Early Greek philosophy. Famous philosophers of ancient Greece

An ancient Greek philosophy is considered the degree of European philosophy. Since its appearance (VII century BC), she immediately differed from Eastern. First of all, because the latter relied on the idea of \u200b\u200bdespotic rule, supported the cult of ancestors, honored their customs and did not contribute to the development of freedomiff. What factors formed ancient Greek philosophy? What schools, philosophers and ideas it was presented? Consider more in the article.

Features

First of all, we will tell about what has become an impetus to the active development of philosophy in ancient Greece. The main factors were:

• the transition from the birthbroken building to a special type of political device - the policy, where democracy reigned;
• an increase in contacts with other nations and civilizations, the adoption of their experience and its transformation;
• development of scientific knowledge, trade and crafts;
• transformation of mental labor into a special type of activity.

All these prerequisites contributed to the formation of a free person who had his own opinion. Actively developed such qualities as: a thrust for knowledge, the ability to reflect and draw conclusions, the intersection of the mind. The pursuit of philosophizing was also maintained by the principle of competition, which was used not only in sports competitions, but also in intellectual disputes and discussions of various kinds.

At the first time of the development of ancient Greek philosophy, her relationship with mythology is very well noticeable. They asked the same questions:

• where did the world come from;
• how it exists;
• who manages nature.

However, mythology and philosophy have a very weighty difference - the latter is trying to find an all rational explanation, comprehend the world around the mind. Therefore, it is due to its development a new questions appear:

• why it happens exactly so;
• what causes a certain phenomenon;
• what is the truth.

For the answer required another warehouse of thinking - critical. The thinker based on the form of knowledge of the world must be absolutely all doubt. It should be noted that at the same time the worship of the gods persists until the very last period of the development of ancient Greek thought, when Pantheism begins to actively displaced the Christian religion.

Periodization

Researchers believe that ancient Greek philosophy has passed in its development a few periods:

1. Dosokratovsky - he lasted to V c. BC. The most famous schools of that time were Miletsky and Elaska.
2. Classic - the one century lasted to the IV century. BC. It is considered a period of heyday of an ancient Greek thought. It was then that Socrates lived, and.
3. Hellenistic - ended in 529, when Emperor Justinian closed the last Greek philosophical school - Platonov Academy.

Not so much information about the activities of the first ancient Greek philosophers reached our days. So, we receive a large amount of information from the works of other, later thinkers, first of all, Plato and Aristotle.

Combines all periods, perhaps the type of philosophizing, which was called the Cosmocentric. This means that the thinking of the wise men of ancient Greece was directed to the world and nature, their origin and relationship. In addition, the abstraction method was used for knowledge, which was formed by the concepts. They were used to be able to describe items, lizing them with properties and quality. Also, the ancient Greeks were able to summarize all the scientific theories already known to them, observations of nature and achieve science and culture.

Consider the most important ancient Greek schools (or directions) of philosophy.

Naturophilosophes

This area includes mostly representatives of the Miletsky school. The world was considered by them like a living and indivisible one. In it, all people around people were animated: some are more, others are in less.

Their main goal was the search originated by Being ("What everything comes from and everything is happening"). At the same time, natural philosophers could not fall into the one of which elements are considered to be the main. For example, Fales considered water on the beginning of everything. At the same time, the representative of the same direction named Anaximen the championship gave air, and the fire.

Eleata

This direction is also called Elaska. Among his famous followers: Zenon and Parmenid. Their teaching has become an impetus for the development of idealism in the future. They denied the possibility of movement and change, believing that there really exists only being. It is eternal, the only and frozen on the spot, also cannot be destroyed.

It was Eleaata that was the first to discover that there are things that exist in reality and comprehended by thinking, and there are those with which you can get acquainted only by feelings.

Another school

Her founder was. He believed that there is not only being, but also non-existence, and all of our world consists of the smallest particles - atoms. They differ from each other shape, size, position and form bodies. The world, objects and phenomena, a person sees eyes. And it is impossible to consider atoms "feelings", it turns out to be done only by reason.

Classic direction

As part of this school, attention should be paid to prominent figures of that time: Socrates, Plato and Aristotle.

1. Socrates is a philosopher, the first man who has a person who has a conscience and a certain set of value installations:

• he insists on the importance of self-knowledge, since it is it forms the way to achieve the highest true good;
• each person has a mind, with which all the concepts are comprehended. That is, for example, good or courage to teach another one. He must do it independently, reflecting, detecting, remembering.

