Russian-Turkish wars Treaty of Bakhchisarai (1681) (reference). Peace of Bakhchisarai: how Kyiv became Russian Peace of Bakhchisarai with the Ottoman Empire

About the truce between Russia and the Ottoman Empire. Concluded on January 3 (13) in Bakhchisarai. Completed the Russian-Turkish war of 1676-81 (see Russian-Turkish wars). Negotiations in Bakhchisarai began at the end of 1679. 26.8 (5.9).1680 Duma nobleman V. M. Tyapkin, clerk N. M. Zotov and S. Rakovich - representative of the hetman of Left Bank Ukraine I. S. Samoilovich were sent to the Crimea, they were joined by the boyar V. B. Sheremetev, who was in captivity . The Turkish side was represented by the Crimean Khan Murad-Girey. According to the Bakhchisarai Peace Treaty, a truce was established for 20 years; the border between the Russian state and the Ottoman Empire ran along the Dnieper River, the city of Kyiv and the surrounding area (including the cities of Vasilkov, Trypillya, Stayki, etc.) remained with Russia; both sides were forbidden to build fortresses in a strip of 10 versts from the Dnieper all the way to Zaporozhye; the Tatars received the right to wander and hunt in the steppes along the banks of the Dnieper and its tributaries, and the Cossacks and other Russian population received the right to fish on the Dnieper and its tributaries, extract salt, hunt and freely navigate to the Black Sea; prisoners were exchanged; the Crimean Khan took an obligation not to attack Russian lands. However, upon ratification, the Crimean Khan unilaterally excluded two articles from the treaty (on the freedom of Tatar migration and the rights of the Russian population; on the prohibition of providing assistance to the “tsarist enemies”, raising the issue of P. D. Doroshenko, etc.). Tyapkin and Zotov initially refused to accept the letters in this form, but then, under pressure from the Khan and the Turkish Sultan, they were forced to do so. To approve the Peace of Bakhchisarai by the Sultan in 1681, the okolnichy I.I. Chirkov, who died on the way, and the clerk P.B. Voznitsyn, who played a decisive role at this stage of the negotiations, were sent to Constantinople. In the final charter of the Turkish Sultan, issued to Voznitsyn on 4(14).5.1682, there was no clause on the citizenship of the Cossacks to the Russian Tsar; Russian subjects could go to the trades on the right side of the Dnieper only if they paid a fee; permission was given for pilgrims to travel to Jerusalem. The main result of the Bakhchisarai Peace was the recognition by the Ottoman Empire of the reunification of Left Bank Ukraine and Kyiv with the surrounding area with the Russian state. In 1684, the Crimean Khan Selim Giray I confirmed the Peace of Bakhchisarai, and in 1685 the treaty was finally ratified by Sultan Mehmed IV.

Source: Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire. Meeting 1st. St. Petersburg, 1830. T. 2. No. 854, 863, 864, 896, 916; Article list of steward Vasily Tyapkin and clerk Nikita Zotov... Od., 1850.

Lit.: Smirnov N.A. Russia and Türkiye in the 16th-17th centuries // Uch. Western Moscow State University. 1946. Issue. 94. T. 2: XVII century; Solovyov S. M. History of Russia since ancient times // Solovyov S. M. Collection. essay M., 1991. Book. 7. T. 13; The Ottoman Empire and the countries of Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Europe in the 17th century M., 2001. Part 2; Khodyreva G.V. Russian-Turkish negotiations of 1681-1682 on the ratification of the Bakhchisarai Peace Treaty // Domestic History. 2003. No. 2.

It was signed on 13. I by Russia, on the one hand, by the Ottoman Porte and the Crimean Khan, on the other. The war with Turkey and its vassal the Crimean Khan began in 1672 with an attack by the Turks and Tatars on Poland, and then spread to the southern outskirts of Moscow... ... Diplomatic Dictionary

Treaty of Bakhchisarai (1648)- Bakhchisarai Treaty of 1648, an agreement between the Zaporozhian Army and the Crimean Khanate on a military-political union concluded in March 1648 by Bogdan Khmelnitsky and the Crimean Khan Islyam Geray. Islam Geray Preparing an armed uprising... ... Wikipedia

Treaty of Bakhchisarai 1681- a 20-year truce agreement between the Russian state, Turkey and the Crimean Khanate, which ended the wars of the 70s. 17th century On August 26, 1680, Russian ambassadors were sent to Crimea: resident in Poland V. M. Tyapkin, clerk N. M. Zotov... ...

