The pencils They differ mainly on the nature of the writing rod (which determine the writing properties of the pencil and its purpose), as well as in size, the form of the cross section, color and type of wood shell coating.

In the USSR, from the fifties, pencils were produced according to GOST 6602-51. The quality was good. Today's situation is quite sad. Talk about what was before.

The pencils

Depending on the writing rod and its properties, the following main groups of pencils are distinguished: a) graphite - writing rod made of graphite and clay and saturated with fats and waxes; The letter leaves the gray-black color of various intensity, which is mainly mainly due to the degree of hardness of the rod; b) Colored - writing rod made of pigments and dyes, fillers, bonding compositions and sometimes fat; c) copying - writing rod made of a mixture of water-soluble dyes and a binder with graphite or mineral fillers; When the letter leaves the feature a gray or color, difficult rubber band.

Stages of production of pencils from glued milkheads

Production pencils It consists of the following main processes: a) the manufacture of a writing rod, b) the manufacture of wood shell and c) finishing a finished pencil (painting, marking, sorting and ypping). The composition of graphite rods includes: graphite, clay and adhesive substances. Graphite is very brands and leaves on paper a line of gray or gray-black. In graphite for the connection of its particles, clay is mixed, in a mixture of graphite with clay for giving plasticity adhesive substances are added. Suitable graphite in the vibration mills is crushed to the smallest particles. Clay is dumps in water. Then these components are thoroughly mixed in special mixers, pressed and dried. The dried mass is mixed with adhesive substances, repeatedly presses, turning into a homogeneous plastic mass, suitable for molding of writing rods. This mass is laid in a powerful press, which from the round holes of the matrix squeezes thin elastic threads. The threads on the outlet of the matrix are automatically cut into segments of the required length, which are writing rods. The segments are then laid in rotating drums, where they are rolled off, straighten and dried. At the end of the drying, they are loaded into the crucible and burned in electric traits. As a result of drying and roasting, rods acquire hardness and durability. The cooled rods are sorted by straight and direct on impregnation. This operation is intended to give rods having an increased rigidity, softness and elasticity, i.e. the properties necessary for the letter. Salomas, stearin, paraffin and different types of wax are used for impregnation of graphite rods. For the manufacture of non-ferrous and copying rods, other types of raw materials are used, the technological process is partially changing.

For color rods, water-insulated dyes and pigments are used as coloring substances, as fillers - Talc, as a binder - pectin glue and starch. The mass consisting of dyes, fillers and binders is mixed in the mixers, the firing operation falls. The strength of the color rod is attached to the pressing mode and the adjustment of the number of binders inserted into the mass, and this, in turn, depends on the nature and number of pigments and dyes. For copying rods, water-soluble aniline dyes are used as coloring substances, mainly methyl virtue, which gives the line of purple color, methylene blue, giving a line of greenish blue, a diamond greens - bright green color, etc.

The strength of the copier rods is regulated by the recipe, the number of binder and pressing mode. Ready rods are placed in wood shell; Wood must be soft, possess low cutting resistance along and across the fiber, have a smooth, glittering cutting surface and a smooth shadow and color. The best material for the shell is the wood of the Siberian cedar and linden. Wooden suites are treated with ammonia pairs (for removing resinous substances), soaked with paraffin and scratched. Then they make "tracks" on the SPETSSTAND, in which the rods are stacked, the skins are glued and divided into separate pencils, at the same time giving them hexagon or round shape. After that, the pencils are grouped, ground and stained. Coloring is made by flashing nitrocellulose colors and varnishes with clean tone and bright color. After a multiple coating of the shell, these varnishes are formed on it a durable lacquer film that gives the finished pencil a glossy, shiny surface and a beautiful view.

Classification of pencils

Depending on the initial materials of the writing rod and destination, the following groups and types of pencils differ.

1. Graphite: School, Stationery, Chert, Drawing;

2. Colored: School, Stationery, Chert, Drawing;

3. Copy: Stationery

In addition, pencils differ in dimensional indicators, on the hardness of the rod, the shell decoration. The dimensional indicators include: a cross-sectional form, length and thickness of the pencil. In the form of a cross section of pencils there are round, faceted and oval. Some groups or types of pencils are assigned only one form of cross-section; For others, various are allowed. So, the pencils of the intensive are produced only face - hexagon, copying pencils - only round; Stationery can have any of these forms, as well as three-, four-, eight-marched or oval transverse sections. Pencils have a length of 178, 160, 140 and 113 mm (with admission to these sizes ± 2 mm). The main and most frequently used of these sizes is 178 mm, it is required for graphite pencils - school, drawing and drawing; For color - drawing and drawing; For pencils of stationery, length is also allowed Length 220 mm. The thickness of the pencil is determined by its diameter, and for the grunges, the diameter is measured in the inscribed circle; It varies from 4.1 to 11 mm, the most common thickness is 7.9 and 7.1 mm.

By hardness The writing rod of pencils is divided into 15 groups denoted by letters and digital indexes in a sequential manner: 6m, 5m, 4m, zm, 2m, m, TM, ST, T, 2T, IT, 4T, 5T, 6T, 7T. The letter "M" indicates the softness of the writing rod, the letter "T" - its hardness; The greater the digital index, the one is stronger than this writing rod. On school graphite pencils, the degree of hardness is indicated by numbers No. 1 (soft), No. 2 (medium) and No. 3 (solid). On copy pencils - words: soft, medium hardness, solid.

Abroad, the degree of hardness is denoted by Latin letters "B" (soft) and "H" (solid).

