The beginning of the history of mankind primitive people. Start history
The study of the history of Russia must begin with the time when the first people appeared on its territory - the ancestors of Slavs. What is the attitude of this ancient population to the subsequent history of Russia? The answer to this question is very simple. All the input generations gradually gradually, step by step, became builders of the history of the part of Europe and Asia, which subsequently formed Russia. They first stepped on this earth, floated through her rivers and lakes, subsequently swallowed the land, grazed herd and built here the first dwellings, and leaving for non-existence, gave life to subsequent generations.
The story may disappear only with humanity, but it originated only with people who lived in these parts and gave here the first experience of human existence here. This was not the story of humanity in the full sense of the word. There were no more human societies, peoples, states that make up the meaning of history, but the beginning of this was laid together with the advent of a person. Therefore, this period is often called "prehistory".
What does the concept of "man" mean? Scientists believe that the allocation of people from the animal world is primarily due to the fact that the most ancient people have become aware of themselves in the surrounding world and learned how to create tools of labor as it was a bright manifestation of the highest consciousness compared to animals. These were various stone items: cutting guns - cut, various kinds of scrapers, the semblance of stone knives made by hitting stone of stone. According to the main material, the entire most ancient period of the history of mankind is called Paleyolite (from the Greek words "Palaya" - ancient and "cast" - stone).
With the help of stone weapons, the first people of the early Paleolithic rusked the land in search of edible roots, defended from predators and hunted themselves. The climate of most of the land at the time was warm, the surface of the sushi was covered with dense evergreen trees. The first people surrounded the huge animals - primitive elephants, saber-toothed tigers, giant deer. People wandered in small groups - primitive herds, organized parking at open places so that you could notice in advance the threatening danger.
Almost defenseless ancestors of a modern man needed in each other, struggling with mighty animals. Therefore, they were going to primitive teams, learned to communicate with each other.
Paleolithic: the community of primitive people
Man and glacier. The decisive shift in the history of mankind occurred between 100 and 30 thousand years ago, when influenced by geological, climatic, and possibly the outer territories began, and first of all in the north. The boundary of the glacier reached the middle course of the Dnieper and Don, crossed the Volga and Kamu and stretched further to the east. South of the glacier spread the tundra with scarce vegetation.
Under these conditions, in front of a person, a difficult, truly historical choice: how to survive, survive, keep offspring?
One part of the people was south, the other began to master earthly spaces in the changed conditions. Man saved the mind, the ability to create. People widespread fire. He gave the opportunity to fry on coals meat. A new kind of food significantly changed the physiology of a person, made it more perfect.
People over time began to use the caves as a dwelling and hiding in them, heating the heat of the fire. But most caves have already been covered by predators: cave lions, bears. Man threw them a challenge. How many terrible fights occurred in those dark caves, where the remains of ancient people were found today. In the same period, housing constructed by man - from wood, stone, reed, animal bones. It is born and such a type of housing as the dugout, who had a chance to live to the present day. In those harsh millennium, a person learned from the skin of animals to make clothes for himself, which gave him an extra chance to protect against cold and survival.
Finally, the man of this time began to bury his dead tribesmen. Thus, people realized themselves mortal and at the same time approved in their consciousness hope for the otherworldly life. This asked them the severity of the existence and filled the faith in the fact that the life of harmless. Secrets of the Universe, Birth and Death Since then, people began to tie with the manifestation of the existence of the Higher Forces, Deities.
The birth of religious submissions finally allocated a person from the animal world. It is from this time that a person begins to turn into a creature, which scientists have identified the Latin words "Homo Sapires", which means "reasonable man."
The man of the era of Neolithic is the ancestor of the ancient Slavyanti away the era of the Paleolithic. Gradually there was the improvement of human teams. New conditions forced people to rally, carry out a permanent mutual assistance in the fight against nature and animals of the world. It was no longer a primitive hundred-to-do, but well-organized communities, where everyone had certain tasks in the household, on the hunt, in the fight against enemies. The communitymen led the hunting of the land, drove large animals in the pit, to the cliffs and finished them, then in the caves, by fire, celebrated their victories. The most desired prey was a mammoth, which gave a lot of meat, skins, bones, from which tools and other useful things were made.
Despite the cold, people stubbornly mastered new lands and on this path themselves developed and improved. The movement into the territory of modern Russia went both from Central Europe and from South Asia, which means that already in that remote era, the relationship of people who lived here with Europe and Asia, although before the appearance of ethnic, i.e. . National, signs of people were still far away.
Between 40 and 13 thousand years BC. e. In the history of mankind, large changes occurred. In the ancient communities, marriages between relatives were prohibited, and this immediately improved human nature. It was at this time that a modern type man appeared, finally formed "Homo Sapirens". His gait became completely vertical, the shoulders straightened, the face lost animal features. The brain has become more developed. The consequence of this was a number of useful innovations.
Stone tools of labor and weapons became all perfect. People have learned to make real subtle knives, copies tips, invented the needle, with which they began to sew fur clothes. The inhabitants of the overhead zones were built by a semi-ray with a roof of the jerdoms covered with turf. Often the base of the roof served as large bones of mammoths or their skull. In the midst of such a house, a focus was folded or several foci of stones for heating and cooking. Hunting for large animals, gathering berries, mushrooms, edible roots, fishing with the help of ostrich and harpoon became the main management of the economy. Gradually, people moved to a semi-seated lifestyle.
In the center of such a farm was a woman - mother, the custodian of the hearth, the hostess, who regularly supplied food to his family, while hunting is the main occupation of men - depended on good luck, from the case, like fishing. Therefore, the then human teams, or the generic communities, which were called so because members of these communities were relatives, led women. It was the time of the matriarchate.
Footprints of Paleolithic people were found in many places of the current Russia - on Don, Oka, Desna, Kame, Urals, Yenisei, Angara, in Transbaikalia. The northernmost place of such finds is on the shore of Lena.
By this time refers to the appearance of the first samples of human art. A person's fantasy caused a sculpture, drawing, decoration. People began to separated from a stone or bone of the statuette of the goddesses - the ancestors of the genus in the form of complete women, as well as various animals - mammoths, deer, rhinos - their constant, dangerous and beloved prey on the hunt. A drawings on the walls of the cave-sanctuits appeared. From stone and bones made decorations - bracelets, beads, suspension. They were worn not only women, but also men.