BAKCHISARAI PEACE TREATY 1681- ended the wars of the 1670s. Russia with Turkey and the Crimean Khanate. Aug 26 1680 Russians were sent to Crimea. ambassadors: resident in Poland V. M. Tyapkin, clerk N. M. Zotov and Ukrainian. clerk S. Rakovich, the Crimea was ordered to achieve recognition of the rights of Rus.... ... Soviet historical encyclopedia

BAKCHISARAI PEACE TREATY 1681- 13(23).1, ended the wars of the 70s. 17th century Rus. state va with Turkey and the Crimean Khanate. Türkiye recognized the reunification of the Left Bank. Ukraine and Kyiv with Russia, and Zaporozhye. her Cossacks... ... Encyclopedia of the Strategic Missile Forces

Novoulyanovka (Bakhchisaray district)- This term has other meanings, see Novoulyanovka. This term has other meanings, see Otarchik (Kirovsky district). The village of Novoulyanovka, Ukrainian. Novoulyanovka Crimean Tatarstan. Otarçıq ... Wikipedia

Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic- Ukrainian SSR (Ukrainian Radyanska Socialistichna Respublika), Ukraine (Ukraine). I. General information The Ukrainian SSR was formed on December 25, 1917. With the creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on December 30, 1922, it became part of it as a union republic. Located on... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

The twenty-year peace treaty between Russia, the Ottoman Porte and the Crimean Khanate, signed in the capital of the Crimeans - Bakhchisarai - on January 23 (13), 1681, became the last major concession of the Russian state to its long-time opponents in the Northern Black Sea region. Having achieved recognition of Left Bank Ukraine - that is, primarily Kyiv and its environs - as part of Russia, Moscow was unable to insist on recognition of the reunification of the Zaporozhye Sich with it. Which, however, ultimately played into the hands of the Russian tsars: the inhabitants of Right Bank Ukraine, exhausted by the Ottoman occupation, soon did everything to, following the example of the Cossacks, reunite with the fraternal Russian people, causing serious damage to the Porte.

Like many wars in southeastern Europe in the 17th century, the Russian-Turkish War of 1676–1681 began, in fact, as a result of the unsuccessful foreign policy of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. When the Cossacks broke away from the Poles and made a decision at the Pereyaslav Rada in January 1654 to reunite with Russia, Warsaw, dissatisfied with this state of affairs, began military action. Their result was the actual split of the Hetmanate and the establishment of the Russian-Polish border along the Dnieper. But the Andrusovo truce, which defined this border, did not suit the hetman of Right Bank Ukraine Petro Doroshenko, who at all costs wanted to lead a united Ukraine no matter what the cost. In search of new allies, stronger and more consistent than the Poles, Doroshenko recognized himself in 1666 as a vassal of the Turkish Sultan.

Such a sudden and essentially treacherous step by the Right Bank hetman led to the start of the Polish-Turkish war. As soon as Poland sent its troops to admonish Doroshenko, Istanbul immediately stood up for a new and very profitable vassal. The war ended quickly and quite predictably: the 300,000-strong Ottoman army inflicted a crushing defeat on the Poles. As a result, Turkish troops actually appeared on the border of Left Bank Ukraine, which was already part of the Russian state. In Moscow, the threat of losing Kyiv and its environs was taken seriously, and the Russian-Turkish War of 1676–1681 soon began.

The course of this war was not always successful for Russia and its allies - the Zaporozhye Cossacks. Repeated changes of hetmanship, the “swing” policy of Peter Doroshenko, the intervention and double-dealing of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - all this more than once led to the fact that Russian victories turned out to be fruitless or turned into defeat. But the Porte could not boast of success, just like its main ally in the Northern Black Sea region - the Crimean Khanate.

Khan's Palace Bakhchisarai. Photo: krimea.info

As a result, by mid-1679, all parties to the conflict were seriously tired of the fruitless confrontation, and diplomatic battles replaced battles. Russian ambassadors were forced to negotiate first with the Crimean Khan Murat-Girey, and then with the Turkish Sultan Muhammad IV. These difficult negotiations lasted almost a year and a half, and during this time the Russian embassy changed twice. The first to go to the Crimea at the end of 1679 were the steward Sukhotin and the clerk Mikhailov, but they were unable to achieve significant results, and at the end of their mission they also entered into a conflict, as a result of which Mikhailov went back to Moscow alone. Therefore, on August 26, 1680, new Russian ambassadors were sent to Crimea to replace them. They were the resident in Poland, steward Vasily Tyapkin, the clerk of the Petition Order, clerk Nikita Zotov (educator of Tsarevich Peter Alekseevich - the future first emperor of Russia Peter I) and the general clerk of the Zaporozhian Army Semyon Rakovich.