Graphistic school pencils were produced by the average degrees of hardness, the intensive - all existing degrees of hardness, color of all types - usually soft.

Graphist pencils Drawberry "Designer"

The color of the wood shell coating is also poured for different pencils; The shell of colored pencils, as a rule, was painted in the color of the writing rod; For the shell of other pencils, each name was usually assigned one or more permanent colors. The shell color was a few species: one-color or with colorful marble, decorative, with ribs or edges painted in contrasting colors or covered metal foil, etc. Some types of pencils were produced with a decorative head, which was painted in colors other than the color of the shell , with plastic or with a metal head, etc. Also produced pencils with plastic or metal tips, with a rubber band (graphite only), with sharpening of the rod, etc.

Depending on these indicators (the properties of the writing rod, the cross-sectional form, the dimensional indicators, the type of finishing and design), various names were assigned to each type of pencils and sets.

Graphist pencils Drawberry "Polytechnic"

Assortment of pencils

Pencils are divided into three main groups: graphite, colored, copying; In addition, there is a special group of special pencils.

Graphistic pencils for destination are divided into school, stationery, cheeky and drawing.

School pencils - for school classes in writing and drawing; Three degrees of hardness were produced - soft, medium and solid, - denoted by numbers: No. 1, No. 2, No. 3.

Pencil number 1 - soft - gave a trait of thick black and was used for school drawing.

Pencil number 2 - medium hardness - gave a clear black trait; Used for writing and drawing.

Pencil number 3 - solid - gave a pale line of grayish-black color: Designed for drawing and initial work on the draw in school.

School-related pencils that had a metal nipple, in which a round elastic band was fixed to erase records made by a pencil.

Stationery pencils - for writing; Made mostly soft and medium hardness.

Checker pencils - for graphic work; We were produced in the degree of hardness of the writing rod from 6m to 7t. Hardness and determined the target pencils. So, 6m, 5m and 4m are very soft; ZM and 2M - soft; M, tm, st, t - medium hardness; ZT and 4T - very hard; 5T, 6T and 7T - very hard, for special graphic works.

Drawing Pencils - for drawing, extinguishing Sketches and other graphic works: Only soft, various degrees of hardness are produced.

Assortment of graphite pencils

Color pencils For the purpose divided by school, stationery, cheeky, drawing.

School pencils - for initial children's drawing and drawing works of students of junior classes; Produced round shape, sets of 6-12 colors.

Stationery pencils - for signature, proofreading, etc., 5 colors were produced, sometimes two-color - for example, red-blue, mainly hexagon, except for the "Svetlana" pencils that had a round shape.

Checker pencils - for drawing and topographic works; produced mainly by sets of 6 or 10 colors; Hex shape; Color coating - rod color.

Drawing Pencils - for graphic works; Several species were produced, differed from school-length and number of colors in sets, from 12 to 48, mainly round form, except for drawing No. 1 and No. 2, which had a hexagonal form. All sets had 6 main colors, additional shades of these colors and usually white pencils.

All pencils manufactured in sets were packaged in cardboard artistically decorated boxes with multicolor labels.

Assortment of colored pencils

Copier pencils Two species were produced: graphite, i.e., containing graphite as a filler, and the colored, the writing rod of which contained instead of the talc graphite. Copy pencils were manufactured by three degrees of hardness: soft, medium hardness and solid. Copy pencils were produced, as a rule, round shape.

Assortment of copy pencils

Pencils Special - pencils with special properties of a writing rod or special purpose; Made graphite and colored. The group of pencils of special graphitetes treated "carpentry", "retouch" and portfolio pencils (for record books).

Pencil "carpentry" Designed for tree marks when performing carpentry and joinery. It had an oval shape of the shell and sometimes a rectangular shape of the cross section of a writing rod.

Pencil "Retouch" - For retouching photos, steamed, applying shadows. The writing rod contained finely grilled birch coal, as a result of which gave a fatty line of densely black.

We produced four numbers that differed hardness: No. 1 - very soft, No. 2 - soft, No. 3 - medium hardness, No. 4 - solid.

Special color pencils treated "Glassogram" and "Traffic light".

Pencil "Glassogram" had a soft rod that gave fat and thick features; It was used for marks on glass, metal, china, celluloid, for laboratory classes, etc. There were 6 colors: red, blue, green, yellow, brown and black.

Pencil "Traffic" Presented the form of colored pencils, had a longitudinal-composite rod, consisting of two or three colors, which gave the opportunity when writing one pencil to get a trait of several colors. Pencils were designated numbers corresponding to the number of colors, which wrote the rod.

Names and main indicators of special pencils

Quality pencils

The quality of the pencils was determined by the correspondence of the sealing rod, shell, finishes and packaging with the requirements established by the standard. The most important indicator of the quality of pencils was: for graphite - strength on the break, hardness, the intensity of the feature and sliding; For color - the same indicators and (color matching approved standards; for copying - the same and copying ability of the rod. For all these indicators, special devices were checked and in laboratory conditions. In almost definition of the quality of pencils, it was necessary to be guided by the following requirements. The writing rod had to be guided. to be sworn in a wooden shell firmly and as soon as possible in its center; the neccentricity of the rod was determined by the smallest, that is, the thinnest part of the shell, the dimensions of which were installed by the standard for pencils of the 1st and 2nd grades; the wristing rod should not have loose from the shell when sharpening a pencil or on a naja on it from the end; it was supposed to be whole and homogeneous in all its length, should not contain foreign impurities and inclusions that scratching paper with a letter should not have no obvious nor hidden cracks, not should have crumble at sharpening and when writing. With a pencil, with a vertical on The press for the captured tip of the rod lady should not have given chips, i.e. arbitrary bowel or rocking of the rod particles. The cross-sectional area of \u200b\u200bthe rod on the ends of the pencil should have been smooth, smooth, without damage and chipping. For color rods, the feature of the color and intensity of the trait during the letter along the entire length of the rod was required.

