Medieval architecture of Europe. Amazing architecture of Europe Architecture of Europe 17th 19th century

October 7 - World Architecture Day, which is celebrated annually on the first Monday of the month. On this day, we decided to talk about the most significant and beautiful architectural structures in Europe.

Parliament building in Vienna. It is the most recognizable landmark of the city and a magnificent architectural structure. It was built in the eighteenth century by the design of Theophilus Hansen. The parliament building occupies a huge territory, where the chambers of the Soviets, huge living rooms and halls, bars, libraries and rooms for negotiations are located. Statues of ancient gods can be seen on both sides of the main entrance to the building. The entire parliament building covers an area of ​​13 thousand square meters. Thousands of tourists visit this Vienna landmark every day.

Old Town Hall in Prague. This is one of the most beautiful and ancient buildings in Europe. The complex consists of several buildings and is located in the old town square. The main highlight of the town hall is the astronomical clock. The 70-meter-high tower was erected in the fourteenth century by order of King John of Luxembourg. It was the place where the municipal council meetings were held and the most important people of the city gathered. Later, several additions were made to the tower in the Gothic style. The final version of the town hall was designed and completed at the end of the nineteenth century. The complex now includes five buildings that are used for ceremonial events. The main attraction of the town hall can also be considered the large meeting room, which has retained its original appearance from the fifteenth century.

Photo: Old Town Hall in Prague

Vienna State Opera. This is the world center of opera culture. One of the most famous theaters in the world was opened many centuries ago and became the main entertainment in the life of the Austrian nobility. Some of the best architects in Europe were invited to erect the opera building and develop an architectural project. The building took eight years to complete, and the first production at the State Opera was Mozart's Don Giovanni. The pulse of the era is felt in the majestic building, which reminds of the history of Austria.

Photo: Vienna State Opera

Brandenburg Gate in Berlin. The architectural monument erected on Paris Square in Berlin is a symbol of Germany. The facade of the gate was decorated by Johann Shadov. When Napoleon's army captured Berlin, the chariot was dismantled and transported to France, but after the defeat of the French in the war, the chariot was returned back. In 1961, Berlin was divided by a wall into an eastern and a western part, and the wall itself passed through the Brandenburg Gate. The Berlin authorities closed the passage through them for several years. In 1989, after the fall of the Berlin Wall, the gate was reopened. They were later restored.

Photo: Brandenburg Gate in Berlin

Colosseum in Rome. This amphitheater is a historical monument of Roman architecture. There were always various rumors about the construction of the Colosseum, historians admired it, films were made about it. At first there was a lake on the site of the Colosseum, but by order of Vespasian, it was filled up, and it was decided to build an amphitheater in its place. For eight years, prison slaves were engaged in its construction, and the best artists, engineers, architects and decorators worked on the project. Construction ended in 80 AD. The celebration of the opening of the Colosseum is said to have lasted for a hundred days, with hundreds of gladiators and animals killed during that time. The Colosseum itself reaches a height of 57 meters and is an ellipse 188 meters long!
Basilica of St. Stephen in Budapest. It is the largest Catholic church in Hungary, located on the east side of the Danube in Budapest. The cathedral was built in honor of the first king of Hungary. Istvan did a lot for the people of Hungary to convert to Christianity. The basilica contains the relics of St. Stephen, which are considered the main shrine of the cathedral. The construction of the most beautiful basilica began in 1851 and lasted until 1905. Now this cathedral is considered one of the tallest buildings in Budapest. Its height is 96 meters. In addition, the largest bell in Hungary can be found in the cathedral, weighing up to nine tons. If you take the elevator, you can find yourself on one of the best observation decks in Hungary, from where a picturesque panorama of the entire city opens.

Photo: Basilica of St. Stephen in Budapest

Roots of the Latin word "Architectura"go into the ancient Greek language and mean the highest art of construction. The emergence of a certain architectural style is due to several factors: climatic conditions, religious commitment, the technical possibilities of translating ideas and the general level of cultural development of the population.

The Empire style arose on the eve of the Great French Revolution - i.e. on the eve of significant reformist changes. The monumentality and volume of buildings in the era of Napoleon began to be combined with the use of ornaments on Egyptian motives.