They arrived on the spot on October 25, 1680 and proposed new terms of the peace treaty, which, not without significant clarifications from Istanbul, were accepted by the Porte and the Crimean Khanate. The biggest concession that the Russian ambassadors had to make was the question of the border between the spheres of influence of Istanbul and Moscow. Tyapkin and Zotov proposed to carry it along the Ros, Tyasmin and Ingul rivers (and thus leave the lands in the middle and lower reaches of the Dnieper under Russian protection), but in the end it passed along the Dnieper banks. In addition, the agreement established a truce between the parties for 20 years, and also determined that neither the Sultan nor the Khan would help the enemies of Russia (primarily Poland and Sweden were meant, but the Porte very soon violated these conditions).

Among the other terms of the agreement were the following: Porta and the Khan agreed that Russia would annex Left Bank Ukraine, Zaporozhye and Kyiv with the cities of Vasilkov, Stayki, Trypillia, Radomyshl, Dedovshchina. In response, Moscow agreed to pay tribute to Murat-Girey for the last three years and in the future to pay it in the same amount. In addition, the Krymchaks and Nogais had the right to roam freely on the lands between the Dnieper and the Bug; Cossacks and Russian settlers were given the right to fish, extract salt and freely navigate along the Dnieper and its tributaries to the Black Sea.

The only, but very important issue in which Moscow never achieved concessions from Istanbul concerned the reunification of the Zaporozhye Sich with Russia. The Ottomans flatly refused to recognize him, and Zaporozhye formally became independent. However, the active “development” of the right-bank Ukrainian lands by the Turks quickly led to the fact that this formal independence simply ceased to be respected, and the population of the villages that came under the influence of the Porte began to flee to the left bank. And further successes in the Northern Black Sea region of the new Russian Tsar, Peter Alekseevich, who soon became known to the whole world as the first Russian Emperor Peter the Great, were to a large extent due to the support of the Zaporozhye Cossacks and their fellow tribesmen from the Right Bank, who appreciated all the “delights” of the Ottoman yoke.

Symbols of our victories. Bakhchisaray Peace Treaty mamlas wrote in December 10th, 2017

Also Rus' and Türkiye,

Bakhchisarai Peace Treaty: how Kyiv became Russian
On January 23, 1681, Russia achieved recognition from the Ottoman Empire of Left-Bank Ukraine as an integral part of the Russian kingdom / Treaty of Iasi / “Our Victories” cycle / Article 2016

The twenty-year peace treaty between Russia, the Ottoman Porte and the Crimean Khanate, signed in the capital of the Crimeans - Bakhchisarai - on January 23 (13), 1681, became the last major concession of the Russian state to its long-time opponents in the Northern Black Sea region. Also in

Capture of Tavan fortresses by Russian troops and Cossack regiments / Siege of Kizikermen with the participation of Mazepa, 1695 / Engraving by L. Tarasevich

Having achieved recognition of Left Bank Ukraine - that is, primarily Kyiv and its environs - as part of Russia, Moscow was unable to insist on recognition of the reunification of the Zaporozhye Sich with it. Which, however, ultimately played into the hands of the Russian tsars: the inhabitants of Right Bank Ukraine, exhausted by the Ottoman occupation, soon did everything to, following the example of the Cossacks, reunite with the fraternal Russian people, causing serious damage to the Porte. Like many wars in southeastern Europe in the 17th century, the Russian-Turkish War of 1676–1681 began, in fact, as a result of the unsuccessful foreign policy of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. When the Cossacks broke away from the Poles and made a decision at the Pereyaslav Rada in January 1654 to reunite with Russia, Warsaw, dissatisfied with this state of affairs, began military action. Their result was the actual split of the Hetmanate and the establishment of the Russian-Polish border along the Dnieper. But the Andrusovo truce, which defined this border, did not suit the hetman of Right Bank Ukraine Petro Doroshenko, who at all costs wanted to lead a united Ukraine no matter what the cost. In search of new allies, stronger and more consistent than the Poles, Doroshenko recognized himself in 1666 as a vassal of the Turkish Sultan.

Such a sudden and essentially treacherous step by the Right Bank hetman led to the start of the Polish-Turkish war. As soon as Poland sent its troops to admonish Doroshenko, Istanbul immediately stood up for a new and very profitable vassal. The war ended quickly and quite predictably: the 300,000-strong Ottoman army inflicted a crushing defeat on the Poles. As a result, Turkish troops actually appeared on the border of Left Bank Ukraine, which was already part of the Russian state. In Moscow, the threat of losing Kyiv and its environs was taken seriously, and the Russian-Turkish War of 1676–1681 soon began.

