Energy resources come to power plants in the form of fuel.

Fuel - This is any substance capable of combustion (oxidation) to identify a significant amount of energy of heat. Mendeleev D.I. Calls fuel fuel to the "intentionally" burned to obtain heat.

There are "working mass": with p + n r + o p + n p + s p + And P + W p \u003d 100%, where on the left elements of the working fuel as a percentage of the total mass of the fuel.

The underlined elements are ballast. Moisture contained in the fuel together with ash, called ballast fuel

There are "combustible mass": with R + H R + O R + N R + S R \u003d 100%, where the upper index indicates that the percentage of individual elements is related to the combustible mass

Humidity It is also a ballast impurity that reduces the thermal value of the source fuel.

Air It is an oxidizing agent, so it is necessary for burning,. For complete combustion, 1 kg of fuel requires approximately 10-15 kg of air.

Water. TPP consumes a huge amount of water. For example, one power unit with a capacity of 300 MW per 1 second uses about 10 m 3 of water

The main characteristic of any type of fuel - this is heat combustion Q. The combustible mass content in the working determines the heat of combustion. The heat of combustion of solid and liquid fuel is called the amount of heat (CJ) allocated during its full combustion Q SG [CJ / kg] or in the ICGSS system [kcal / kg]. The heat of the combustion of gaseous fuels belong to 1 m 3. .

The highest practical interest is the heat of combustion of the working mass of fuel. Since the combustion products of fuel containing hydrogen and moisture will be contained by water vapor N 2 O, the concept is introduced high warmth of combustion.

Higher warmth of combustion The working fuel is called the warmth allocated in full combustion of 1 kg of fuel, believing that the water vapors formed during combustion are condensed.

Lower warmth of combustion The working fuel is called the heat allocated in full combustion of 1 kg of fuel, minus the heat spent on evaporation of both moisture contained in the fuel and moisture generated from the combustion of hydrogen.

To compare the quality of operation of various TPPs, the concept of "conventional fuel" (U.T.) Q UT is introduced.

Conditional it is called such fuel, the heat of combustion 1 kg or 1 m 3 of which is equal to 29330 kJ / kg or 7000 kcal / kg.

To transfer valid fuel into conditional fuel, as a relationship

E. K \u003d (in the ICGSS system E. k \u003d)

where E. K - the caloric equivalent indicating which part of the heat of the combustion of the conditional fuel corresponds to the lowest heat of the combustion of the fuel under consideration.

Consumption of conditional fuel

IN Mustache \u003d

where IN -consumption of natural fuel under consideration; - Its heat of combustion.

For example, the TPP burned 1000 tons of brown coal \u003d 3500 kcal / kg, it means that the station spent 500 tons U.T.

500 tons U.T.

Thus, the "conditional fuel" is a unit of organization of organic fuel used to compare the effectiveness of various types of fuel and their total accounting

In addition, another parameter is used to assess the efficiency of the power plants. specific consumption Conditional fuel

For example, 100 tons of fuel with warmth of combustion burned

Q \u003d 3500 kcal / kg, i.e. used in U.T. \u003d 50 t and at the same time released to the network

E \u003d 160,000 kW of electrical energy. Consequently, the specific consumption of conditional fuel was b y \u003d \u003d 312 g / kWh

Between the efficiency of the station and the specific consumption, there is a connection B y \u003d, therefore, in our case, η TPP \u003d \u003d \u003d 0.395.

Control questions for the first lecture 2013 (BAE-12)

1. What is the energy and power? Which units are energy and power measured?

2. Put the main renewable and non-renewable energy resources.

3. What is the fuel and energy complex?

4. List the components of the FEE and give them decoding.

5. Electric power system and its features?

6. What is fuel and its main characteristic?

7. What is conditional fuel and for which this concept is introduced?

8. As determined by the specific consumption of conditional fuel7

9. List the types of power plants of traditional electric power industry.

10. Expand the concept of electric power industry?

11. What resources are used to generate electrical and thermal energy on thermal power plants?

12. What types of energy resources are used on non-traditional electric power plants?

13. What is the power system?

14. List the types of mass of fuel.

15. The effect of thermal power plants on the environment.

Fuel and energy resources. Conditional fuel

Conditional fuel

Different types of energy resources have different quality, which is characterized by the energy intensity of fuel. The specific energy intensity is called the amount of energy falling per unit of mass of the physical body of the energy resource.