Post declaration. At the turn of the 13-12 millennium BC. e. The glacier began to retreat. The appearance of huge territories from the Atlantic to the Pacific is changing. Where an ice-free silence reigned, dense forests appear. Giant animals of the era of glaciation disappear - mammoths, woolly rhinos, etc. Animals are minced, acquire, like plants, modern appearance. In the new conditions, which are called the Mesolitis or the Middle Stone Age ("Mesos" means in Greek "medium"), the man boldly moved to the north after the retreating glacier.
What prompted him to these movements? Is it just a traction to unknown lands, to a not known than always differed "reasonable" man? It was and it. But the main thing was that people mastered new hunting and fishing grounds, looking for themselves to live, where it was rapid, and therefore better and easier. They left their sedentary parking, chatted caves and moved to a moving lifestyle, their summer housing were light halas, which they easily left.
The most important achievement of people at this time was the invention of onions and arrows with silicon and bone tips; Dried animal centers served in such bows. Onions and arrows made literally coup in the life of people. Now they could hit animals and birds at a distance. There was no need for a projection hunt as the main way to produce food, although it has kept its meaning. From now on, it was possible to hunt small groups and even alone.
On foot and on boats, having onions in my hands, arrows, harpuna, mastered the art of putting sinks and hunting traps, people began to master the lands, where they had not yet stepped on their leg: Northern Europe, Northern Siberia. The most courageous of them swapped through the Bering Strait and joined America.
A new way of life has led to crushing of large generic communities into small groups of constantly moving hunters and fishermen. They mastered and accepted the territories that were already considered their faults. The formation of tribes began, in which people close to life, economic skills, territory, language, were united. Each tribe had its own special customs, traditions, shopping skills.
Neolithic revolution. Gradually, changes in nature and climate, the improvement of the person himself led to truly revolutionary, i.e., indigenous and fleeting, changes in people in some areas of North Africa, Europe and Asia, including part of the territory of modern Russia. These changes began in Mesolith and ended during the new stone century - Neolith ("Neo" in Greek - new). Therefore, they got the name of the Neolithic Revolution.
First of all, it reached the highest perfection of the technique of creating stone guns. People learned to drill, polish the stone, make miniature cutting blades from it. Making axes, scrapers, knives, copies and arrows tips have been engaged in whole workshops. Kamnetsa exchanged products of their work on food, clothing. It was the opposite of future trading. New workers of labor helped chop trees, knit rafts, hammering a boat from the barrels, to build log huts.
One of the most impressive inventions of the man of neolithic was the clay dishes. First, the vessels began to sculpt the vessels manually and burn them, then a pottery circle appeared, and this work was mechanized. The spinning and weaving of both woolen and vegetable fibers, which allowed the person to use more comfortable clothes, sew a variety of soft and warm flooring and covers. Finally, during the Neolithic period, people invented the wheel, which made a genuine revolution in the means of movement, in construction equipment, in everyday life. The first metal copper products appeared. Later, people invented bronze - alloy of copper and tin. Standard Stone Ended, the age of bronze began.
Thanks to all these inventions during the Neolithic period, new industries have finally been formed - cattle breeding and farming, i.e., agriculture. These were the industrial sectors. It meant that a person not only took what nature was given to him in the finished form - berries, nuts, roots, cereals, or mines with her battle, hunting wild animals, but also created, produced, grown himself.
The transition to the manufacturing farm and makes up the essence of the Neolithic revolution.
Neolithic revolution
It seems that the founder of the producing farm was a woman. It was she who collecting cereals, drew attention to the fact that, obscured to the ground, they give germs. It was she who first tamed the young killed animals, and then began to use this experience to create a permanent herd, which gave meat, milk, skin. The woman fully justified the role with her story during the matriarchate, creating the basis for the future take-off of human civilization.
But she thus prepared the soil to give the lead in society a man - an agriculture, plowing extensive fields and cutting and burning forest for new crops; The cattle breeding, the easter of thousands of cattle heads and has long been in the saddle. In new business conditions, men's power, dexterity and valor. The time of Patriarchate came when the leading place in the family, the kind, tribe was taken by men. A woman since that time obeyed a man.
Generic system reached at this time of his heyday. Generic communities and their association in the tribes were still the foundation of the public organization of people. At this time, further development in society receives collective work and collective, or public, property, including the surrounding lands. Common work and general assignment in accordance with the still modest possibilities of society and the same modest needs of the kind (food, simple clothing, housing, but all this is already firmly guaranteed at the expense of the efforts of the whole team) gave the opportunity to call this society "primitive communism". And the way of life quite corresponded to this collectivist system.
Depending on the conditions of nature, people at the time settled in small compact settlements, which allowed them to better use hunting grounds, fishing reservoirs, later - arable land and pastures. If the tribe lacked such land, then the struggle for them began with their neighbors. So the struggle for life is not only with nature, but people together with each other firmly entered the story along with the Neolithic.
The then settlements were several dozen dump trucks, twilights or terrestrial dwellings cut from wood (in the north). In other places (for example, in the south), these were big shared houses with foci for each family living in such a house.
In Russia, the parking lots of people are neolithic found on large spaces from the shores of the White and Baltic Seas to the Priazia and the North Caucasus as well as in Siberia. It is characteristic that all these parkings are pumped to water. Fishing and hunting in coastal forests gave a significant part of food. On the filler meadows, the first experiences of local farmers and cattle materials were obtained on coastal glades. Rivers and lakes have become in the forest bowls of the first comfortable roads, which could be saved on boats dozens of kilometers and never get shed off the way.
The formation of a producing economy in the root changed the history of mankind. The Neolithic Revolution created the prerequisites for the origin of civilization: the period of the prehistory ended, the story began in the full sense of the word.
So, proceed to a more detailed study:
History should be known!
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More information:
Discuss!
1. Acknowled: What difficulties are scientists experience in learning the life of primitive people?
Answer: The main difficulty of scientists in learning the life of primitive people is the lack of information, the foundations found are mainly poorly preserved, separate, belong to different time segments.
2. Question: Why did primitive hunters painted animals?
Answer: There was no written written in the oldest time, and the person for the transfer of information to the SBI tribesmen did it through the drawings. Animals were the basis for life, the existence of food and clothing depended on the animals, so the man's drawing of animals at the same time worshiped them and asked for forgiveness for the fact that he hunted on them. Drawing animals People began primitively plan hunting and joint actions of the members of the tribe when hunting.
3. Question: What role in the life of a primitive man played fire?
Answer: Fire for primitive man has become the basis of survival. He was heated with fire, prepared food on fire, defended against the attack of predators. With the help of fire made its first binding items.
check yourself
1. Employment: What epochs scholars share the history of mankind?
Answer: Scientists share the history of mankind on the following epochs:
Primitive story
Ancient world history
History of the Middle Ages
The history of the new Time
HISTORY OF THE LAST TIME
2. QUESTION: What era in history was the longest?
Answer: The most long time was a primitive story.
