Nikolay Grigorievich Chernyshevsky. Literary and historical notes of a young technique

Nikolai Chernyshevsky - Russian philosopher materialist, revolutionary democrat, encyclopedist, theorist of critical utopian socialism, scientist, literary critic, publicist and writer.

He brought the greatest popularity to "What to do?", Forcing the reader to think about the global issues of life.

He devoted all his free time to reading, as a result of which many adults were surprised by his colossal fiction and deep reasoning.

At the age of 15, Chernyshevsky entered the Saratov spiritual seminary. He received high marks in all subjects and was developed much better than all fellow students.

However, after 3 years, he decided to quit a seminary and entered the University of St. Petersburg for the department of the Faculty of Philosophy.

In this period, the biography in the worldview of Nikolai Chernyshevsky occurred serious changes. He began to be interested in revolutionary ideas, and also became a supporter of democracy, socialism and materialism.

It is worth noting that the student strongly influenced the members of the Mug of Irinar Golden.

Lecturer and journalist

Soon Nikolai Gavrilovich began writing the first works. In 1850, he successfully graduated from the university, after which he began to work as a teacher.

After 3 years, he departs in, where it is satisfied with the teacher in the second Cadet Corps.

At the same time, Chernyshevsky begins to be printed in several publications. Later it is arranged in the editorial department of the contemporary magazine.

Work in the "contemporary"

During this period, Nikolai Chernyshevsky biography became acquainted with the famous Dobrolyubov's writers and, as well as he were interested in revolutionary ideas.

The literary activity of the novice writer began to attract the attention of the current government. Officials and censors were afraid that he could cause excitement in the people with his revolutionary speeches.

Despite this, after some time, Nikolai Chernyshevsky became a magistant of Russian literature.

Chernyshevsky views

At a young age, the writer has studied different sacred books with interest and believed in God, but after he familiarized himself with the works of French and German materialists, he began to actively criticize religion and bourgeoisie.

Nikolai Chernyshevsky was a tary opponent of serfdom.

In his articles, he called on the authorities to give people freedom. He compared the hard life of the Russian people with black slaves in America.

The writer sincerely believed that after a few decades after the liberation of peasants in the state, socialism will finally come, in which all people will be equal.

It is worth noting that many of his ideas were far from reality and rather were utopian.

"Earth and Will"

Over the years, Nikolai Chernyshevsky has advocated the ideas of the revolution for many years of their biography of the revolution, as a result of which he became the ideological inspirer of the revolutionary movement "Earth and Will".

Soon he entered into correspondence with who had to emigrate abroad due to pressure from the authorities.

The union "Earth and Will" was gaining increasingly popularity. It included writers, servicemen, cultural figures and all those who sought political and social change.

Representatives of this movement continuously criticized the royal power and tried to convey their ideas with a simple people. However, despite this, they did not find a big response from the peasants.

Arrest

The campaign activities of Nikolai Chernyshevsky could not remain unnoticed for a long time. Soon they were interested in the agents of the secret cheek.

Since 1861, Prosais was under constant supervision, and in less than a year he was planted to the Peter and Paul Fortress. He was accused of drawing up the body of proclamation.

"What to do?"

During the conclusion, Chernyshevsky tried to protest against his arrest. He repeatedly arranged hunger strikes, which in no way affected the state of affairs.

It was during this period of biography that he began to write his famous novel "What to do?".

Sentence

Initially, Nikolai Chernyshevsky was sentenced to the eternal link, but later the emperor (see) has reduced the term up to 7 years.

Years spent at the Katorga, seriously undermined the health of the optocrian writer. Despite all the difficulties that he had to postpone, he was able to stand in all trials.

Freedom, Chernyshevsky, until the end of his days lived in small cities. In recent years, he lived in Astrakhan, and only on the eve of death he was allowed to return to his native Saratov.

Personal life

The only wife in the biography of Nikolai Chernyshevsky was Olga Vasilyeva - Daughter of the Saratov Doctor. She was cheerful, energetic, loving moving games, cheerful and bold girl.

In this marriage, Chernyshevsky was born three sons: Alexander, Victor and Mikhail.

Death

Nikolai Gavrilovich Chernyshevsky died on October 17, 1889 at the age of 61. The official reason for his death was hemorrhage into the brain.

The writer was buried on the Resurrection Cemetery in Saratov.

When the Bolsheviks led to power, they will exalt Chernyshevsky and call him the harbinger of revolution. His works, including the famous novel "What to do?", Will be made to the mandatory school curriculum.

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russian philosopher materialist, revolutionary democrat, encyclopedist, theorist of critical utopian socialism, scientist, literary critic, publicist and writer

Nikolai Chernyshevsky

short biography

Russian revolutionary, Democrat, writer, philosopher, economist, publicist, literary critic, scientist - appeared on the light of Saratov on July 24 (July 12, under Art.) 1828. His father was a priest, a man versedly educated. Back in childhood, Nikolai addicted to reading and amazing the surrounding readiness.