The shell of pencils was made of benign wood, without bitch, cracks and other vices; It was supposed to have a small cutting resistance, that is, it is easy and gently to refine the sharp knife, it does not break with olive and have a smooth surface of the cut. The ends of the pencils had to be cut smoothly, smoothly and strictly perpendicular to the axis of the pencil. The pencil should be straight and smooth along the entire length, without deformation. The surface was supposed to be smooth, brilliant, without scratch, dents, cracks and lacquers. The varnish coating should not be lightering, turning and sticking at moisture.

According to the defects of the appearance of pencils, two varieties were divided: the 1st and 2nd; And the writing properties for the pencils of both varieties were supposed to be the same. The 2nd varieties include pencils in which the arrow of the deflection along a length of not more than 0.8 mm, chole wood or a lacquer film from the end of the pencil not more than 1.5 mm, the codset on the ends of no more than half of the cross section of the rod - to depth no more than 1.0 mm, the neccentricity of the rod is not more than 0.33 D-D (D - the diameter of the pencil shell in the inscribed circle, D is the diameter of the rod in mm), as well as scratches, dents, roughness and influx (width and depth of no more 0.4 mm) not more than 3 throughout the surface of the pencil, a total length of up to 6 mm and a width of up to 2 mm.

Pencils were marked with a bronze or aluminum foil on one or more faces. The marking was to contain the name of the manufacturer's factory, the name of the pencils, the degree of hardness (usually by bad designations) and the year of release (usually two last figures of the corresponding year (for example, "55" means the release of 1955). The marking contained the abbreviated word "copier" on the copy pencils. . On the pencils of the 2nd grade, in addition, there was no "2 s" designation. The marking should have been firmly held on the surface of the pencil, to be a clear, clear, freely read, all lines and signs should be solid and not merge.

Pencils: Ruslan, Rogdai, Ratmir (factory them. Krasina)

Pencils were packaged in cardboard boxes preferably 50 and 100 pieces of one name and variety. Pencils Colored school and drawing were packaged by sets of different colors of 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, and 48 colors in one set. Graphistic drawing pencils, colored intensive and some other types of pencils were also produced by sets of different content. Boxes with pencils of 50 and 100 pieces and sets of all kinds were drawn up with a label of multi-stage artistic labels. Boxes with sets and pencils of 10 and 25 pieces stacked in cardboard cases or packaged in packs of dense wrapper paper and tied with twine or braid. Boxes with pencils of 50 and 100 pieces were bandaged with twine or braid, either wrapped with paper parcel. Boxes with color pencils were flooded with multicolored labels, usually with artistic reproductions.

Pencils "Cosmetics" (Slavic State Pencil Factory MMP HSSR)

Graphic pencils "Painting", "Youth", "Color"

Set of colored pencils "Youth" - art. 139 of 6 pencils. Price 77 kopecks.

Set of color pencils "color" - art. 127 and 128 of 6 and 12 pencils. The price of one pencil, respectively, 8 kopecks and 17 kopecks.

Set of color pencils "Painting" - art. 135 of 18 pencils. Price 80 kopecks.

Pencils Graphite Colored "Painting", "Art"

Set of color pencils "Painting" - art. 133 of 6 pencils. Price 23 kopecks.

Set of color pencils "Art" - art. 113 of 18 pencils. Price 69 kopecks.

Set of color pencils "Art" - art. 116 of 24 pencils. Price 1 ruble 20 kopecks.

).

New one-time pencil With a wooden frame rim before the first use, it is necessary to sharpen (clean). In addition to disposable pencilsthere are reusable mechanical the pencilswith replaceable stalemies in a constant rim.

The pencils differ in the hardness of the griffel, which is usually indicated onpencil And denoted by lettersM. (or B. - From the English. Blackness) - Soft andT. (or H. - From the English. Hardness) - solid. Standard (firm-soft) pencil besides combinations TM and HB. denotes letterF. (from the English. Fine Point). Degree of softnesspencils denote the letterM. (soft) or 2m, ZM etc. Large letter beforeM. Indicates great softnesspencil. Solid the pencilsdenote the letterT. (solid). 2 T. harder than T., ZT harder than 2 T., etc.

Unlike Europe and Russia, a numerical scale is used to indicate hardness.

Compliance table of hardness

Tint	USA	Europe	Russia
	#1	B.	M.
	#2	HB.	TM
	#2 1/2	F.	-
	#3	H.	T.
	#4	2h.	2T.

Most hard Middle Soft

*****

9h.

8h.

7h.

6h.

5h.

4h.

3h.

2h.

H.

F.

HB.

B.

2b.

3b.

4b.

5b.

6b.

7b.

8b.

9b.

Usually start pencil medium softness -TM or M. - and then go to softer numbers "-2 M. and ZM.

Choice pencils depends on quality And from the creative task that the artist puts in front of him. For example, fast It is more convenient to do softpencils, and when working on for a long time type semivatman can be launched Pencils T. or TM. On smooth Better falls soft pencil, on the scorched is comfortablepencil medium softness -2 M..

History pencils

Starting from the XIII century, artists used for drawing thinsilver Wire, which soldered to a handle or stored in a case.Such type pencil Called « silver pencil » . This tool required high levels. Since it is impossible to erase the stacked. Another characteristic feature was that with time gray , applied silver pencil, became brown.

