Theory of literature as a science. Theory of literature and its foundations Theory of literature is better than
Theory of literature
Theory of literature
The theory of literature is the theoretical part of literary criticism, which is part of literary studies along with the history of literature and literal criticism, based on these areas of literary studies and, at the same time, giving them a fundamental justification. On the other hand, T. L. The nearest way is associated with philosophy and aesthetics (see). The development of such issues as a question about the essence of the knowledge of reality, therefore, and its poetic knowledge (Lenin theory of reflection), the question of the foundations of aesthetic assessment, on the social function of literature as one of the forms of ideology, etc., put T. L. In the nearest dependence on these disciplines. T. L. Learn the nature of the poetic knowledge of the reality and principles of its research (methodology), as well as historical forms (poetics). The main problems of T. L. - Methodological: specifics of literature, literature and reality, genesis and function of literature, classiness of literature, party literature, content and form in the literature, criterion of artisticity, literary process, literary style, artistic method in literature, socialist realism; Problems of poetics in T. L. Image, idea, topic, poetic genus, genre, composition, poetic language, rhythm, verse, Phone in their style. For Marxist-Leninist literary criticism, a decisive undertaking of the unity of issues of methodology and poetics is essential, consideration of the second on the basis of the first, clear relationship with the methodology when considering the entire range of poetics problems. By virtue of this division of the problems of T. L. The problems of methodology and poetics to a certain extent conditionally, since any question of the form, the structure of the literary work can be delivered and purely methodologically (for example, the overall formulation of the function of the rhythm, verse, phones, etc. in the literary work, etc.) And in the plane of poetics (defined historical and, therefore, the style features of certain rhythmic, linguistic, etc. categories). On the other hand, naturally, methodological issues can be delivered only when considering the historical development of literary forms. The approval of the close unity of the main sections of T. l., Characteristic of Marxism-Leninism, distinguishes his literary theory from old "theories of literature" and formalistic "theories of literature", where poetics were considered allegedly outside certain methodological prerequisites, cleanly descriptively, but where in reality These prerequisites were only hidden and worn invariably ideal character.
Literary encyclopedia. - at 11 tons; M.: Publishing House of the Communist Academy, Soviet Encyclopedia, Fiction. Edited by V. M. Friece, A. V. Lunacharsky. 1929-1939 .
Theory of literature
One of the main sections of science on literature, studying the nature of artistic creativity and determining the methodology of its analysis. There are various definitions of the theory of literature and its borders, there are mainly three systems of representations: 1) the sociological theory of literature - the doctrine on the peculiarities of the figurative reflection of reality; 2) formalist - the doctrine of the structure (methods for constructing) of literary works; 3) Historical - the doctrine of the literary process. The first approach makes an abstract category: imagery, artistic, party, nativity, classiness, worldview, method. The second actualizes the concepts ideas, Topics, Scenes, Compositions, Style and steaming. The third approach is to the history of literature, considers the problems of literary rodov and genrow, literary flows and general principles of the literary process. All these issues in the works of literature theorists receive the most diverse lighting, often closed, but general methodological preferences are almost always obvious.
The theory of literature as an analytical discipline is inextricably linked with aesthetics and with philosophical systems underlying the aesthetic teachings. The theory of literature based on various philosophical doctrines differ fundamentally. These may be ideological differences: Marxist (positivist) Theory of literature is based on the categories of ideological struggle, which does not matter for those theorists who are important to idealistic philosophical systems. Rejecting conditional categories, following the creators of the philosophy of the theorist's language (first of all, formalists) consider literature as a phenomenon of specifically linguistic, ignoring all other components of the formal-meaningful unity of the literary process. From here it does not follow that in the interpretation of the essential features of literary creativity and the patterns of its development eliminates the interaction of various theories of literature. Soviet Marxist theory of literature actively used the ideas of G. V. F. Hegel, materials A. N. Veselovsky and others. In the field of private observations, various literature theories will find various interpretation and understanding, primarily in the system of science of literature - depending on the solution fundamental philosophical issues.
The theory of literature was inherent in the unity (monism) of the theory of literature on all stages of the existence of the science of literature and is not an order of Marxist philosophy. The point is not in the study of the ideological essence of art and not even in the unity of form and content. The theory of literature is consistently monistic, its terms must represent a strictly organized system, should be closely connected, since they create a scheme that complements (and binding) large concrete material and historical and literary concepts. However, unity terminology and strict systemics in the theory of literature are not fully achieved, many terms Interpreted differently (but this unity, as experience shows, cannot be achieved in principle).
Since the theory of literature deals with a variety of historical material, its terminology is becoming generally distracted from specific features and properties of the decisive phenomena of literary creativity, which in its historical diversity is richer than any general definition. For example, a literary hero in the era classicism, in the literature 19 in. And in modern literature - concepts that differ significantly from each other. This every time requires specific historical clarifications and additions in the interpretation of the term - in relation to this circle of historical and cultural conditions. The terms of the theory of literature are functional, that is, they do not so much give the characteristic of the specific features of this concept, how much do the function disclose that it performs, its ratio with other concepts. For example, characterizing plotThe theory of literature does not disclose its specific properties (fantastic, psychological, adventure, conditional, etc.), and indicates its function, and setting this function, relates the plot with other components of the work. Theoretical concept of the plot can be compared with the noun, which requires adjective for its understanding. And such an adjective can only be given by the historian of literature, exploring the specific features that put in the plot.
The disunity of the theoretical and historical began in the theory of literature and the desire to bring together them led to the creation of historical poetics (or the historical theory of literature) in the works of A. N. Veselovsky (the second floor. 19th century). Close to his ideas of work appeared at the end of the 19th century. And abroad (Sh. Letternly, G. M. Poznett). Veselovsky put in front of the historical poetic to determine the laws of poetic creativity and formulate a criterion for its assessment, relying on the analysis of the historical evolution of poetry, and not on the definitions of definitions taken from the speculative constructions (however, these speculative constructions lead a significant part philologists and so far). Under such grounds, before the historical theory of literature, the task of studying the formation and development of the main features and properties of literary and artistic creativity, taking into account its historical diversity and versatility. At the same time, in this situation, the danger of identifying the theory with the history of literature arises. The fact is that the various ways of literary creativity in specific countries at certain periods of development were to lead to the emergence of parallel national historical poet, each of which would be associated with peculiar artistic and historical experience imposing the press on the laws of poetic creativity and the criteria for its assessment. All the said attached to the task of building historical poetics extraordinary complexity.
In the 20th century Attempts were made to build the theory of literature on the basis of the historical and logical path of the study combining the circle of the main theoretical definitions with the characteristic of their historical diversity. The desire to trace the development of real categories in the historical terms, which are the subject of the historical theory of literature (first of all, literary delivery and genres) turned out to be quite productive. But to give an exhaustive characteristic of the historical development of the conditional categories of the sociological theory of literature (pity, artistic, method) failed - apparently, it is impossible. Everything limited to the collection of material that gives an idea of \u200b\u200bthe real manifold of the history of literature. This experience demonstrated the secondary of the theory of literature, its dependence on the real implementation of theoretical concepts in the historical and literary process.
The development of the theory of literature began in antiquity. It was a kind of development in India, China, Japan and other countries: every time he was distressed by his national literary material, a special national terminology was created. In Europe, the theory of literature begins with a treatise Aristotle "On the art of poetry" ("poetics") relating to 4 in. BC e. Already in it, a number of major theoretical issues, important and for modern science were raised: the nature of literary creativity, the relationship of literature and reality, the types of literary creativity, childbirth and genres, the features of the poetic language and poems. In the process of historical development of literature, the change of various literary flows and understanding the originality of their artistic experience was also formed by the content of the theory of literature, reflecting various historical systems of views - in the works of N. Buoy, E. Lesuting, G. V. F. Hegel, V. Hugo, V. G. Belinsky, N. G. Chernyshevsky And many others. In various epochs, the theory of literature was exposed to (sometimes overwhelming) dominant philosophical and aesthetic flows.
At the end of the 19th - early 20 century. Increased tendency to degrade the theory of literature from poetics. This idea dates back to the desire to consider poetry as "language in his aesthetic function" (R. O. Jacobson), which leads to the transformation of poetics into purely linguistic discipline and strengthens formalistic trends in it. In a less consistent form, the poets are considered in the separation from the theory of literature, limiting it with the study of verbal embodiment of the plan and including its subject literary childbirth and genres. However, such a restriction cannot be recognized as reasonable: the theory of literature is impoverished, genres, stylistics and poems are broken from it, an integral part of the science of science on literature, and poetics, in turn, cannot comprehend their limited content out of connection with the decisive More general parties to the literary work (language in the literary work is motivated primarily by the character and the state, which is due to the plot situations; the characters and the plot are determined by the parties of the life depicted by writers depending on its worldview and aesthetic position, etc.). Without an understanding of these links, consideration of expressive and composite funds, which serve their disclosure, turns out to be incomplete and inaccurate.
Domestic and foreign theories of literature do not support the division of the theory of literature and poetics. The classic "theory of literature" R. Warlek and O. Warren (1956) considers these concepts as synonyms. They are also synonymous in the title of the book B. V. Tomashevsky "Theory of Literature (poetics)" (1924). Tomashevsky in the terms of reference of poetics includes the concepts of the theme, hero, etc. V. V. Vinogradov Specially indicated that it is necessary to "accommodate poetics in the sphere of questions themes, plotters, compositions and characterology." In his research, he united the poetics and the theory of literature, including in the poetics of the problem of the hero, personality and character, the image of the author, shaped system. At the same time, the generality of the theory of literature and poetics does not limit the possibility and even the need for independent consideration of private issues of the theory of literature and inherent historical features, the originality of development (plotting, style, stylish, etc.). However, it is necessary to take into account their place in the holistic process of literary creativity.
The current development of humanities as interdisciplinary studies in the field of cultural study (Cultures Studies) puts new challenges with the emergence of the integrated study of literature on the basis of the interaction of literature theory with a number of related disciplines and attracting experiences of the exact sciences. For the modern theory of literature, psychology acquires special importance (especially the psychology of creativity), the study of patterns that manage the processes of creating and perceiving literary creativity, research of the reader audience (sociology of the literary process and perception). Moving research attention from the highest achievements of artistic creativity to massive verbal phenomena, the study of literature as such update the involvement of linguistic and ethnographic techniques to the study of literary text. Awareness that the subject of artistic creativity is a person in the whole manifold of his natural and social roles, leads to the fact that in the postmodern theory of literature, the use of natural-scientific and sociological knowledge about man (physiology, ecology; theory of small social groups, local theories) intensify . All this allows to overcome the one-sidedness of quantitative (mathematical) techniques for studying the verbal structure of the work, the ratio of the image and a sign that prevailed during the period of hobbies with structural and semiotic analysis. In this regard, the current theory of literature is characterized by the search for new approaches to the study of literature and flowing from here the variegated terminology, the emergence of new, not fully defined schools. In modern Russia, this is due to the fall of the "Marxist" theory of literature and the acquisition of natural freedom of thought.
Literature and language. Modern illustrated encyclopedia. - M.: Rosman. Edited by prof. Gorkina A.P. 2006 .
Watch what is the "Theory of Literature" in other dictionaries:
Theory of literature - Theory of literature, one of the main sections of the science of literature, studying the nature and public function of literary creativity and the defining methodology and methodology of its analysis. Questions studied by T. L., Mostly three cycles: ... ... Literary Encyclopedic Dictionary
theory of literature - Science, studying: 1) the originality of literature as a special form of spiritual and artistic activities; 2) the structure of the artistic text; 3) Factors and terms of the literary process and the creative method. Rubric: Literature and science.: ... ... Terminological Dictionary-Thesaurus for Literary
theory of literature Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Jerebilo
theory of literature - Private theory of artistic text, N.S. Bolotnova, considering the essence of fiction as a special type of art, creative methods and features of literary directions ... Methods of research and analysis of text. Dictionary dictionary
Antiteza - opposition of characters, events, actions, words. It can be used at the level of parts, private ("Black Evening, White Snow" - A. Block), and can serve as a technique for creating the entire work as a whole. Such is the opposition of two parts of the poem A. Pushkin "Village" (1819), where the paintings of beautiful nature, peaceful and happy paintings are drawn in the first, and in the second - in contrast - episodes from the life of a powerful and cruelly oppressed Russian peasant.
Architectonics - the relationship and proportionality of the main parts and elements constituting a literary product.
Dialogue - conversation, conversation, dispute of two or more characters of the work.
The tie is the plot element, meaning the moment of the occurrence of the conflict, the beginning of the events depicted in the work.
The interior is a composite agent, recreation of an environment where an action occurs.
Intrigue - the movement of the soul and actions of the character, which aims to search for the meaning of life, truth, etc., is a kind of "spring", driving action in a dramatic or epic work and informing it.
The collision is a collision of opposing views, aspirations, interests of artwork characters.
Composition - construction of a artistic work, a certain system in the location of its parts. Differ compositions(portraits of actors, interior, landscape, dialogue, monologue, including internal) and composite receivers(installation, symbol, stream of consciousness, character self-discharge, interconnection, image of the character of the hero in the dynamics or in statics). The composition is determined by the peculiarities of the writer's talent, genre, content and purpose of the work.
Component is an integral part of the work: when analyzing it, for example, it can be about the components of the content and components of the form, sometimes interpenetrating.
The conflict is a clash of opinions, positions, characters in the work, driving, like intrigue and collision, its action.
Culmination is the element of the plot: the moment of the highest voltage in the development of the work.
Leitmotive is the main idea of \u200b\u200bthe work, repeatedly repeated and underlined.
The monologue is a lengthy speech of the acting person in the literary work facing unlike the monologue of the internal to others. An example of an internal monologue can serve as the first stanza of Roman A. Pushkin "Evgeny Onegin": "My uncle of the most honest rules ...", etc.
Installation - Composite reception: Drawing up a product or its partition into one of the individual parts, excerpts, quotes. An example is the Book of Evg. Popova "The Good Life".
The motive is one of the components of the artistic text, part of the topic of the work, more often, acquiring symbolic importance. The motive of the road, the motif of the house, etc.
Opposition is an antithesis version: opposition, opposition of views, behavior of characters at the level of characters (Onegin - Lensky, Oblomov - Stolz) and at the level of concepts ("Wreath - Crown" in the poem M. Lermontov "The death of the poet"; "It seemed to be" The story of A. Chekhov "Lady with a dog").
Landscape - Composite: Image in the product of nature paintings.
Portrait - 1. Composite: Image of character appearance - face, clothing, figure, behavior manner, etc.; 2. Literary portrait is one of the prosaic genres.
The flow of consciousness is a composite reception used mainly in the literature of modernist directions. The area of \u200b\u200bits use is the analysis of the complex crisis states of the human spirit. F. Kafka, J. Joyce, M. Proust, and others are recognized as masters of "Consciousness" by F. Kafka, and others. In some episodes, this technique can be used in realistic works - Artem Merry, V. Aksenov, etc.
Prologue is an extrapty element describing events or participating persons before starting an action in the work ("Snow Maiden" A. N. Ostrovsky, "Faust" I. V. Guete, etc.).