In 1842, he becomes a student of the Saratov spiritual seminary. The years of study in it (completed training in 1845) were filled with intensive self-education. In 1846, Chernyshevsky is a student of the Faculty of Philosophy (historical and philological department) of St. Petersburg University. After graduation in 1951-1853. He taught Russian in the local gymnasium. In the student years, Chernyshevsky was formed as a person and was ready to devote the life of revolutionary activities. To the same period of biographies include the first samples of the pen.

In 1853, Nikolai Gavrilovich, married, moved to St. Petersburg and was defined in 1854 in the second cadet corps by the teacher. Despite the pedagogical talent, it was forced to resign after the conflict with a colleague. By 1853 refers to the beginning of its literary activities in the form of small articles, which are published by St. Petersburg Vedomosti and "Domestic Notes". In 1854, Chernyshevsky became an employee of the contemporary magazine. The defense of the master's thesis "The aesthetic attitudes of art to reality" turned into a significant public event and gave the development of the national materialistic aesthetics.

For 1855-1857 From under the pen Chernyshevsky, a number of articles are increasing, mainly literary and critical and historical and literary nature. At the end of 1857, by replacing the critical department of N. Dobrolyubov, it proceeds to the composition of articles covered by economic and political issues, primarily relating to the planned agricultural reforms. By this step of the government, he treated negatively and at the end of 1858 began to act with a call to ensure that the reform was torn to the revolutionary way, warned that the peasantry expects a large-scale ruin.

End 50 - early 60s. It was noted in his creative biography of writing political economics, in which the writer expresses conviction in the inevitability of the coming of socialism to change capitalism, in particular, the "land ownership experience", "superstition and the rules of logic", "capital and labor", etc.

Since the beginning of the autumn of 1861 N.G. Chernyshevsky becomes the object of a secret police supervision. Throughout the summer, 1861-1862. He was the ideological inspirer of the "Earth and Will" - a revolutionary populist organization. Chernyshevsky was meant in the service documentation of the secret police as the enemy number one Russian Empire. When the letter of Herzen was intercepted with the mention of Chernyshevsky and the proposal to produce abroad for the time "contemporary", Nikolai Gavrilovich on June 12, 1862 was arrested. While there was a consequence, he was sitting in the Peter and Paul Fortress, in a single chamber, continuing to write. So, in 1862-1863. In the dungeons was written the famous novel "What to do?".

In February 1864, a verdict was submitted, according to which the revolutionary was to spend 14 years at Katorga, followed by life living in Siberia, but Alexander II reduced the term up to 7 years. In prison and at Katorga N. Chernyshevsky, a total of more than two decades permanently happened. In 1874, he refused to write a petition for pardon, although he was given such a chance. The family exhaust to him in 1889 permission to live in Saratov, but moved, he, on October 29 (October 17, under Art.) 1889 died and was buried on the Resurrection Cemetery. For several more years, until 1905, all his works were in Russia under the ban.

Biography from Wikipedia

N. G. Chernyshevsky. Photo V. Ya. Laufferta. 1859 year

Born in the Family of Archpriest Alexander-Nevsky Cathedral of Saratov Gabriel Ivanovich Chernyshevsky (1793-23.10.1861), which took place from the fortress villages Chernysheva Chebar district of the Penza province. The name of the village gave him and surname. Until 14 years of age, he studied at home under the leadership of the Father, a multilateral and very religious person, and a cousin, L. N. Dypinina. Archbishop Nikanor (Brovkovich) pointed out that from early childhood, a governor-Frenchman, who "in Saratov also attributed the original direction of the young Chernyshevsky" to him.

The reading of Nikolai hit others; As a child, he even had a nickname "bibliophage", that is, the Book Eater. In 1843 he entered the Saratov spiritual seminary. In the seminary, he stayed three years old, "being unusually thoroughly developed not by year and is educated far above the seminar course of its peers"; Without graduating her, in 1846 he entered the University of St. Petersburg to the historical and philological department of the Faculty of Philosophy.

In these years, he formed that Chernyshevsky, whom all Russia will soon find out, is a convinced revolutionary democrat, a socialist and materialist. The worldview of Chernyshevsky was formed under the influence of ancient, as well as the French and English materialism of the XVII-XVIII centuries, the works of naturalists - Newton, Laplace, Loland and other ideas of utopian socialists, the classics of political economy, dialectics of Hegel and especially the anthropological materialism of Feyerbach. The influence on the formation of his views was the Circle of I. I. I. Vited. At this time, Chernyshevsky began writing his first artwork. In 1850, he graduated from a candidate, received a appointment to Saratov gymnasium and in the spring of 1851 began work. Here, a young teacher used his position for the preaching of revolutionary ideas.

In 1853 he met the future wife, Olga Socratan Vasilyev, together with which after the wedding moved from his native Saratov to St. Petersburg. The highest order January 24, 1854, Chernyshevsky was defined by the teacher in the second Cadet Corps. The future writer has established itself as an excellent teacher, but his stay in the corps turned out to be short. After the conflict with the officer Chernyshevsky was forced to resign.

Literary activity

Literary activity began in 1853 in small articles in the St. Petersburg Vedomosti and "Public Notes".