I existed I. "Lead Pencil" who left a kindly, but clear trace and often used for preparatory . For executed silver and Lead Pencil, characteristic thin . For example likepencils Used Durer.

Known also so-called"Italian pencil" which appeared in the XIV century. He was a rod of clay blackshale . Then it began to produce from the petrogen bone powder, bonded by vegetable . This tool allowed to create intensive and saturated Interestingly, artists and now sometimes apply silver, lead anditalian pencilsWhen they need to achieve a certain effect.

In the XV-XVI centuries. on parchment or painted with a silver or lead pin ( it. STIFF - "BASE, TOOL"). Especially good for this purpose silver stylus. It gives thin and clear And similar to the cutter. Such in dense Almost do not erase. Silver pin orstylus , Many painteditalian Artists as well Northern Renaissance - R. Fan der Wayden, A. Durer, H. Holbine (Golbaine) Junior, J. Fan Eyk.

In the epoch I. XVI-XVII centuries. Artists preferred soft or liquid materials - , , , , . From the end of the XIV century. began to use slightly burned clayslanet grayish ( "Black chalk") or red-brown ("Red Mel").

In the XVII century got distribution"Italian pencil" (franz. Crayon d'Italie.). It was made from Luzhenybones shredded to powder with the addition of vegetable . " Italian pencil" (later -retouch) Create juicy black matte , and when rubbing - a wide scale transitions. This material was loved in creativityvenetian artists, such as Titian, it is convenient to make preparatory to. and " italian pencil"Drew artists and romantics of the end of the XVIII-XIX century.

Known from the XVI century. First description pencil It was found in the relevant wages of the minerals of the Swiss naturalist Conrad Gacerer. In addition, the opening of the deposit includes In England, in Cherberld where saw into pencil rods. English shepherds from the Cumberland's area found the dark mass in the ground, which they used to mark sheep. because of , similar to S. lead, the field was accepted for the deposits of this metal. But, by defining the unsuitability of a new material for the manufacture of bullets, it began to produce thin pointed ones on the end and used them for drawing. These wands were soft, stacked hands and fit only for drawing, but not for writing.

In the XVII century They usually sold on the streets. Artists to make it more comfortable and the wand was not so soft, clap these « the pencils »Between pieces of wood or branches, wrapped in them inpaper Or tied them with a beep.

The first document in which the wooden is mentionedpencil, dated 1683 year. In Germany, production pencils It began in Nuremberg. Germans, mixing With gray I. , I received a rod of not so high quality, but at a lower price. To hide it, manufacturerspencils resorted to different tricks. In a wooden housingpencil At first and at the end pasted pieces of clean In the middle there was a low-quality artificial rod. Sometimes an interiorpenciland it was empty at all. So-called "Nuremberg commodity"I did not use a good reputation.

Only in 1761 Kaspar Faber has developed a strengthening method. mixing a broken powder with a resin and antimony, resulting in a thick mass, suitable for casting, more durable and identical rods.

At the end of XVIII Century Czech I. Garthmut began to make rods for pencils from a mixture and clay followed by firing. Appeared rods resembling modern. By changing the amount of clay added, it was possible to obtain rods of various hardness.

Modern pencil Invented in 1794 a talented French scientist and inventor Nikola Jacques Conte.

At the end of the XVIII century, the English Parliament introduced the strictest ban on the export of precious From Cumberland. For violation of this ban, the punishment was very severe, up to the death penalty. But despite this Continued to contact continental Europe smuggling, which led to a sharp increase in its price.

On the instructions of the French Convention, the counter has developed a mixing formulation With clay and production from these materials of high-quality rods. Using high-temperature treatment, high strength has been achieved, but even more important was the fact that the change in the proportion of the mixture gave the ability to make rods of different hardness, which was the basis of modern classificationpencils hardness.

It is calculated that pencil18 cm long with a rod can be held 55 km or write 45,000 words!

In modern giffylats, polymers are used that allow you to achieve the desired combination of strength and elasticity, make it possible to produce very thin vulture for mechanical pencils (up to 0.3 mm).

Hexagonal shape of the housing pencilsuggested at the end of the XIX century Count Lothar von Faberkastle, noticing that the pencils Round section are often rolled from inclined surfaces for the letter.

Almost ² / 3 The material constituting is simplepencil, goes into waste when it sharpened. It across the American Alonso Townsende Cross for the creation in 1869metal pencil. the rod was placed in a metal tube and could be extended to the appropriate length as necessary.

This invention affected the development of a whole group of goods used today everywhere. The simplest design is mechanical pencil with a 2 mm blade, where the rod is held with metal clamps ( tsangami) - cangovy pencil. Canggi opens when the button is pressed at the end pencilwhich leads to a length of time adjustable pencil.

Modern mechanical the pencils more perfect. Each time you press the button, an automatic feed of a small section of the griffel occurs. Suchthe pencils No need to sharpen, they are equipped with built-in (as a rule, under the feed button) eraser and have a different fixed thickness (0.3 mm, 0.5 mm, 0.7 mm, 0.9 mm, 1mm).

pencil has grayish With light gloss, there is no intense black.