An omission is the plot element, which fixes the moment of resolution of the conflict in the work, the result of the development of events in it.
Refrontation is a composite receipt, which is delaying, stopping or reversing the development of action in the work. It is carried out by inclusion in the text of various deviations of a lyrical and journalistic nature ("Tale of Captain Copekin" in the "Dead Souls" N. Gogol, autobiographical deviations in the Roman A. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin", etc.).
The plot is the system, the order of development of events in the work. Its main elements: prologue, exposition, tie, development, culmination, junction; In some cases, an epilogue is possible. The plot reveals in the work of causal relationships in relations between characters, facts and events. To evaluate various kinds of plots, such concepts such as the intensity of the plot, "stray" plots can be used.
The topic is the subject of the image in the work, its material indicating the place and time of action. The main theme is usually specified by theme, i.e., a set of private, individual topics.
Fabul is a sequence of deployment of work events in time and in space.
The form is a certain system of artistic means, revealing the content of the literary work. Form categories - plot, composition, language, genre, etc. The form as a way of the existence of the content of the literary work.
Chronotope is a spatial-temporal organization of the material in the artistic work.
Bald with white beard - I. Nikitin
Old Russian Giant - M. Lermontov
With Dogaressa Young - A. Pushkin
Falls on the sofa - N. Nekrasov
Used most often in the works of postmodernist:
Under it jet,
But not lazuri
Over him amber -
Well, no strength.
He, all giving literature,
Completely fruits bite her.Goni, man, five thousandth,(I. Irtenyev)
And do not eat without need.
Freedom deserted sower
Selects a scant harvest.
Exposition - the plot element: the situation, circumstances, the provisions of the acting persons in which they are before the start of action in the work.
The epigraph is a proverb, a quote, whose saying, placed by the author before the work or part of it, parts designed to indicate its plan: "... So who are you finally? I am part of the strength that he always wants evil and always makes benefit. " Goethe. "Faust" - epigraph to the novel M. Bulgakov "Master and Margarita".
Epilogue - the plot element describing the events that occurred after the end of the action in the work (sometimes in many years - I. Turgenev. "Fathers and children").
2. LANGUAGE LITERATURE
Allegory - allegory, a kind of metaphor. Allegory fixes the conditional image: in the fasteners of Fox - a cunning, donkey - nonsense, etc. Allegory is also used in fairy tales, parables, satire.
Alliteration is an expressive language: repetition of the same or homogeneous consonant sounds in order to create a sound image:
And it is empty(A. Pushkin)
Runs and hears about
As if thunder rumble -
Heavy-ring
By shocked bridge ...
AnaFora is an expressive means of language: repetition at the beginning of poetic lines, stanza, paragraphs of the same words, sounds, syntactic structures.
With all insomnia, I love you,
Without insomnia, I will do you -
About the time as around the Kremlin
Wake up ringing ...But my riveryes, with your river,(M. Tsveyev)
But my hand- yes with your hand
Notcome together. My joy, Doc
Notcatch upload dawn.
Antiteza - an expressive language of the language: opposition of sharply contrasting concepts and images: you and the wretched, // you and abundant, // you and the mighty, // you are powerless, // Mother Rus! (I. Nekrasov).
Antonyms - words with opposite values; Serve to create bright contrast images:
Loved rich - poor(M. Tsveyev)
I loved the scientist - stupid,
Loved the ruddy - pale,
Loved good - harmful,
Golden - copper half.
Archaisms are outdated words, speech turns, grammatical forms. They serve in the work to recreate the colors of the left era, characterize the character in a certain way. We may give the language solemnity: "Write, hail of Petrov, and stand, non-gas, as Russia," and in other cases - an ironic shade: "This matches in Magnitogorsk gnawing granite science in college and with God's help finished it successfully."
Nezuzuzie - an expressive language of the language, accelerating the tempo of speech in the work: "Rasschi clouds are clouded; // Invisible moon // illuminates the snow of volatile; // Mute Sky, Mutna Night " (A. Pushkin).
Varvarisms are words from someone else's language. With their help, there may be recreated coloring of a particular era ("Peter the first" A. N. Tolstoy), characterized by a literary character ("War and Peace" L. N. Tolstoy). In some cases, varvarisms may be an object of controversy, irony (V. Mayakovsky."On the" fiasks "," apogets "and other unknown things").
The question is a rhetorical - expressive language: approval in the form of a question that is not involved:
What does it hurt me and so hard?(M. Lermontov)
Waiting for what? I regret what?
Exclamation rhetorical - expressive means of the language; The appeal, which serves emotionality enhancement purposes, usually creates a solemn mood, raised:
Oh, Volga! My cradle!(N. Nekrasov)
Did anyone love you like me?
Vulgarism is a vulgar, rude word or expression.
The hyperbole is an excessive exaggeration of the properties of the object, phenomena, quality in order to strengthen the impression.
From any? Vi you don't heal at all,(B. Okudzhava)
forty thousand other loving loving.
Ah, Arbat is mine, Arbat,
you are my fatherland,
never take you to the end.
Graduation is an expressive language of the language by which depicted feelings and thoughts are gradually enhanced or weakened. For example, in the poem "Poltava" A. Pushkin characterizes Mazepa: "That he does not know the shrines; // that he does not remember a blessing; // that he does not like anything; // that blood is ready to pour like water; // what he despises freedom; // What are not fraud for him. " The basis of gradation can serve as anaphor.
Grotesque is the artistic method of a hyperbulous violation of the proportions of the depicted, bizarre compound of fantastic and real, tragic and comic, beautiful and ugly, etc. Grotesque can be used at the level of style, genre and image: "And I see: // people sit down half. // Oh, Devil! // Where is half another? " (V. Mayakovsky).
Dialectisms - words from the general national language used mainly in a certain area and used in literary works to create a local flavor or speech characteristic of the characters: "Nagulnov started his small speakersand stopped it falling Kurgan "(M. Sholokhov).
Jargon - the conventional language of a small social group, differing from the nationwide language mainly by vocabulary: "The language of the letter was exquisied, but at the same time competed by a good dose of sea jargon ... what the sailors and tramps are exploring (K. POUST).
Zable language - the result of the experiment, which are mainly fond of futurists. His goal is to find the correspondence between the sounding of the word and the meaning and release the word from its usual meaning: "Bobeobi sang lips. // Waeomi sang eyes ... " (V. Khlebnikov).
Inversion - a change in the order of words in the proposal to highlight the value of any word or to give an unusual sound of the phrase as a whole: "From the Bolshak, they switched to the segment of the canvas // Burlakov of these repincial legs" (DM Cedrine).
Irony - thin hidden ridicule: "He sang a fading life color // without small in the amp (A. Pushkin).
Kalambourg - a witty joke based on homonyms or the use of different values \u200b\u200bof one word:
Reef region - my element(D. Minaev)
And I easily write poems I.
Without meditation without delay
I run to the string from the line.
Even to the Finnish rocks brown
I appeal to Kalasburn.
Litates - a finest language built on the fantastic understatement of the subject or its properties: "Your spitz, adorable spitz, // no more thimble" (A. Griboedov).
Metaphor - word or expression used in a figurative value. Fine language based on implicit comparison. The main types of metaphors - allegory, symbol, personification: "Hamlet, thinking by the buggy steps ..." (O. Mandelshtam).
Metonimia - a decide of the language: replacement of the name of the name of the part of the part (or vice versa) on the basis of their similarity, proximity, adjacency, etc.: "What is with you, blue sweater, // In the eyes of an alarming breeze?" (A. Voznesensky).
Neologism - 1. Word or expression created by the author of a literary work: A. Block - Snaging, etc.; V. Mayakovsky - Gulp, Milkatoy, etc.; I. Northerner - sparkling, etc.; 2. Words that have acquired new additional importance over time - satellite, cart, etc.
Handling rhetorical - oratorical reception, expressive language; Word or group of words, calling for whom we are talking about, and containing a call, requirement, request: "Listen, comrades are descendants, // Agitator, Gorlana, Raster" (V. Mayakovsky).
The oxymoron is an epithet used in the value opposite to those defined words: "Surround knight", "live corpse", "blinding darkness", "sad joy" and so on.
Elimination - Reception of the metaphorical transfer of the damns of living on non-living: "The river plays", "the rain is coming", "the poplar is soluble", etc. The multivalued character of the personification is revealed in the system of other artistic instruments of the language.
Omonies are words that sound the same, but having different meanings: Spit, oven, marriage, once, etc. "And did not care. About that, // What a mileth of the secret volume // Dreamed until the morning under the pillow " (A. Pushkin).
Onomatopea - sound resistance, imitation of natural and domestic sounds:
Kulesh in Clochtal boiler.(E. Evtushenko)
Under the wind ladder
Wings red fire.
Midnight sometimes in swamp wilderness(K. Balmont)
A little hear, silently rustle the reeds.
Parallelism - a visual language of the language; A similar symmetric arrangement of speech elements, in the ratio creating a harmonious artistic image. Parallelism is often found in oral folk creativity and in the Bible. In the artistic literature, parallelism can be used at the level of verbal sound, rhythmic, composite: "Black raven in dusk tender, // Black velvet on dark shoulders" (A. Block).
Periprase - a visual means of the language; Replacing the concept of descriptive turnover: "Sad time! Ocho charming! " - fall; "Tuman Albion" - England; "Singer Gyara and Zhura" - Byron, etc.
Pleonism (Greek. "Pleonasmos" is an excessiveness) - an expressive language of the language; Repetitions of loved ones in the sense of words and revolutions: sadness-longing, lived - there were crying - tears is poured, etc.
Repetitions are stylistic figures, syntactic structures based on the repeat of words carrying a special semantic load. Types of repetitions - Anaphor, epiphara, refrain, pleonism, tautologyand etc.
Refrain - expressive language of the language; The periodic repetition of the separation of the thought ended in the sense relation, which summarizes the thought, expressed in it:
Mountain King on distant ways(K. Balmont )
- Bored in someone else's side. -
Beautiful girl wants to find.
- You will not come back to me. -
Sees a manor on a mossy grief.
- Bored in someone else's side. -
Kirshen-Baby is standing in the yard.
- You will not come back to me. -<…>
The symbol (one of the values) is a kind of metaphor, comparison of a generalizing nature: M. Lermontov "Sail" - a symbol of loneliness; A. Pushkin "Star of captivating happiness" is a symbol of freedom, etc.
Synekdoka - a fine language of the language; view Metonimiabased on replacing the name of the name of its part. Sometimes the sync is called "quantitative" metonimia. "The bride today went unfertured" (A. Chekhov).
Comparison is a visual language of the language; Creating an image by mapping already known with unknown (old with new). The comparison is created with the help of special words ("how", "as if", "exactly", "like"), forms of the valve case or comparative forms of adjectives:
And herself is Majik,(A. Pushkin )
Floats as if Pava;
And as it says it,
Like a river leaving.
Tavtology - expressive language of the language; Repetition of single-colored words.
Where is this house with a broken post(D. Kedrin )
Room with a motley carpet on the wall?
Cute-cute, long-standing
My childhood I remember me.
Trails - words used in a figurative value. Views of the trails are Metaphor, metonimia, epithetand etc.
The default is an expressive language. The speech of the hero is interrupted to activate the reader's imagination, designed to fill the missed. It is usually ellipped:
What about me?(A. Pushkin )
Father ... Mazepa ... execution - with Moloto
Here, in this castle my mother -
Eufemism is an expressive language of the language; Descriptive circulation, changing the estimate of the subject or phenomenon.
"Alone I would call him a liar. In a newspaper note, the expression would use a frivolous attitude towards the truth. In parliament, would regret that the gentleman is badly informed. It would be possible to add that for such information, people get in physiognomy " (D. Golzourssi"The Forsyte Saga").
Epitheet - Fine language; The colorful definition of the subject that allows it to be isolated from a number of similar and detect the author's assessment described. Types of epithet - permanent, oxymoron, etc.: "White sail is lonely ...".
Epiphara - expressive means of the language; Repetition of words or phrases at the end of poetic lines. Epiphara - a rare form in Russian poetry:
Note - I love you!(V. Voznesensky )
Out - I love you!
Zveva - I love you!
Slug - I love you!
3. Basics of styching
Acrosthich is a poem that the initial letters of each vertical vertical letter form a word or phrase:
Angel left the edge of the skyscland,
Going, surprised by the abrasions.
The new world was dark and sad.
Hell was silent. It did not hear a moan.Scarlet blood timid beat
Fragile hands fright and sodroogan
The world of dreams got into possession
Angel Holy Reflection.Curly in the world! Let him live, dreaming(N. Gumilev)
About love, about sadness and about the shadow,
In the dusk eating opening
Alphabet of their own revelations.
Alexandrian verse - system of the two-way; Sixtust Jamb with a number of paired poems on the principle of alternation of male and female couples: aABBBVG ...
There were two astronomers in the feast together(M. Lomonosov)
but
And argued quite among themselves in the heat:
but
One told: Earth, rubbing, the circle of the sun walks,
B.
Another that the sun is all with you planet leads:
B.
One Copernicus was, the other heard Ptoleum,
in
Here the cook argument decided to the smile of his.
in
The owner asked: "Do you know the stars flow?
G.
Tell me how are you talking about a doubt? "
G.
He gave this answer: "In the fact that Copernicus is right,
d.
I will prove the truth, I will not be in the sun.
d.
Who saw a simple chefs,
E.
Which would be a spit in the hearth around Zharkov? "
E.
Alexandrian verse was used mainly in high classic genres - tragedies, oodas, etc.
Amphibehius (Greek. "Amphi" - Circle; "Lggasp" - a short; Literal translation: "From two sides, a short") is a three-sided size with an emphasis on the 2nd, 5th, 8-m, 11th, and t. d. Slavs.
Lived little / cue boy(V. A. Zhukovsky(double amphibrachius))
Was grown / he with his finger.
The face was / handsome -
As sparks / eye
Like Pooh in / Loenki ...
Anapestos (Greek. "Anapaistos" - reflected back) - three-sided size with an emphasis on the 3rd, 6th, 9th, 12th, etc. Sluts.
Neither country / nor piggy /(I. Brodsky(bustland anapest))
I do not want / choose.
On Vasil / Evsky OS / TRV
I will come / die.
Assonance is an inaccurate rhyme based on the consonance of the roots of words, and not the ending:
Student wants to listen to Scriabin,(E. Evtushenko)
And now he lives the half enemy.
Astrophic text - the text of the poetic work, not broken into the stanza (N. A. Nekrasov"Reflections in the front entrance", etc.).
Banal rhyme - commonly found, the rhyme rhyme; Sound and semantic stencil. "... rhymes in Russian too little. One causes another. "Flame" inevitably drags behind the "stone". Because of the "feeling", it is certainly "art". Who is not bored with "love" and "blood", "difficult" and "wonderful", "faithful" and "hypocritical" and so on. " (A. Pushkin."Travel from Moscow to Petersburg").
Poor rhyme - only drums are consonant in it: "Near" - "land", "she" - "soul", etc. Sometimes poor rhyme is called "sufficient" rhyme.