1. Plato was those who actually founded objective idealism:

• his main idea is that ideas are prototypes of all existing things. He calls them models. So, for example, it can be said that all chairs have a general perfect pattern of what we call "chair";
• the philosopher believed that the state is unfair and imperfectly, since it is based on the subjective opinions of its rulers;
• being a thinker divides on the world of things (inexistan) and the world of ideas (true). Items arise, change, destroy and disappear. Ideas, in turn, eternal.

1. Aristotle was the most talented student of Plato, which did not prevent him from criticizing the ideas of his teacher. The inquisitive mind and wide range of allowed the thinker to engage in logic, psychology, politics, economy, rhetoric and many other exercises to the exercises. By the way, it was Aristotle who first classified science on theoretical and practical. We give its main ideas:

• being is the unity of form and matter, the latter - what things consist of, it can take any kind;
• components of matter are standard elements (fire, air, water, land and ether), they form objects known to us in different combinations;
• it was Aristotle who was the first to formulate some laws of logic.

Hellenistic direction

Often, Hellenism is divided into early and late. It is considered the longest period in the history of the ancient Greek philosophy, who even seized the beginning of the Roman stage. In the first place at this time, the search for a man of consolation and reconciliation with a new reality is searched. Ethical problems are important. So, what schools appeared at the specified period.

1. Epicureism - representatives of this area considered the pleasure of life. However, it was not about sensual pleasure, but about something sublime and spiritual, inherent only to sages, able to overcome the fear of death.
2. Skepticism - his followers showed distrust to all "truths" and theories, believing that they need to be checked by scientific and empirically.
3. Neoplatonism - in a sense, this is a mixture of Plato's teachings and Aristotle with oriental traditions. Thinkers of this school sought to achieve unity with God by their practical techniques created by them.

RESULTS

Thus, ancient Greek philosophy existed and developed about 1200 years. It still feels a strong influence of mythology, although it is considered the first conceptual system, in which thinkers tried to find a rational explanation to all surrounding phenomena and things. In addition, its elevation contributed to "free" thinking of residents of the ancient cities - states, or policies. Their inquisitive mind, interest in nature and the world allowed the ancient philosophy of Greece to lay the foundations for the development of the entire European philosophy as a whole.

The earliest primitives of Greek philosophy are in the religious and mythical poems of deep antiquity. Philosophical treasures are noticeable already at the great Homer and Hisiod poets. A little later, their development led to the emergence of the mysterious sect of the Offika, with which Eleusinsky Mysteries practiced near Athens were closely connected. Seven famous Greek sages can be attributed to the number of early philosophers.

In the VI century to R. X. Three of its earliest arose in Greece philosophical schools Or rather, three first attempts were made to understand the impaired power of the mutual relationship of the objects of distracted and explain their attitude to the visible world. Two of these schools - ionian (Miletskaya) and elaska - acquired only when they were transferred to Athens; Since then, philosophical science began to develop in the capital of Greece near and in connection with other sciences and elegant arts. Early Greek philosophy has belonged to the Ionian school of the early Greek philosophy, Anaximander, Anaximen and, to the Elaska - poet-philosopher Xenofan, Parmenid and the author of Zenon's paradoxes known in the ancient times. The third early philosophical school of Greece - pythagorean - For a long time, there was no direct influence on prosperity in Athens of sciences and arts, but also it had the importance for the development of Greek culture. The Pythagorean philosophy gave the scientific character of mathematics, there were also those mystical dreams that were so common between the Greeks and other peoples. Mysticism is always when people weaken from excessive luxury and as a result of false formation goes not the way that nature points out. Thus, all three schools had a strong impact on the concepts and views of the later Greeks. However, the Pythagorean school did not contribute to the emergence of philosophy developed in Athens, which, in fact, was caused only by Ionian and Eleate schools.

Greek philosopher Herclite. Picture of H. Terbruggen, 1628

Early Greek philosophy also includes the teachings of atomists of Levkipp and Democritus.

Philosophical reflections appeared already in the first works of the ancient Greek historians Fukidid, Herodota and Homer. In the VI century BC. The philosophy of ancient Greece originated. At about the same time, philosophical currents appeared in India and Egypt.

The formation of ancient Greek philosophy in the VI-V century BC. e.