To compare various types of fuel, total accounting of its stocks, evaluating the effectiveness, use of energy resources, comparing the indicators of heat-speaking devices, adopted a unit of measurement of conditional fuel. Conditional fuel is such a fuel, when combustion of 1 kg of which 29309 kJ, or 7000 kcal energies stand out. For comparative analysis, 1 ton of conditional fuel is used.

1 T y. t. \u003d 29309 KJ \u003d 7000 kcal \u003d 8120 kW * h.

This indicator corresponds to a good minor coal, which is sometimes called coal equivalent.

Abroad for analysis uses conditional fuel with heat combustion 41900 kJ / kg (10,000 kcal / kg). This indicator is called oil equivalent. In tab. 9.4.1 shows the values \u200b\u200bof specific energy intensity for a number of energy resources in comparison with the conditional fuel.

Table 9.4.1. Specific energy intensity of energy resources

It can be seen that gas, oil and hydrogen have high energy intensity.

Fuel and energy complex of the Republic of Belarus, prospects for its development

The main purpose of the energy policy of the Republic of Belarus for the period up to 2015 is the definition of ways and the formation of mechanisms for the optimal development and operation of the fuel and energy complex, a reliable and efficient energy supply of all sectors of the economy, creating conditions for the production of competitive products, achieving standards of living standards of the population of the population similar highly developed European states.

To realize this purpose, the state energy program of the Republic of Belarus provides for the use of non-traditional and renewable energy sources in the growing scale. Taking into account the natural, geographical, meteorological conditions of the republic, preference is given to small hydroelectric power plants, wind power plants, bioenergy installations, plants for burning plant waste and household waste, helium producers.

The potential of fuel and energy resources in the Republic of Belarus is presented in Table 9.5.1.

Table 9.5.1. Potential of local fuel and energy resources in the Republic of Belarus (million tons. T.)

Since we have already considered the question of the prospects for use in the republic of local fuels, we will stop in detail on the characteristics of the prospects for the development of non-traditional and renewable energy sources.

Biological energy. Under the action of solar radiation in plants organic substances are formed, and chemical energy is accumulated. This process is called photosynthesis. Animals exist at the expense of direct or indirect production of the energy of the substance from plants! This process corresponds to the trophic level of photosynthesis. As a result of photosynthesis, the solar energy transformation occurs. Substances from which plants and animals are called biomass. Through the chemical or biochemical processes, biomass can be turned into certain types of fuel: gaseous methane, liquid methanol, solid charcoal. Biofilage combustion products by natural ecological or agricultural processes turn into biofuels again. The biomass cycle system is shown in Fig. 9.5.1.

Fig. 9.5.1. Biomass Planetary System

Biomass energy can be used in industry, household. Thus, in countries supplying sugar, due to waste, its production is covered to 40% of fuel needs. Biofuels in the form of firewood, manure and tops of plants are used in the household of about "50% of the world's population for cooking, housing heating.

There are various energy methods of biomass processing:

1. thermochemical (direct burning, gasification, pyrolysis);
2. biochemical (alcohol fermentation, anaerobic or aerobic processing, biophotolysis);
3. agrochemical (fuel extraction). The types of biofuels and efficiency obtained as a result of recycling are shown in Table 9.5.2.

Table 9.5.2. Fuel types resulting from biomass processing

Recently, projects for creating artificial energy plantations for growing biomass and subsequent, biological energy transformations have appeared. To obtain thermal power equal to 100 MW, about 50 m2 of the area of \u200b\u200benergy plantations will be required. A broader meaning has the concept of energy farms, which implies the production of biofuels as the main or by-product of agricultural production, forestry, river and maritime, industrial and human resources.

B. Climatic conditions of Belarus with 1 hectares of energy plantations are collected by the mass of plants in the amount of up to 10 tons of dry matter, which is equivalent to about 5 tons. T. With additional agricultural, the productivity of 1 hectare can be increased by 2-3 times: it is most appropriate to use to obtain raw materials produced peat deposits, the area of \u200b\u200bwhich in the republic is about 180 thousand. This can be a stable environmentally friendly and biosphere-compatible source of energy raw materials.

Biomass is the most promising and significant renewable source of energy in the republic, which can provide up to 15% of its fuel needs.