Art Deco is the late modern art of decoration. Embodying the idea of ​​neoclassicism and modernism, it is distinguished by a luxurious appearance with elements of chic and the use of expensive materials. The architectural style has been known since the mid-20s of the twentieth century and subsequently influenced architecture in the USSR.

English gothic - the style of architectural solutions used in the buildings of medieval England. There are three stages in the development of English Gothic: Early English Gothic 1170-1300; decorative style 1272-1349; the vertical style - aka perpendicular - was widespread in 1350-1539.

Antique architecture existed from the VIII century BC. until the 5th century A.D. Ancient Greek and Roman architecture made an invaluable contribution to the general direction of the further development of architectural techniques and methods of their implementation.

Baroque- the architectural style of the European countries of the 17th century and the first half of the 18th century. Distinctive features - expressive and unbalanced visual sensations with a touch of romanticism - are visually conveyed quite clearly. Russian Baroque 1680-1700 was distinguished by a significant influence of the traditions of Russian architecture.

Big style - is directly related to the reign of King Louis XIV of France and the flourishing of French art in the second half of the 17th century, called the "Golden Age".

Brutalism as one of the directions of modernism, arose in Great Britain in the 50s of the twentieth century and after a couple of decades became known in all corners of the planet. The main material for execution is always reinforced concrete.

Paper style - the name of utopian architectural ideas due to the deliberate impossibility of their embodiment in reality.

Burgher style - the tradition of creating building forms widespread in the cities of Central Europe, based on the traditional bourgeois worldview and adapted to the everyday needs of small traders and artisans.

Gothic architectural style , common in the XII-XV centuries in many European countries, is divided into three main stages of development - early Gothic, High Gothic and Late Gothic. Initially, the Gothic style developed on the basis of the Romanesque style, which was widespread in Burgundy, and later gained recognition in other European countries. A distinctive feature of the Gothic style is the frame structure of buildings, which ensures the principle of the vertical of the entire structure, high towers, columns, arches with a pointed top, windows with multi-colored stained-glass windows.

Deconstructivism as a style of architecture took shape in the late 80s of the twentieth century and is distinguished by some aggressiveness in relation to the surrounding urban structures, as well as the obvious complexity and fracture of the external forms of buildings.

Brick gothic - Gothic style of architecture, common in the North German lands, as well as in Poland and the Baltic States in the XIII-XVI centuries. The inability to decorate the ornament with sculptures was replaced by the use along with the usual red ceramic bricks glazed bricks.

Brick style in architecture was formed in the middle of the 19th century and gained its distribution thanks to the relatively simple method of building buildings using brickwork, which served as a decor. In Russia in the second half of the 19th century, the brick style was the main style of industrial buildings, and later this style became in demand in the construction of civil objects.

Classicism- the style of European architecture of the second half of the 18th - early 19th centuries. Architectural and decorative forms of classicism are based on the motives of ancient architecture and are distinguished by harmonious simplicity and severity of buildings.

Constructivism - a style in art and architecture that took place in the USSR from 1920 to the first half of the 30s of the twentieth century. This avant-garde style is characterized by rigor and clarity in geometric shapes.

Scandinavian constructivism - modern style of the beginning of the XXI century. Austerity in geometry and some asceticism. Clear proportions and lack of pomp, as well as a significant area of ​​glazing, which provides unhindered penetration of sunlight into the room and the use of natural building materials are gaining recognition in St. Petersburg.

Metabolism originated in the middle of the twentieth century in Japan and it is distinguished by some visual incompleteness in the perception of the appearance of the building and focusing on this incompleteness.

Modern- common in the years 1890-1910. is distinguished by the use of new technologies that made it possible to widely use metal and glass in construction.

Neogothic- a kind of renaissance of brick Gothic architecture that took place in the late 60s of the XIX century in Germany. The style found its way into the construction of churches.

Neoclassicism - the confusion in the definition of this style is due to the fact that in Russia and Germany, this style belongs to the beginning of the twentieth century and is associated with the revival of classicism in 1762-1840. without the use of plaster, but with a clear accentuation of the classic forms made in stone. In France, neoclassicism refers to the reign of Louis XVI - i.e. by the second half of the 18th century.

Organic architecture is based on the fact that construction objects should harmoniously fit into the environment and complement it with all their appearance, but not particularly stand out. Due to the fact that in urban conditions there is already little nature, this style has become popular in the construction of country mansions.