The first philosophical school in ancient Greece is considered to be the school of the Falez thinker in the city of Miletskut. From here there was the name of this school-miret. The first school of philosophers was distinguished by the fact that he understood the world as a whole, without separating live substances from non-living.

• Falez. . This philosopher was the first to opened the constellation of a large bear and determined that the light of the moon falling on the ground is its reflection. According to the teachings of Falez, everything that surrounds us consists of water. His thesis is "all of the water and everything in the water." Water is an animated substance, which, like space, is endowed with an animation forces. Fales was laid for the idea of \u200b\u200bunited nature, that is, born of one whole. Contemporaries it is customary to call natural philosophy.
• Anaximandr . Earth, according to his teaching, is a weightless body, which is soaring in the air. The modern world has developed from marine sediments on the border between water and the shore. According to the teachings of Anaximandra, the universe dies to revive again.
• Another representative of the Millet School Anaximen intrusted the concept of Appearon - an indefinite start. He understands the air as filling all the living and non-living. The man's soul also consists of air. If you discharge the air, it will fall onto the flame and ether, according to the philosopher, thickening, the air turns first into the clouds, then in the wind and stones.
• Of the philosophers of the ancient Greece of the early period, the formation was distinguished from ephos. He took place from the aristocratic order, but left his house and left the students in the mountains. The foundation of the whole heraklite considered fire. The soul of man, the burning forever, also consists of fire. The wisdom will be fed - to be eternally filled with the search for the truth, the philosopher argued. One of the most famous peraclite theses: "Everything flows, everything changes." Like the philosophers of the Miletsky school, Heraclit believed that the universe dies to revive again. The main difference of his philosophy is that all living material is born in fire and goes into the fire.

Fig. 1. Heraclit.

Heraclit created a new concept in philosophy - "Logos" is a kind of law of laws created by Divine Forces. Logos, in other words, the voice of the cosmos, but even having heard, people do not understand and do not accept it. All living things can change, but the essence of the Logos always remains the same.

• Pythagoras . This ancient Greek philosopher and mathematician founded his school in Crotone. Pythagorians believed that the state should manage a man with a noble heart. At the heart of everything, considered a thinker, lie numbers. Scientist is also known for the proof of its geometric and mathematical theorems. The Pythagora table uses with ancient times to this day.

School of Elatov

The school of Elates paid its main attention to explaining the nature of the world and the Being of a person in this world. The main philosophers of this school are Zenon, Xenofan and Parmenid.

• Xenophan , philosopher and poet, one of the first spoke about the mobility of the universe. He also criticized the religion of the ancient Greeks. Riddled and pies with predictors, calling them fraudsters.
• Reception Son Parmenida Zenon developed the theory of the "world of opinion", in which the main role belongs to movement and number. This thinker is trying to cut off everything is an incomprehensible exclusion method.
• Parmenid argued that there is nothing but being in the world. The criterion of everything, considered the philosopher, serves the mind, and everything sensual has blurred borders and is not subject to deep understanding.

Democritus

One of the most prominent ideologues of Naturophilosophy was a thinker Democritus.

• Democritis it was alleged that the foot of the Universe lies many worlds. Each such world consists of atoms and emptiness, the emptiness fills the space between atoms and the world. Atoms themselves are indivisible by themselves, they do not change and immortal, the number of them is infinite. The philosopher argued that everything that happens in the world has its reason, and the knowledge of the reasons is the basis of action.

At the first stage of the formation of ancient Greek philosophy, there is a generalization of knowledge. The first philosophers are trying to understand the structure of the world, the concepts of space and the atoms of the filling space appear.

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Flowering ancient Greek philosophy

During the period of the V-IV centuries BC. In ancient Greece, accurate sciences and natural science are developing. It is noteworthy that this development occurs against the background of mythology and religion.

Soft school

School of Sofists was known for its critical attitude towards the religion of the agencies of the ancient Eldla, the founder of this school was Protagor.

• PROTAGOR. he was a traveler philosopher who was coming to all Greece and had abroad. He met with prominent politicians Eldlas: Pericl and Euripid, who were looking for his advice. The basis of the ideology of Protagor was his thesis: "Man is a measure of just" and "a person understands everything, as he understands." His words should be understood as the fact that a person sees and feels, and is actually. The teachings of the philosopher led to what he was accused of atheism and expelled from Athens.
• Antifon - One of the youngest generation of school sophist. The thinker believed that a person himself must take care of himself, while the essence of nature is inseparable from a person. An antifont, as well as Protagor, was subjected to persecution by the authorities for the fact that he married the slave, and all his slaves let go to the will.