3. Question: Describe on the illustrations (s.5) changes in the appearance of primitive people.
Answer: Figure 1. Pictures ancient man who lived about a million years ago, such a person was called Peteitront. Figure 2. The person like a modern man who lived like a modern man who lived about 40 thousand years ago, he was called Crohanyon.
In the next lesson
Question: What account was the ancient Egyptians and the ancient Romans?
1. An account of the ancient Egyptians.
In the Nile Valley, a calendar was created, which existed with the Egyptian civilization about 4 thousand years. The origin of this calendar is associated with Sirius - a bright star of tropical skills. The time interval between the two Heliakic ascents of Sirius coinciding in ancient Egypt with the summer solstice and preceded the spill of the Nile, is 365.25 days. However, in the length of his year, the Egyptians had an integer number of days - 365. Thus, for every 4 years, seasonal phenomena lag behind the calendar for 1 day. In the absence of leap years, the new year passed 1460 (365 × 4) years of all seasons and returned to the initial number. The period of 1460 years was called the total period, cycle, or the Great Hall of Sotis.
In ancient Egypt, the year for the official calendar was divided into 3 seasons for 4 months each.
The time of flood (Ahet) - from mid-July to mid-November
Time of germination (pass) - from mid-November to mid-March
Drought time (Shem) - from mid-March to mid-July
The months were designated numbers (the first month of flooding, the second month of flood and so on.). Every month had 30 days. The Egyptians knew that the year includes not 360 days (12 months to 30 days), and 365 days, so the remaining 5 days that did not enter the calendar were added at the end of the last month. The Egyptians, starting from the end of the ancient kingdom, were the chores from the moment of the top of the new ruler. In official documents, the date was recorded according to the following scheme: 1) "Year of the Board" and number of the year; 2) month sign and month number in the season; 3) the name of the season; 4) day sign and day number in order; 5) "The reign of the king of two lands"; 6) The throne name of the king in the cartridge.
Example: the second year of the reign of the king of two land of Amelessa III, the day of the third month of the seasonium of the flood.
2. An account of the ancient Romans.
According to the oldest Roman calendar, the year consisted of ten months, and the first month was considered March. This calendar was borrowed from the Greeks; According to the tradition, he was introduced by the founder and the first king of Rome, Romulus, in 738 BC. e. Eight names of the months of this calendar (March, April, May, June, September, October, November, December) are preserved in many languages \u200b\u200bso far. At the turn of the VII and VI centuries BC. e. From Etruria, a calendar was borrowed, in which the year was divided for 12 months: January and February followed after December. This calendar reform is attributed to Nouma Pubrug, the second Roman king. Year consisted of 354 days: 6 months to 30 days and 6 months to 29 days, but every few years an additional month was added
Romans conducted consul lists. Consuls were elected annually two per year. The year was marked by the names of two consuls of this year, the names were put in ablatives, for example: in the consulate Mark Crassa and Gneja Pompey (55 BC. Er).
From the era of August (from 16 years to n. E.), Along with dating on Consuls, it is used to use the Souliscovers from the alleged year of the founding of Rome (753 BC): from the founding of the city.
Slide 2.
What is history and what does she study?
- History is a science of the past.
- The story studies how different peoples lived, what events took place.
Slide 3.
Almost 2.5 thousand years have passed since the Greek named Herodot for the first time introduced people with their scientific work "History". He became the first historian scientist. We call him the "father of history".
Slide 4.
Epoch history
Scientists share the history of mankind into several large eras.
Slide 5.
The first and diligence was a primitive story. People who then lived were called primitive. Until now, there is no accurate answer when they appeared on Earth. Most scientists believe that the oldest people appeared over 2 million years ago.
Slide 6.
How did people find out about primitive people?
Archaeologists produce excavations, remove the things of ancient people from the ground, their bones. Scientists believe that the most ancient people, the "traces" of which were found in Africa and Asia, lived over a million years ago. For the remains of the skeletons of the oldest people managed to set as they looked.
Slide 7.
The oldest man was very different from the modern, looked like a major monkey, but walked on two legs. Hands were long, swallowed to the knees. The foreheads were low, lowered. He could not speak the ancient man yet, he published only a few ripple sounds, they expressed anger and fear, called for help and warned each other about danger.
Slide 8.
Ancient people lived where it is always warm. Therefore, they did not need to take care of warm clothes. It was impossible to cope with the difficulties of life alone, so people lived together, groups, helping each other.
Slide 9.
Most of the time of primitive people went in search of food. Women and children disappeared the fruits from the trees, found edible roots, wanted eggs birds and turtles. And men mined meat on the hunt. At that time, mammoths lived on Earth.
Slide 10.
Already at that time there was primitive art. Images of animals - bulls, horses, mammoths - were discovered on the walls in the depths of the caves. Primitive people portrayed animals, since the lives of people depended on the successful hunting on these animals.
Slide 11.
Drawings are in the depths of the caves in complete darkness. Primitive artists could not do without lighting. Obviously, they used torch or "lamps" - stone buckets filled with fat, which is well lit.
Slide 12.
The primitive story lasted hundreds of thousands of years. During this time, people settled all the continents besides Antarctica. In our country, they appeared approximately half a million years ago.
According to various testimonies and research, approximately three million years ago (although the alternative history of mankind calls other numbers) a person came out of the world of animals. About 35 thousand years ago, the formation of modern people began. Third thousand years later, civilizations began to develop in different parts of the world.
If the history of mankind was equated to day, then from the moment of the formation of classes and states to our time, according to scientists, only 4 minutes passed.
The primitive purchase system was the longest stage. He lasted about a million years. It should be noted that the exact time when the history of mankind began, it is very difficult to call. The upper boundary (final stage) of the primitive commuting system varies in different limits depending on the continent. For example, classes in Africa and Asia began to be formed at the turn of 4-3 V. BC er, in America - 1 c. BC e.
As the history of mankind began, why where and when it happened, remains a mystery. Unfortunately, there are no monuments of those eras.
Humanity by different scientists is carried out in different ways.
Another ancient Roman and the ancient Chinese philosophers knew about the existence of three (copper), stone and iron. In the 19th - early 20th centuries, this archaeological periodization received scientific development. As a result, scientists typicalized the stages and the era of these periods.
Lasted several times longer than the entire subsequent history of mankind. The separation into steps within this era is based on the complication and change of the forms of stone guns.