The use of livestock farms and complexes as biomass is very promising for Belarus. The preparation of biogas can be about 890 million m3 per year, which is equivalent to 160 thousand TU. t. Energy-containing 1 m3 biogas (60-75% methane, 30-40% carbon dioxide, 1.5% hydrogen sulfide) is 22.3 MJ, which is equivalent to 0.5 m3 of purified natural gas, 0.5 kg of diesel fuel, 0 , 76 kg of conditional fuel. The restraining factor in the development of biogas plants in the republic is long winter, large metal-capacity installations, incomplete disinfectancy of organic fertilizers. An important condition for the implementation of the potential of biomass is to create an appropriate infrastructure from the workpiece, collecting raw materials before the delivery of final products to the consumer. Bioenergore is considered, first of all, as an installation for the production of organic fertilizers and, in the way, to obtain biofuels, allowing to obtain thermal and electrical energy.

Conditional fuel

unit of organic fuel accounting (see fuel) used to compare the effectiveness of various types of fuel and total accounting. As a unit of T. y. Accepted 1. kg Fuel with heat combustion (see Heat combustion) 7000 kkal/kg (29,3 MJ./kg). The ratio between T. y. and natural fuel is expressed by the formula:

where B y - The mass of the equivalent amount of conditional fuel, kg; In n - Mass of natural fuel, kg (solid and liquid fuel) or m. 3 (gaseous); Q X. P is the lowest heat combustion of this natural fuel, kkal/kg or kkal/m. 3 ;

The value of e is taken: for oil 1.4; Coke 0.93; peat 0.4; Natural gas 1.2.

Using T. y. Especially convenient to compare the efficiency of various heat and power plants. For example, in the energy sector uses the following characteristic - the amount of T. y., Spent on the production of the unit of electricity. This value g., pronounced in g. T. y. Coming on 1 kWh. Electricity related to the efficiency of the installation η by the ratio

In some countries, a different count of T. y., For example in France as T. y. Adopted fuel having either low heat combustion 6500 kkal/kg(27,3 MJ./kg), or the highest heat combustion 6750 kkal/kg (28,3 MJ./kg); In the United States and the UK as a large unit of T. y. Take a unit of accounting equal to 10 18 British thermal units (36 billion. t. T. y.).

I. N. Rosengauz.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

Watch what is "fuel conditional" in other dictionaries:

The conditional standard of fuel with the heat of combustion of 7000 kcal / kg, with which specific fuels compares to assess the thermal industry of the latter. To transfer natural fuel to T. y. Enjoy the Caloric Equivalent EC \u003d / 7000. ... ... Geological Encyclopedia

conditional fuel Technical translator directory

Conditional fuel - Conditional fuel of organic fuel metering unit used to compare the effectiveness of various types of fuel and their total accounting. As a unit of conditional fuel, 1 kg of fuel with heat of combustion of 7,000 kcal / kg (29.3 ... ... Official terminology

Fuel, conditional Large accounting dictionary

Fuel, conditional - Conditionally natural unit used for the combination of fuel of various types. Recalculation of the amount of fuel of this type in tons of conditional fuel is performed using a coefficient equal to the ratio of the heat generation of 1 kg of fuel of this type ... ... Great Economic Dictionary

Organic fuel accounting unit, applicable to comparing the thermal value of various types of fuel. The heat of combustion of 1 kg of solid conditional fuel (or 1 cubic meters of gaseous conventional fuel) is 29.3 mJ (7000 kcal), which ... ... Financial vocabulary

See Fuel conditional ...

Feling substances excreasing a significant amount of heat that is used directly in process processes or is converted to other types of energy. For burning T. serve various technical devices ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

The production and distribution of fuel and energy resources are calculated in units of conventional fuel, where coefficients of recalculation of the coal equivalent, adopted in domestic statistical practice, as well as in units of energy adopted in international organizations - Terajoules are used.

When you recalculate fuel and energy in tons of conventional fuel, you should be guided by the following coefficients of recalculation:

Coal recalculation coefficients tend to change annually due to structural changes in coal production by brands.

Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation

Federal State Statistics Service

On approval of forms of federal statistical

Observations for energy saving

N 4-TER "Information about the remains, receipt and consumption of fuel and energy resources, collecting and using exhaust oil products"

Appendix to form N 4-TER

Handbook of energy recalculation coefficients in conditional fuel

by coal equivalent

Today, the century of rapid technological development and interaction of the planet with various devices, mechanisms and vehicles, gasoline fuel has become a key and fundamental product of oil refining. This mixture of light hydrocarbon compounds is a kind of blood of the modern world, rushing through the veins, arteries and capillaries (pipes, hoses and fuel supplies) cars, airplanes, tractors, combines and other techniques to light their hearts (engines) and breathe into powerful steel bodies spark Life. In a certain sense, a complex combination of hydrocarbon molecules forms the face of the planet as we know it today.