Famous French Emmanuel Poire (1858-1909 ), born in Russia, invented himself an aristocratically sounding to the French manner pseudonymCaran d'Ache. who began to sign their work. Later this version of the French Transcription of the Russian Word"pencil" was chosen by the title and brand name of the Swiss brandCaran d'Ache. Geneva-based pencils Colding on fine-grained emery skirt ), resembling italian pencil . Pencil « Retouch»There are four rooms: No. 1 - very soft, No. 2 - soft, No. 3 - medium-solid, №4-solid. Rodpencil « Retouch»Made from thin-fat birch coal, clay and a small amount of gas soot.The pencils « Retouch»Give intense, bold black which is well chosen. performed by pencil "Retouch"May not be fixed with a fixative. In addition to the black pencil "Retouch", Still produced pencil"Painting"With marking 2 M.- 4 M..

Pencil "Blueprint"

In addition to quality. It gives a more black and contrasting bar, better perceived by various aircraft installations. manufactured for wood labeling as well"Carpentry". For this work " Joiner» pencil It is convenient because of its length and thick griffel.

Italian pencil

Italian pencil Represents one of the types of free pencils. A distinctive feature of it is, deep brushed velvety black , easily deemed on .

Italian pencil Used when execution , as well as Nude human body.
Italian pencils Known from the XV century. They are solid, medium and soft.

That can pencil

artist-schedule Stanislav Mikhailovich Nikireev

If you contact artists-painters, graphics, monumentalists and sculptors with this question, then everyone would find in the usual simple pencil, in his artistic and technical opportunities, something, beloved, and the unequivocal answer we would not hear. But everything is probably SOit stars with the fact that the pencil was invented not in vain, and drawing begins with it - in the form of sketches and sketches. Great many works of art created pencil.

Pencil Draw. But what ispicture ? This question is not so easy to answer briefly. Each significant artist contributes to the art of drawing, although there is a general opinion about the figure as the basis, the bones of the visual art. I remember the words of the wonderful Soviet artist and the teacher, Academician E. A. Kibrik, whom I was lucky to learn. He said:

"Not one decade passed before I understood what a picture was."

He meant the drawing of a high, the most difficult on his artistic manner of realistic art, where the line and the bar arrange the objects, figures, landscapes volume, weight, characteristic.

I would like to admit some kind of liberty, simplicity in determining the word "drawing", calling them that a pencil was drawn on paper.

I often had a long time to be friends and working with pencils, simple and color, and now you need to remember ( after all, my creative path is already three decades.) What I painted them and how.

Draw a pencil with full seriousness, giving this lesson most of the creative time, not easy. It is necessary to overcome the temptation of paints, colors and feel confidence that you can express in silver or black image along with clear structurality and a tonal scenic attitude. Decide on it - it means to win the first, significant one. The second victory of extreme importance - when you can understand that the artist can create masterpieces not only with paints, but also a pencil. With the brightest clarity will help in this great drawings.Leonardo da Vinci , Michelangelo, Durera, Golbaine, Rembrandt, Vrubel, Serov. If the shining peaks of their creativity is painting, the reason is undoubtedly the drawing.

In the work of the artist, the pencil fulfills a large utility work, allowing you to make sketches, sketches, runaway sketches, which serve as a preparatory stage for the works of machine and monumental painting, etaras. The work is responsible, extremely necessary. The maximum value of the qualities of the pencil is manifested in independent drawings, when the artist needs to express his plans fully and final. And the pencil will not fail with its endless scale of elusive shades, gentle snacks and juicy-velvet spots, from the finest cobwebs to decisive-tense, elastic lines. If you add a different softness and degree of gray-black gradations, then the ability of the pencil is superior to any otherart material .

Working with pencils, I never feel the annoyance from the fact that at some point they may be powerless to express my desires and ideas. With a simple pencil, I studied plaster, still lifes, portraits and figures of simulators during long sessions, diligently stroke and carefully worked out the details. But with a special desire draw scenery - grass, flowers, trees, land, buildings. In this case, I study not only their design, materiality,texture but striving to pass on the paper various "moods"landscape .

Pencil is easy and simple for corrections, which is especially important when working on wildlife, and almost indispensable on trips, where you meet many interesting moments, which I would like to capture, while other artistic materials are not allowed due to limited time.Line andstain That gives a pencil help with ease and speed to put in the marching album of the artist, the exciting moments, the necessary details.

It is difficult to imagine the surrounding life, if you can say so, in a black and white image, without color. It turned out that with watercolor and oil, I broke up for a long time, giving all the time and strength to the schedule, but I purchased a reliable assistant-color pencil, which completely satisfies my needs to work in color. The view has strengthened that the color pencil is poor and is limited in the color range. Is it worth it, however, require non-shocking and wealthoil painting ? But you need to strive to use it until the end of his capabilities.

Sometimes drawing is reduced or to the imitation of children's drawings, or to love with manneriness: the squeeziness of the stroke, lines, stains, purely
Formal compositional solutions. Many professionals paint sometimes draw as it were in the break, while relaxing from painting or other affairs. From here a frivolous approach to pencil, lightweight drawings that often meet at exhibitions.

For the first time, I tried to seriously work with a color pencil, being a student, I admired the unusual elasticity, the texture of lines and strokes.

I wanted to see the motive in squeezed and sometimes random lines and in no case allowing decisive. I breathed paper, and the lines were really beautiful. But if the objectives of the art were reduced to solving such tasks, the artists would be, as they say, PRUD PRUD. Reflections on what I draw and why, forced me to look at the work with a pencil in a different way. Gradually began to open another charm, other advantages, less catchy, but noble and necessary for the expression of ideas. The amazing ability of the pencil to transmit the smallest items and parts with an extraordinary clarity of the shape, enveloping these forms at the same time with the thinnest lunchiness of the stroke or staining with a juicy sonorous spot. This technique was consistent with my world, and in other artistic materials, I could not achieve this. It turned out that the color features of the pencil are much wider and deeper when trying to transfer the mood and state of the landscape. At the same time, it goes into the course and purely picturesque reception - the abandonment, when it is not possible to guess and the color and texture, and the tone of objects immediately. It would seem that the drawing is arched, in places from heaven careless, but the completion of the sheet, dictated by the content, and not formal moments, acquires genuine meaning and beauty.