In early 1854, he went to the magazine "Contemporannik", where in 1855-1862 he was actually the head of the journal along with N. A. Nekrasov and N. A. Dobrolyubov, led the decisive struggle for turning the magazine to the tribune of revolutionary democracy, which caused Protest Liberal writers (V.P. Botkin, P. V. Annenkov and A. V. Druzhinin, I. S. Turgenev), who collaborated in the "contemporary".

On May 10, 1855, the dissertation of the "Aesthetic attitudes of art to reality" is defended, which has become a large social event and was perceived as a revolutionary performance, in this work he exposed a sharp criticism of the aesthetics of idealists and the theory of "art for art." The Minister of Education A. S. Norov prevented awarding a scientific degree, and only in 1858, when Norow as the Minister replaced E. P. Kovalevsky, the latter approved Chernyshevsky to the degree of Master of Russian Literature.

In 1858, he became the first editor of the magazine "Military Collection". A number of officers (secerakovsky, Kalinovsky, Shellengunov, etc.), was involved in the revolutionary circles. Chernyshevsky's work was well aware of Herzen and Ogarov, who sought to bring the army to participate in the revolution. Together with them is the twin priest of populism.

In the 1860s, Chernyshevsky became a recognized leader of the publicistic school of Russian philosophical materialism. The main philosophical essay of Chernyshevsky - " Anthropological primacy in philosophy"(1860). It sets out the monistic materialistic position of the author, directed both against dualism and against idealistic monism. Determining philosophy as "the theory of solving the most common issues of science," he justified the provisions on the material unity of the world, the objective nature of the laws of nature, using the data of natural sciences.

1861 year. Clauses: The highest manifesto on 02/19/1861 on the abolition of serfdom, the reform, which Marx and Engels called the "sculnical trick" begins. Chernyshevsky's activity acquires at this time the greatest scope, extreme tension. Not entering formally into the secret revolutionary society "Earth and Volya", Chernyshevsky is his undoubted inspiration. No wonder Marx and Engels called him "head of the revolutionary party."

From September 1861, he is under secret police supervision. The chief of gendarmes of Dolgorukov gives such a characteristic of Chernyshevsky: "Suspected in the preparation of the" Velikorussi ", in the participation of the compilation of other appeals and in the constant initiation of hostile feelings to the government." He was suspected of involvement in the fires of 1862 in St. Petersburg.

In May 1862, the magazine "Contemporary" was closed for 8 months.

In 1863, the Roman "What to do?" What to do? "Written by Chernyshevsky, who was under arrest in the Peter and Paul Fortress was printed in the renewed magazine.

Arrest and consequence

On June 12, 1862, Chernyshevsky was arrested and placed in a single chamber in custody in the Alekseevsky Retalier of the Petropavlovsk Fortress on charges of drawing up the proclamation "Barsky peasants from their goodwhelters." The appeal to the "Barsky peasants" was rewritten by the handle of Mikhailov and was transferred to Vsevolod Kostomarov, which turned out to be as soon as it turned out, a provocateur.

In official documentation and correspondence between the gendarmerie and the secret police were called the "enemy of the Russian Empire number one". The letter for arrest was intercepted by the Police letter Herzen to N. A. Srno-Solovievich, which mentioned the name Chernyshevsky in connection with the proposal to publish a prohibited "contemporary" in London.

The investigation lasted about a year and a half. Chernyshevsky led a stubborn struggle with the investigative commission. In the form of a protest against the illegal actions of the Investigation Commission, Chernyshevsky announced a hunger strike that lasted nine days. At the same time, Chernyshevsky continued to work in prison. For 678 days, Chernyshevsky's arrest wrote text materials in an amount of at least 200 copyright sheets. The most full-scale utopian ideals of Chernyshevsky's arrestant were expressed in the novel "What to do?" (1863), published in 3, 4 and 5 rooms of the "contemporary".

Katorga and reference

On February 7, 1864, the Senator M. M. Carnio-Pinsky was declared a verdict in Chernyshevsky's case: a reference to focus work for a period of 14 years, and then the settlement in Siberia for life. Alexander II reduced the term of religious work under 7 years of age, in general, Chernyshevsky stayed in prison, at Katorga and in the link over twenty years.

19 (31) May 1864 in St. Petersburg on the Mantie Square, a civil execution of the revolutionary took place. Was sent to the Nerchinsky Cathedral in the Cadayan prison; In 1866, it was transferred to the Alexander Plant of the Nerchinsky District, in 1867 to akatuyan prison, after the end of seven-year-old cortics, he was transferred in 1871 to Vilyuisk. In 1874, his liberation was officially proposed, but he refuses to submit for pardon. In the Alexander Plant to this day, the House-Museum of N. G. Chernyshevsky is preserved - the house in which he lived.

The organizer of one of the attempts to liberate Chernyshevsky (1871) from the reference was G. A. Lopatin. In 1875, I. N. Myshkin tried to release Chernyshevsky. In 1883, Chernyshevsky was allowed to return to the European part of Russia, to Astrakhan (according to some information, in this period, Konstantin Fedorov worked as a correspondence.

Death

Thanks to the troubles of the son of Mikhail, on June 27, 1889, he moved to Saratov, but already on October 11, the same year sick malaria. Chernyshevsky died at 12:37 pm at night 17 (29) October 1889 from hemorrhage to the brain. October 20, 1889 was buried in Saratov on the Resurrection Cemetery.