In this aspect translation of liters in tons of gasoline It is a key category and an essential task for numerous consumers of fuel and lubricants, accountants of motor transport enterprises. When registering, storing and issuing various technological and fuel fluids, bulk materials, it is very often a need to convert one units of measurement to others. Often such arithmetic causes considerable difficulties even in financially responsible persons and storekeners. This problem is particularly relevant for accountants, which account for the receipt, implementation or issuance of substances in this category.

Recalculation of volume to the mass is extremely necessary and convenient to fill out reporting documentation, making payments and financial calculations, with the wholesale sale of fuel and fuel and lubricants. This is dictated by the fact that the generally accepted form of supplies of fuel and hydrocarbon fuel is the tanks (tanks) of the fixed capacity (volume), and the accounting is made in units of mass. In addition, with wholesale implementation, it is much more convenient to consider in tons.

Translation of gasoline from lithres in tons: Applied arithmetic accountant

In principle, such a problem is a disposability for the new time, or rather the twentieth century. Some one and a half century ago, this question could not arise by definition. Then humanity was just beginning to know the secrets of oil and hydrocarbon fuel. By the way, at the end of the nineteenth century, gasoline already existed and certain technologies for its receipt were developed.

Then it was synthesized by the method of rectification and release of light oil fractions by evaporation at a temperature mode at 100-130 ° C. True, in those distant times, its use was not distinguished by a large variety, even on the contrary, it was very scarce. Light hydrocarbons were used exclusively as antiseptic and fuel for primuses. From oil, kerosene was mainly distilled off, and everything else was simply disposed of.

But everything changed with the invention of the internal combustion engine, which made gasoline with a key product refining product. And the problem of the conversion of the volume of liquid substance in the weight of the weight was settled in the world. Even from the school year of physics, it is known that the mass of all physical bodies, regardless of their aggregate states, is determined by density. Of course, this postulate acts in relation to liquid substances, which are fuel materials.

Consequently, the density of any substance (in this case, gasoline or diesel engineering) is inversely proportional to its volume. This simple ratio is easy to express in such a formula: v \u003d m / ρ, where ρ is the mathematical value of the fuel density, V is the volume in liters, and the litera M is respectively the mass is indicated. Then it remains only to produce the simplest mathematical action. However, the most interesting thing begins here.

Real life made its own adjustments to slender theoretical justifications than created such a serious economic and technical problem as a translation from liters in tons of gasoline. The density of hydrocarbon fuel turned out to be an extremely capricious value, just as changeable as the heart of a bored beauty. The value of this fundamental physical characteristic is determined not only by the type of fuel and the degree of its chemical purity, but also the ambient temperature. For example, in summer, the density of fuel decreases, and in the winter it increases.

In addition, for one season, it undergoes a lot of oscillations together with temperature and weather. Therefore, in order to simplify the recalculation procedure at one time, relevant standards have been developed. For example, GOST 2084-77 is valid for gasoline in Russia. This regulatory document contains detailed technical parameter tables for all fuel brands.

His majesty coefficient

For simplified and correct conversion in the Ministry of Industry, Russian Federation, a truly Solomon solution was made to introduce fixed average density values \u200b\u200bfor all types of liquid hydrocarbon fuel. Now the accountants and all interested parties do not need to painfully think how to carry out the transfer of gasoline liters in tons. It is enough to just look into the appropriate table of coefficients and substitute from there the required value to the following formula: M \u003d Vρ. It must be remembered that the result of such a simple calculation will be a kilogram that will remain only to recalculate in tons.

The coefficients for the most common and frequently used gasoline brands look as follows:

1. AI-80 \u003d 0.715 g / cm3
2. AI-92 \u003d 0,735
3. AI-95 \u003d 0.75
4. AI-98 \u003d 0,765
5. Diesel fuel - 0,769

In addition, Rostekhnadzor approved its own gradation of coefficients, according to which, for example, the specific density of the diesel fuel is 0.84. Such a double system of technical coordinates turned out. It remains only to add that the actual fuel density can be measured by a special device - a steamer.

Ton of conditional fuel (t. U. T.) - a unit of measurement of energy equal to 29.3 mJ / kg; It is defined as the amount of energy released during combustion of 1 ton of fuel with the calorific value of 7000 kcal / kg (corresponds to the typical calorific value of stone coal).