Socrates

This philosopher born in 469 BC, loved to walk through the streets of the city and lead conversations with people. Being by profession the sculptor, Socrates managed to participate in the Peloponess War.

• Philosophy Socrates fully different from the ideology of its predecessors. Unlike them, Socrates does not propose to reflect and contemplate, he proposes to act in the name of noble goals. To live in the name of good - this is the main thesis of Socrates. Knowledge Thinker considers as a common foundation for self-development. "Know yourself" - here is the main thesis of the philosopher. In 399 BC e. Socrates accused of the blasphemy and the plantation of young people. He was delivered a death sentence. As a free citizen of Ellala, Socrates had to take the poison that he did.

Fig. 2. Socrates. Lisippa work.

Plato

After the death of Socrates one of the most prominent figures, Plato becomes among the philosophers of ancient Greece. In 387 BC e. This philosopher formed his circle of students, who later became his school called the Academy. So it was named locally on which she was.

• In general, philosophy Plato i absorbed the main theses of Socrates and Pythagora. The thinker became the founder of the theory of idealism. Higher Something, according to his theory, is benefit. Human desires are inconsistent and resemble the chariot harnessed with two horses. The knowledge of the world, according to Platon, is the desire to see the beauty of the soul in each person. And only love is capable of bringing a person to good.

Aristotle

The culmination of ancient Greek philosophy, its most wonderful milestone, it is customary to consider the works of the philosopher Aristotle. Aristotle studied at the Plato Academy and created a single complex from science, logic, politicians and natural science.

• Matter, according to Aristotle , then from which our world is made, in itself it can neither disappear or reborn because inert. Aristotle has the concepts of time and space. He substantiated philosophy as a system of knowledge of science. As Socrates, this thinker was accused of wormless and forced to leave Athens. The great philosopher died on a foreign land, in the city of Halkis.

Fig. 3. Bust Aristotle. Lisippa work.

Sunset of ancient Greek philosophy

The classic period of the philosophical thought of ancient Greece ended with the death of Aristotle. By the III century BC e. There was a sunset of philosophy, as Ellad fell under the blows of Rome. During this period, the spiritual and moral life of the ancient Greeks is declining.

The main ideologies during this period it is customary to be epicurery, skepticism and staicism.

• Epicur - A prominent philosopher, born in 372 BC. e. He argued that the world is impossible to change. According to the teachings of the thinker, atoms are moved in an empty space. The highest start of man Epicur has considered pleasure. At the same time, the thinker argued that an immoral person could not be happy.
• Cleanf - One of the founders of Stoicism argued that the world is a living agent managed by the law of Divine Forces by Logos. A person must hear the will of the gods and obey each of them.
• Philosopher Piron the concept of skepticism was introduced. Skeptics rejected the accumulated knowledge of people, arguing that a person cannot know and a small tolik about the world around him. Therefore, a person cannot judge the nature of things and especially give her any evaluation.

Despite the sunset of the philosophical thought of ancient Greece, she laid the fundamental basis for the human personality of the formation of moral and moral principles.

What did we know?

A gradual transition of ancient Greek philosophers from a simple contemplation of natural phenomena to the very essence of a person, created a foundation for modern moral qualities with synthesis of science. Briefly the most important philosophers of ancient Greece are Aristotle, Plato, Socrates and Democritus: about them and some other philosophers and philosophical currents are told in this article.

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Modern world civilization is an indirect product of an ancient Greek culture. Ancient Greek philosophy is the most important part of it. Based on the most common concept, we highlight several stages through which the philosophy and the culture of antiquity in general were held.

The first stage. The origin of philosophy, its formation. The first half of the VI century BC. E., Major-Sailad part of Eldlas - Iona, Millet. There is an ancient Greek called Miletsky. It belongs to Anaximander, Fales, Anaximen, their disciples.

Stage second. The maturity of philosophy, its flourishing (from V to the IV century BC), is the formation of schools: atomists, Pythagorean and Sofists. This stage is associated with the names of the greatest thinkers - Socrates, Aristotle, Plato.

Stage Third. Ancient Greek philosophy is experiencing his sunset. The era of Latin philosophy and Greek. The most pronounced flows of Hellenistic philosophy - skepticism, stoicism, epicureism.