In such a job, many times so far left the drawing with a touch and line in purely decisive spots, that the sheet acquired the appearance, casually called the artists "Kleenka". But if this technique is warmed by great, genuine love and passion for the fact that she has grown up so imperceptibly under the "Kleenka", then I assure the success of this nonsense sheet is provided with a greater guarantee than "delicious" solved. So it was discovered the possibility of a color pencil to work multi-sesters, starting the drawing easily, to bring it to a significant completion.

With each drawing, I learn about all the new features of the pencil. It is only necessary to carefully seek to a small giffel in a wooden frame, and he will give greater joy and success.

I love a pencil for what they can draw. I love jealous, for he is capable of a lot - draw, write. I love for his amazing accessibility and simplicity, for drawing his first job from nature with a simple pencil, and then I got a dream to become an artist.

Pencil is a graphite rod in a wooden frame of a soft tree, such as a cedar, about 18 cm long. Graphite pencils from the existing raw graphite for the first time began to apply at the beginning of the XVII century. Prior to that, lead or silver rods were used for drawing (known as silver pencil). A modern shape of a lead or grate pencil in a wooden frame entered the use at the beginning of the XIX century.

Usually, the pencil "works" if they lead it or press the paper to paper, the surface of which serves as a peculiar grater, splitting the griffel on the smallest particles. Thanks to the pencil, the chiffel particles penetrate into the paper fiber, leaving a line, or a trail.

Graphite, one of carbon modifications, along with coal and diamond, is the main component of the pencil stalem. The hardness of the grief depends on the amount of clay added to graphite. The milder brands of pencils contain little - or do not contain clay at all. Artists and drawers work as a whole set of pencils, choosing them depending on the tasks set in front of them.

When the stall in the pencil is erased, it can be used to use it, sharpening with a special sharpener or razor. Sharpening a pencil is an important process that depends on the type of lines applied by a pencil. There are a lot of sharpening methods of pencils, and each of them gives its result. The artist must try to sharpen pencils in different ways to know which lines can be carried out by one or another pencil with different sharpening methods.

It is necessary to know the advantages and disadvantages of the pencil, as each material you work with. Different brands of pencils are used in certain cases. The following section discusses some types of drawings with an indication of which brand of pencil or graphite material they have been completed.

The above examples give an idea of \u200b\u200bstrokes and lines made by different pencils. Looking at them, take turns take your pencils and see what strokes you can get, working with a particular pencil. Surely you will not only want to try every pencil and discover new features for drawing, you suddenly find that you have risen a "pencil feeling". We like artists feel the material that we use, and it affects the work.

Materials and examples of strokes and lines.

Solid pencil

You can apply strokes that are almost different from each other, which is almost no longer. The tone is usually created by hatching crosslines. Solid pencils are denoted by the letter N. As well as soft, they have gradation of hardness: NV, N, 2N, ZN, 4N, 5N, 6N, 7H, 8H and 9N (the hardest).

Designers, architects and specialists who create accurate drawings, for which subtle neat lines are important, as when creating perspective or other projection systems, are usually used by solid pencils. Although the strokes applied by a solid pencil differ little from each other, they can be very expressive. The tone, as well as soft, can be created by a solid pencil, stroking cross lines, although as a result we will get a thinner and more formal pattern.

Systems of projections for solid pencils

Solid pencils are ideal for creating drawings. As we said, such drawings usually perform engineers, designers and architects. Ready drawings must be accurate, they should specify the sizes to make the performers, such as the wizard, following the instructions, could create an object on the project. Drawings can be made using different projection systems, starting with a plan on a plane and ending with images in perspective.

Strokes solid pencil
I do not bring examples of strokes applied with pencils of 7n - 9n.

SOFT PENCIL

The soft pencil has great opportunities for tinting and transmission of texture than a solid pencil. Soft pencils are denoted by the letter V. Pencil with labeling of HB represents a cross between a solid and soft pencil and is the main means between pencils with extreme properties. In the range of soft pencils, Pencils of the HV, B, 2B, ZV, 4B, 5B, BV, 7B, 8B and 9B (the most soft) are included. Soft pencils allow the artist to express his ideas thanks to tinting, reproduction of invoice, imposing hatching and even simple lines. The wildest pencils can be used to tinted the group of items, although in general I believe that in this case it is more convenient to use a graphite wand. It all depends on which surface should be applied to. If it is a small pattern, for example, on paper AZ format, a soft pencil is probably suitable. But if you want to apply tone to the drawing of a greater format, I would advise you to use a graphite stick.

The only soft pencil, convenient to perform drawings requiring high accuracy, is the palm of championship, of course, for a solid pencil, is a pencil with a clamping thin chiffel.

Other types of pencils

In addition to the pencils described above, there are other pencils representing much more opportunities for experiments and discoveries in the field of drawing. You will find these pencils at any store selling products for artists.