The Stone Age began with Paleolithic (ancient), in which, in turn, scientists allocate the stage of the lower (early), middle and upper (late) Paleolithic.
Stone Age ends with neolithic (by the novokamenny century). At the end of this period, the first copper guns appear. This indicates the formation of a special stage - Eneolyt (Halkolite).
The structure of the internal periodization of the subsequent centuries (Novocamena, Iron and Bronze) is represented by different researchers in different ways. Defined cultures within the stages themselves are quite high.
Archaeological periodization is based on wholesale technological aspects and does not give the idea of \u200b\u200bthe formation of production as a whole. Currently, the separation system at the stage wears not so much global as regional.
Some limited goals are present in the paleoanthropological periodization of primitive system. It is based on the principle of the biological evolution of people. According to this separation system at the stage of development, researchers talk about the existence of ancient (archantrop), ancient (Paleoanthroprope), as well as the fossil modern (neoanthrop) of a person. Despite some controversial moments, the Paleoanthropological system for dividing the development of people to the steps is closely echoes the archaeological system.
At the same time, the specified special periodization of human history will not be equal to the importance with the overall system of separation of past people. The development of the direction of the historical and material understanding of the human development was first seriously launched by the Morgan (American ethnograph). In accordance with the separation of the entire process to the era, barbarism and wildness established in the 18th century, given the indicators of the development of the production of "means of life", the American ethnographer allocated the highest, middle and lower level in each specified era. Subsequently, Engels, having highly appreciated this periodization, summarized it.
Do not you know that you are the Temple of God, and the Spirit of God lives in you?
(St. Apostle Paul) ((to Romans, 8; 9))
Many believe that a person is a "smart animal", no more. They claim that religion - the answer of people to the inability to explain some of the phenomena of nature, and the work is a grave responsibility. Free time, here is the main wealth of man, they think.
If all this was so, we would not write a book about the history of mankind, because there would be no story at all.
The animal does not pay attention to the inexplicable phenomena of nature, and that's it. What is this "mind" to deify them? The smart animal finds food, and all his rest is free. Wouldn't the fool be a wolf, if it were taken to attach an artificial horns to fight Maral?
No, a man is completely at all Not an animal.
Man is a spiritual creature having a bodily shell. Religion is an attempt to communicate with the highest spiritual start. Labor is the vital need of a person, the same as food and rest. Thanks to the work, the person and society evolve from the lower forms of existence among the animal world to spiritual perfection.
Moral , work, information - Here are three categories that distinguish a person from the animal and underlying its history.
These postulates and the chronology of the whole, consistent and continuous history of human civilization are mutually confirmed.
Traditional history chronology, painting the picture of inexplicable takeoffs and falls, births and disappearances of civilizations, does not correlate with a view of a person as a spirit, nor with the idea that a person is a monkey; Exercises with a stick developed their brain and intelligence.
Start history
We do not know when, where and how a person appeared on our planet, and we doubt that anyone from now living reliably knows it. Most likely, people appearing once, began to settle down on the ground, leading a primitive-community lifestyle, engaged in hunting and collecting edible plants. This period of history is quite well described in textbooks, and we will not be repeated.
To form a single human generality and progress of people, certain conditions were required, and they, according to our version, were formed by the III century. e. in the Mediterranean area.
These conditions were three:
1. Transition from animal species of "work" to extract food (hunting, fruit collection) to human labor - agricultural, industrial, intellectual.
2. Creating people a system for the exchange of products and ideas, including (and above all) writing.
3. The adoption of monotheism as the ideology of spiritual community, the unity of people of different races and tribes.
There is an idea that humanity has developed slowly and slowly, it continued on this millennium, and only in the 20th century a sharp jerk forwarded. It seems to us that the real picture is still somewhat different: the broken tribes hundreds of thousands of years developed independently, accumulated knowledge and superstition, the jerk began in the first centuries of our era in the Unified Center - Mediterranean.
It seems to be a spear with a long tree, the tip of which is civilization, and the XX century is just the edge of this tip. Our civilization is more than young; In relation to the entire history of the person, its duration is the interests of the percentage - is it so amazing a gap in the levels of development of different peoples, observed by us in the 20th century?
We believe that humanity, possessing modern science, computers and satellites, is still at the very beginning of its grandiose path.
The first step towards civilization was the emergence of agriculture in Egypt. It was not even a step, but a gigantic jump! Agriculture cannot be engaged in "by the way". After all, planting seeds, processing, harvesting and storage of the crop make a person tied to one place.
If there is a lot of other food in this place, agriculture will not arise if there is little - a person becomes too dependent on the crop and experience can end in sad for this person. The crop must be enough for the result to immediately exceed some limit threshold. The first experiment was supposed to bring good luck, and in the valley of the Nile, it became possible, since ILF due to the annual spill, and the crop could be obtained without special technical means and techniques.
Although it is impossible to call the exact date of the first harvest, without a doubt, Egypt is a cradle of civilization. Over time, other peoples in other places began to engage in agriculture; This happened simultaneously with the advent of new equipment tools and the use of equestrian thrust.
(It should be emphasized: arguing that all this happened "to the III century," we mean by this - before. And for how many years before?.. For two hundred? For a thousand? Unknown perfectly).
In a frequently mentioned area between Tigris and Euphrates, in Mesopotamia, as traditionally believed, irrigation agriculture existed. However, in our opinion, it could only arise when already Not only agriculture technology, but also the technology of manufacturing agricultural tools and, of course, metallurgy were well known. It means agriculture in the Mesopotamia of "imported" origin; He was brought here by representatives of other, sedentary peoples.
The crystal iron was first learned to melting in the Balkans or in Bohemia. (The grandson of the Biblical Cain, the inventor and kovach of metal guns, wore the name of the Balkan, or volcano.) The use of iron made it possible to appear fundamentally new weapons and waters, which made it possible to cultivate land, at first glance, not adapted for this.
The initial development of cattle breeding with animal domestication occurred at the Majoria Peninsula, and his vertex was the taming of the horse. And the cavalry, as a kind of armed forces, first appeared in the Balkans: the mythical Cabinnaya Creator - the Macedonian Tsar Philip, whose name is just a "horse breed" (Phil - love, here in the sense of "collect"; IPP - horse, enters the constituent element, For example, in the word "hippodrome").
The taming of the horse, of course, sharply accelerated the development of civilization, because he made faster and reliable land communication of peoples, but no less important is the beginning of shipbuilding, the creation of ships capable of not only on the coastal, but also on distant navigation. The development of the same shipbuilding is unthinkable without new wood processing methods, the invention of saws and drills.