A family

Grandfather (by Mother) - Yegor (Georgy) Ivanovich Golubev (1781-20.04.1818), Archpriests of the Saratov Uncooked-Spasskaya (Sergievskaya) Church, "there was a honest, scientist and loved by many."

Grandma (by Mother) - Pelagia Ivanovna Golubeva, nee Cyrilova (1780-1847), daughter of the Saratov priest John (Ivana) Cyrilova (about 1761-after 1821) and his wife Maur Porphyrievna (about 1761-after 1814). There was a "typical, harsh, powerful, adamant woman of the old century, with the character subordinating to themselves." Had two daughters.

Father - Gabriel Ivanovich Chernyshevsky (5.07.1793-23.10.1861), Senior Son of the Dyakon village Chernyshevka Chebbar district of the Penza province of Ivan Vasilyeva (1763-1809) and his wife Evdokia (Avdoti) Markovna (1767-1835); He had a sister of Stepanid (1791-?) And Brother Fothy (1794-?). After studying at the Tambov school, he was transferred to the Penza seminary, where he received the name at the place of birth S. Chernyshevo Penza province - ChernyshevskyTo enable it in the seminar listings. Marrying the daughters of Archpriest E. I. Golubev, in 1825 he became an arbitrary in Saratov; From 1826 member of spiritual rule. Knew languages \u200b\u200band history.

Mother Evgenia Egorovna Golubeva (30.11.1803-19.04.1853), was crowned with G. I. Chernyshevsky on June 7, 1818.

Aunt - Alexander Egorovna Golubeva (1806-15.08.1884), the only sister E. E. Chernyshevskaya. It was twice married: 1) For the porquet of artillery, Nikolai Mikhailovich Kotlyarevsky (mind 28.08.1828), they have 3 children: love (1824-1852), Sophia (1826-1827) and Egor (1828-1827); 2) Since 1831, behind the finely nobleman Nikolai Dmitrievich Dypin (1808-1893), a Saratov official, from which another 8 children gave birth, including A. N. Pypin.

Sister - Pelageya Gavrilovna Chernyshevskaya (09.09.1825-25.09.1825), lived for less than a month.

N. G. Chernyshevsky was married from April 29, 1853 at Olga Socratna Vasilyeva (03/15/1833-11.07.1918), Daughter of Saratov Dr. Socrates Evgenievich Vasilyeva (1796-1860) and Anna Kirillovna Kazachekovskaya, Lieutenant-General's daughter K. F. Kazachkovsky. Olga Socratna "was a cheerful, energetic, loving moving games, fun and a bold girl." They were born 3 sons:

• Alexander (5.03.1854, St. Petersburg, - 01/17/1915, Rome, Italy), Mathematics for education, all his life fond of literature.

• Victor (01/20/1857, St. Petersburg, - November 1860, there), died in childhood.

• Mikhail (October 7, 1858, St. Petersburg, - 3.05.1924), was the first director of the Museum-Manor N. G. Chernyshevsky. He was married to Elena Matveyevna Solovyova (1864-1940)

Journalistic activity

Continuing the tradition of the criticism of Belinsky, sought to reveal the essence of public phenomena, to convey to the reader his revolutionary views. They wrote many articles and reviews aimed at explaining certain new literary flows, was one of the first critics, discontinued in the work of the thick so-called "soul dialectics".

Philosophical views

He was a follower of Russian revolutionary-democratic thought and progressive Western European philosophy (French materialists of the XVIII century, Social-Utopists Fourier and Feyerbach). In university years experienced a short passion for Hegelianism, subsequently criticized idealistic views, christian, bourgeois and liberal morality as "slave" .

The philosophy of Chernyshevsky is monistic and directed against dualism, objectively idealistic and subjective idealistic monism. Defining a philosophy as "the theory of solving the most common issues of science," he justified the provision on the material unity of the world, the objective nature of nature and its laws (for example, the law of causality), and the data of chemistry, physics, biology, etc. of natural sciences is widely used. Explaining the ideal as a burden of material, arguing about the material foundations of consciousness, Chernyshevsky was also relied on the data of experienced psychology and physiology. In the philosophy of Chernyshevsky, the ideas associated with anthropological materialism are occupied, which brings him closer with the most advanced thinkers, such as Feuerbach.

According to Chernyshevsky, the main factors forming the moral consciousness are "natural needs", as well as "public habits and circumstances". Satisfying needs, from his point of view, eliminate the obstacles to the flowering of the personality and the cause of moral pathologies, for this it is necessary to change the living conditions themselves through the revolution. Materialism served as theoretical substantiation of the political program of revolutionaries-Democrats, they criticized the reformists in the "enlightened monarch" and "honest politics".

His ethics is based on the concept of "reasonable egoism" and the anthropological principle. A person, as a biosocial creature, belongs to the world of nature, defining its "essence," and is in social relations with other people in which he implements the initial desire of his "nature" to pleasure. The philosopher argues that the individual "comes as it is more pleasant to do it, it takes on the calculation, which will give up less benefit and less pleasure to get greater benefits, greater pleasure," only then it achieves good. The personal interest of the developed person prompts him to the act of noble self-sacrifice, in order to bring the celebration of the chosen ideal. The denying existence of freedom of will, Chernyshevsky recognizes the law of causality: "The phenomenon that we call will is a link in a number of phenomena and the facts connected by the causal link."