The course of this war was not always successful for Russia and its allies - the Zaporozhye Cossacks. Repeated changes of hetmanship, the “swing” policy of Peter Doroshenko, the intervention and double-dealing of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - all this more than once led to the fact that Russian victories turned out to be fruitless or turned into defeat. But the Porte could not boast of success, just like its main ally in the Northern Black Sea region - the Crimean Khanate.

Khan's Palace Bakhchisarai / Engravings by Carlo Bossoli, views of Crimea, 1842

As a result, by mid-1679, all parties to the conflict were seriously tired of the fruitless confrontation, and diplomatic battles replaced battles. Russian ambassadors were forced to negotiate first with the Crimean Khan Murat-Girey, and then with the Turkish Sultan Muhammad IV. These difficult negotiations lasted almost a year and a half, and during this time the Russian embassy changed twice. The first to go to the Crimea at the end of 1679 were the steward Sukhotin and the clerk Mikhailov, but they were unable to achieve significant results, and at the end of their mission they also entered into a conflict, as a result of which Mikhailov went back to Moscow alone. Therefore, on August 26, 1680, new Russian ambassadors were sent to Crimea to replace them. They were the resident in Poland, steward Vasily Tyapkin, the clerk of the Petition Order, clerk Nikita Zotov (educator of Tsarevich Peter Alekseevich - the future first emperor of Russia Peter I) and the general clerk of the Zaporozhian Army Semyon Rakovich.

They arrived on the spot on October 25, 1680 and proposed new terms of the peace treaty, which, not without significant clarifications from Istanbul, were accepted by the Porte and the Crimean Khanate. The biggest concession that the Russian ambassadors had to make was the question of the border between the spheres of influence of Istanbul and Moscow. Tyapkin and Zotov proposed to carry it along the Ros, Tyasmin and Ingul rivers (and thus leave the lands in the middle and lower reaches of the Dnieper under Russian protection), but in the end it passed along the Dnieper banks. In addition, the agreement established a truce between the parties for 20 years, and also determined that neither the Sultan nor the Khan would help the enemies of Russia (primarily Poland and Sweden were meant, but the Porte very soon violated these conditions).

Among the other terms of the agreement were the following: Porta and the Khan agreed that Russia would annex Left Bank Ukraine, Zaporozhye and Kyiv with the cities of Vasilkov, Stayki, Trypillia, Radomyshl, Dedovshchina. In response, Moscow agreed to pay tribute to Murat-Girey for the last three years and in the future to pay it in the same amount. In addition, the Krymchaks and Nogais had the right to roam freely on the lands between the Dnieper and the Bug; Cossacks and Russian settlers were given the right to fish, extract salt and freely navigate along the Dnieper and its tributaries to the Black Sea.

The only, but very important issue in which Moscow never achieved concessions from Istanbul concerned the reunification of the Zaporozhye Sich with Russia. The Ottomans flatly refused to recognize him, and Zaporozhye formally became independent. However, the active “development” of the right-bank Ukrainian lands by the Turks quickly led to the fact that this formal independence simply ceased to be respected, and the population of the villages that came under the influence of the Porte began to flee to the left bank. And further successes in the Northern Black Sea region of the new Russian Tsar, Peter Alekseevich, who soon became known to the whole world as the first Russian Emperor Peter the Great, were to a large extent due to the support of the Zaporozhye Cossacks and their fellow tribesmen from the Right Bank, who appreciated all the “delights” of the Ottoman yoke.

From the comments...

Yuri writes: - Happy weekend everyone! The topic of the article, unfortunately, is fundamentally wrong.

Kyiv went to Russia not under the Treaty of Bakhchisarai with Turkey, but under the Eternal Peace with Poland in 1686. The city on the Right Bank of the Dnieper was left to Russia under the Truce of Andrusovo for 2 years, and then included in the state under the treaty of 1686.

And there are many factual errors, like Hetman Doroshenko’s disagreement in 1666 with the Truce of Andrusovo, which was signed a year later.

The general foreign policy picture of relations between Russia, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Turkey is completely unreliably shown.

Academician writes : - Treaty of Bakhchisarai, 1681

It was signed on 13. I by Russia, on the one hand, by the Ottoman Porte and the Crimean Khan, on the other. The war with Turkey and its vassal the Crimean Khan began in 1672 with an attack by the Turks and Tatars on Poland, and then spread to the southern outskirts of the Moscow state - regions of Ukraine adjacent and disputed with Poland. The difficult relationships that reigned among the hetman elite in Ukraine, the transition of some hetmans to the side of the Turks contributed to the spread of the war and the possibility of the Turks consolidating themselves in Western Ukraine. Poland emerged from the war and concluded the Peace Treaty of Zhuravna in 1676 (see) with the Porte. The peace was signed without the knowledge of the Moscow government, which only found out about it in a roundabout way, while the agreements between Poland and Russia stated: “do not put up with the Sultan and Khan without each other.”