The annilateral and sufficient level of production allowed some part of the prosperity people to engage in intellectual activities, science and literature, and the beginning of production in Biblos and Egypt Papiral paper - contributed to widespread literacy.
Literature originated as short records of fairy tales and jokes, primary recyclable poetry and various kinds of practical information and recipes, then the first chronicles appeared.
Start of science - geocentric astronomy and astrology.
Also before the III century n. e. A method of smelting on an industrial scale of copper from Cypriot mines was opened, the development of tin ores in Spain began, and the appearance as a result of this bronze made it possible to produce bronze objects of life and weapons.
Naturally, the economic and cultural development of the peoples of the Mediterranean was impossible without their interaction. Wide trade was carried out - merchants were brought by grain from Egypt, wine from Gaul, domestic cattle, leather, wool from a low-immigory peninsula, metal products from Romania, Pest, Rura, Spain, wax from Slavic lands.
Trade - Progress Engine. This is such an engine that, being included once, worked without a break, retracting into production and intellectual activity more and more peoples - and works on a distance.
People were the same as we are - not worse and no better, only they were surrounded other life, and their ideas about the world were completely different.
The implementation of the third - and the most important - the conditions for the creation of a single human generality (civilization) was the adoption of the only one in most residents of the Mediterranean, and this led to the emergence of the first in the history of Romary (Byzantine) empire.
The center of religious life was initially Egypt (Copt, Hypte), but by the III century, as the second religious center, the locality at the foot of the Vesuvius volcano, the most noticeable and amazing "divine sign" of the Mediterranean. Representatives of different nations came here, installed their altars (and simply "noted" before their God). Here the first priest community has developed, who has learned everyone who comes to his understanding of God.
The eruptions of the volcano and earthquake from time to time the altars, installed by the gods of different tribes, confirming the teachings of local priests, that God is one and worship him, and only him.
Recognition by all of the One God led over time to the recognition of the authorities from God, which a single lord received by initiation, anointing for the kingdom. To the name of the king, a prefix was added to the assistant to God or dedicated to Nazares in Bible, Christ in Greek, August in Latin, and about the gospel Jesus Christ, as he known to us, until the VII century, people had no idea.
The monotheism does not mean the complete identity of the views of people. (God and today one for all religions - but see what a variety of interpretations and rituals!) Not a hundred years after the creation of the Empire in the third century, but her religion has already broken down to the Fractions of Nikolaitov and Arian, then the Biblical Mixing Languages \u200b\u200bhappened - It is not different as the introduction of different languages \u200b\u200bof worship, hundreds of religious sects and communities appeared, and each preacher saw his God's truth in heavenly signs.
It should be borne in mind completely boundless superstitiousness of people, an extracts of them subjects and, most importantly, stars. Stars! They have names that can be written by letters. They are combined into constellations, and these constellations are not coping of blazing balls in airless space (as we know), and figuresAlso having names and destinations. Astrology was not an abstract science.
The religious center was Vesuvius in Italy (more about this in the following chapters). The political center of the first in the history of the empire is located in Romania (Romania) and the Rumelia adjacent to it, this is the total name of the Balkan countries and Asia Minor. Before the start of broad iron market in Germany (in Rie), this area was in industrial and technical terms the most advanced in the world, merchants were drawn here from Europe, Asia and from the North Africa. Here was the focus of trade routes, information was flown here from around the world, and the information gives power.
The First World Roma (Byzantine) Empire included England, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Egypt and all of North Africa, Bulgaria and the Balkan Peninsula with the archipelago, Malny Asia and Syria. (Titles are listed here in a modern geographical tradition).
That was the originally Roman Empire. In this book we call her Romaic or Byzantine, and its western part, which has become independent, much later, call Romance.
Two parts of this territory, Romania and Rumelia, we are obliged to the legend of the formation of the city of Rome (Roma) by two brothers Romulom and Rem.
"In all the Byzantine chroniclers, the Greeks are not called otherwise as" Romans ". And only in the XV century, Athenian Khalkokondilas, the name of "Ellinov" appears behind its fellow countrymen, "writes N. Morozov. Of course, dating such chronicles and the definition of places where the events described in them could lead to errors. Romanes, or the Romans, call themselves and modern Greek-speaking Greeks, and a group of Greeks living in the Caucasus and Turkish speakers calls themselves Urummi. This word happened later from the name Rum, the Rumsky Sultanate, which is the reassigned name of Rense.
Way of Moses
... Walk all these peoples from you, and you will master the peoples, greater and strong than you.
(Deuteronomy, 11; 23)
"Comments" to the pentateuch of Moiseyev (M., 1992) is very and very extensive. We will give twenty-items in a row of them, without sampling, from related to biblical geographical names (Numbers, 33):
…fourteen. Refidim - usually try to localize in the vicinity of Wadi Firan or Wadi Sheikh in the West of the Sinai Peninsula.
15. Sinai Desert - the neighborhood of the sacred mountain; The localization of the terrain is unclear and depends on the localization of the Mountains of the Korev.
16. Kivrot-Hattaava - Heb. "The burial of the lust."
17. Khatserot - is identified with the point of Ain Al-Hazra in the northeast of the Sinai Peninsula.
18. Rhythm - usually identified with Wadi Retiemat near Ain Cadiz.
19. Rimmon-Patary - Location Unknown.
20. Livna - the location is unknown.
21. Riesza is perhaps identified with a race located near Aqaba (Ekome Gever).
22. Kehelat - the name means "meeting place".
23. Mount Shafar - is identified with Jebel Aranf.
24. Harad - perhaps Jebel Arad.
25. Maccheelot - Location Unknown.
26. Tahat - Identification with Wadi Elti is possible.
27. Tarah - location is unknown.
28. Mitka - the location is unknown.
29. Hashmona - the location is unknown.
30. Masherot - the location is unknown.
31. Bene Yaakan - the location is unknown.
32. Chozy Haggidgad - Identification with Wadi Guzagiz is possible, but also with Wadi Gdadad.
33. YATEVET - Location is unknown.
The path of Moses is so fully described in the Bible (in the Qur'an - under the name of Musa) and his people within the framework of the modern geography of the Middle East almost in almost no way.
Why? Because in the original texts, the names were recorded only by consonant letters, almost completely without vowels: Knun, Lbnun, PRT; And only much later, when the gospel geographical tradition has already developed, vowel letters were gave the names, and it turned out Canaan, Lebanon, Euphrates ... The place of action was placed in Palestine. Is it right? Is the name "announced" correctly?