- A pencil, placed in a frame of twisted paper, is graphite in a frame of twisted paper, which turns away to release the griffel.
- The swivel pencil is produced in many species, with the most different mechanisms that open the edge of graphite.
- Pencil with clamping chiffel - pencil for sketches with a very soft fake or thick chiffel.
- Standard thick black pencil, for many years known as "black handsome".
- Carpentry pencil - used by joiners and builders for drawing sizes, records and sketches of new ideas.
- Graphite pencil or wand. This pencil is a solid graphite of about the same thickness as the usual pencil. A thin film, closing the edge from the outside, turns away, opening graphite. A graphite stick is a thicker piece of graphite, like pastels wrapped in paper that is removed as needed. This is a universal pencil.
- Watercolor sketchy pencil is an ordinary pencil, but if you lower it into the water, it can be used as a watercolor brush.

What is graphite.

Graphite is a substance from which the pencils are made, but the graphite existing in nature is not placed in a wooden frame. Graphic produced in different fields varies with the thickness and varying degrees of hardness / softness. As can be seen from the drawings, graphite is not intended to create detailed drawings. It is more suitable for expressive sketches, graphite is convenient to work with the vinyl eraser.

A graphite pencil can be made fast, heavy, dramatic sketches, where energetic lines are used, large areas of dark tones or interesting textured touches. This method of drawing will go well, but is completely not suitable for the drawings. Graphite is better to draw large drawings: the reasons for this are understandable to everyone. Graphite is a versatile agent, and before you begin to work, find out more about its properties and features. Since it does not have an outer rim, you can fully use its side surfaces. We do not have such an opportunity when we draw a pencil. You will be pleasantly surprised when you see what can be achieved by drawing graphite. Personally, I have been drawing in a free and dynamic manner, I always use graphite. If you in such a manner, too, will draw graphite, then no doubt will achieve great success.

Drawing with soft pencils and graphite

Unlike a solid pencil, a soft pencil and graphite you can make thicker touches and create a wide tone spectrum - from deep black to white. Soft pencil and graphite allow you to do it quickly and efficiently. Soft, sufficiently sharp pencil you can convey the contour of the subject, as well as its volume.

Figures performed by these means are more expressive. They are associated with our feelings, ideas, impressions and thoughts, for example, it may be outline in notepad, as the result of our first impressions about the object. They can be part of our visual observation and records. Figures transmit tone change in the process of observation, or thanks to creative fantasy, or express the surface of the texture. These drawings can also arbitrarily explain or express expression - that is, they themselves can be works of fine art, and not billets for future work.

Eraser enhances the action of a soft pencil. Soft pencil and eraser allow you to achieve greater expressiveness of the drawing. Eraser used with a solid pencil is most often used to correct errors, and as a supplement to a soft pencil and angle is a means of creating an image.

You can achieve different results if, when using a soft pencil and graphite, it is possible to press them differently on them. Press allows you to transform the image, or changing the tone, or making strokes more weighty. Look at the examples of tone gradations and try to experiment yourself in this direction. By changing the pressure on the pencil, try to change the maximum number of the image using various movements.

What is erases.

As a rule, we first get acquainted with the eraser when you need to correct the error. We want to erase the place where the error is allowed, and continue to draw. Since the eraser is associated with the correction of errors, we are quite negative about it and its functions. Eraser seems inevitable evil, and the more he is erased from constant use, the more often we believe that OM does not meet our requirements. It's time to reconsider the role of eats in our work. If you skillfully use the eraser, it may be the most useful subject when drawing. But first you need to abandon the thought that errors are always bad, because on errors learn.

Performing a sketch, many artists consider the drawing process or decide how the drawing will look like. Sketches may be erroneous, and they need to be corrected during the work. This happened to each of the artists - even with such great masters like Leonardo da Vinci and Rembrandt. The revision of the representations is almost always part of the creative process, it is noticeable in many works, especially in sketches, where artists develop their ideas and ideas.

The desire to erase the entire error in work and start drawing again - one of the common mistakes of novice artists. As a result, they make even more mistakes or repeat the old, which causes a feeling of dissatisfaction, leading to a feeling of failure. When you make corrections, do not erase the original lines until you give you a new drawing and you will not feel that these lines are extra. My advice: Keep the traces of correction, do not destroy them completely because they reflect the process of your reflection and clarification of the plan.

Another positive lasty function is to reproduce the area of \u200b\u200blight in a tone pattern made by graphite, coal or ink. Eraser can be used to impress strokes that emphasize the texture - a vivid example of this approach is the drawings of Frank Auerbach. In them, the technique of "Tinking" is an example of using an eraser to create a feeling of the atmosphere.

Many types of erases are presented on the market, with the help of which traces of all substances that the artist works are removed. Below are the types of erases with the indication of their functions.

Soft eraser ("Klyachka"). Usually used for drawings with coal and pastel, but it can be used and in the pencil drawing. This eraser can be given any form - this is its main advantage. It helps to work out a positive drawing approach, because it is intended to bring new in the drawing, and not destroy the made.

- Vinyl eraser. Usually they erase touches of coal, pastel and pencil. It can also be used to create some types of strokes.
- Indian eraser. Used to remove strokes applied with light pencil.
- ink eraser. It is very difficult to completely remove the strokes made by ink. Erasers to remove ink and typewritten text are manufactured as a pencil or have a round shape. You can use a combined eraser, one end of which removes a pencil, the other ink.
- surface cleaners, namely scalpels, razor blades, pumice, thin steel wire and sandpaper, are used to remove non-donutric traces of carcass in the drawings. Obviously, before using these means, you need to make sure that your paper is tight enough so that it can be removed its top layer and do not rub to holes.
- Tools applied on paper, such as corrective fluid, titanium or Chinese Belil. Invalid strokes are smelted by an opaque layer Belil. After their drying on the surface, you can work again.