White verse - verse without rhyme:
Of Life pleasure(A. Pushkin)
One love music is inferior;
But love melody ...
In Russian poetry, the white verse appeared in the XVIII century. (V. Tredyakovsky), in the XIX century. Used A. Pushkin ("I visited again ..."),
M. Lermontov ("Song about King Ivan Vasilyevich ..."), N. Nekrasov ("Who lives well in Russia"), etc. In the XX century. The white verse is presented in the work of I. Bunin, Sasha Black, O. Mandelstam, A. Tarkovsky, D. Samoilova, etc.
Brachikolon is a single verse used to transmit energetic rhythm or as a comic form.
Forehead -(V. Khodasevich."The funeral")
A piece of chalk.
Bel.
Coffin.
Spere
Pop.
Sheaf
Arrows -
Day
Holy!
Crypt
Blind
Shadow -
In hell!
Burim - 1. Poems to given rhymes; 2. The game consisting in compiling such poems. During the game, the following conditions are performed: rhymes must be unexpected and differ in diversity; They should not be changed, nor rearrange.
Verlibr - free verse. It may not have a meter, rhyme. Verlibr - verse, in which the unit of a rhythmic organization (string, Rhyme, stanza)intonation (entangled in oral execution):
I lay on the top of the mountain(A. Tarkovsky)
I was surrounded by land.
Enchanted edge below
All colors lost, except for two:
Light blue,
Light brown where in blue stone
wrote feather azraul,
I was lying in Dagestan.
Inner rhyme - consonance, of which one (or both) are inside the verse. The internal rhyme is permanent (appears in the cesure and determines the boundary between the semi-edits) and irregular (breaks the verse on separate rhythmic unequal and non-permanent groups):
If you have, disappearing,(K. Balmont)
Chapens and blonde
Walk snow flakes. -
If sleepy, remotely
Then with reproach, then in love,
Sounds cry delicate.
Free verse - multiple verse. The prevailing size of free verse is a jamb with a length of verse from one to six feet. This form is convenient for the transfer of live speaking speech and therefore is used mainly in the fables, poetic comedies and drams ("Mount from Wit" A. S. Griboyedova, etc.).
Peasants / No, you / shed out of / patient / I have a 4-stop.(I. Krylov)
From Ra / Zoron / I, 2-Stop.
That the speech / ki them / and ru / Cake 4-stop.
When / extra / Lee with / Read / Lee, 4-Stop.
Send / ask / ourselves / supple / you y / river, 6-stop.
In Ko / Tora / Yu streaming / and speech / ki Tue / Wpad / Lee 6-Stop.
The eight-end is a stanza of eight poems with a certain way of rhyming. Read more Octave. Triolet.
Hexameter - Sixtop dactyl,the favorite size of an ancient Greek poetry:
The son of the thumbs and leaf - FEB, the king of the root(Homer.Oriad; per. N. Galdich)
An ulcer on the military crawled: Peoples died.
Urn with water dropping, about the rock of her Virgo broke.(A. Pushkin)
Virgo is sad sitting, idle holding a shard.
Miracle! Do not sharpen water, pouring out of the urn broken,
Virgo, above the eternal jet, forever sad sits.
Hyperdactic rhyme - consonance, in which the emphasis falls on the fourth and further syllable from the end of the verse:
Goes, baby, poking,(A. Pushkin)
A pop, envying the ballet, jumps ...
Dactylic rhyme - consonance, in which the emphasis falls on the third syllable from the end of the verse:
I, Mother of God, now with a prayer(M. Yu. Lermontov)
In priority, bright shine,
Not about salvation, not before the battle
Not with gratitude to Ile repentance,
Not for your praying soul deserted
For the soul of the wanderer in the light of faded ...
Dactyl - three-sided size with an emphasis on the 1st, 4th, 7th, 10th, etc. Sluts:
Same / SIZY FOR / CAT(I. Annensky(3-stop dactyl))
Air was / neleval and / Hamlen
And OTE / marked / garden
Somehow about / applied / green.
Two-beeds - 1. Stanza of two poems with steam rhyme:
Pale blue mysterious face
On the wiping roses of Droke.And lamps coffin gold(I. Bunin)
And transparently to their chad ...
2. Type of lyrics; The completed poem of two poems:
From others I praise - that ash,(A. Akhmatova)
From you and hula - praise.
Dolnik (Pauznik) - poetic size on the verge sillabo-tonicand tonicsteam. Based on rhythmic repetition of strong (see ICT)and weak points, as well as variable pauses between shock syllables. The range of transiktovy intervals ranges from 0 to 4 unstressed. Verse length is determined by the number of drums in the string. In widespread, the dolnik is in early XX W.:
Autumn late. Sky open(A. Blok.(triple dolnik))
And forests are silent.
Smashed blurred
The head of mermaid sick.
Women's rhyme - consonance, in which the emphasis falls on the second syllable from the end of the verse:
These scanty seams,(F. I. Tyutchev)
This scarce nature
Land of native long-suffering
The edge of the Russian people!
ZEVGMA (with ancient Greek. Literally "Bunch", "Bridge") - an indication of the community of various poetic forms, literary directions, art types (see: BiryukovZEVGMA: Russian poetry from mannerism to postmodernism. - M., 1994).
ICT - a strong rhythm-forming syllable in verse.
Katrer - 1. The most common in the Russian poetry stanza, consisting of four verses: "In the depths of the Siberian ores" A. Pushkin, "Sail" M. Lermontov, "that you greedily look at the road" N. Nekrasova, "Portrait" N. Zabolotsky, "Snow goes" B. Pasternak and others. The method of rhymes can be pair (AABB),ring (Abba),cross (ababa);2. Type of lyrics; The poem of four rows is predominantly philosophical content expressing the completed thought:
Before convincing(M. Tsveyev)
Surrence - just:
Two birds wilt me \u200b\u200ba nest:
Truth - and orphanhood.
Clause - a group of final syllables in a poetic line.
Limerick - 1. solid form of stanza; Five-flyers with a double consonance on the principle of rhyming aabba.In Limerick's literature as a kind of comic poem, telling about an unusual incident, introduced the English poet Edward Lear:
One old man from Morocco lived
I saw it amazingly bad.
- Is this your foot?
- I doubt slightly, -
He answered an old man from Morocco.
2. The literary game consisting in the preparation of similar comic poems; In this case, the Limerick should be started with the words: "lived-was ...", "one old man lived ..." and so on.
Lipogram is a poem in which some particular sound is not used. So, in the poem of G. R. Derzhavin "Nightingale in a dream" there is no sound "P":
I slept high on the hill
I heard the voice of your, nightingale;
Even in the very dream
It was imperative my soul:
Then sounded, it was given
Then heal, then grinned
In a hearing, offered, -
And in the arms of Calliste
Songs, sighs, clicks, whispers
Sweet Sweet Sleep.<…>
Makaronic poetry - satyric or parody; The comic effect is achieved in it mixing words from different languages \u200b\u200band styles:
I went to the road:(I. Matlev("Sensation and comments of Ms. Kurdyukovka for the border of Dan L" ETERZH "))
In the city of Peter dotted
And fishing ticket
For myself, E Pur Ante,
And Pur Hariton Le Medic
Sur Le Piroskaf "Heir",
Immersed the crew,
Prepared in voyage<…>
Messages - a poem, in which letters in the middle of the line vertically form any word.
The meter is a certain rhythmic orderliness of repeats inside the poetic lines. Meeting in Sillaboy Tonic Station are two-sided (see Jarea, Yamb),three-sided (see Dactyl, Amphibery, Anadist)and other poetic sizes.
Metric - section of the election studies studying the rhythmic organization of verse.
MONORIM - poem using one rhyme:
When you, children, students,(A. Apukhtin)
Do not break your heads over the moments
Over gamlet, lies, kent,
Above the kings and the presidents
Above the seas and above the continents
Do not joke there with opponents,
Enter a slyly with competitors,
And how to end the course by Eminenth
And go to the service with patents -
Do not look in the service of associate professors
And do not be broad, children, presents!<…>
Monidity - a poem consisting of one verse.
I.(K. Balmont)
Obsperification is the key of worlds and secrets.
II.
Love Fire, and Blood Fire, and Life Fire, We are fiery.
Mora - in the ancient poems a unit of time to pronounce a brief syllable.
Men's rhyme is consonant, in which the emphasis falls on the last syllable of the verse:
We are free birds; It's time, brother, it's time!(A. Pushkin)
There, where the cloudy Mountain
There, where the sea edges light
There, where we walk only the wind ... Yes!
Odic stanza - stanza of ten poems with a rhyme method Abababvgydg:
Oh you who expect(M. V. Lomonosov("Ode on the Day of Edema for the All-Russian throne of the Majesty of the Empress Empress Eyeglasaveta Petrovna. 1747 g"))
Fatherland from the depths of his
And see those wishes
What calls from the countries of others.
Oh, your days are blessed!
Dare now imprisoned
Laundry your show
What can own platonists
And rapid mind of nonsense
Russian land give birth.
Oktawa - stanza of eight verses with triple consonance due to rhymes abababavv:
Harmony verse divine secrets
Do not think to solve the wise men's books:
At the barg of carotid waters, one wandering, by chance,
Listen to soul to the whisper of reeds,Dubrava Govor: their sound is extraordinary(A. Mikikov)
Fullect and understand ... in the consonance of poems
Involuntarily with the mouth of your dimensional octaves
Pleeve, sonorous, like music of the oak.
Octave is found at Bairon, A. Pushkin, A. K. Tolstoy and other poets.
Onegin Stanza is a stanza, consisting of 14 poems (Abababvg-locked);created by A. Pushkin (Roman "Evgeny Onegin"). The characteristic admission of Oneginskaya Strafs is the mandatory use of a four-stranded yamba.
Let I hear I Strover,(M. Lermontov(Tambov Treasury))
I don't care - I'm even glad:
I write Onegin size:
I sing friends, on old way.
Please listen to this fairy tale!
Her unexpected junction
Approve, perhaps you
Concluding light heads.
Custom ancient watching
We are beneficial wine
Poems non-smooth stuff,
And they run, chrome,
For peaceful family
To the river of the slaughter on peace.<…>
PALINDROM (Greek. "Palindromos" - running back), or a flipper - the word, phrase, verse, equally readable both from left to right and right to left. At the Palindrome, a whole poem (V. Khlebnikov "Undrong Razin", V. Gershuni "Tat", etc.) can be built.
Hilee Spirit - Lych Lych,(V. Finger)
heather (especially quarrels).
Those - in Svara Vius. Faith in light.
Pentameter - five-lane dactyl.Used in combination with hekzamerom.like Elegic distich:
I hear the sound of the Divine Ellinsky speech.(A. Pushkin)
The elder of the great shadow of something embarrassed soul.
Penton is a five-seat stop, consisting of one shock and four unstressed syllables. In Russian poetry, it is used "mainly penton the third, carrying emphasis on the third syllable:
Red Hollow(A. Koltsov)
Zarya flashed;
In the face of the land
Fog steam ...
Peon is a four-sided foot consisting of one shock and three unstressed syllables. Peons differ at the place of accent - from the first to the fourth:
Sleep, Semi / Dead U / Trying Ceal / You,(K. Balmont(fiverupt peon first))
And not ultrasound / sorts of Ras / Colors of Kraso / You,
Near the ways for / dripped / by the Creator,
Crumpled not / Smeshevya / Zhelya Kol / Som ...
Lanterns - / Sudarists,(I. Matlev(double-level peon second))
Tell me / you me
What you saw, / what heard
In the night you te / tire? ...
Employe the wind, the poplar is broken, / from the sky rain O / Senya is poured,(K. Balmont(four-stranded PEON third))
It is necessary for me / sneaks / dimensional knock of cha / owed walls;
Nobody / smile to me, / and anxious / heart beats
And from the mouth is not / free / monotonous / sad verse;
And as a quiet / far pin, / outside the window I / hear Ropot,
Incomprehensible / strange whisper / - whisper of droplets / rain.
More used in Russian poetry the third peon; Peon fourth view as an independent meter is not found.
Transfer - Rhythmic Missing; The end of the offer does not coincide with the end of the verse; serves as a means of creating spoken intonation:
Winter. What to do to us in the village? I meet(A. Pushkin)
Servant carrying me a cup of tea in the morning
Questions: heat? Was the blizzard? ..
Pyrrhetic - Stop with missed stress:
Storm / Male / Sky / Croot,(A. Pushkin(the third stop of the second verse - pyrical))
Vortices / Snezhny / E Crubber /
Five-line - Stroof-Quarters with Double Consonance:
How smoky pillar brightens in the embroidery! -(F. Tyutchev)
As the shadow below slides being elusive! ..
"Here is our life," you said you, -
Not light smoke shiny at the moon,
And this shadow running from smoke ... "
The view of the five-hundredth is Limerick.
Rhythm is a repeatability proportion to the same phenomena at equal intervals of time and space. In the artistic work, the rhythm is implemented at different levels: the plot, composition, language, verse.
Rhyme (Kraisguism) - equally sound clauses. Rhymes are characterized by location (pair, cross, ring), by stroking (male, female, dactyl, hyperdactyl), in composition (simple, composite), on sound (accurate, root or assembly), monorim, etc.
Sextine - stanza from six poems (Ababab).In Russian poetry, it is rare:
Tsar-fire with water-queen. -(K. Balmont)
World beauty.
Serves the day of them benolitic
At night, it is not darkness,
Hemmed with a moon-girl.
The foothold - three whales.<…>
Syllabic poems - a system of renovation based on an equal number of syllables in alternating verses. With a large number of symbols, the cesura is introduced, which divides the line into two parts. Syllabic poems are used mainly in languages \u200b\u200bthat have permanent emphasis. In Russian poetry used in the XVII-XVIII centuries. S. Polotsk, A. Kantemir, etc.
Syllabo-tonic session - a system of renovation based on an ordered arrangement of shock and unstressed syllables in verse. Basic meters (sizes) - double (Yamb, Korea)and three-sided (Dactyl, Amphibery, Anadist).
Sonnet - 1. Stanfish, consisting of 14 verses with a variety of rhyme methods. Types of Sonet: Italian (Rhymma Method: abab // Abab // VGV // GVG) \\french (rhyme method: abba / Abba // VG // DDG) \\english (rhyme method: abab // VGVG // Seda // LJ).In Russian literature, the development and "wrong" forms of sonnet with non-fixed methods of rhymes are obtained.
2. Type of lyrics; A poem consisting of 14 poems, mainly philosophical, love, elegic content - Sonnet V. Shakespeare, A. Pushkin, Vyach. Ivanova, etc.
Spontagas - Stop with extra (superframe) stress:
Swede, Rus / Ski / Year, Ru / Bit, Re / Veh.(A. Pushkin)
(Four-stranded yamb - the first foot of the spondy)
Verse - 1. Linein poem; 2. The set of features of the poet of any poet: the verse of Marina Tsvetaeva, A. Tvardovsky and others.
Stop - a repeated combination of shock and unstressed vowels. The foot serves as a verse in a silhlor-tonic system of storm: three-stranded jamb, four-stranded anapest, etc.
Stanza is a group of verses combined by a repeated size, method of rhyms, intonation, etc.