If real events are described in biblical texts (and this), which occurred with real people (which is also true), then without a doubt, in some real areas. Having determined these locations, we will see that Moses hike from Mount Sinai (Zion, Chorive) in the ground promised much later than the physologists say. In the II or III century n. e., we believe we, the path of the people of Moses began.
How do we start searching for objects named in the Bible of cities, rivers and mountains? Imagine, literally "from the stove" - \u200b\u200bvolcano.
Volcanic fragments in the Bible of the Darkness-Dirty, many researchers paid attention to this long ago. On the third new moon after the "escape from Egypt", Moses turned out to be near a certain mountain, on which he had a long meeting with the god-throat. This mountain is of different names: Zion (Post), Sinai and Chorive (Horror, Horrible). It is a volcano, terrible and loud, with a fold of smoke and ash.
Stavros (Count, Cross) in Greek, or Zion (post, travel sign) in biblical - above Vesuvivia when eruption of 1822
Turn to the original source.
"On the third day, at the end of the morning, there were thunder, and zipper, and a thick cloud over the mountain, and the pipe sound is very strong; And the entire people, the exorbitant in the mill ... The Mountain of Sinai was completely different that the Lord came to her on fire; And he climbed her smoke as a smoke smelting furnace, and a very shocked Ray Mount. And the sound of the tube was becoming stronger and stronger ... "(Exodus, 19; 16, 18, 19).
"And the people stood away; And Moses entered the darkness where God "(outcome, 20; 21).
"You approached and become under the mountain, and Mountain was burning with fire to the most heavens, and Bila Darkness, cloud and darkness. And the Lord spoke to you from the environment of fire; The voice of the words you were heard, but the images have not seen, but only a voice "(Deuteronomy, 4; 11-12).
So, the descriptions of Mount Sinai-Zion-Choriv definitely show us the acting volcano.
But! Traditional Mount Sinai has never been a volcano. In general, in the Sinai Peninsula, in Syria and Palestine, there are no Africa in the north of Africa and in the historically foreseeable past, volcanoes were not.
Where is our "stove"?
The geological map of the Mediterranean couple with some biblical "prompts" gives us the only suitable volcano: Vesuvius in Italy.
Vesuvius - Plynian type volcano. This is what he represented in those days: from the crater with a huge force beaten gases, forming along with the ashes of the alone, multi-kilometer pillar of the crimson-black color. At the top it blossoms into the cloud in the form of Italian pine - drink and published similar to a post with a crossbar, a cross. The formation of the cross is accompanied by thunderstorms with drying lightning. Occasionally there is an eruption of lava, but thunderstorms with shoes, mixing with the colossal amount of ashes, give mud streams, are not inferior to lavov. At the same time, the shaking of the Earth is observed - also with a preserved rumble.
It was very, very noticeable and the most unexplained object of the Mediterranean;
Egypt was not only a cradle of civilization, but also the first religious center, Vesuvius became second. It must be assumed, the dispute of Moses with the Egyptian Pharaoh is a dispute about faith with the use of witchcraft; Not wanting to remain a slave for the same God, Moses wanted to leave and lead his followers - "His people".
Let's see where he could lead to Moses if they were from Vesuviya? Is the identification of biblical names possible?
"Lord, our God, told us in Horive, saying: Quite you sit on this grief! Turn and move, and go to the Mount Amporean and all of their neighbors, to the desert, to the mountain and lowland, and on the southern edge and to the shores of the sea, in the land of Kanun and to Lbnun, even to the river Great, Prt River (Deuteronomy , 1; 6-7).
In Italian geography, you can publish these names like Kenuya (Genoa) instead of Canaan; Lbnun in the exact translation means "white" - and really on, along the way from Italy, there is a white mountain - Mont Blanc. PRT, teaching usually as Euphrates, you can count the river Prut is a large influx of the Danube.
"And we went from Choriv and walked throughout this great and terrible desert ..." - In fact, there are famous phlegrey fields next to Vesuvius - extensive, scorched lands, filled with lava, full of small volcanoes. "And came to the CDS in RNE." Theologians believe that this is the city, whether the water source of Cades-Varna; But it may be Cadix-on-Rona - modern Geneva. "And a lot went around Mount Sire." The name of the mountain is left by theologians without translation; If we translate - it turns out the damns of the ridge, the damn mountain. For the Lake Geneva, she still stands and stands (Diablereux, Chertova Mountain).
(If a contest for the choice of terrain, applying to the title of "Promised Land", with the participation of Palestine and Switzerland, - Would you choose?)
One of the eruptions of Vesuvia with thunder and lightning
After the outcome of Egypt (we conclude Egypt in quotes, as in the uninstalled Jewish original of the Bible instead of the name of Egypt - Copt or hypte - written by ICRM, MIC-Raim); So, after the flight from Pharaoh (in the Koran - "Fog-Aun"), pursuit was sent for fugitives, but those passed along the bottom of the sea and they were saved. "The Lord of the Lord is a strong eastern wind all night and made a sea of \u200b\u200bland, and waves broke out" (outcome, 14; 21). Completely unequivocally written: East wind! Look at the card: if it happens at the Red Sea (this is the traditional solution), then the eastern wind can at best catch up Water, but not to drive away. The eastern wind can drive the water, for example, in Naples Bay, not far from Vesuvia. Apparently, the fugitives pressed to the shore and they did not have another way.
It is impossible not to note that for slaves saving from oppression and poverty, these people are not bad: silver, gold jewelry, rich fabrics, metal weapons ... reading the Bible, pay attention to the household side of the life of these people - very interesting.
"In the evening, quails were filled and covered the mill, and in the morning there was dew near the camp" (outcome, 16; 13) - and there is nothing to say that the migratory birds that have risen the poisonous gases from the volcanic eruption fell dead in the vicinity of it.
Here is a bright picture! Screens, horror, destruction, the pagan idols are defeated - the fugitives, the famous single God, have nothing to eat, - and here God sends them food. The hungry people, together with their leader, interprets it as the concern of God about them ... But "meat was still in their teeth, the birds were not eaten, as the Birds was built on Nych anger of the throat and he struck them with the Great Mor. They called this place the graves of whim (burial lust), because there was buried the dead. "
Whether the meat of birds was poisonous, or the gases began to descend, reaching the earth, but this was not to come up then, neither now.
One of the parking lots of the Moiseeva of the people when flight is TBER, which is published by theologists as a "tavern", - but is it not Tiber? Next follows the CNN - Siena.
"Go forward ArnN" (Deuteronomy, 2; 24). In the modern Bible: Arnon River. But in Italy and today you can see the Arno River! "And walled to Vasan." It is believed that Vasana (Basan) is a terrain in jeepage; constantly mentioned in the Bible ... and still stands in Bassano Lombardy.