Artist's security measures.

Working with materials, do not forget about safety measures. Carefully contact the scalpels and razor blade. Do not leave them open if they do not use them. Find out if you are not toxic if liquids you use are not combined. Thus, the application of Belil is a very convenient and cheapest way to remove ink, which is based on water, but bleached poisonous, and we need to use them, observing caution.

Pumice is used to remove difficult strokes. However, the use of pumice should be carefully, as it can damage the paper. The razor blade (or scalpel) allows you to scrape the strokes that cannot be removed by other means. They can be used in case of extreme need, because, removing extra strokes, you can

Such soft material is perfectly drawn by volumetric and large works. Coal adds a picture of tenderness and softness, so these pencils reflect the translucency of the shades and the brightness of the tones. In use, they are simple, but in the future need to cover the fixing aerosol.

Well, it is clear that these are the most popular pencils in the world, and they are unmatched. Only here for such art will need medium-structural paper, as the pencil will crumble on very soft paper, and it is bad to draw on a rough.

Pastels, both in the form of chalk and pencils, are very popular, because it is an excellent material for creating small parts and contours in the figure. In addition, they are perfectly made background (crayons). Very easy to use.

These pencils still create incredible masterpieces. Many novice artists start drawing precisely from watercolor pencils (soluble), although there is a dry look. It is dry watercolor pencils that can achieve expressive definition and impressiveness of the drawing. To achieve maximum brightness enough to draw with these pencils thick layers.
Tip: acute pencil and wet paper - incompatible things. So not recommended - spoil everything!

This material is practically similar to coal. The most basic difference is its stability on rough paper, cardboard and canvas. The color of Sangina has red-brown tones, due to which each drawing will be colorful and warm.

The most ordinary and at the same time some of the most popular pencils, with which great works are created, although it's not easy. They differ in hardness, soft perfectly depict dark and clear lines, and solid - thin lines. But the master of his business has long been known that the soft pencil is the best pencil, because when it is well aiming, they can be performed by a solid pencil tasks without much difficulty.
Such a pencil can most clearly depict small details and betray the volume. And some inborn artists can even display the structure and material itself.

Graphite pencils in turn differ in the degree of hardness

Stiffness of Gryuchil

The stiffel hardness is indicated on the pencil with letters and numbers. Manufacturers from different countries (Europe, USA and Russia) labeling stiffness of pencils is different.

In Russia The hardness scale looks like this:

• M - soft;
• T - solid;
• TM - hard-roofing;

Europeanthe scale is somewhat wider (marking F has no Russian compliance):

• In - soft, from blackness (black);
• H - solid, from Hardness (hardness);
• F is the average tone between HV and H (from the English. Fine Point - subtlety)
• HB - firm-soft (Hardness Blackness - hardness-hardness);

IN USA To refer to the stiffness of the pencil, a scale of numbers is used:

• # 1 - corresponds to B - soft;
• # 2 - Complies with HB - firm-soft;
• # 2½ - corresponds to F - medium between firmly soft and solid;
• # 3 - corresponds to H - solid;
• # 4 - corresponds to 2H - very solid.

Pencil Pencil Return. Depending on the manufacturer's company, the tone of the line drawn with a pencil of one marking may differ.

In Russian and European labeling pencils, the figure in front of the letter denotes the degree of softness or hardness. For example, 2b is twice as softer than B, and 2H is twice already voltage than H. You can find pencils with marking from 9H (the hardest) to 9b (the most soft).

Soft pencils

Start from b to 9b.

The most frequently used when creating a picture of a pencil - HB. However, this is the most common pencil. This pencil draws the basis, form of pattern. HB is convenient for drawing, creating tonal stains, it is not too hard, not too soft. Draw darkened places, highlight them and place accents, make a clear line in the figure. Soft pencil 2b will help.

Solid pencils

Start from H to 9h.
H is a solid pencil, from here - thin, bright, "dry" lines. Solid pencil paint solid objects with a clear contour (stone, metal). Such a solid pencil on the finished pattern, on top of the shaded or decisive fragments, draw thin lines, for example, draw strands in the hair.
A line conducted by a soft pencil has a slight loose contour. The soft stylus will significantly draw representatives of the fauna - birds, hares, cats, dogs.
If you need to choose between a solid or soft pencil, artists take a pencil with a soft blade. An image drawn by such a pencil is easy to grow by a piece of thin paper, a finger or eraser. If necessary, it is possible to finely clean the graphite rod of the soft pencil and draw a thin line similar to a line from a solid pencil.

Quality depends on the correct selection of the hardness of the pencils.

Solid pencils with sharpened and dry edges can be drawn gray lines. On such pencils, it is usually worth the letter N (from the English. Hard - "solid"). It is good to use them for high-precision images, for example, for linear drawings or drawings. Solid chiffel in contrast to soft give thin lines and do not leave excessive traces on paper.

Soft pencils in a stylist on an oil base. Drawing such a pencil and slightly pressing the stylus, you can get more dark and thick lines. They put the letter in (from the English. Bold - "greasy"). In the artistic picture, the use of soft pencils allows you to give greater expressiveness and expressiveness of the artist's work.

• A qualitatively sharpened pencil trap with a margin of 6B allows you to make a good sketch. The base of the outline is applied with a soft chiffel. To get the pale lines, you should tilt a pencil.
• As the drawing is created, it is necessary to gradually impose new strokes on the previous ones to make shadows deeper and expand the middle tones. The clarified zones on white paper remain untrained, that is, they do not need to apply strokes.