Storefrili - section of the resentment, which studies the compositions of the structure of the verse.
Tactic - a poetic size on the verge of silhlob-tonic and tonic verses. Based on rhythmic repetition of strong (see ICT)and weak points, as well as variable pauses between shock syllables. The range of international recalculated intervals ranges from 2 to 3 unstressed. Verse length is determined by the number of drums in the string. In wide use, the clock is included at the beginning of XX W.:
Black man ran around the city.(A. Blok.(four clock))
It quilted lanterns, smoking on the stairs.
Slow, white approached dawn,
Together with a man climbed the stairs.
TERTSET - stanza of three poems (AAA, BBB, Heretc.). TERTSET in Russian poetry is rarely used:
She like mermaid, air and strangely pale
In the eyes of her, escape, plays a wave,
In green eyes, her depth is cold.Come, - and she will take me, heads you,
Self without spare, torment, perhaps, grip,
But still she kisses you not love.And there will turn the ung, and will be the soul away,(K. Balmont)
And will be silent under the moon in golden dust
Looking indifferent, like a drone away - ships.
Tercin - stanza of three poems (Aba, BVB, HBVetc.):
And Dalle we went - and fear hugged me.
Babe Meal, underwent his hoof
Twisted the Roshchik at the hellish fire.Hot drip fat in smoked trough,(A. Pushkin.)
And burdal on fire baked dedicator
And I: "Tell me: in this execution that hidden?
Tercines written "Divine Comedy" Dante.
The tonic session is a system of renovation based on an orderly arrangement of shock syllables in verse, and the number of unstressed syllables is not accepted into the calculation.
Accurate rhyme - rhyme at which sounds clausematch up:
In the evening blue, in the evening lunar(FROM. Yesenin)
I was sometime beautiful and young.
Uncontrollable, uniquely
Everything flew ... distance ... past ...
The heart cooled, and the eyes fused ...
Blue happiness! Moon nights!
Triolet - stanza of eight poems (Abbaabab)with the repetition of the same rows:
Lying in the grass on the shore(V. Bryusov)
Night river I hear the splashes.
Passing the fields and armor,
Led in the grass on the shore.
On an derived meadow
Green shine shine,
Lying in the grass on the shore
Night river and hear bursts.
Figure poems - poems whose lines form an outlines of a subject or geometric shape:
Zrya(G. Dervin)
Zarrow
Rays
Like with things
In the darkness brilliantly,
I am delighted with the whole soul leading.
But what? - From the sun in it only cute shining?
Not! - Pyramid - cases of good memories.
Fonika is a section of the resentment that studies the sound organization of the verse.
Jaorey (Trohai) - double-sized size with an emphasis on the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th, 9th, etc. Sluts:
Niva / Compressed, / Groves / Goals,(FROM. Yesenin(four-star kernels))
From the car and / dampness.
Cole / Som for / Blue / Mountains
Sun / Quiet / E_All /
Cesura - Pause in the middle of the poetic line. Usually the cesura appears in six-storey and more verses:
Science is rimmed, // in the flap sheath,(A. Kantemir(Satira 1. On High Tending: To History))
From all almost houses // with a shot down;
I do not want to know with her, // running his friendship,
As suffering from the sea, // ship service.
Sixties - a six-storey stanza with a triple consonance; The method of rhymes may be different:
This morning, this joy, BUT(A. Fet.)
This power and day, and light, BUT
This blue arch b.
This cry and vintage IN
These flocks, these birds, IN
This voice is ... b.
The type of sixsti is Sextin.
Jamb - the most common in Russian poetry of a double-dimensional size with an emphasis on the 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th, etc. Sluts:
PRIEND / WITH DU / WEEW(A. Pushkin(three-stranded yum))
Ink / Niya / My!
My age / ime / image /
You / Ukra / forces I.
4. Literary process
Avant-garde is a common name of a number of currents in the art of the XX century, which unites the refusal of the traditions of predecessors, primarily realists. Principles of avant-garde as a literary and artistic direction in different ways were realized in futurism, cubism, Dadaism, surrealism, expressionism, etc.
Axism is the current in Russian poetry of 1910-1920. Representatives: N. Gumilev, S. Gorodetsky, A. Akhmatova, O. Mandelshtam, M. Kuzmin et al. In contrast to the symbolism, acmeism proclaimed a return to the material world, the subject, accurate value of the word. va. Ambamests compiled a literary group "The shop of poets", produced the Almanac and Journal of Hyperbori (1912-1913).
Ander Ground (English "Undergraund" - underground) - the general name of the works of Russian unofficial art of the 70-80s. XX century
Baroque (ITAL. "BAGOSSO" is prefabricated) - style in the art of the XVI-XVIII centuries, which is characterized by exaggeration, lifesty of forms, patestics, desire for opposition and contrasts.
Eternal images - images, the artistic importance of which came out beyond the specific literary work and the historical era threatened. Hamlet (V. Shakespeare), Don Quixote (M. Servantes), etc.
Dadaism (Franz. "Dada" is a wooden horse, a toy; in a figurative sense - "Children's Badge") is one of the directions of the literary avant-garde, which established in Europe (1916-1922). Dadaism preceded surrealismand expressionism.
Decadentia (Lat. Decadentia - decline) - the general name of crisis phenomena in the culture of the end of the XIX - early XX century, noted by moods of hopelessness, the rejection of life. For decadence, the refusal of citizenship in art is characterized, the proclamation of the cult of beauty as a higher goal. Many Decadent motives have become the property of artistic flows. modernism.
IMAZHINISTS (Franz. "Image" - image) - Literary grouping 1919-1927, in which S. Yesenin, A. Mariengoof, R. Ivnev, V. Shershevich, and others. Imazhinists cultivated image: "We who pass the image Who cleans the shape of the dust content is better than the street clever boot, argue that the only law of art, the only and incomparable method is to identify life through the image and rhythm of the images ... "In the literary work, the IMAZHINISTS relied on a complicated metaphor, the game of rhythms, etc. .
Impressionism - direction in the art of the late XIX - early XX century. In the literature, impressionism sought to transfer fragmentary lyrical impressions, designed for the assgative thinking of the reader, able to finally recreate a holistic picture. A. Chekhov, I. Bunin, A. Fet, K. Balmont and MN, were resorted to an impressionistic manner. Dr.
Classicism is the literary direction of the XVII-XVIII centuries., It appeared in France and proclaimed return to the ancient art as a pattern for imitation. The rationalistic poetics of classicism is set forth in the composition of N. Balo "Poetic Art". Characteristic features of classicism are the predominance of reason over the feelings; An object of the image is sublime in a person's life. Nominated by this direction Requirements: Strict style; image of the hero in the fateful moments of life; The unity of time, actions and places - brighter they manifested themselves in dramaturgy. In Russia, classicism occurs in the 30-50s. XVIII century In the work of A. Kantemir, V. Tredyakovsky, M. Lomonosova, D. Fonvizin.
Conceptualists - a literary association that arose at the end of the XX century, denies the need to create artistic images: an art idea exists outside of the material (at the level of application, project or comment). Conceptualists are D. A. Prichi, L. Rubinstein, N. Iskrenko, etc.
The literary direction is characterized by the generality of literary phenomena for a certain time. The literary direction implies the unity of the worldship, aesthetic views of writers, ways to image life in a certain historical period. The literary direction is also characterized by the generality of the art method. The literary directions include classicism, sentimentalism, romanticism, etc.
The literary process (the evolution of literature) - reveals itself in the change of literary areas, in updating the content and form of works, in establishing new links with other art types, with philosophy, with science, etc. The literary process proceeds in its laws and is not directly related With the development of society.
Modernism (Franz. "Modern" - modern) - the general definition of a number of areas in the art of the XX century., Characterized by a break with the traditions of realism. The term "modernism" is used to designate a wide variety of unrealistic flows in the art and literature of the XX century. - from symbolism at its beginning to postmodernism at the end.
OBERIU (Association of Real Art) is a group of writers and artists: D. Kharms, A. Vvedensky, N. Zabolotsky, O. Malevich, K. Vaginov, N. Oleinikov, and others - worked in Leningrad in 1926-1931. Obaniuta was inherited by futurists, confessing the art of the absurd, the refusal of logic, from the usual study, etc. Especially active OBEERUTIs were in the field of theatrical. Art and poetry.
Postmodernism is a type of aesthetic consciousness in the art of the end of the XX century. In the artistic world of the Writer-Postmodernist, as a rule, no causes and consequences, or they easily change places. Here are blurred ideas about time and space, the authors of the author and the hero are unusual. Significant style elements are irony and parody. Works of postmodernism are designed for the associative nature of perception, on the active creation of the reader. Many of them contain a detailed critical self-esteem, i.e., literature and literary criticism is combined. For postmodern creations, specific imagery is characterized, so-called simulators, i.e. images and images without a new original content that use already known, simulating reality and paroding it. Postmodernism destroys all sorts of hierarchies and opposition, replacing them with alluzia, reminiscence, quotes. Unlike avant-garde, he does not deny the precursors, but all traditions in art are equivalent to him.
Representatives of postmodernism in Russian literature are Sasha Sokolov ("School for Fools"), A. Bitov (Pushkin House), veins. Erofeev ("Moscow - Petushki") and others.
Realism is an artistic method based on an objective image of reality reproduced and typed in accordance with the copyright ideals. Realism depicts a character in its interactions ("clips") with the surrounding world and people. An important feature of realism is the desire to truth, to reliability. In the process of historical development, realism acquired specific forms of literary areas: ancient realism, realism of the Renaissance, classicism, sentimentalism, etc.
In the XIX and XX centuries. Realism has successfully assimilated separate artistic techniques of romantic and modernist trends.
Romanticism - 1. The artistic method based on the author's subjective representations, is mainly based on its imagination, intuition, fantasies, dreams. Like realism, romanticism acts only in the form of a specific literary direction in several varieties: civil, psychological, philosophical, etc. Hero of the romantic work is an exceptional personality, outstanding, outlined with great expression. Romance writer style - emotional, saturated with visual and expressive means.
2. The literary direction arising at the turn of the XVIII-XIX centuries, when the freedom of society and freedom of humans proclaimed the ideal. For romanticism, interest in the past, the development of folklore; His favorite genres is an elegy, ballad, poem, etc. ("Svetlana" V. Zhukovsky, "MTSI", "demon" M. Lermontov, etc.).
Sentimentalism (Franz. "Sentimental" - sensitive) - the literary direction of the second half of the XVIII - early XIX century. The manifesto of Western European sentimentalism was the book L. Stern "Sentimental Journey" (1768). Sentimentalism proclaimed in opposition to the rationalism of enlighteners the cult of natural feelings in the daily life of a person. In Russian literature, sentimentalism originated at the end of the XVIII century. and is associated with the names of N. Karamzin ("Poor Lisa"), V. Zhukovsky, Radishvolev poets, etc. The genres of this literary direction are epistolary, family-household romance; Confessional story, elegy, travel notes, etc.
Symbolism - the literary direction of the late XIX - early XX century: D. Merezhkovsky, K. Balmont, V. Bryusov, A. Block, I. Annensky, A. White, F. Sologub, etc. based on associative thinking, on subjective reproduction reality. The system of paintings (images) offered in the work is created by means of copyright characters and is built on the personal perception and emotional sensations of the artist. An important role in the creation and perception of works of symbolism belongs to intuition.
Soc-Art is one of the characteristic phenomena of Soviet unofficial art of the 70-80s. It originated as a reaction to the all-permissing ideology of Soviet society and all types of art, choosing the way of ironic confrontation. Paroding also European and American pop art, used in the literature Trees of grotesque, satirical pulp, caricatures. Social success of social art has achieved in painting.
Socialist realism - direction in the art of the Soviet period. As in the classicism system, the artist must strictly adhere to a specific array of rules governing the results of the creative process. The main ideological postulates in the field of literature were formulated at the first congress of Soviet writers in 1934: "Socialist realism, being the main method of Soviet fiction and literary criticism, demands from the artist of the truthful, historically specific image of reality in its revolutionary development. At the same time, the truthfulness and historical specificity of the artistic image should be combined with the task of ideological alterations and the upbringing of workers of people in the spirit of socialism. " In fact, socialist realism took away the freedom of choice from the writer, lending the art of research functions, leaving him only the right to illustrate ideological installations, serving the means of party agitation and propaganda.
Style - Sustainable features of the use of poetic techniques and means that serve as an expression of originality, the uniqueness of the phenomenon of art. It is studied at the level of artistic work (Evgenia Onegin style), at the level of the individual manner of the writer (style N. Gogol), at the level of the literary direction (classic style), at the level of the era (Baroque style).
Surrealism is an avant-garde direction in the art of the 20s. XX century, proclaiming the source of inspiration, the subconscious of a person (his instincts, dreams, hallucinations). Surrealism breaks logical connections, replaces them with subjective associations, creates fantastic combinations of real and unreal items and phenomena. Brighter, surrealism manifested itself in painting - Salvador Dali, Juan Miro, etc.
Futurism - the avant-garde direction in art 10-20s. XX century Based on the denial of the established traditions, the destruction of traditional genre and language forms, on the intuitive perception of the rapid flow of time, the combination of documentary material and fiction. Futurism is characterized by self-sufficient molding, creating a dusty language. Futurism received the greatest development in Italy and in Russia. His bright representatives in Russian poetry were V. Mayakovsky, V. Khlebnikov, A. Klychey, etc.
Existentialism (lat. Existentia - existence) - direction in the art of the middle of the XX century, consonant with the teachings of philosophers S. Kierkegor and M. Heidegger, partly N. Berdyaev. The person is depicted in a closed space, where anxiety reigns, fear, loneliness. The character comprehends its existence in the border situations of the struggle, catastrophe, death. Nice, a man knows himself, becomes free. Existentialism denies determinism, approves intuition as the main one, if not the only way to know the work of art. Representatives: J. - P. Sartre, A. Kama, W. Golding and others.
Expressionism (lat. "Expressio" - an expression) - the avant-garde direction in the art of the first quarter of the XX century, who proclaimed the unique reality of the spiritual world of the person. The basic principle of the image of human consciousness (the main object) is the boundless emotional tension, which is achieved by a violation of real proportions, up to the impression of the glotescan rundot, reaching the world, reaching abstraction. Representatives: L. Andreev, I. Becher, F. Durrenmat.
5. Common Literary Concepts and Terms
Adequate - equal, identical.
Allusion - the use of the words (combinations, phrases, quotes, etc.) as a hint that activates the reader's attention and allows you to see the connection of the depicted with which, or a known fact of literary, household or social and political life.
Almanac - non-periodic collection of works selected on thematic, genre, territorial, etc. Signs: "Northern Flowers", "Physiology of St. Petersburg", "Day of Poetry", "Tarusk Pages", "Prometheus", "Metropol", etc.
"ALTER EGO" - the second "I"; Reflection in the literary hero of the part of the author's consciousness.
Anacreontic poetry - poems, chanting the joy of life. Anacreonte is an ancient Greek lyrics, writing verses of love, packaging songs, etc. Translations to Russian, K. Delvina, K. Batyushkova, A. Deligova, A. Pushkin, and others.