"... and went to Vasan; And spoke out against us to the war, the king of Magnaya, with all the people of his own, with adry, "(Deuteronomy, 3; 1). Adria exists so far, under this very name, near the mouth of the software, and the river on some Latin authors were often called Jordan (Eridanum), which is well loving on the unfastened biblical name IrDN.
"And we took all the cities of it at the time; There was no city that we would not take them: sixty cities, the whole area of \u200b\u200bArgs, the kingdom of the Og Vashansky "(Deuteronomy, 3; 4). Cities were fortified were high walls - no villages any reed!
Sixty Fortified cities! Only one king OGA! And how many other kings won the army of Moses? .. There was no, no, maybe there will never be such a number of cities on the lands of modern Israel. But in the north of Italy, and in fact stood in the early middle ages (in middle Century) A lot of cities, famous and fores: Verona, Padova, Ferrara, Bologna and others.
"For only OG, Tsar Vasana, remained from Refimi. Here, ORD it (coffin), ORD Iron, and now in Rives, in the son of ammonov: the length of his nine elbows, and the width of his four elbows, the elbows of men's "(Deuteronomy, 3; 11). What is there to say here? The famous metal tomb of Theodorich Gothsky is really "and now in Ravenna," but only Ravenna - not in Palestine, but in Italy.
The city is mass (outcome, 17; 7), where Moses removed the water from the rock with a blow to his staff, exists and now north-west of Ferrara. The city of Rehovot, where Saul reigned over Edom (Genesis, 36; 37), and is now called Reggio, east of the pair - biblical paran (Deuteronomy, 33; 2 and Numbers, 10; 12).
Thunderzz gave Moses clear strategic plan: conquering the peoples of Europe, walk to the place of merger the Danube with the river Prut, go down to Romania and Rushelia and to establish a state on the ideology of the monotheism.
"That's, I give you the land of this, go, take the land in the legacy that the Lord with an oath promised to give the fathers to your Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, they and their offspring."
We want to stop those readers here who are starting to wave their hands about Jewish names. Abraham (ab-rum), Isaac and Jacob - not names. There were no names in our understanding. This is how N. Morozov translates it, translating and names:
"Here is the Earth, about which I swore to Father-Rome, the distributor of writing and the God-train, saying that I will give her to their descendants."
"... But their altars are destroying, and [sacred] their plates to break, and their ashors (sacred tres) cut out, and the statues of their gods burn fire, for you do not worship another God, but Yahweh-God: Avenger - His name, God Mysheel he ". ("Avenger" here in the sense of "jealous", "jealous to other gods").
Moses and his high priest Arone (in the Korana - Harun) carried the idea of \u200b\u200bthe monotheism, driven her with all the cruelty, destroying the Treaty with God (Yayev) the Kapigiq Local Public Belkov, putting a new one to know "from the knee of Israel" - that is From the Bogregores, imposing new priests, new rites, introducing new taxes. Moses, a brilliant man, created a new world.
Israel was not the name of the country or nation. The word that means fighting fighting with the gods. Another value for the root yshr, straight. Israel's country is an ideal, not a substance, according to Israel Shamir.
The name of Moses - Mshe - means a delightful or savior, Aron - light, that is, the enlightener.
From the century to the century, from the book in the book, the ridiculous bike is repeated, as if Moses forty years drove their people in the desert. What is this desert in which there are dozens of cities, wonderful grapes grow, live a variety of nations?! If only the "desert of the Spirit", where the idea of \u200b\u200bone for all did not come to be another.
(We remind you that here we not We are engaged in theology, but we use the Bible as a source of historical information).
The book of the number is interesting in that it provides the results of the first in the history of the censuses of the population. The census is necessary for the correct taxation of taxes and the calculation of the state budget, to organize a call to the army. Why yesterday's slaves, Pharaoh captives, wrapped "in the desert"?
The census calculated men from twenty years and older, all the God-worker suitable for war, six hundred and thirty thousand five hundred fifty people. But this is suitable for service, but is designed, suppose 450,000 people (the basis for such an assumption you will see in the chapter "Divine Emperor").
If the army is more than five percent of the population - the country is ruined (the example of the USSR will not give to sit). Suppose Moses risked and called on five percent, then, it means that the population of his state reached 9 million people.
Excessive proof that events occur not on a narrow strip of sushi, where 4.5 million Israelis now live. In fact, they did not sit on the heads each other? They would not feed! "Until the 20th century, the Jews in the land of Israel almost did not produce productive work, and no one was engaged in productive labor here" (Israel Shamir. "Agnon Guide").
Apparently, this is the number of all the people subject to Moses. I do not know the numbers for the III century, but scientists counted that in the V century in Italy, Gaul, Germany and in the Balkans lived with a total of 8.5-11 million people ("History of Europe". M., 1992, vol. 2).
Moses put on the countries of twelve knees of Israel (Bogological):
South - Nizhny Egypt (Biblos), Upper Egypt (Memphis), Arabia, Spain and Mauritania.
East - Syria, Anatolia, Greece.
West - Italy (Roman region and Lombardy), Sicily.
North - Danube Region, Northern Germany, France.
The knee of Levit in the army was not urged: the men of this kind became priests. Levites (Louis - the servant, priest) turned out to be a total score of 22 thousand people. It is clear that such a darkness of the priests is also not intended for one city.
There are very evidential theories that the pentateuch of Moiseevo wrote still not Moses himself. According to some calculations, it turns out that it is given in the final view of 710 N. er, much later than the events described in the Pentateuch.
"And Moses died there, the Slave of the Lord, in the Moavitskaya Earth, according to the Lord. And buried on the valley in the Moavitskaya Moavitskaya land against Jeffebor (Bet-Peora), and no one knows the place of burial even to this day "(Deuteronomy, 34; 5-6).
Moses died in a hike, and Jesus Son Nune (Navin) took him; And he killed during the conquest of the country of Israel (that is, when creating a Boggleless Empire), thirty kings, including the father of the Armenian king Shobach. Assembled Armenian king Great power to fight Navina, but nothing helped him - "crushed the strength of Armenians Jesus Navin."
Where does such a burst of kings in Israel come from? And what are the grief about Armenians? Not to explain this in any way, if you do not understand what I fulfilled the Covenant, I got to the mouth of the Danube, fighting on the way with the kings, and descending to the south of the Black Sea, I found an ideal place from the Bosphorus Strait, from where it is convenient to control the military, religious and financial Affairs of the emerging empire. By the way, an ideal place for both international trade, and for shaving from swimming ships.