Thanks to the liberty of the choice, a person moves along a particular way of social development, and the education of people should serve that they will learn to choose new and progressive paths, that is, becoming "new people", the ideals of which are the ministry of people, revolutionary humanism, historical optimism.

Political ideology

Peasant question

In published in 1858-1859. Three articles under the general title "On the new conditions of the rural life" Chernyshevsky in an objective form and externally well-dimensional tone conducted an idea of \u200b\u200bthe immediate liberation of peasants from Earth without any redemption, then the communal ownership of land will continue, which will gradually lead to socialist land use. According to Lenin, this utopian approach could hold a decisive breaking of feudal antiquity, which would lead to the most rapid and progressive development of capitalism.

While the official press was printed by Alexander II Manifest of February 19, 1861 on the first page, the "contemporary" placed only excerpts from the royal decree at the end of the book, in the form of an application, without being able to directly disclose the nature of the reform. In the same room, the poems of the American poet Longfello "Songs about blacks" and an article about the slavery of African Americans in the United States were published. Readers understood that he wants to say this edit.

Socio-economic views

For the Chernyshevsky community - the Patriarchal Institute of Russian Life, in the community there is a "comrade form of production" in parallel with capitalist production, which will eventually be abolished over time. Then the collective production and consumption will be finally approved, after which the community as a form of production association will disappear. The transfer period from the work of the land by the private forces of a separate host to community processing of a whole worldly cottage was estimated at 20-30 years. Used the ideas of Fourier and its main student of the consideration. In the "essays from the political economy" with some reservations, the Utopist's teachings about labor, pointing to the need for large production, and explains the disadvantage of the labor of the hoe. Chernyshevsky believed that "the product consumer must be its master manufacturer." According to the views of Fourier, Chernyshevsky pointed out the exaggerated value of trading in modern society and the disadvantages of its organization. In the novel "What to do?" Repeatedly depicted the Falanester (the fourth dream of Vera Pavlovna).

Addresses in St. Petersburg

• 06/19/1846 - 08/20/1846 - Prilutsky's profitable house - Catherine Canal (now - Griboyedov canal), 44;
• 08/21/1846 - 07.12.1846 - Appeal home Vyazemsky - Nab. Catherine Canal (now - Canal Griboyedova), 38, square. 47;
• 1847-1848 - Frieders House - Vladimirskaya Street, 13;
• 1848 - Solovyov's profitable house - Voznesensky Avenue, 41;
• 09/20/1849 - 10.02.1850 - Apartment L. N. Torsinskaya in an apartment building I. V. Koshansky - Large stable street, 15, square. eight;
• 12.1850 - 12.03.1851 - Officer Street, 45;
• 05/13/1853 - 01.08.1853 - Officer Street, 45;
• 1853-1854 - Apartment I. I. Vvedensky in the Borodino's incomplete house - the embankment of the Zhdanovka River, 7;
• 08/22/1855 - end of 06.1860 - Cook Alley, 13, square meters. 6;
• end of 06.1860 - 07.06.1861 - Profitable house V. F. Gromova - 2nd line of Vasilyevsky Islands, 13, square meters. 7;
• 06/08/1861 - 07/07/1862 - Esaulova's profits - Bolshaya Moscow Street, 6, square meters. four.

Reviews

• In the USSR, Chernyshevsky became the cult figure of the history of the revolutionary struggle due to the heading of V. I. Lenin about the novel "What to do?".
• Chernyshevsky as a revolutionary ideologist and the novelist mentioned in the statements of K. Marx, F. Engels, A. Bebel, H. Boteva and other historical personalities.
• G. V. Plekhanov noted: "My own mental development was accomplished under the worst influence of Chernyshevsky, the analysis of the views of which was a whole event in my literary life."
• Information about Chernyshevsky is contained in the memoirs of the public figure of Russia L. F. Panteleeva.
• Writer V. A. Gilyarovsky after reading "What to do?" Sent out of the house on the Volga - in Burlaki.
• One of the most expressive monuments of Chernyshevsky created the sculptor V. V. Leshev. The monument was opened on the Moscow Prospect in Leningrad on February 2, 1947.
• With the elements of satire, the image of Chernyshevsky was presented in the novel "Dar" (1937) V. V. Nabokov.

Pedagogical theory

In the philosophical and pedagogical views of Chernyshevsky, you can trace the direct relationship between the political regime, material supply and education. Chernyshevsky defended a decisive, revolutionary alteration of society, for which it is necessary to prepare strong, intelligent, freedom-loving people.

The pedagogical ideal for Chernyshevsky is a comprehensively developed personality, ready for self-development and self-sacrifice for the sake of public goods.

The shortcomings of the modern education system Chernyshevsky considered the low level and potential of Russian science, scholastic teaching methods, Mushtru instead of education, inequality of female and male education.