If you select the content then we obtain the following:

• the classic early (annoying, naturalists): "physical", "space" and its structure;
• classic average (Socrates with his school, naturalists);
• high classic (Aristotle and Plato, their schools).

What are the features of ancient Greek philosophy? It is characterized by generalized recent scientific knowledge, observations of occurring in nature in nature, as well as the achievements of the culture and scientific thought of the nations of the East. For this historical Cosmocentrism is characteristic. Nature and elements - Macrocosmos, peculiar repetitions of the surrounding world, man - microcosm. This is the highest principle that subjugates human manifestations called by fate. In this period, mathematical and natural-scientific knowledge are fruitfully develop, which in turn, to the unique combination of adventure and mythological knowledge of the scientific and mythological conciliation. Question: Why does philosophy in such a manifestation be born in ancient Greece?

The conditions that contributed to the formation include, first of all, the freedomity of the ancient Greeks, explaining the specific religiosity of ancient Greece: Religions-Onty views were not associated with the most severe regulation of public and individual life. The Greeks have no caste of priests, which has such an impact in other, eastern states. The ancient Greek beliefs did not ask the same conservative, lifeguard, as in the same east. On the contrary, there was enough space for intelligent, independent search. To search for the beginning of being. It is also interesting that for this, it is characterized by activity, except for what is characterized, in the colonization intensive settlement (starting from the VII century BC). In comparison with the surrounding sedentary peoples, it strikes the bright allocation of Greeks with activities, migration mobility, enterprise. They only rely on themselves, their abilities, while pro-I am genuine, living interest in the world around.

Ancient Greek philosophy, Cosmocentrism

As we already know, in the VI-IV century BC. There is a rapid flowering of both philosophy and culture as a whole. During this time, new worldviews are created, a new vision of the world and its device, the doctrine of space, which becomes the beginning of today's knowledge and discoveries. Earth (like everything on it), shining and the heavenly arch are covered by closed spherical space, with a constant cycle: everything arises, everything flows, everything changes. But no one knows where it comes from and where it comes back. Some philosophers argue that the basis of everything is perceived sensually elements (fire, water, oxygen, earth and apearone), others explain all mathematical atoms (Pythagoreans), the third sees the basis in the invisible, one of being (Eleata), the fourths consider the foundations of the foundations of indivisible atoms (Democritus), the fifth argue that the globe is only a shadow, the result of the incarnation of thought. Of course, all directions now seem naive and contradictory, then the awareness has not yet come that philosophy may well have different meanings. However, already V century BC. (Plato and Democritus) gives two configuring lines, clearly designated. And the struggle between these lines goes through the whole philosophy ...

The world has many different philosophical trends and schools. Some praise spiritual values, otherwise preaching a more pressing lifestyle. However, they are united by one thing - all of them are invented by a person. That is why, before starting to study the school of thoughts, you should figure out who is such a philosopher.

At the same time, it is necessary not only to know the meaning of this word, but also look back, in the past, in order to remember those who stood at the origins of the first schools of philosophy. After all, it is possible to comprehend the true essence of the question of who is such a philosopher.

People who dedicated themselves great reflections

So, as always, the story should be started with the main one. In this case, with the one who is a philosopher. After all, in the future, this word will be very often featured in the text, and therefore, without a clear understanding of his meaning, it will not be possible to do.

Well, the philosopher is a person who has completely devoted himself to reflections on the essence of being. At the same time, his main desire is the desire to understand the essence of what is happening, so to speak, look behind the scenes of life and death. Actually, such reflections and turn a simple person in a philosopher.

It should be noted that such reflections are not just a fleeting passion or fun, this is the meaning of his life or even if you want, calling. That is why great philosophers devoted to permission from mutual questions of their free time.

Differences in philosophical currents

The next step will be awareness that all philosophers differ from each other. There is no universal view of the world or order of things. Even if thinkers adhere to one idea or worldview, in their judgments there will always be discrepancies.

This is due to the fact that the views of philosophers on the world depend on their personal experience and the ability to analyze the facts. That is why today's light saw hundreds of various philosophical currents. And they are all unique in their essence, which makes this science very multifaceted and cognitive.

And yet, in total there is a beginning, including philosophy. Therefore, it will be very logical to draw his gaze into the past and talk about those who founded this discipline. Namely on the ancient thinkers.