Left alone face to face with the Turks and Tatars, Moscow began to look for ways to peace, fearing the appearance of the Turks near Kiev. Ambassador Daudov was sent to Constantinople with a letter in which Tsar Fedor invited the Sultan to restore friendly relations. Constantinople also wanted peace.

But here Poland appeared on the scene again. Having learned about Moscow’s intentions to make peace with Turkey, the Polish king Jan Sobieski, in a “friendly” conversation with the Russian resident in Poland Tyapkin (see), convinced him of the readiness of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth to help Russia in the war with Turkey and did not advise him to make peace. Tyapkin relayed his conversation with the king to Moscow and added on his own that it was dangerous to trust the Poles. Then Polish ambassadors arrived in Moscow, who stated that the king was ready to break peace with Turkey if Moscow undertakes to unite its troops with Polish troops and will give the Polish king 200 thousand rubles annually. for military costs. Moscow hesitated. Türkiye continued to insist on the cession of the western part of Ukraine, launching two devastating raids on Right Bank Ukraine in 1677-78. Then Moscow turned to Hetman Samoilovich for advice, who was directly fighting the Turks and Tatars. The clerk Ukraintsev was sent to him in Baturin, to whom Samoilovich recommended not to trust the Polish king.

This put an end to the hesitation in Moscow. At the end of 1679, Ambassador Sukhotin and clerk Mikhailov were sent to Crimea to conduct peace negotiations, and later they were replaced by Tyapkin, clerk Zotov and Ukrainian clerk Rakovich. The Khan, whom the Sultan instructed to conduct peace negotiations, initially gave a solemn reception to the Russian ambassadors. During the negotiations, however, there was a moment when the intractable Russian ambassadors were locked up; but the “stubborn” ambassadors did not allow themselves to be intimidated.

The terms of the agreement were as follows: 1) the truce is concluded for 20 years, the border between Turkey and Russia is the river. Dnieper; 2) between the Bug and Dnieper rivers, neither the Tatars, nor the Turks, nor the Russians build any cities, leaving these lands “in emptiness”; 3) Tatars receive the right to roam and hunt on both sides of the Dnieper, Cossacks and other Russian industrial people can freely fish in the Dnieper and its tributaries, take salt, hunt and swim freely to the Black Sea; 4) Kyiv, the cities of Vasilkov, Trypillya, Stayki and the towns of Dedovshchina and Radomyshl remain with Russia. Thus, Turkey recognized the reunification of Left Bank Ukraine and Kyiv with the Russian state, which gave the B.M.D. serious international significance.

13.1.1681 (26.01). – The Bakhchisarai Peace Treaty was signed between Turkey, the Crimean Khanate and Russia following the results of the war of 1672-1681.

The explanation to this map speaks of the actions of certain “Russian-Ukrainian” troops, although, of course, neither “Ukrainian” nationality nor such state affiliation existed at that time. Bogdan Khmelnitsky asked the Tsar to take under his protection “Orthodox Christian people from Little Russia”, because the enemies want “so that the Russian name is not remembered in our land”. (Acts of Southern and Western Russia, vol. XIII). After the Treaty of Pereyaslavl in 1654, Russian Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich changed his title to "All Great and Small and White Russia". The abbot of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery Innocent Gisel in the "Kiev Synopsis" (1674) expressed the understanding of the Russian people as a triune consisting of Great Russians, Little Russians and Belarusians, and the legitimacy of the Moscow power of the united Russian state in all its three parts - Great, Little and White Rus' - as the only legitimate one, since the Moscow princes, and then the Tsars, descended from Alexander Nevsky, who “there was a prince of Kiev from the land of Russia, Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky”. Ukrainian historian Mikhail Maksimovich, in his work of 1868, refuted the manipulation of Polish historiography: the alleged introduction by the Russian authorities of the name “Little Russia” after 1654. Ukrainian historians Nikolai Kostomarov, Dmitry Bagalei, Vladimir Antonovich wrote that during the struggle between the Russian state and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the concept of " Little Russia" or "Little Rus', "Southern Rus'" were an ethnonym for the "Little Russian/South Russian" people, and the word "Ukraine" was used only as a toponym designating the outlying lands of both states.

See the history of all Russian-Turkish wars in.