Fuel economy from the use of combustible WER is determined by the formula:

Kg U.T., (3.3.3)

where - the warmth of the combustible WER used for the estimated period (decada, month, quarter, year);

-The content of combustion of conditional fuel, \u003d 29.3 MJ / kg;

ή 1 - fuel use coefficient (whale) in the furnace when working on a combustible WPER;

ή 2 - KIT in the furnace when working on substituted fuel.

The amount of fuel economy when using utility boiler can be determined by the formula:

Kg U.T. , (3.3.4)

where - the heat of the exhaust gases passed through the recycler boiler for the period of calculating fuel economy;

-Plovy kpd. boiler utilizer, O.E.;

-Plovy kpd. Substituted by the boiler-utilizer of the fuel boiler, O.E.

In ferrous metallurgy annually due to the use of thermal WER, up to 10% of imported fuel (natural gas, fuel oil, coal) are saved. The number of thermal energy developed by the utilization of WER, in the general balance of consumption of metallurgical plants is 30%, and at some plants up to 70%.

Disposal of heat hotstock coke.The heat of the hot coke is used in the coke drying installations (Ustk), see fig. 3.3.9.

Fig. 3.3.9. Schematic diagram of dry coke drying.

Designation to Figure 3.3.8:

1 - knot of filing hot coke; 2 - the yield of coiled coke; 3 is a dry exhausting chamber, which includes (positions 4-7: 4 - a forkammer for receiving hot coke; 5 - oblique gas channels for gas output; 6 - dry exhaust zone; 7 - gas supply and gas distribution device; 8 - dust waiter; 9 - recycle boiler (position 10-16): 10 - nutritional pump; 11 - economizer; 12 - drum-separator; 13 - circulation pump; 14 - evaporative heating surfaces; 15 - superheater; 16 - outlet of the superheated steam; 17 - Pelo-sarain cyclone; 18 - Exhauster, providing cooling gas circulation; 19 - Coke dead alley and dust.

Usinggas recycling uncompriseous turbines.

Gas utilization uncomplete turbines (GUB) are turbodetaders working at overpressure of gas generated when Iceproof cast iron in the domain and when the gas is reduced on trunk gas pipelines. The first metallurgical plant in world practice, which was implemented by the project with the Gubt with a radial turbine capacity of 6 MW, became the Magnitogorsk MK. In 2002, SEVSTAL OJSC at Dominal 5500 m 3 was commissioned by the GIV-25 joint development and manufacturing of the Nevsky Plant CJSC and the German company Tsimmerman and Yansen.

From the point of view of energy saving in the gas transmission system, today is very promising is the disposal of the energy of excessive pressure of natural gas in TurboTender. In the gas industry, turboodetaders are used for:

1) start a gas turbine installation of a gas-pumping unit, as well as to turn its rotor when stopping (for the purpose of cooling); At the same time, the turboodender operates on a gas transported gas with a release of it after a turbine into the atmosphere;

2) cooling natural gas (with its expansion in the turbine) in the installations of its liquefaction;

3) cooling natural gas in the installations of its "commercial" preparation for transport on the pipeline system (removal of moisture by finding it, etc.).

4) the drive of the high pressure compressor for the purpose of supplying gas to peak storages;

5) Electricity generation at gas distribution stations (GRS) of natural gas transportation system to its consumers using gas pressure drops in high and low pressure pipelines.

According to experts in the territory of the Russian Federation there are about 600 GDS and hydraulic fracturing facilities with conditions for the construction and operation of turbo-containers with a capacity of 1-3 MW, which can work up to 15 billion kWh of electricity per year.

The production and distribution of fuel and energy resources are calculated in units of conventional fuel, where coefficients of recalculation of the coal equivalent, adopted in domestic statistical practice, as well as in units of energy adopted in international organizations - Terajoules are used.

When you recalculate fuel and energy in tons of conventional fuel, you should be guided by the following coefficients of recalculation:

<*> Coal recalculation coefficients tend to change annually due to structural changes in coal production by brands.

Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation

Federal State Statistics Service

On approval of forms of federal statistical

Observations for energy saving

N 4-TER "Information about the remains, receipt and consumption of fuel and energy resources, collecting and using exhaust oil products"

Appendix to form N 4-TER

Handbook of energy recalculation coefficients in conditional fuel

by coal equivalent