Postmodernism - an architectural style that appeared in the second half of the twentieth century in many countries. The adherents of postmodernism consider themselves the legal successors of the late modernity, but in contrast to modernism, various options for the design of the ornament are widely used, often bordering on vulgarity.

Renaissance- the style of Western European architecture of the 15th-16th centuries, based on the revival of antique (ancient Greek and Roman) architectural forms. Early Renaissance 15th century, High Renaissance - first quarter of the 16th century, late Renaissance, aka mannerism- up to the beginning of the 17th century.

Retrospectivism - a variant of neoclassicism, a direction in the architecture of the twentieth century, associated with the awareness of the heritage of all architectural styles and their national characteristics.

Rococo- the style of French architecture of the first half of the 18th century, representing the late stage of the Baroque. Rococo differs from the baroque in the small scale of its forms (ornamentation).

Roman style was distributed in the X-XII centuries in a number of Western European countries. Ancient Roman buildings served as the basis for the Romanesque style. Distinctive features - the brutal asceticism of buildings with small windows and openings. Secondary buildings were built around the main structure - the tower (donjon). The Romanesque temple served as a fortress.

Russian style - an architectural direction from the 19th to the beginning of the 20th century, based on the awareness of national architectural roots up to Byzantine architecture. All the styles that have found their embodiment in construction on the territory of Russia, one way or another, have been modified due to the peculiarities of the traditions of Russian architecture.

Stalinist Empire formed in the late 30s of the twentieth century. This style is characterized by the use of bronze and marble in the decoration, as well as architectural orders... The general concept of massive street development was supposed to exude confidence in the future, optimism and pride in their country.

Functionalism - the architectural style of the twentieth century, which is based on certain rules, according to which each structure should be designed based on its specific functions. Materials for construction are glass, reinforced concrete and in some cases brick... A distinctive feature is the unforgettable appearance and facelessness of the structures.

High tech- a variant of late modernism from the late 70s of the twentieth century. Features of style - the widespread introduction of high technologies into simplicity, but this is not pragmatism in its purest form - it is possible to sacrifice functionality for the sake of style. Wide application of glass, plastic and metal.

Eclecticism- an architectural style common in Europe and Russia in 1830-1890. Although it was based on earlier styles, but with the addition of new features, and the architectural form of the structure was set taking into account their purpose and general rules for all structures did not exist.

Unusual buildings in the world... Photo

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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European architecture- the architecture of European countries is distinguished by a variety of styles.

Primitive era

In the Bronze Age (2nd millennium BC), structures of large boulders were erected on the territory of Europe, which are referred to as the so-called megalithic architecture. Menhirs - vertically placed stones - marked the place of public ceremonies. Dolmens, which usually consisted of two or four vertical stones covered with stone, served as burial places. Cromlech consisted of slabs or pillars arranged in a circle. An example is Stonehenge in England.

Antiquity

One of the most ancient structures of European architecture are the ruins of buildings on the island of Crete, the time of their creation is more than 1000 years BC. e. They are the first representatives of ancient architecture, then used by Ancient Greece and Rome. The rounded columns and arches bore the imprint of ideas of ideal forms and embodied grace and beauty. The statues could be part of a structure as part of a wall or as a replacement for columns. This architecture influenced not only temples and palaces, but also public institutions, streets, walls and houses themselves. Roman architecture was more complex than Greek architecture, in which the arch began to play an ever greater role. The Romans first used concrete, at least in Europe. Most notable buildings: Colosseum and aqueducts.