Annotation (lat. "Annotatio" - Note) - a brief, explaining book title note. Annotation is given, as a rule, on the turnover of the title page of the book, after the bibliographic description of the work.
Anonymous (Greek. "Anonymos" - Unnamed) - the author of the published literary work, who did not call his own behalf and who did not use the pseudonym. The first edition of "Traveling from St. Petersburg to Moscow" in 1790 gave an indication of the author's surname on the title page of the book.
Anthutopia is a genre of an epic work, most often a novel that creates a picture of the life of society, deceived by utopian illusions. - J. Orwell "1984", Evg. Zamyatin "We", O. Huxley "On the wonderful, new world", V. Winovich "Moscow 2042" and others.
Anthology - 1. Collection of selected works of one author or group of poets of a certain direction and content. - Petersburg in Russian poetry (XVIII - early XX century): Poetic anthology. - L., 1988; Rainbow: Children's Anthology / Sost. Sasha black. - Berlin, 1922, etc.; 2. In the XIX century. The anthemicals were called poems written in the spirit of ancient lyrical poetry: A. Pushkin "Tsarskoselskaya Statue", A. Fet "Diana" and others.
Apocrif (Greek. "Anokryhos" is secret) - 1. The work with the biblical plot, the content of which does not fully coincide with the text of the Holy Books. For example, "Limonar, siren spiritual meadow" A. Remizov et al. 2. An essay, with a low degree of reliability ascribed to any author. In the ancient Russian literature, for example, "Talking about Tsar Konstantine", "legends on books" and some others, as expected, was written by Ivan Perestekov.
Association (literary) is a psychological phenomenon when, when reading a literary work, one representation (image) in the similarity or opposite causes other things in the imagination.
Attribution (lat. "Attributio" - attribution) - Textheological problem: the establishment of the author of the work as a whole or its parts.
Aphorism is a laconic speech expressing the capacious generalized thought: "It would be glad to serve, sichenly serve" (A. S. Griboedov).
Ballad is a lyrol-epic poem with a historical or heroic plot, with the obligatory presence of a fantastic (or mystical) element. In the XIX century The ballad was developed in the work of V. Zhukovsky (Svetlana), A. Pushkin ("Song about Oleg"), A. Tolstoy ("Vasily Shibanov"). In the XX century The ballad was revived in the work of N. Tikhonov, A. Tvardovsky, E. Evtushenko, etc.
Bass is an epic product of an allegorical and moral character. The narrative in the bass is painted irony and in the conclusion contains the so-called morality - the tearing output. The Baszni leadership leads from the legendary ancient Greek poet Ezopa (VI-V centuries to n. E.). The largest masters of Basni were French Lafonten (XVII century), German Lessing (XVIII century) and our I. Krylov (XVIII-XIX centuries). In the XX century The bass was represented in the work of D. Poor, S. Mikhalkov, F. Krivina, etc.
Bibliography - a section of literary studies, giving a targeted systematic description of books and articles on various rubrics. Reference bibliographic manuals on fiction, prepared by N. Rubakin, I. Vladislavlev, K. Muratova, N. Matsuev, etc. Multi-volume bibliographic reference book in two series: "Russian Soviet Prosers" and "Russian Soviet poets" report details as On the publications of artistic texts and the scientific and critical literature on each of the authors who have entered this allowance. There are also other types of bibliographic publications. Such, for example, the five-volume bibliographic dictionary "Russian writers 1800-1917", "Lexicon of Russian literature XX century", compiled by V. Cossack, or "Russian writers of 20 century." and etc.
Operational information about updates is provided by the Special Monthly Bulletin "Literary Worker", published by the Institute of Scientific Information Paradise. The newspaper "Book Review", magazines "Literature", Russian Literature, Literary Review, "New Literary Review", and others are also systematically reported on the innovations of artistic scientific and critical literature.
Buff (ITal. "Buffo" - Schutovskaya) - comic, mainly circus genre.
Sleep wreath is a poem of 15 sonnets forming a peculiar chain: each of the 14 sonnets begins the last line of the previous one. The fifteenth sonnet consists of these fourteen duplicate lines and is called "key", or a "highway". Wreath of sonnets is presented in the work of V. Brysov ("Sveta Thoughts"), M. Voloshin ("Sogop Astralis"), Vyach. Ivanova ("Sleeping Wreath"). He meets in modern poetry.
Waterville - type of comedy position. Easy entertainment play of domestic content, built on entertaining, most often, love intrigue with music, songs, dancing. Waterville is presented in the work of D. Lensky, N. Nekrasova, V. Sologuba, A. Chekhov, V. Kataeva, etc.
Volyupuk (Vapauk) - 1. Artificial language, which tried to use as an international; 2. Tarabrushnia, meaningless set of words, Abrakadabra.
Demiurg - Creator, Colder.
Determinism is a materialistic philosophical concept about objective patterns and causal relations of all phenomena of nature and society.
Drama - 1. The genus of art having a synthetic character (combination of lyrical and epic began) and belonging to the literature and theater (cinema, television, circus, etc.); 2. Actually drama is the type of literary work, depicting human and society's acute conflict relations. - A. Chekhov "Three sisters", "Uncle Vanya", M. Gorky "At the bottom", "Children of the Sun" and others.
Duma - 1. Ukrainian folk song or poem on the historical topic; 2. Genre lyrics; Persisions of meditative nature dedicated to philosophical and social problems. - See "Duma" K. Ryleyev, A. Koltsova, M. Lermontov.
Spiritual poetry - poetic works of different species and genres, containing religious motives: Y. Kublanovsky, S. Averintsev, 3. Mirkin and others.
The genre is the type of literary work, whose features, although there are historically, are in the process of constant changes. The concept of the genre is used at three levels: generic - genre of epic, lyrics or drama; species - genre of Roman, Elegy, Comedy; Actually genre - historical novel, philosophical elegy, comedy of morals, etc.
Idyllo is the type of lyrical or limier poetry. In idylls, as a rule, a peaceful serene life of people on the Louis of beautiful nature is depicted. - Antique idyllies, as well as Russian Idylli XVIII - early XIX century. A. Sumarokova, V. Zhukovsky, N. Galotich, etc.
Hierarchy is the location of the elements or parts of the whole on the basis of the highest to the lower and vice versa.
Increusion - angry impairment.
Ipostasya (Greek "HipoStasis" - face, essence) - 1. The name of each person of the Holy Trinity: One God speaks in three horses - the god father, the God-Son, the God-Spirit of Holy; 2. Two or more sides of one phenomenon or subject.
Historiography - a section of literary studies studying the history of its development.
The history of literature is a section of literary criticism, which studies the peculiarities of the development of the literary process and the decisive place of the literary direction, the writer, the literary work in this process.
Carticle - copy, accurate translation from one language to another.
Canonical text (correlated from Greek. "Kapop" is a rule) - installed in the process of texture reconciliation of publishing and handwritten versions of the work and meets the last "author's will".
Kantsona - type of lyrics, mainly love. The heyday Chancests - Middle Ages (Creativity of Trubadurov). In Russian poetry there is rarely (V. Bryusov "to the lady").
Catharsis - cleansing the soul of the viewer or reader, tested by him in the process of empathizing literary characters. According to Aristotle, Qatarsis is the goal of the tragedy, a refining viewer and reader.
Comedy is one of the types of literary creativity belonging to the dramatic genus. The action and characters in the comedy put the goal of ridicuing ugly in life. The comedy arose in the ancient literature and is actively developing up to our time. The comedies of the provisions and comedies of characters differ. Hence the genre variety of comedy: social, psychological, household, satirical.
1. The theory of literature as a science.By definition MA Palkina, "Theory of literature is the most important part of literary studies (science of literature), which gives knowledge about the most common properties of literary works and characterizing the essence, public appointment, features of the content and form of fiction as art of the word." Theory of literature is an open scientific discipline (has a debate).
"Theory of literature", "literary criticism" and "poetics" in the general sense is synonymous. But everyone has its narrow orientation. "Literary criticism" correlates with the theory and history of literature and literary criticism. The concept of "poetics" is often used by synonymous with the style of the artistic world of the writer, visual funds. In recent years, the term "theory of literature" is increasingly replaced by the term "poetics". V.M. Zhirmunsky, Ya. Makarzhovsky, R. Jacobson, etc., the poetics call the teaching and science "On the essence, genres and forms of poetry - about the content, technique, structures and visual means ...". B.V. Tomashevsky poetic called the theory of literature. "The task of poetics (otherwise - the theory of literature or literature) is the study of ways to build literary works. The object of study in the poetic is fiction. The study method is a description and classification of phenomena and their interpretation. " MM Bakhtin considered the poetics first of all the "aesthetics of verbal artistic creativity." In the 19th century, this term was not the main one, but the term "poetry" was used, despite the childbirth and types of works. Famous scientists Khalizhev, Bakhtin, Gasparov, Epstein, Mann, etc. TL- Theoretical part of literary studies
Included in literary studies along with the history of literature and literary criticism based on these areas of literary studies and at the same time giving them a fundamental justification. This is a young science (Ok 2nd centuries: originated in 19V), which develops the methodology for analyzing artworks and the evolution of the literary and artistic process as a whole. OSN. The problem is the problem of systematization. The rate of the TL has a cut. Mark-p, i.e. We appeal to everything that has already been studied. At TL Discuss-th Har-P (no generalist. EDUCATIONAL), because Young science. There are several equivals. Literary critic. Shkol: Tartur (Lotman), Moscow, St. Petersburg., Leiderman School (Ekater-d).
T. L. Learn the nature of the poetic knowledge of the reality and principles of its research (methodology), as well as historical forms (poetics). The main problems of T. L. - Methodological: Specificity of literature, literature and reality, genesis and function of literature, classiness of literature, party literature, content and form in literature, artisticity criterion, literary process, literary style, artistic method in literature, socialist realism; poetics problems in T. L.: Image, idea, topic, poetic genus, genre, composition, poetic language, rhythm, verse, phony in their style meaning. The terms of the theory of literature are functional, that is, they do not so much give the characteristic of the specific features of this concept, how much do the function disclose that it performs, its ratio with other concepts. The theory of literature is one of the three main components: theory of literature, the history of literature, criticism of literature. Course composition: 1. A block of issues of the general -est (image, convention, fiction, shape and content). 2 block. Theoretical poetics are facing the work (art speech, rhythm, space temporary organization, narrative level, motive, tragic comic). 3 block. Problematics of the literary process. (literary process, development trends, literary directions, innovation, guenes, etc.). 4 block. Literary Methods (Literature History). The second feature is openly discusional. The presence of a set of literary forms is explained by verbal artistic way. The most important task of literary studies is the task of systematization.
2. Artistic image as a form of poetic thinking.
Khud.o.-Method or method of developing actions inherent only by the claim. Ho-dialectical unity of a number of opposite.: The image of the Tale-th-expressing. It is an objective, subject-semantic, objective-symbug., Real-ideal, etc. Ho Djusloin: said and meaning-e, or in a different way objectively and know. And the subject-creature. Beginning. It customerBut this is not a damage. However, from important. Functions ho-convey in words what the things have, overcoming conditionality \u003d Epstein: "The word detects on the other side of the conventionality." The originality of literature is due to the fact that it is verbal art. The classic work that reveals the originality of verbal images is "Laocoon, or the borders of the lives of poetry" lesing. Lessing showed the dynamic character of verbal images. He pointed to the relationship between the subject of the image and the artistic means of this or other art: not every item can be reproduced by means of painting and through words. The image material must correspond to the depicted objects (in painting and sculpture - these are static bodies, in the literature are movements, processes). Otherwise: the writer through verbal images is in the imagination of listeners of presentation both about the external world, surrounding characters and their inner world. About dynamicHis Org-I is temporary (in the epic and drama-storyline (focusing O), in the lyrics-metaphor (conjugation of O)).
The image is concrete and at the same time a generalized picture of human life, created by means of fiction and having aesthetic meaning. Note qualitative characteristics of the artistic image: 1. Unity of individual (concrete) and typical (generalized) in an artistic image. 2. Fine as a means of creating an image. 3. Aesthetic value (emotional impact on the reader). 4. "Unsurance".
Types of images: I. By level of production: sounds (sounds, rhythmulations); Callastical colors (separation, the phrase-I, details, neologisms); subject o (portraits, items); About people, their mutual me; About the world created in the army; II. Epstein: 1 for substitution (I); 2. Within the meaning of: a) by content: Ind. --inherent in one author; character. well-inherent ORD. Development period, nat, Eastor. Eat; Typically - inherent. Self-quality at all times ("Euro"). b) in semantic generalization: * motives- helper. In one of the writer's writer or in the TV-ve group of the ISM one for example (vest. Corners, thresholds; Tsvetaeva: Rowan, Ahm: Iva, Neftrech; Okudzhava: Arbat; Group of motifs: Sea, Steppe, Mountains, Sky . * Topos-Hener-Sia about in ODR. The period of some nat. Culture. Examples: The image of the Earth, the road, an extra person, a small person. * Archetype (introduced Jung) -Present. NC.Litre, and Jawl-Xia world. Creating, often gives. It is fed to know yourself - but goes back to the revenues, to mythology. Examples: Wise old man, dough, love, fathers and children, searching for the meaning of life (shagidine leather - Balzac, Danko, Larra. 3. According to the substantive and meaning: Autologically balanced and sense. (realistic information); Metheological.-Sense. Prevails above. (unrealistic. IAn-I: romance, modernist.); Superlogic. - High. Spacese of waiting, i.e. Note with different life. Sit-Mi. Exterior allegory and symbol. According to the text levels: a) phonetic and rhythmic times, rest feather asks. b) lexical species (suddenly "), c) subject images, details, portraits, landscapes (Crystal ball - Pierre Dubs, Oak - Bolkonsky, Plushkin Gingerbread), D) Images of characters, relationship between them (Margarita. Rostov, Bolkonsky ), e) image of the world created in the work.
In the literature of the new time, the imagery developed 4 trends: 1) Baroque: a sharp disproportion of semantic over the subject, asymmetry, fancy, emblem: "Life is a dream" Calderon - clarification of relationships between sleep and reality); 2) classic: orientation for classic images, order, symmetry, thoughtfulness (Moliere, Cornel, Rossin, Fonvizin, Lomonosov), Troublery; 3) Romantic: In the foreground, the image "I", the actualization of the seas, steppes, mountains, dwymiria; 4) Realistic: Support on an ordinary person, typical nature in typical circumstances.
An image-allegory and an image symbol: the difference: the allegory is unambiguous, the symbol is multi-rival. Allegory: Basni, parables. Symbol: blue raincoat (about values, about the feat. About glory), white dress (girl sang in church choir).
The main types of classification of artistic images (according to M. Epstein):
On substitution;
In semantic generalization;
Structural (the ratio of substantive and semantic plans).