Chernyshevsky defended the anthropological approach, considering man a crown of creation, a variable, active being. Social changes lead to a change in the entire society as a whole and each individual individual individually. He did not consider hereditary bad behavior - this is a consequence of bad education and poverty.

One of the main properties of Human Nature Chernyshevsky considered activity, the nature of which is rooted in the awareness of insufficientness and the desire to eliminate this insufficiency.

Work

Novels

• 1862-1863 - What to do? From the stories about new people.
• 1863 - Tale in Tale (illegal)
• 1867-1870 - Prologue. Roman from the beginning of the sixties. (illegal)

Tale

• 1863 - Alferreev.
• 1864 - Minor stories.
• 1889 - Evenings in Princess Starobelskaya (not printed)

Literary critics

• 1849 - About the "Brigadier" of Fonvizin. Candidate work.
• 1854 - about sincerity in criticism.
• 1854 - songs of different nations.
• 1854 - Poverty is not a vice. Comedy A. Ostrovsky.
• 1855 - Writings of Pushkin.
• 1855-1856 - Essays of the Gogolian period of Russian literature.
• 1856 - Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. His life and writings.
• 1856 - Koltsov poems.
• 1856 - N. Ogareva poems.
• 1856 - Collection of poems V. Benedictova.
• 1856 - childhood and adolescence. Military stories Graph L. N. Tolstoy.
• 1856 - essays from the peasant life of A. F. Pisemsky.
• 1857 - Lessing. His time, his life and activity.
• 1857 - "Gubernsky Essays" Shchedrin.
• 1857 - writings V. Zhukovsky.
• 1857 - N. Shcherbin poem.
• 1857 - "Letters about Spain" V. P. Botkin.
• 1858 - Russian man on Rendez-Vous. Reflections on reading the story of the city of Turgenev "Asya".
• 1860 - Meeting of Miracles, Tale borrowed from mythology.
• 1861 - Is it not the beginning of the change? N. V. Uspensky stories. Two parts.

Publicistics

• 1856 - Overview of the historical development of the rural community in Russia Chicherin.
• 1856 - "Russian conversation" and its direction.
• 1857 - "Russian conversation" and Slavophilism.
• 1857 - About the stomkerel property.
• 1858 - spooky system.
• 1858 - Cavenik.
• 1858 - July monarchy.
• 1859 - Materials for the decision of the peasant question.
• 1859 - Superstition and Rules of Logic.
• 1859 - Capital and work.
• 1859-1862 - Politics. Monthly reviews of overseas political life.
• 1860 - History of civilization in Europe from falling the Roman Empire to the French Revolution.
• 1861 - Political and economic letters to the President of the United States of the United States of K. Carey.
• 1861 - On the causes of the fall of Rome.
• 1861 - Count Cavour.
• 1861 - Dispostestness to authorities. Regarding "Democracy in America" \u200b\u200bTokville.
• 1861 - Barsky peasants from their goodwires bow.
• 1862 - In the expansion of appreciation Letter to g.<ари>well.
• 1862 - Letters without address.
• 1878 - Letter Sons A. N. and M. N. Chernyshevsky.

Memoirs

• 1861 - N. A. Dobrolyubov. Obituary.
• 1883 - Notes on Nekrasov.
• 1884-1888 - Materials for the biography of N. A. Dobrolyubov, collected in 1861-1862.
• 1884-1888 - Memories of Turgenev's relations to Dobrolyubov and about the breakdown of friendship between Turgenev and Nekrasov.

Philosophy and Aesthetics

• 1854 - a critical look at modern aesthetic concepts.
• 1855 - aesthetic attitudes of art to reality. Master's dissertation.
• 1855 - sublime and comic.
• 1855 - the nature of human knowledge.
• 1858 - Criticism of philosophical prejudices against community ownership.
• 1860 - Anthropological principle in philosophy. "Essays of issues of practical philosophy." Composition of P. L. Lavrov.
• 1888 - The origin of the theory of the benefit of the struggle for life. Preface to some treatises on botany, zoology and sciences about human life.

Translations

• 1858-1860 - "The history of the eighteenth century and nineteenth to the fall of the French Empire" F. K. Schlossor.
• 1860 - "The foundations of political economy D. S. Mill" (with his notes).
• 1861-1863 - "World History" F. K. Skhotser.
• 1863-1864 - "Confession"

Chernyshevsky (Nikolai Gavrilovich) famous writer. Born on July 12, 1828 in Saratov. His father, Archpriest Gabriel Ivanovich (1795 1861), there was a very wonderful person. A great mind, due to serious education and knowledge not only ... ... Biographical Dictionary

- (1828 89), Rus. Writer, critic, aesthetic, sociologist, revolutionary Democrat. Already in his youth, C. Tested a strong passion for the work of l.; In "Autobiography" (1863) recalled that "he knew almost all the lyrical plays of Lermontov" (I, 634); Being in… … Lermontov encyclopedia

Chernyshevsky, Nikolay Gavrilovich - Nikolai Gavrilovich Chernyshevsky. Chernyshevsky Nikolai Gavrilovich (1828 89), publicist, literary critic, writer. In 1856 62, one of the heads of the contemporary magazine; In the field of literary criticism, the traditions of V.G. Belinsky. Idea ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