Middle Ages

An excerpt characterizing European architecture

I went to the gate and tried to open it. The feeling was not pleasant - as if I was forcibly breaking into someone's life without asking permission. But then I thought about how unhappy poor Veronica must have been and decided to take the risk. The little girl raised her huge, sky-blue eyes to me and I saw that they were filled with such a deep longing that this tiny child simply should not have. I approached her very carefully, afraid to frighten her away, but the girl was not going to be frightened at all, she just looked at me in surprise, as if asking what I needed from her.
I sat down with her on the edge of a wooden partition and asked why she was so sad. She did not answer for a long time, and then finally whispered through her tears:
- My mother left me, and I love her so much ... I guess I was very bad and now she will not come back.
I got lost. And what could I tell her? How to explain? I felt that Veronica was with me. Her pain literally twisted me into a hard, burning painful lump and burned so hard that it became hard to breathe. I so wanted to help both of them that I decided - come what may, but without trying, I will not leave. I hugged the girl by her fragile shoulders, and said as gently as possible:
- Your mother loves you more than anything in the world, Alina, and she asked me to tell you that she never left you.
- So she lives with you now? - the little girl bristled.
- Not. She lives where neither I nor you can go. Her earthly life here with us has ended, and now she lives in another, very beautiful world, from which she can observe you. But she sees how you are suffering, and cannot leave here. And here she can no longer stay longer either. Therefore, she needs your help. Would you like to help her?
- How do you know all this? Why is she talking to you ?!
I felt that she still didn’t believe me and didn’t want to recognize me as a friend. And I could not think of how to explain to this little, crumpled, unhappy girl that there is “another”, distant world, from which, unfortunately, there is no return here. And that her beloved mother speaks to me not because she has a choice, but because I was just “lucky” to be a little “different” than everyone else ...
“All people are different, Alinushka,” I began. - Some have a talent for drawing, others for singing, but I have such a special talent for talking with those who have left our world with you forever. And your mother speaks to me not at all because she likes me, but because I heard her when no one else could hear her. And I am very glad that I can help her in some way. She loves you very much and suffers very much from the fact that she had to leave ... It is very painful for her to leave you, but this is not her choice. Do you remember she was sick for a long time? - the girl nodded. - It was this disease that made her leave you. And now she must go into her new world, in which she will live. And for this she must be sure that you know how much she loves you.
The girl looked at me sadly and quietly asked:
- She now lives with angels? .. Dad told me that she now lives in a place where everything is like on postcards that they give me for Christmas. And there are such beautiful winged angels ... Why didn't she take me with her? ..
- Because you have to live your life here, honey, and then you, too, will go to the same world where your mother is now.
The girl beamed.
- So I'll see her there? She murmured happily.
- Of course, Alinushka. Therefore, you should be just a patient girl and help your mother now if you love her so much.
- What should I do? The baby asked very seriously.
“Just think of her and remember her because she sees you. And if you don’t feel sad, your mom will finally find peace.
“Does she see me now?” The girl asked, and her lips began to treacherously twitch.
- Yes Dear.
She was silent for a moment, as if gathering inside, and then tightly clenched her fists and whispered softly:
- I will be very good, dear mommy ... you go ... go please ... I love you so much! ..
Tears in large peas rolled down her pale cheeks, but her face was very serious and focused ... For the first time, life inflicted its cruel blow on her and it seemed as if this small, so deeply wounded, girl suddenly realized something for herself in a completely adult way, and now tried to take it seriously and openly. My heart was breaking with pity for these two unfortunate and so cute creatures, but, unfortunately, I couldn't help them anymore ... The world around them was so incredibly bright and beautiful, but for both it could no longer be their common world. ..

This old continent has many amazing sites that still impress tourists and locals alike. Regardless of what it is about, Europe offers its guests a lot of beauty, and one of the best ways to see beauty is to get to know modern European architecture.

Many great architects come up with projects, using all their efforts and imaginations to create unusual buildings that will impress the audience for a long time. In many European countries, such modern architectural masterpieces can be seen, so there is something for you as a tourist to see while traveling in Europe. We have selected ten buildings designed in the spirit of modern architecture. Take a look, you are sure to love something, and next time you travel, include it in your itinerary!

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10

Location: Prague, Czech Republic

The Dancing House, also known as Ginger and Fred, is named after the famous dancers of the Golden Hollywood era, Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers. The building was designed by architects Vlado Milunich and Frank Gehry, construction began in 1992 and was completed in 1996.

During this time, the building was criticized as it differed significantly from the typical architecture of Prague. The building consists of two parts - one static and one dynamic (dancing part). In fact, they represent the transition of Czechoslovakia from a communist system to a parliamentary democracy.

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9

"New Customs" (Der Neue Zollhof)

Location: Dusseldorf, Germany

Der Neue Zollhof or “New Customs” consists of three buildings. All of them are located in the German city of Dusseldorf in the harbor next to the Rhine river. The buildings are unique due to their geometric shapes and unusual window openings. Different materials were used for the façade of these three buildings. The building in the center is covered with metal panels, the east and tallest building is faced with gypsum, and the west has a red brick façade.

