any medical history is already a plot." I will not delve into deep antiquity, although works of literature about healers can be found even in the ancient Egyptian papyri. Russian classical literature is very rich in works where the main character is a doctor. Among the Russian writers themselves, there is a large proportion of doctors (A.P. Chekhov, V.V. Veresaev, M.A.Bulgakov, Vladimir Dal, V.P. Aksyonov, etc.).

Perhaps this phenomenon can be explained by the fact that not every thinker is a doctor, but every doctor is a thinker.

Herzen in the story "Boredom" speaks of "patrocracy", about the utopian management of society by doctors, calling them "the general of the medical empire." This is quite a "serious" utopia - "the state of doctors", because the hero of the story rejects irony: "Laugh as much as you like ... But until the advent of the medical kingdom is far away, and you have to heal continuously." The hero of the story is not an ordinary doctor, but a socialist, a humanist by conviction ("I am by profession for treatment, not for murder"), like Herzen himself.

As we can see, the writer wants the doctor to take up a wider field: he will turn out to be a wise ruler of the world, dreams of a generous king-father of this world are laid in him. The utopianism of this character in the story "Boredom" is obvious, although very bright for Herzen.

After analyzing these works, read by me earlier, I identified the qualities that a real doctor should have: selflessness, dedication, humanity. You need to be a real professional, to treat your work responsibly, otherwise the consequences can be tragic. In any conditions, the main thing for a doctor is to save human life, overcoming fatigue and fear. This is what the great words of the Hippocratic Oath are about.

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