Details are the smallest units of the object image in the literary work. They are necessary not only for the description, but can perform a psychological function, filling even a symbolic meaning;
Subject images - organize artistic space, specify the semantic and material being of the characters. Subject details are things that are inextricably linked with a person. The closer the subject to a person, the more properties he adapts;
Images of thoughts and experiences. Have a real-sensual embodiment;
Sound images (Sonosphere) - images of nature, sounds generated by human life, musical images. In satirical works are used to accrete a person, but may also cause compassion. Can gain symbolic meaning. There is sound problems. Sound images may have a comic effect. Pause - a sound image that allows you to reveal the depth of the subtext;
Summary images - color images, contour (spatial illusion). Synesthesia - the ratio of certain colors with associations caused by those or other sensations;
Taste images - food images. Absorbing the bump is opposed to spiritual. Reduced themes of physical saturation;
Smell images are natural and artificial. Nature smells other than in the city, but do not always serve for aesthetic function;
Tactile images - the artistic real-body sensations are reported to the artistic world, the texture is transmitted;
Images-events, actions - constitute a plot and phaance level of the structure of the artistic text;
Images-characters, circumstances - are associated with the image of a person in the literature. These can be humanifracted images of animals, birds, fantastic creatures filled with human meaning. Circumstances determine the interaction of a person with the outside world;
The image of the world - reveals a holistic look of the writer for reality and man.
Individual - original and unique. Are the fruit of the imagination of the writer. Most often found romantics and sciences (demon, wave, quasimodo);
Characteristic - are generalized, contain general traits of morals inherent in many people of a certain era;
Typical is the highest degree of character, the main goal of realistic literature of the XIX century (Plato Karataev, Pechorin, Anna Karenina). In these images, not only historical, but also universal features can be captured;
Motive images are steadily repeated in the work of a writer or a group of image writers, expressed in various aspects using the variation of the most significant elements (blizzard, beautiful lady). They carry a symbolic-semantic load.
Topos Images - denotes general and typical images characteristic of the literature of the whole era, nation (world - theater);
Images-archetypes - the primitives containing the most stable forms of human imagination and consciousness. They were introduced by Karl Jung, which believed that these are universal images endowed with the property of omnipresence. They transmit unconscious from generation to generation, permeate all human culture from the myths to modernity (mythological images). Ingenious writers are able to reproduce these images by filling them with new content.
Structural classification of images:
Autologous - subject and semantic plans coincide;
Metal cooker - figurative value (trails);
Allegorical (symbolic) is the mismatch of substantive and semantic plans. Contain universal, multivalued, abstract and significantly exceed the substantive plan.
3. The problem of artistic fiction.
Fiction - Chief Wathers, leading to Created Hood. Oh, who have no analogues in any perd.. The artistic fiction in the early stages of the formation of art, as a rule, was not realized: the archaic consciousness did not distinguish the truth of historical and artistic. But already in folk fairy tales, which never give themselves behind the reality mirror, a conscious fiction is quite pronounced. We find a judgment about the artistic fiction in the "poetics" of Aristotle (ch. 9-historian talks about the happening, the poet - about the possible, about what could happen), as well as in the works of the philosophers of the Ellinism era. Over the course of a number of centuries, fiction performed in literary works as a general heritage, as the predecessors inherited by writers. Most often, these were traditional characters and stories, which every time somehow transformed (so it was, in particular, in the drama of the revival and classicism, which widely used antique and medieval plots). Much more than it happened earlier, fiction showed himself as an individual possession of the author in the era of romanticism, when the imagination and fantasy were conscious as the most important face of human being. In the post-caring epochs, artistic fiction somewhat narrowed its sphere. Flight imagination Writers XIX century. Often they preferred direct observation of life: Characters and plots were approached by their prototypes. At the beginning of the XX century. The fiction is sometimes regarded as something outdated, rejected in the name of recreation of a real fact, documented. Literature of our century - as before - is widely based on fiction, and on non-intentional events and faces. Without support for fictional images of art and, in particular, the literature is non-subsequent. Through the fiction, the author summarizes the facts of reality, embodies his mind on the world, demonstrates its creative energy. Z. Freud argued that artistic fiction is associated with unsatisfied withdrawal and depressed desires of the creator of the work and involuntarily express. Funth functions: * The art of the word summarizes the facts of reality; * The function of knowledge - the writer summarizes the facts of reality to know the world; * fiction to define a lie, but this lie to verification turns out to be true; * Didactic function. Conventionation-synonym for fiction. The immenthene fiction (organic for the claim). Purchase exposure: The term introduced Shklovsky V.B. "And now the frost is already cracking
And silver medium fields ... (reader is waiting for rhymes roses: On, here, take it soon. "
Secondary convention- Sorry. Coulder, released on the surface, undisguised. The writer directly enters the reader - receiving "reception". Role lyricsone of the forms of lyrical lodge, when the right of voting has non-life. Protmet / dead, people, people. DR Nats-Ti, Dr. Pola. Types of binary convention: fantastic, hyperbole, litt, grotesque (reality transformation, in a non-shaped catoroge associated with tragic / comic (Gullivier journey, nose, portrait, doggy heart loosened). Forms of binary conditionality
: role-playing (character) lyrics - st-e is written from the other, age, faith, a dead man, on behalf of the subjects; Allegory, parable.
4. Literary work as artistic unity.
The meaning of the term "literary work", Central in science on literature, it seems self-evident. However, it is not easy to give him a clear definition. The artwork is an original, complete ecc is Hood.truda, the result of aesthetic. Summary of the actions; This refers. Come. Summary of the world .. The initial position of the analysis of the artwork is the provision on the unity of form and content in the work. Content and form - Concepts related to each other. But the basis of this "intelligence" of the form and content of the work is still the content, for it is looking for a form in which the most complete expression of the ideological and philosophical essence of the content is possible. The set-complex of the word. For each teller one. The text becomes a work when it is included in the context: Eastr., Ceate-th perception context. The concepts of text and the work of the relationship, when we are dealing with the fabula and plot (text \u003d plot, plot \u003d MODE-E). The text can be disdable, it is impossible to produce it, since it is essential in the Index. Disposal form, i.e. Inclusive from the content (content M.B. is expressed only in this form or vice versa). Informativeness external forms of its meaningability. Rhythm shape. Org-II (poems and prose) is also informative. Semantic. Reel (Gasparov) meter-ORD. Semantic filling of a meter.
Cycle and fragment - Polar phenomena, cat. Pension tons integrity. Cycle-the group of the producer, the combination of the hero, the problem, the place and T actions, double authorship (small tragedies of Pushkin, notes of the hunter of Turgenev, Dark alleys). Fragment-part of the army, which received the status of the Samost., Complete. Governments, exit (at Lukomorya, "Children's Years of Bagrova-grandson - Alenyky Flower").
Frame component siln.Positioning text, the Yavl-Xia cat deeply contains.: The title reflects aesthetic. Lithuanian writer, epigraph-auth. Any litter. Prospecting consists of 3 structural. Lessons :: 1. The level of external. Forms \u003d Style: Rh.org-I, Rhythmic Melodich. Org-I; 2. Level Extr.form (Pottnya) \u003d Genre: Prostr. - Time. Org-I, Subject, Igor-I, Motive Org, Item. Org-I, View of Paphos. 3. The level conceptual \u003d meter: theme, problem, thin.
Structural model of works: 1 level of external form (words and rhythm, artistic speech, rhythmic organization). 2 level of the internal form of the word: air defense, character system; 3 level conceptual - topics, taste. Art ideal.
content- the essence of any phenomenon; the form- expression of this entity. Antique philosophers spoke about the content and form (Plato, Aristotle). The allocation of the reasonable category of content and forms occurred in the XVIII - early XIX centuries. It was carried out by German classical aesthetics. Content in the literature - statements of the writer about the world; The form is a system of sensually perceived signs, with which the word writer finds its expression. It is the artistic form that harmonizes the indiscriminate life material and implements it in the picture of the world.
Functions of the artistic form:
Internal: carry and disclose artistic content;
External: the form is created according to the laws of beauty and aesthetics, affects the reader.
Aspects of art form and content:
Ontological- shapeless content is impossible, as well as a non-delayed form;
Axiological- The ratio of content and form acts as criterion of artisticity.
5. Artistic speech, its differences from everyday speech.
Artistic speech (XP). Her differences from everyday speech (OR)
XP is studied by Lithuanian, and linguistics. In Lit-II, XP is studied as an external work form associated with other levels. In Linguistics, XP is studied in a row of other forms of language (scientific, officer-business).
Miden and XP are distinguished by dominant functions. F-I am - Transmission of info, informative-communicative. F-I. XP - aesthetic. The word is used to create an artistic image. The resulting is speech in XP, and in OR, because The word is figuratively in fact. OR does not create aesthetic content. The word as the language of literature is fundamentally different from other arts. The word before the prome, before it is created has a certain meaning. The artist uses ready-made images, the image is contained in the word initially. Writectism, warvarisov, archaisov. Ordinary words in an unusual order, with which the image is born.
Literary language - normalized, general denominator for native speakers, despite dialect differences. Thanks to him, we understand each other. Language of fiction - Dialects, Varvarisms (Gallicizms, Turkizms, Germany, Gerscisms, Latinism, Polonism), Archaisms, Professionalism, Prohibited vocabulary. The artist can enjoy all this.
Specificity xp. The word in the work is always associated with the rhythm, constitutes a certain rhythmic scheme in prose and verses. The poet voluntarly or unwittingly keywords puts in strong positions, rhymes the words, turns to the Word again. Pr: "All happy families are similar to each other" - you can not "similar to each other all happy families" (Anna Karenina), "Clouds of Heavenly, Eternal Wanderers ..." - Cannot "Heavenly Clouds Wanderers Eternal." The author's order is disturbed, shouted was destroyed.
The subject of the theory of literature - the most common patterns literature and literary process. This aspect of the study of literary-artistic consciousness, specific for the theory of literature, determines its special, methodological importance for literary science as a whole. Based on the experience of the history of literature and literary criticism, accumulating the own experience of generalizing the development of the literature of many eras, the theory of literature forms the philosophical founders of literary studies, clarifies and exhausted its categorical terminological apparatus, manages the principles of analysis and evaluation criteria for artistic works. Determining the level of development of science on literature as a whole and contributing to the growth of its professionalism, the theory of literature appears "Science of Science" for all literary disciplines. Being aimed at the most common literary laws, the theory of literature turns out to be, respectively, the most strict and accurate among other literary sciences, arming the necessary measure of research accuracy and the correctness of the history of literature and literary criticism in their approaches to the work, to those or other parties to its content and form , to the creativity of the writer, to the literature of a certain era, to the literary process, etc. The theory of literature causes the improvement of specific methods for analyzing the literary text defined by historical and literary or literary critical tasks.
The theory of literature actualizes the most significant problems of literary science at each stage of its development. Focusing on questions that are fundamental to the artistic consciousness of the literature of the era and his scientific understanding, it, thereby contributes to the intensive contact of the literary and philosophical thought, reveals and strengthens the special, aesthetic and ideological nature of literary science.
Finally, the activity of contacts of the theory of literature with many - humanitarian and natural - scientific disciplines (art historics, linguistics, aesthetics, philosophy, history, sociology, psychology, physiology, computer science, etc.) allows it to not lose ties with the movement of scientific thought, including in Actual problematic issues for him by solving their special issues.
Mastering the theory of literature requires knowledge of the process of movement of the aesthetic and literary thoughts of the past and modernity. Theoretical preparedness of the literary critic implies the development and critical processing of many, often discussed, concepts of art and interpretations of specific artistic problems (positivistic, formalistic, intuivistic, structuralist, etc.).
Literature as a science and its connection with other sciences.
Lithing theory - Theoretical part of literary criticism, which is in literary studies, along with the history of lit-ry and literal criticism, based on these areas of literary studies and, at the same time, giving them a fundamental justification.
Diverse l. links with others. Humanitarian sciences, one of which serve its methodological base (philosophy, aesthetics), others are close to it on the tasks and subject matter ( folkliristicscommon artificialism), the third common humanitarian orientation (history, psychology, sociology). Multiple Communications L. with linguistics, Based not only on the community of material (language as a means of communication and as building material of literature), but also on some contact of the gnoseological functions of the word and the image and some similarity of their structures.
Literary criticism - multidimensional science, which includes many specials. Disciplines:
1. Poetics - the doctrine of the composition and structure of Hud.protions
Pictures of poetics:
Theoretical Regulations of the General Laws of the Building and Functioning
Historic - studies the work, based on his historic.
2. Stylistics- Theory Hood.rechi
3. The theory of the composition - studies the functioning thin.
4. Stoves - studies verse functions
5. Eidology- Theory of thinning
6. Literary criticism is associated with the assessment of lit-ry (divided into professional and amateur)
7. Practical poetics - is associated with the art of interpretation and estimating lith.
Philosophy is related to (studies the spiritual world)
8. Gnoseological F-JCC (general) - knowledge, comprehension of people
9. Aesthetics- Main F-Ia Lit-Ry, Science of Beautiful, aesthetic.F-ia is related to the experience of the beautiful, associated with the concept of catharsis, the cat. Aristotle was determined, the production should sweep
10. Ringuistics science of comparative language studies; Language studies, linguistics
11. The system is science on oratorical art; On the functions, creating prosaic text
12. Hermenevics- Science explaining the Sacred Scripture
The most important part of L. is poetics - Science on the structure of works and their complexes: creativity of writers in general, literary direction, literary era, etc. Foetics correlates with the main branches of L .: In the plane of the literature theory, it gives a common poetic, that is, the science of the structure of any work ; In the plane of the history of literature, there is historical poetics, exploring the development of whole artistic structures and their individual elements (genres, plots, stylistic images, etc.)
Modern L. is a very complex and movable disciplines. Distinguish three main industries L.: theory of literature, history of literature and literary criticism. The theory of literature explores the general laws of the structure and development of literature. The subject of the history of literature is the past of literature as a process or as one of the moments of this process. Literary criticism is interested in a relatively one-time, last, "today's" state of literature; It is also characterized by the interpretation of the literature of the past from the point of view of modern public and artistic tasks. Belonging to critics to L. How to science is not generally accepted
Methodology of science - Nuk science, each specific science should have basic methods
structuralism (formal method)
semiotic method (science of signs and iconic systems)
hermeneutics method (interpretation based on knowledge of cultural context)
receptive method based on the perception of a man of text
interpretation of myth or symbol based on production
psychoanalytic principles, formulated the theory of collective-unconscious (archetypes) K. G. Jung
deconstruction (Jean Beed)
Literary criticism - science of literature. Originated in ancient Greece. The founder is Aristotle. 1st book - "Poetics", 4th century BC.
18th century - literary criticism has become an independent science.
Literary criticism unites 3 literary disciplines:
The theory of literature (studies the specifics, social. Nature, public role and patterns of development of fiction;
The history of literature (explores the process of literary development in chronological sequence);
Literary criticism (responds to the most important literary events of time).
Auxiliary sciences:
Historiography (collects and implements achievements in the development of literary disciplines);
Bibliography (pointer, book guide).
Literary criticism- This is a science that studies the specifics of literature, the development of verbal artistic creativity, artistic literary works in the unity of its content and form, the patterns of the literary process. This is one of the branches of philology. The profession of philologist appeared to handle the ancient texts - decipher them and adapt to read. In the era of Renaissance, there was a huge interest in antiquity - to the texts of the era of the Renaissance, philologists appealed as help. An example when philology is needed: decipher historical realities and names in Evgenia Onegin. The need for comment, for example, to military literature. Literary crit works to understand what the text is about, and why it is created.