Russian revolutionary and thinker, writer, economist, philosopher. Born in the family of the priest. He studied at the Saratov Sacred Seminary (1842-45), he graduated from the historical philological department ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Chernyshevsky Nikolai Gavrilovich - (1828-1889), revolutionary Democrat, writer, publicist, critic, philosopher. In St. Petersburg from 1846. In 1850 he graduated from the Historical Filology Faculty of St. Petersburg University. He lived in 1849-50 on a big stale Street, 15 (now the street ... ... Encyclopedic Directory "St. Petersburg"

- (1828 89) Russian writer, publicist, literary critic. In 1856 62, one of the leaders of the contemporary magazine; In the field of literary criticism, the traditions of V. G. Belinsky developed. Idea inspirer of the revolutionary movement of the 1860s. In 1862 ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

- (1828 1889), revolutionary Democrat, writer, publicist, critic, philosopher. In St. Petersburg from 1846. In 1850 he graduated from the Historical Filology Faculty of St. Petersburg University. He lived in 1849 50 on a big stale Street, 15 (now Zhelyabov Street) ... St. Petersburg (Encyclopedia)

- (1828 1889) Rus. Philosopher, writer, publicist, literary critic. In 1846, 1850 he studied at the historical philological department of the St. Petersburg Unit, in 1851 1853 he taught literature in the Saratov gymnasium. In these years, C. Materialist ... ... Philosophical encyclopedia

- - son of Gabriel Ivanovich Ch., Publicist and critic; Rod. July 12, 1828 in Saratov. Nature-gifted with excellent abilities, the only son of his parents, N. G. was the subject of reinforced worries and care of the whole family. But… … Large biographical encyclopedia

Books

• Prologue
• About writers and poets 2. Critical articles, Chernyshevsky Nikolai Gavrilovich. Nikolai Gavrilovich Chernyshevsky (1828-1889) - Russian philosopher-materialist XIX century, revolutionary-democrat, theorist of critical utopian socialism, scientist, encyclopedist, literary ...

Chernyshevsky Nikolai Gavrilovich (1828-1889)

Russian revolutionary, writer, journalist. Born in Saratov in the priest's family and, as his parents expected, she studied for three years in the spiritual seminary. C1846 to 1850. He was engaged in the historical and philological department of the St. Petersburg University. Especially strongly on the formation of Chernyshevsky affected the French philosophers Socialists - Henri de Saint-Simon and Charles Fourier.

In 1853 he married Olga Socratna Vasilyeva. Chernyshevsky not only loved his young wife very much, but also considered their marriage a peculiar Polygon for testing new ideas. The writer preached the absolute equality of spouses in marriage - the idea for that time is truly revolutionary. Moreover, he believed that women, as one of the most oppressed groups of the then society, should have to achieve this equality to provide maximum freedom. I allowed my wife everything, right up to matrimonial treasures, believing that he could not consider his spouse as his property. Later, the writer's personal experience was reflected in the Roman's love line "What to do".

In 1853, he moved from Saratov to St. Petersburg, where his Publicist's career began. The name Chernyshevsky quickly became the banner of the contemporary magazine, where he began working at the invitation N.A. Nekrasov. In 1855, Chernyshevsky defended the thesis "Aesthetic attitudes of art to reality," where he refused the search for the beautiful in the distracted sublime spheres of "pure art", formulating their own thesis: "Beautiful - there is life."

At the end of the 50s, the period of the 60s was printed very much, using any reason in order to openly or veiled to express his views, expected the peasant uprising after the abolition of serfdom in 1861 for the revolutionary agitation "Contemporary" was closed. Soon after that, the authorities were intercepted by A.I. Herzen, already fifteen years in emigration. Having learned about the closure of the "contemporary", he wrote an employee of the magazine, N.L. Sulfur Solovyovich and suggested continuing edition abroad. The letter was used as a reason, and on July 7, 1862 Chernyshevsky and Solovyovich were arrested and placed in the Peter and Paul Fortress. In May 1864, Chernyshevsky was convicted, convicted for seven years of platforms and a reference to Siberia to the end of his life, on May 19, 1864 a rite of civil execution was publicly committed.

While there was a consequence, Chernyshevsky wrote his main book in the fortress, "What to do".

Only in 1883 Chernyshevsky received permission to settle in Astrakhan. By this time he was already an older and sick person. In 1889, he was transferred to Saratov, and shortly after the move, he died from hemorrhage into the brain.

1828 , July 12 (24 in a new style) - born in Saratov, in the family of the priest Gabriel Ivanovich Chernyshevsky.

1836 , December - Chernyshevsky is enrolled in the Saratov Spiritual School.

1842 , September - Chernyshevsky's arrival in the Saratov spiritual seminary.

1846 Maja is the departure of Chernyshevsky from Saratov to St. Petersburg for admission to the university. In the summer of this year, Chernyshevsky successfully stood the exams and was enrolled on the historical and philological department of the Faculty of Philosophy of St. Petersburg University.

1850 - after the University of Chernyshevsky received a teacher of literature in the 2nd Petersburg Cadet Corps.