Socrates - the first of the great minds of antiquity

It follows from the one who considers the legend in the world of great thinkers - Socrates. He was born and lived in ancient Greece in 469-399 to our era. Unfortunately, this scientist husband did not lead records of his thoughts, so most of his sayings reached us only thanks to the efforts of his students.

He was the first to think about who is such a philosopher. Socrates believed that life makes sense only when a person intelligently lives her. He condemned his compatriots for the fact that they forgot about morality and mired in their own vices.

Alas, Socrates life ended tragic. The local government called his teaching heresy and sentenced to the death penalty. He did not wait for the execution of the sentence and voluntarily accepted the poison.

Great philosophers of ancient Greece

It is ancient Greece that is considered a place where the Western School of Philosophy originated. Many of the great minds of antiquity were born in this country. And although some of their teachings were rejected by contemporaries, they still should not be forgotten that the first philosophers scientists appeared here more than 2.5 thousand years ago.

Plato

Of all the students of Socrates, Plato was the most successful. Having absorbed the wisdom of the teacher, he continued to study the world around the world and his laws. Moreover, having enlisted the support of the people, he founded the Great Athenian Academy. It was here that he taught young students the basics of philosophical ideas and concepts.

Plato was confident that his teaching was able to give people the wisdom, which they are extremely necessary. He argued that only the educated and sober-minded person could create an ideal power.

Aristotle

A lot for the development of Western philosophy did Aristotle. This Greek graduated from the Athenian Academy, and Plato himself was one of his teachers. As Aristotle was distinguished by a special erudition, he soon called upon to teach in the Palace of the Governor. According to historical records, he trained Alexander Macedonian.

Roman philosophers and thinkers

The works of Greek thinkers have greatly influenced the cultural life in the Roman Empire. Inspired by the texts of Plato and Pythagora, the first Roman innovators philosophers began to appear at the beginning of the 2nd centuries. And although most of their theories resembled Greek, some differences in their teachings were still there. In particular, it was due to the fact that the Romans possessed their own concepts that such a higher blessing.

Mark Terentia Varon

One of the first philosophers of Rome was Varon, born in the first century to our era. For his life, he wrote many works devoted to moral and spiritual values. He also put forward an interesting theory that each people have four stages of development: childhood, youth, maturity and old age.

Mark Tully Cicero

This is one of the most ancient Rome. Such glory came to Cicero due to the fact that he was finally able to unite Greek spirituality and Roman love for citizenship into one whole.

Today it is appreciated for the fact that he was one of the first to position the philosophy not as abstract science, but as part of a person's daily life. Cicero managed to convey to people the idea that everyone, if desired, could comprehend in particular, that is why he introduced his own dictionary that clarifies the essence of many philosophical terms.

Great Philosopher Podnebyne

Many attribute the idea of \u200b\u200bdemocracy to the Greeks, however, at the other end of the globe, one great sage was able to nominate the same theory, relying only on his own beliefs. It is this ancient philosopher and is considered to be Pearl Asia.

Confucius

China has always been considered the country of wise men, however, among all other special attention should be paid to Confucius. This great philosopher lived in 551-479. BC e. And he was a very famous person. The main task of his teaching was to preach the principles of high morality and personal virtues.

Names known to all

Over the years, more and more people wanted to contribute to the development of philosophical ideas. All new and new schools and currents were born, and the lively discussions between their representatives became the usual norm. However, even in such conditions, those whose thoughts for the world of philosophers were like a sip of fresh air appeared.

Avicenna

Abu Ali Hussein Ibn Abdallah Ibn Sina - such a full name Avicenna, he was born in 980 in the territory of the Persian Empire. For your life, not one dozen scientific treatises related to physics and philosophy wrote.

In addition, he substantiated his own school. In it, he trained gifted young medicine, in which, by the way, very much succeeded.

Thomas Akvinsky

In 1225, a boy named Thoma was born. His parents did not assume that in the future he would become one of the most prominent minds in the philosophical world. He wrote a lot of works devoted to reflections on the world of Christians.

Moreover, in 1879, the Catholic Church recognized his works and made them the official philosophy for Catholics.

Rene Descartes

It is more famous as the father of the modern form of thought. Many know his winged expression "if I think, then I have existed." In his works, he considered the mind as the main weapon of man. The scientist studied the works of philosophers of various eras and brought them to his contemporaries.

In addition, Descartes made many new discoveries in other sciences, in particular in mathematics and physics.