Thanks to the attractive facades of all three, especially the metal building, they are popular with tourists. The project "Der Neue Zollhof" was designed by Frank Gehry and was completed in 1998.

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8

Location: Brussels, Belgium

The Atomium is located in the capital of Belgium, Brussels, and is a fragment of the crystal lattice of iron, enlarged 165 billion times! The building that now houses the museum was built in 1958 for the World Exhibition in Brussels and embodies the belief in scientific progress. The Atomium was designed by the architects André and Jean Polak, who worked together with the engineer André Waterkein.

At the end of the exhibition, the building was supposed to be dismantled, but the unique and futuristic architecture won the hearts of many people and has been doing it successfully to this day, so it was decided to leave the building.

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7

Location: Malmo, Sweden

This unusual building is located in the south of Sweden in the city of Malmö. The Turning Torso is an amazing neo-futuristic skyscraper. This house is considered the tallest in all of Scandinavia! The project was designed by the renowned Spanish architect and sculptor Santiago Calatrava. The idea for such a skyscraper came from one of Calatrava's sculptures, which depicts a swirling human torso.

The building was completed in 2005 and ten years later, it won the "10 Years Award" from the Council for High-Rise Buildings and Urban Environments. The Turning Torso is 190 meters high. This is a residential building with 147 apartments. Thanks to this height, its residents can enjoy an amazing view of Malmö and Copenhagen through the Øresund Strait.

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6

Prince Philip Science Museum

Location: Valencia, Spain

The Prince Philip Science Museum is one of the buildings of the City of Arts and Sciences cultural and architectural complex in Valencia. The complex was designed by the Spanish architect and sculptor Santiago Calatrava and was opened in 2000. The museum has three floors that cover 8.000 square meters. It hosts several regular exhibitions covering many areas of science, technology, climate and art.

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5

Cubic houses

Location: Rotterdam, Netherlands

Cubic houses are located in Rotterdam and were originally built as ordinary residential buildings. But thanks to their unique appearance, the buildings attracted many visitors who wondered how these block houses looked from the inside. One of the owners decided to open his house to visitors, and his cube is known today as the Kijk-Kubus Museum.

Behind this masterpiece project is the architect Pita Bohm, who designed the first series of cubic houses in Helmond in the mid-1970s and then created a second project in Rotterdam in the early 1980s.

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4

Kunsthaus

Location: Graz, Austria

The Austrian city of Graz has acquired an alien look thanks to a building that was built in 2003 as part of the European Capital of Culture program. We mean the Kunsthaus Graz! With such a modern exterior, the building definitely stands out from its Baroque neighbors. The architects of this masterpiece are Colin Fournier and Peter Cook.

Since 2003, the Kunsthaus Graz has been an architectural landmark of the city. In fact, now a contemporary art gallery, visitors can see art exhibits here from the 1960s to the present day, including films, photographs and new media.

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3

Location: Montpellier, France

Located in the French city of Montpellier. This theater really looks like a decorated wooden box! Built in 2013 by architects from A + Architecture, the theater has a very interesting exterior with harlequin-style wooden patterns. At night, thanks to the multi-colored illumination built into the facade, the building takes on an even more amazing look.

The theater is named after the famous French novelist Jean-Claude Carier, which makes this theater truly special. In addition, it is built in such a way that it absorbs much less energy than any analogue of the same size.

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2

Location: Gothenburg, Sweden

Kuggen is a colorful, cylindrical building designed by Swedish architects Gert Wingardhom and Jonas Edblad and commissioned by Wingårdh Arkitektkontor. The building is located in Gothenburg, Sweden's second largest city, and is owned by Chalmers University of Technology (lucky students!).

The façade is made of terracotta panels in six shades of red and two greens, which look different depending on the angle from which you look at them and the amount of natural light at the moment.

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1

Kunsthofpassage

Location: Dresden, Germany

At first, you might think that this building is not so unusual compared to the rest of our list, but what makes it unique is that the house plays music every time it rains! With a system of gutters and funnels attached to the facade of the building, the Kunsthofpassage is one of the main attractions in Dresden, Germany. The music building was designed by sculptor Annette Pavel and designers Christoph Rossner and André Tempel.

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Conclusion

This was the article TOP 10 most unusual modern buildings in Europe... Thank you for your attention!