1851–1853 - Having received a appointment to the Saratov gymnasium as a senior teacher of Russian literature, the Chernyshevsky spring of 1851 went to Saratov.
1853 - gets acquainted here with O.S. Vasilyeva, who then became his wife.
may - Leaving with O.S. Vasilyeva to Petersburg. The beginning of cooperation in "domestic notes." Work on the master's dissertation "Aesthetic attitudes of art to reality." Secondary receipt by teacher of literature in the 2nd Petersburg Cadet Corps. In the fall, Chernyshevsky gets acquainted with Nekrasov and begins to work in the "contemporary".

1854 - In the "contemporary" articles of Chernyshevsky appear: about novels and the titles of M. Avdeev, "On sincerity in criticism", about comedy A.N. Ostrovsky "Poverty is not a vice" etc.

1855 , May - public protection at the University of Master's dissertation Chernyshevsky "Aesthetic attitudes of art to reality." In No. 12 of the "contemporary" printed the first article Chernyshevsky from the cycle "Essays of the Gogolian period of Russian literature".

1856 - Acquaintance and rapprochement with N.A. Dobrolyubov. ON THE. Nekrasov, leaving abroad for treatment, handed over its editorial rights to the "contemporary" Chernyshevsky.

1858 - Chernyshevsky is appointed by the editor of the Military Collection. In No. 1 of the "contemporary" article "Cavenik" was printed, in which Chernyshevsky Beach Liberals for the treason of the people's business. In No. 2 of the "contemporary" article "On the new conditions of rural life" was printed. In the journal "Ateney" (Part III, No. 18) article "Russian man on Rendez-Vous" was printed. In No. 12 of "Contemporannik" - article "Criticism of philosophical prejudices against community ownership."

1859 - In the magazine "Contemporary" (from No. 3), Chernyshevsky began to print systematic reviews of foreign political life under the general title "Politics". In June, Chernyshevsky went to London to Herzen to explain about the article "Very Dangerous!" ("Very dangerous!") Printed in the "Bell". Upon returning from London leaving in Saratov. In September, returns to St. Petersburg.

1860 - In No. 1 of the "contemporary" article was printed by the article Chernyshevsky "Capital and Labor". From the second issue of the "contemporary" Chernyshevsky starts typing in the journal its translation of "bases of political economy" D. S. Mill, accompanying the translation by its critical comment. In No. 4 of the "contemporary" article was published by the article of the Chernyshevsky "Anthropological Principle in Philosophy", which is one of the most remarkable declarations of materialism in Russian literature.

1861 - A trip to Moscow to participate in the meeting of St. Petersburg and Moscow editors on softening censorship. In No. 6 of the "contemporary" article was published by the article Chernyshevsky "Polemic Beauty", which is the answer to the speeches of reactionary and liberal writers against the article "Anthropological principle in philosophy". In August, the provocateur Vsevolod Kostomarov delivered two handwritten proclamations through his brother in his brother: "Barsky peasants" (by N.G. Chernyshevsky) and "Russian Soldiers" (by N.V. Shelgunov).

1862 - Chernyshevsky attended the opening of the Chess Club in St. Petersburg, who had to unite the capital of the capital. Censorship banned the print "letters without the address" Chernyshevsky, since the article contained a sharp criticism of the peasant "reform" and then position in the country. In March, Chernyshevsky spoke at the literary evening in the hall Ruadze with reading on the topic "Meet the Dobrolyubov". In June, the "contemporary" was banned for eight months. July 7, Chernyshevsky was arrested and concluded in the Petropavlovsk fortress.

1863 - In No. 3 "Contemporary" Printed the beginning of the novel "What to do?" (The subsequent parts were printed in No. 4 and 5 for 1863).

1864 May 19 - the public civil execution of Chernyshevsky in Maennic Square in St. Petersburg and his reference to Siberia. In August, Chernyshevsky arrived in the Cadayan mine (in Transbaikalia).

1865–1868 - Work on the novel "Prolog Prolog", "Diary of Levitsky" and "Prolog".

1866 - O.S. Chernyshevskaya and son Mikhail arrived in August in Kadayi for a date with N.G. Chernyshevsky. In September, Chernyshevsky sent from the Cadayan mine to the Alexandrovsky plant.

1871 - In Irkutsk in February, the revolutionary population of Herman Lopatin, who came to Russia from London for the purpose of liberating Chernyshevsky was arrested. In December, Chernyshevsky sent from the Alexander Plant to Vilyuisk.

1875 - Attempt by I. Myshkin to free Chernyshevsky.

1883 - Chernyshevsky translate from Vilyussk to Astrakhan under the supervision of the police.

1884–1888 - In Astrakhan Chernyshevsky leads a greater literary work. Here they are written "Memories of Tregenev's Relations to Dobrolyubov", articles "The nature of human knowledge", "the origin of the theory of the benefit of life-based life", prepared "materials for the biography of Dobrolyubov", translated from German eleven volumes of "Universal History" Weber.

1889 - Chernyshevsky is allowed to move to Saratov, where he moved at the end of June.
17 (29) October Chernyshevsky after a short disease passed away from hemorrhage into the brain.