The text becomes a work when it has some kind of task.
Now literature is considered as the above system, where everything is interconnected. We are interested in someone else's assessment. Often we begin to read the text, already knowing something about him. The author always writes for the reader. There are different types of readers, which is talking about Chernyshevsky. An example is Mayakovsky, who accepted the descendants through his contemporaries. Literary critic addressed to the personality of the author, his opinion, biographies. He is also interested in reader's opinion.
In literary review many disciplines. They are basic and auxiliary. Main: theory of literature, history of literature and literary criticism. Literary criticism addressed to the modern literary process. She responds to new works. The main task of criticism is to give a product. It occurs when the artist and society is clearly attacked. Critics are often referred to as qualified readers. Russian criticism begins with Belinsky. Criticism manipulates the opinion of the reader. Often she is biased. Example: reactions to the "Tale of Belkin" and Herbal Boris Pasternak, when those who did not even read it spoke about him.
Theory and history are not addressed to topical. Neither a historian nor theoretics is important with topicality, he studies the work against the background of the entire literary process. Very often, literary processes appear brighter in secondary literature. The theorist reveals common patterns, constants, core. He is not important nuances. Historian, on the contrary, studies particular, specifics.
"The theory suggests, and the art destroys these assumptions, of course, most often unconsciously" - Jerzy Farino.
The theory forms a model. But the model is bad in practice. The best works almost always destroy these models. Example: Auditor, grief from the mind. Missing the sample, so we consider them from the point of view of the destruction of the model.
There is a different quality of literary studies. Sometimes the text of the scientific research I myself look like a artistic work.
Science should have a research subject, research methods and terminological apparatus.
Research methods: dialectic and structural. Structural - method of formal analysis (Tynyanov, Shklovsky, Tomashevsky, Jacobson), structural analysis method (lotman, ax). Dialectic - method of dialectic analysis (elk, bakhtin), recipes aesthetics (Gadamen, Yauss). There is also a motive structure, comparative historical analysis, Freudian theory.
The term is good when it is unequivocal. In literature, the terms are ambiguous, ambiguous and their understanding.
2. Epteatom (from gr. Epitheton - an application) is called a figurative definition of an object or actions (through the wavy fogs the moon is brewed, it pours sad light to the sad glade. - Pushkin).
Amplifying epithets, which indicate a sign contained in the defined word (mirror surface, cold indifference, a prison darkness); To. Affective epithets include tautologic (bitter grief).
Clarifying epithets, calling distinctive signs of the subject (value, form, color, etc.) (the Russian people created a huge outer literature: wise proverbs and cunning riddles, merry and sad ritual songs, solemn epics. The expressive strength of such epithets is often supported by other paths , especially with comparisons [Warving, he (people.)) The wondl of the invisible network of Russian language: Bright, like a rainbow, - after the spring shower, acknowledged, as the arrows, sincere, like a song over the cradle, singeling and rich]. A clear limit is not always possible between amplifier and clarifying epitles.
Contrast epithets forming with defined noun combinations of opposite words in the meaning of words - oxymifiers [Live Corpse; joyful sadness; hate love].
Most epithets characterize items, but there are also those that figuratively describe actions.
Epitheet fixes permanent (Multicient Odyssey). Homer's epitheet is a complex word. In the lyrics, he was considered heavy. Archaic. Exception - Tyutchev (loud, all-consuming - conceptuality). Tyutchev has epithet individualized. The structure of the epithet depends on the worldview: outless circce, coffin of Aphrodite at Bratha. Paradoxical epithets are eschatological motifs. Human departing, he loses its main properties. Antiquity is the beginning of the disclaim, when the mind will defeat the Spirit. Zhukovsky depicts humbleness before fate, the added values \u200b\u200bof the word. Ballad "Fisherman" understands Oest Somov line. The art effect is born because there is a violation of the norm, but within the framework of the value. In the artistic literature, nothing is read literally. The word initially has the ability to wordness.
METAPHOR (gr. Metaphorá - transfer) is the transfer of the name from one item to another on the basis of their similarity. However, linguists determine the metaphor as a semantic phenomenon; caused by imposing on the direct meaning of the word of extension, which the word becomes the main thing in the context of the artwork. At the same time, the direct meaning of the word serves only the basis for the author's associations. Among other metaphor trails occupies the main place, it allows you to create a capacious image based on bright, often unexpected, bold associations. for example: Burning east zareu new - Wordburning, acting as a metaphor, draws bright pars of the sky, illuminated by the rays of the rising sun. Example: "East burns ..." should be likeness. "Bee from Celi wax, flies for the tribute to the field" - there is no indicated words anywhere. Type of metaphor - personification (anthropomorphism) - transfer of the properties of a living organism to non-living. There are frozen immacitation. Sometimes an abstract concept expresses a concrete phrase. Such personalities are easily becoming symbols - a knock on Chekhov. The metaphor can be expressed by two noun, verb, adjective (then this is a metaphorical epithet).
Theory of literature
Theory of literature as a science.
Theory of literature One of the main sections of science on literature, studying the nature of artistic creativity and determining the methodology of its analysis. There are various definitions of the theory of literature and its borders, mostly stand out three systems of representations:
1) Sociological Literature Theory - the doctrine on the peculiarities of the figurative reflection of reality;
2) Formalist - the doctrine of the structure (methods for constructing) of literary works;
3) historical - The doctrine of the literary process.
· First The approach makes a distracted category: imagery, artistic, party, peoples, classiness, worldview, method.
· Second Upualizes the concepts of ideas, topics, plot, composition, style and stying.
· The third The approach to the history of literature, considers the problems of literary childbirth and genres, literary flows and the general principles of the literary process.
The theory of literature was inherent in the unity (monism) of the theory of literature on all stages of the existence of the science of literature and is not an order of Marxist philosophy.
In the 20th century Attempts have been made to build the theory of literature on the basis of the historical and logical path of the study. But to give an exhaustive characteristic of the historical development of the conditional categories of the sociological theory of literature (pity, artistic, method) failed - apparently, it is impossible. Everything limited to the collection of material that gives an idea of \u200b\u200bthe real manifold of the history of literature. This experience demonstrated the secondary of the theory of literature, its dependence on the real implementation of theoretical concepts in the historical and literary process.
Development of the theory of literature Started more B. antiquity. It was a kind of development in India, China, Japan and other countries: every time he was distressed by his national literary material, a special national terminology was created. In Europe, the theory of literature begins with the treatise of Aristotle "On the Art of Poetry" ("Poetics") relating to 4 V. BC e. Already in it, a number of major theoretical issues, important and for modern science were raised: the nature of literary creativity, the relationship of literature and reality, the types of literary creativity, childbirth and genres, the features of the poetic language and poems. In the process of historical development of literature, the change of various literary flows and understanding the originality of their artistic experience was also formed by the content of the theory of literature, reflecting various historical systems of views - in the works of N. Baloov, E. Lessing, G. V. F. Hegel, V. Hugo, V. G. Belinsky, N. G. Chernyshevsky and many others.
At the end of the 19th - early 20 century. Increased tendency to degrade the theory of literature from poetics. This idea dates back to the desire to consider poetry as "language in his aesthetic function" (R. O. Jacobson), which leads to the transformation of poetics into purely linguistic discipline and strengthens formalistic trends in it. In a less consistent form, the poets are considered in the separation from the theory of literature, limiting it with the study of verbal embodiment of the plan and including its subject literary childbirth and genres. However, such a restriction cannot be recognized as reasonable: the theory of literature is impoverished, genres, stylistics and poems are broken from it, an integral part of the science of science on literature, and poetics, in turn, cannot comprehend their limited content out of connection with the decisive More general parties to the literary work (language in the literary work is motivated primarily by the character and the state, which is due to the plot situations; the characters and the plot are determined by the parties of the life depicted by writers depending on its worldview and aesthetic position, etc.). Without an understanding of these links, consideration of expressive and composite funds, which serve their disclosure, turns out to be incomplete and inaccurate.
Domestic and foreign theories of literature do not support the division of the theory of literature and poetics. The classic "theory of literature" R. Warlek and O. Warren (1956) considers these concepts as synonyms. They are also synonymous in the title of the book B. V. Tomashevsky "Theory of Literature (poetics)" (1924). Tomashevsky in the terms of reference of poetics includes the concepts of the theme, hero, etc. V. V. Vinogradov specifically pointed out that it was necessary to "accommodate poetics in the sphere of the subjects, plotting, compositions and characteristics." In his research, he united the poetics and the theory of literature, including in the poetics of the problem of the hero, personality and character, the image of the author, shaped system. At the same time, the generality of the theory of literature and poetics does not limit the possibility and even the need for independent consideration of private issues of the theory of literature and inherent historical features, the originality of development (plotting, style, stylish, etc.). However, it is necessary to take into account their place in the holistic process of literary creativity.
The current development of humanities as interdisciplinary studies in the field of cultural study (Cultures Studies) puts new challenges with the emergence of the integrated study of literature on the basis of the interaction of literature theory with a number of related disciplines and attracting experiences of the exact sciences. For the modern theory of literature, psychology acquires special importance (especially the psychology of creativity), the study of patterns that manage the processes of creating and perceiving literary creativity, research of the reader audience (sociology of the literary process and perception). The subject of artistic creativity is a person in the whole manifold of its natural and social roles, leads to the fact that in the postmodern theory of literature, the use of natural-scientific and sociological knowledge about man (physiology, ecology; theory of small social groups, local theories) is intensified. All this allows to overcome the one-sidedness of quantitative (mathematical) techniques for studying the verbal structure of the work, the ratio of the image and a sign that prevailed during the period of hobbies with structural and semiotic analysis. In this regard, the current theory of literature is characterized by the search for new approaches to the study of literature and flowing from here the variegated terminology, the emergence of new, not fully defined schools.
Literature in the circle of other types of art
The term "literature" (from Lat. Literatura literally means "writing, all written by letters." However, usually under it implies fiction as a type of art, the main material of which is the word. The usual phrase "literature and art" is not quite correct, since literature is also part of the art. As an element of the system, it interacts with painting, music, architecture, choreography, cinema, etc. Something takes from them and something, in turn, gives.
In different historical epochs, a leading role is performed alternately, then another type of art. In antique times, for example, such art leader was a sculpture as the most plastic type of art. In the Middle Ages, the tone sets the architecture, in the Renaissance - painting, XVII-XVIII centuries. - The era of the undivided domination of the theater. In the XIX century Also certainly prevails literature. Finally, in the XX century. Cinema and television are real triumphants. Accordingly, the ancient poetic image was distinguished by sculpture, medieval - monumentality, Renaissance - the subtlety of psychological nuanxion, classic - theatricality, educational - publicism and didactism, modernist and postmodern - the dynamics of rapidly changing plans, their whimsical installation. Realistic literature of the XIX century, on the contrary, dramatically painting painting, music and even emerged by the end of a century cinema, in which the video was organically complemented by titers.
From ancient times, attempts were made to systematize a variety of arts as part of a single classification. The complexity, however, was the fact that A.N. was originally proven Veselovsky, they all were in a syncretically fusion, abused state. In the future, developing from a single root, they gradually altered, differentiated, although they retained some elements of generality and interaction.
The most adopted classification divides art on spatial (sculpture, architecture, painting), temporary (music) and synthetic (theater, literature, cinema). Refuting the formula I installed with ancient times, "Painting is silent poetry, and poetry speaking painting," E. Laming in the Treatise "Laocoon" showed that poetry is the most wide, which is available to such beauty, what never to achieve painting. The synthetic nature of the word art allows him to invade the territory of the "neighbors" using the spatial, plastic and color conquests of painting and sculptures, as well as the dynamic and melodic properties of music; To create a literary picture, it often appeals to intelligence or such non-traditional feelings and sensations as a synthesis and smell. Therefore, for fiction there are no forbidden topics. Artistic literature depicts life as a whole.
Epos.
! Thing eposa - External life in relation to the consciousness of the author. The epic is assumed to be an objective story about events, as if immersed in the "stream of life", in which the author acts as a narrator, the "fineness" of events. The speech structure of the epic is organized by the story, which is its dominant start (speech core), subordinating all other speech models.
The narrative is an image of an objective course of events deploying in time, as well as a description, reasoning, that is, everything, with the exception of the direct speech of the characters. The direct speech of the characters is organically included in the story, which seems to imitate, play, as in drama, the characters' dialogues, but it is always framed by copyright comments and explanations.
! Nucleus epic narration, its structural rod is plot.
Plot implies a consistent change of events related to each other causal-investigative connections.
Lyrics
! Image object lyrics - the inner life of the poet, the picture of his consciousnessembodied, as a rule, in the speech form of an internal monologue.
! The deep conflicts of being and consciousness (including political, socio-historical, philosophical) are embodied in a lyrical work through picture of experience (Direct or indirect embodiment of feelings, thoughts, emotions, etc.).
Therefore, analyzing the lyrics, you should talk about the image of experienceswhich is created not so much fine as expressive means.
One of the main differences The lyrics from the epic is to the specifics of the incarnation author's consciousness in lyrics. The author in lyrics is not a narrator (as in the epic), and the carrier of the experience.
Drama
! Drama as a birth literature has general features with epic. So, drama, first of all, suggests scene , i.e. playing the circuit of interrelated events.
! The drama is intended for stage execution, due to the dramatic work, the most acute problems of modern and in the brightest samples become folks.
! The most important formal properties Dramas: a solid chain of statements that act in the features of the actions of characters (behavioral acts), and as a result of this - the concentration of the depicted on closed areas space and of time.
Universal base composition dramas - stage episodes (miceanssen) arranged in phenomena and acts (actions), within which depicted (so-called artistic) time Adequitally time perception (so-called real Time) .
Drama How the literature includes many genres. The main of them - tragedy, comedy, drama
Criteria for generic division:The main criteria for generic division:
The basis of the text: a monologue (lyrics), dialogue (drama), mixture (EPOS)
- degree of the author's presence
- Width of the review (lyrics - only feelings, drama - a certain situation, EPOS can cover whole epochs)
- time (for lyrics it is not typical, the whole centuries can cover the Epos, in the drama - 24 hours)
- "Speech fabric" (K. Bulller): Message, Appeal, Expression
- the originality of the manifestation in them
- forms of the author's presence
- Text handling nature to reader
Epos genres.
Epos is a genus of literature (along with lyrics and drama), the story of the events alleged in the past (as if accomplished and recalled the narrative). Epos covers being in its plastic volume, spatial-temporal length and event saturation (story). According to the "poetics" of Aristotle, Epos, unlike lyrics and drama, impartial and objective at the time of the narration.
Large - epic, novel, epic poem (poem-epic);
Middle - Tale,
Small - story, novel, essay.
Epopea (Dr. Greek. Ἐποποιΐα, from ἔπος "Word, narration" + ποιέω "Wool") - a generic designation of large epic and similar works with them:
An extensive story in verses or prose about outstanding national historical events.
Complex, long history of something, including a number of major events.
The novel is a literary genre, as a rule, prosaic, who involves a detailed narration about the life and development of the personality of the main character (heroes) in the crisis, non-standard period of his life.
The story is a prosaic genre that does not have a sustainable volume and occupying an intermediate place between the novel, on the one hand, and the story and the novel, on the other, with a chronicle plot that reproduces the natural course of life.
The story is a large literary form of written information in literary and decoration and the relatively large amount of the text of the epic (narrative) work in prose, while maintaining it in the form of any printed publication. Unlike a story, a more brief form of presentation. Goes back to folk genres of oral retrace in the form of legends or instructive allegory and parables. As an independent genre alone in written literature when recording oral retells. Differences from short stories and / or fairy tales. Close to novels, and from the XVIII century - and to the essays. Sometimes novels and essays are considered in the form of polar varieties of the story.
Novel - a narrative prosaic genre for which the brevity, a sharp plot, neutral style of presentation, the lack of psychologist, an unexpected junction. Sometimes it is used as a synonym for a story or called its type.
Essay is one of the varieties of the small form of epic literature - a story other than his other form, the novels, the lack of a single, acute and fast-resolved conflict and greater development of the descriptive image. Both differences depend on the characteristics of the essay problems. Essaying literature does not affect the problem of becoming the nature of the personality in its conflicts with a well-established public environment, as inherent in the novel (and the novel), and the problems of the civil and moral state of the "medium" (embodied usually in individual personalities) - the problems of "moralopsychiatory"; It has a great cognitive diversity. Essaying literature usually combines the features of fiction and journalism.
Also, the epic includes folk genres: a fairy tale, epic, epic, historical song.
Tale - genre of literary creativity:
1. Folklore fairy tale - the epic genre of written and oral folk art: prosaic oral story about fictional events in folklore of different nations. The type of narrative, mainly prosaic folklore (fabulous prose), which includes the separating works, the texts of which are based on fiction. The fabulous folklore confronts the "reliable" folklore narration (non-surrender prose) (see myth, epics, historical song, spiritual poems, legend, demonological stories, tale, legend, fasting).
2. The fairy tale of the literary is an epic genre: the fiction-oriented work is closely related to the folk fairy tale, but, unlike it, belonging to a specific author, which did not exist before the publication in oral form and did not have any options. The literary fairy tale either imitates the folklore (literary fairy tale, written in a natural-ethical style), or creates a didactic work (see Didactic literature) on the basis of non-rigid plots. Folk tale historically precedes literary.
The epic - Russian folk epic songs about the exploits of the hero. The main plot of the episons is a heroic event, or a remarkable episode of Russian history (from here the people's name of the episodas - "old man", "old-road", implied that the action that the speech is spent in the past).
Genres lyrics
In lyrics - poem, Romance, Message, Elegy.
Verse (Dr. Greek. Ὁ Στίίχος - row, system), the echoed term used in several values:
artistic speech organized by division on rhythmically commensurate segments; Poetry in a narrow sense; In particular, it implies the properties of the poems of one or another tradition ("antique verse", "verse of Akhmatova", etc.);
the string of the poetic text organized by a specific rhythmic pattern ("My uncle of the most honest rules").
Romance in music (Span. Romance, from Late. Romanice, literally - "Romance", that is, "in Spanish") - a vocal essay, written on a small poem of lyrical content, predominantly love; Chamber music and poetic work for voice with instrumental accompaniment.
Message
In the church literature, the written appeal of the authoritative theologian to a certain group of people or to all mankind, clarifying certain religious issues. In Christianity, the epistles of the apostles constitute a significant part of the New Testament, and encyclics of later church hierarchs are fundamental documents that have the force of law.
In the artistic literature - text in the form of a letter or poem, aimed at praising or clarifying anything.
Elegy (Dr. Greek. Ἐλεγεία) - genre of lyric poetry; In early antique poetry - a poem written by Elegic Distich, regardless of the content; Later (Callimima, Ovid) - a poem with the character of thoughtful sadness. In Novo European poetry, Elegy maintains sustainable features: intimacy, disappointment motifs, unhappy love, loneliness, the strugnure of earthly existence, determines the rhetoricism in the image of emotions; The classic genre of sentimentalism and romanticism ("recognition" of Eugene Bratynsky).
Drama genre
tragedy
drama (genre)
drama in verse
melodrama
hierodrama
mystery
vaudeville
Tragedy (Dr. Greek. Τραγῳδία, tragōdía, literally - "Song of the goat", from τράγος, tragos - "Kozl" and ᾠδή, ōdè - "Song") - a genre of artwork, based on the development of events leading to a catastrophic for characters Exodus, often executed patellic; The view of the drama opposite
Drama - literary (dramatic), stage and cinematic genre. I received a special distribution in the literature of the XVIII-XXI centuries, gradually pushing out another genre of drama - tragedy, opposing it mostly by the household plot and more close to everyday reality. With the emergence of cinema, it also moved into this type of art, becoming one of the most common genres (see the relevant category).
Melodrama (from Dr. Greek. Έέλος - song and Δρᾶμα - action) - genre of fiction, theatrical art and cinema, whose works reveal the spiritual and sensual world of heroes in particularly bright emotional circumstances on the basis of contrasts: good and evil, love and hatred etc.
Irodrama (Fr. Un Hiérodrame; from Dr. Greek. Ἱερός, sacred) - in France 1750-1780. The name of the dramatic plays of spiritual content, the synonym for oratoria and the mystery.
Mystery (from Lat. Ministerium - service) is one of the genres of the European medieval theater associated with religion.
Comedy (Dr. Greek. Κωμῳδία, from ῶῶμος, kỗmos, "Holiday in honor of Dionysus" and ἀοιδή / ᾠδή, aoidḗ / ōidḗ, "song") - a genre of a artistic work characterized by a humorous or satirical approach, as well as the type of drama, in which is specifically resolved the moment of effective conflict or the struggle of antagonistic characters
Waterville (FR. VAUDEVILLE) - Comedy play with dance and dance songs, as well as a genre of dramatic art.
Farce (FR. Farce) is a comedy content with purely external comic techniques.
Types of problematics
The issues of typology of artistic issues began to be developed by literary criticism for quite a long time. The distinction of some types of problematics and their detailed description We can find in the works of Hegel, Schiller, Belinsky, Chernyshevsky and other aesthetics and literary criticions of the XVIII-XIX centuries. However, the systemic scientific development has been subjected only in the XX century. One of the first fruitful attempts to delimit the types of artistic problems was attempted M.M. Bakhtina, who highlighted the romance and nervous concept of reality. In typology M.M. Bakhtina they differed primarily on how the author comes to understanding and image a person *. However, the same group turned out to be internally inhomogeneous, which made it necessary to further develop the typology of artistic content in the direction of greater differentiation of types. Further everyone went here, probably G.N. Pospelov, who has already allocated four types of problems: "Mythological", "National-Historical", "Mravoological" (otherwise - "Etologic") and the romance (in the terminology of G. N. Pospelova - "Romanic") **. This typology is true, not free from significant drawbacks (inaccuracies of terminology, excessive sociologicalization, arbitrary and unlawful binding of types of problems with literary genres), but it is already quite possible to rely on. In the following presentation, we will and briefly characterize the views of G.N. Pospelova and half alarming with him, developing his own concept; At the same time, the main attention will be paid to further differentiation of types of problems.
Mythological issues
Mythological issues are a "fantastic-genetic understanding" of "certain phenomena of nature or culture" *; An explanation, which gives the author of the work of those or other phenomena. So, for example, the author "Metamorphosis" Ovid gives, relying on the folklore legend, the explanation from where and how the flower of Narcissus appeared on Earth - it turns out to be the young man named Narcissus, who did not love anyone except himself.
Mythological issues were very developed in the early stages of literature, as well as in raccottical work - folklore .. Of course, many modern writers simply use mythological models to implement quite different (most often philosophical) issues (for example, L. Andreeva's story "Juda Israbi", Roman Bulgakov "Master and Margarita", Pieces of J. Anuu), but also the myth-resistance itself is relevant for literature XX century. First of all, it is manifested in such important for modern artistic thinking of currents, like science fiction literature and in particular literature "Fantasy".
National issues
Problematics national historical. The creators of the works in which this type of problem was embodied, "were interested in the main historical formation and fate of entire nationalities," "National Destiny."
To her, the scientist considers only those works that are devoted or caused to life with critical moments in the history of the people, the nation. However, if we consider that the most important problem in the works of this type is the problem of the essence of a national nature - the more depth, rather than the problem of the external historical being of the nation, the people, then the circle of works included in this type will have to be significantly expanded. Along with national poems, reflecting the folding of national statehood ("Iliad", Homer, "the Word about the regiment of Igor", "Vityaz in Tiger Shkura" Sh. Rustaveli), with works in the new literature caused by the moments of interstate and intra-state conflicts ("Klyatnikov Russia "Pushkin," Walking on the flock "A.N. Tolstoy," Vasily Terkin "of the Twardovsky and others). There are works in which the problems of a national nature, national identity (national mentality, as they would say now) are put and solved on a completely "peaceful", even by household material. Such works can be attributed to the poem of Tyutchev "I do not understand Russia with ...", cycle M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin "Abroad", the stories of Leskov "Levshi" and "Iron Will", the stories of Chekhov in this regard seemed to be relevant to somewhat change the term itself not about "national-historical", but simply about national issues.
Philosophic issues
The ideological interest of writers in this case is aimed at understanding the most common, universal laws of the life of society and nature, both in the ontological and in the gnoseological aspects. The origins of this type are again lying quite deeply: we find them in the parables of the Old and New Testament, in the "Reduction Dialogues" of Plato, in "Dialogues in the Dead Kingdom" Lukiana
12. Hood Form and Hood Content
The figurative form of disclosure is the life of the characters, as it is generally represented in the works, - said Professor. D .. N. Pospelov. The content of the work refers to the sphere of the spiritual life and activity of people, the form of the work is a material phenomenon: directly - this is a verbal system of work - an artistic speech that is pronounced out loud or "to ourselves." The content and form of the literary work is the unity of opposites. The spirituality of the ideological content of the work and the materiality of his form is the unity of opposite areas of reality.
About the unity of the content and form in art very convincingly wrote Hegel: "The works of art that does not take out the appropriate form is therefore genuine, i.e. the true work of art, and for the artist, as such, serves as a bad excuse, if speaking, That in its content its works are good (or even excellent), but they lack proper form. Only those works of art in which the content and form are identical and are true works of art. "
Idea - the artistic unity of the content and forms of the work are formed on the basis of the premium of the content. No matter how great the studing of the writer, the significance of its works is primarily due to their content. The appointment of their shape and all genre, compositional and language elements is complete bright and artistic accurate transmission of content. Any violation of this principle, this unity of artistic creativity negatively affects the literary work, reduces its value. The dependence of the form on the content does not make it, however, something secondary. The content is revealed only in it, by virtue of this, completeness and clarity of its disclosure depends on the degree of compliance of the form of the content.
Speaking of content and form, you need to remember about their relativity and correlation. It is impossible to reduce the content of the work only to the idea. It is the unity of the objective and subjective, embodied in the artistic work. Therefore, analyzing the artwork, it is impossible to consider it an idea outside the figurative form. The idea that in the artistic work acts as the process of knowledge, comprehension by the artist, should not be reduced to the conclusions, to the program of action, which is only part of the subjective content of the work.
The holistic nature of the work attaches not a hero, but the unity of the problems set in it, the unity of the revealed theme.
Heroic Paphos
The heroic pathos encompasses the approval of the magnitude of the admiration of the individual and the whole team, the huge meaning of it for the development of the people, the nation, humanity. The subject of heroic pathos in the literature is the heroic of the reality itself - the active activity of people, thanks to which the great national and progressive tasks are carried out.
The content of heroics is different in different national historical circumstances. Mastering the elements of nature, responding into foreign invaders, the fight against the reactionary forces of society for the advanced forms of socio-political life, for the development of culture - all this requires the ability to rise to the interests and objectives of the team, to realize them as their own blood business. Then the common interests become the internal need of personality, mobilize her strength, courage, will and inspire her to the feat
The heroic always implies the free self-determination of the individual, its effective initiative, and not obedient operation.
The embodiment in the actions of a separate personality, with all the limitedness of its forces, the Great, National LD, regressive aspirations, is such a positive inner contradiction of heroic in life.
The figuratively revealing the main qualities of heroic characters, admiring them and singing them, the artist of the Word creates works imbued with heroic pathos1. It does not just reproduce and emotionally comments on the heroic of reality, and Ideano-creatively rethinking it in the light of his ideal of civil valor, honor, duty. He implements life into the artwork of the work, expressing his idea of \u200b\u200ba feat, about the essence of a heroic nature, his fate and meaning. The act of reality is reflected in the artistic product refraction and hyperbolically in fictional, sometimes even fantastic characters and events. It is therefore diverse therefore not only real heroic situations and characters, but also the interpretation of them in the literature.
Interest in the heroic is found in the most ancient works of syncretic creativity, in which, along with the images of the gods, the images of heroes appeared, or, as they were called in Greece, Heroes (gr. Heros - Vladyka, Mr.), committing unprecedented feats for the benefit of their people.
It should be noted that in the history of literature it is found and
false, fake heroization, such as conquerors, colonizers,
defenders of the reactionary mode, etc. It distorts the essence of the real
the historical situation gives the work a false ideological direction
.
Heroic images of myths and legends were widely used in the literature of subsequent eras. By rethinking, they nevertheless retain the value of the perpetual characters of human heroism. They approve the value of the feat and heroic as the highest norm of behavior for each member of the national team.
At the later stages of social development, in a class society, heroic issues acquired a new sharpness and more wider importance. In the works of folklore - historical songs, epic, warrior fairy tales, epic, military ones - in the center there is a mighty, fair warrior warrior, protecting his people from foreign invaders. He risks life not on the prescription of over, not responsibilities - he himself freely makes a decision and gives everything herself a great goal. Its actions are less arbitrary, more conscious of the mythological character, they are caused by a sense of honor, debt, internal responsibility. And the epic singer often reveals a high national identity of the hero, the patriotic meaning of his acts.
In the heroic works of artistic L and T EP A T U R y, created in the process of individual creativity, the peculiarity of the ideological beliefs of the author affects more definitely than in folklore.
So, the heroic pathos expresses the desire of the artist to show the greatness of a person who makes a feat in the name of a common cause, ideologically approve in the consciousness of society the meaning of this nature and its moral readiness for the feat.
The heroic pathos in the artworks of different eras is most often complicated by dramatic and tragic motifs.
In the works of socialist realism, the heroic pathos is most often combined with a romantic and dramatic pathos.
Paphos drama
Dramaticism in the literature, like the heroic, is generated by the contradictions of the real life of people - not only public, but also private. Dramatic such life provisions, when especially significant public or personal aspirations and people's requests, and sometimes their lives themselves are threatened by defeat and death by the external forces independent of them. Such provisions cause relevant experiences in the soul of a person - deep concerns and suffering, strong emotion and tensions. These experiences or weakened by the consciousness of their rightness and determination to fight, or lead to hopelessness and despair.