Here is the territory of Armenia (aroma?), Which included in certain times of land from Caspian to the Mediterranean Sea and has become an integral part of the Empire's unrestraught.
So when? When was all this? No, in no way in the XIII century before n. e. All these events occurred, and in II or, rather, in the III century. er, shortly before the appearance of the capital in the Byzantium the first in the history of mankind of the Roma Empire.
Commandments of God these people through Moses
Similar covenants are available in the Quran. For example:
And here we took an agreement with the sons of Israel: "You will not worship anyone except Allah; To parents - blessing, and to the Raations, and orphans, and the poor. Speak people good, put a prayer, bring cleansing "...
And so we took the contract with you: "You will not shed your blood, and you will not cast out of your dwellings" (Sura 2/77, 78).
Divine emperor
Diocletian Guy Aureli Valery (godpoded strong gold stiff - with Latin and Jewish) became the emperor in 284, at the age of forty years, after his predecessor died in a campaign.
We have already said that there were no names in today's understanding at the beginning of our era. Therefore, we do not know how the name was the godfather strongly gold strong to the topics.
The III century - a century of "transition" from the stories by imaginary to the history of genuine. The Romary Empire, the beginning of which we describe now, as if "ended" on the eve of this century, shifted in the past for 333 years as a result of a chronological error. It turns out that in front of the first emperor - Diocletian - Rules last emperor same Empire.
But between the beginning and end of the whole era, the society developed. If in fact in front of us start After the end, we must inevitably detect a fair regression, the opponent movement. There is such an opponent movement. He was discovered by historians-traditionalists themselves and, not knowing how to explain, they simply took for a given - so they say, it turned out ... everything returned to the same ...
Diocletian and Maximian. Monument transported in 1204 from Constantinople to Venice
Such an effect that the movie is twisted by the ass in advance. In school textbooks, this "regression" looks approximately as follows:
Previously (to Trajan), not only the weapons of the Romans, but also speech, faith, customs moved everywhere. 100-200 years later, back, all Roman began to retreat back. At the edges of the empire, a lot of barbarians village; Latin speech disappeared places, places and distorted places. Especially the troops lost the former Roman character.
Faith of the Enemies of the Empire passed to the soldiers. Inchanges, descendants of the barbarians, traveled to important posts, received bosses over the legions. Older Roman customs and orders disappeared more and more. The emperor has no longer shared power with the Senate. He was not considered authorized from the people: he was a ruler on the divine law.
Only, to the "Senate" there was still living yes to live; And nothing Roman "retired back" - it was simply not, everything was ahead.
Diocletian became the first emperor "according to Divine Law".
The experience of the leadership of this kind of empire has not yet been (except for the experience of Moses?), And in 285, Diocletian appointed his power to himself three co-citizens: Maximian (Maximian Mark Averali Valery, 240-310), who was considered August (Divine), along with the emperor, and Two Caessees (Ring) - Galery and Chlorine Constance (Redhead).
The empire was divided into four parts, or twelve dioceses, 101-120 provinces in each. They were divided into each other. Diocletian manages the eastern part. This is Egypt, Ahaya, Pont and Thrace. The capital is Nicomedia in Malaya Asia. (Before separation on Diocesees, Egypt was generally listed by the personal estate of Diocletian.) Maximian received Italy Dioceses, who included Italy, Western Illyria and North Africa. Residence - Medialan (modern Milan in Italy).
Illyrian Diocesees took the gallery ... Residence - Syramia on the Nizhny Danube. Gallic Diocesees - Gallium, Spain and Britain - they have been accompanied by Chlorine Constance. Residence - Trier at the Rhine.
Please note, no Italy Rome does not yet have in risen.
It would be wrong to be an idea of \u200b\u200bthis empire as something like the Russian Empire of the beginning of the 20th century, a single state, managed by the hereditary emperor. "The old" Roman Empire "," writes N. Morozov, "in all periods of its existence, it was like more than modern unions, like a former triple between Germany, Austria and Italy. Latin, Greek and Egyptian (Arabic-Mauritan and Coptskaya) Parts lived with a completely independent life and if the primacy of any one area considered the strongest or cultural period was recognized in this historical period, then hegemony was recognized as in the three-way union Germany. "
... Diocletian entered the custom of the magnificent exits and techniques of the emperor, earthly bows in front of him. He appeared in the long priest's long clothes with a white priest dressing, dyed pearls, on his head.
It was drawn with radiance around the head. Everything that he was surrounded by the sacred character.
He, of course, fought. After all, at the edges of the empire there were many barbarians! Fought in Gaul with Bagaudi (the prototype of the Spartak Rising), with Moors in Africa, with Achille in Egypt (294-295), Karaser in Britain (297). Reflected the attacks of francs and almans on the Rhine, wild tribes on the Danube. (The fact that the barbarians are barbarians, and the tribes are "wild", is the opinion of those who described these events. "Barbarian", or "Barbar", in the exact translation from Latin means "beard", "The one who wears the beard ". From him the modern Spanish barbudo. What was their" wildness ", except for an unshaven person and unpleasant to the emperor, we do not have information).
In 286-287 and in 296-298, Diocletian fought on the Persian lands, as a result of which he strengthened the impact in Armenia and Ieria (Georgia) and subjugated part of the Mesopotamia.
The army was 450 thousand people. After conducting military reform, he divided the troops to the movable and border. In general, Romeyskaya (Byzantine) empire was a purely military state for a very long time. Diocletian, like all the subsequent emperors, was obliged to hold firmly in the saddle and be able to lead the troops.
In 301, the imperial edict was established limits of prices for goods, but this anti-grade reform failed. But in tax charge, the emperor succeeded and gave an example to future generations.
In each area, a diocese, the province, a lot of officials have appeared to maintain order, collect taxes, supervision for bread supplies, food and everything else for troops and the capital. And in order to exclude the abuse of these officials, other officials on the first supervision were appointed. Another group of officials was in the capital; These accepted accounts, reports and news and reported to the emperor.
Such changes caused a large public inspiration. Repeated people! But even illiterate, but a fairly intended person could build a good career. (Maximian was illiterate).
To contain your yard (and he was famous for an amazing pomp), as well as officials and the army, diocletian needed a lot of money. He, of course, took them from the population. A single gymnaste-pile tax was established, that is, they took from the number of Earth and from an individual in kind (grain, rams) from an individual. This fact allows to doubt the authenticity of the famous coin with the inscription "Diocletian" attributed to his era.
When we say that "Taxes were taken," then it is exactly: we went home and brahi. But keep in mind such a contradiction that most residents perceived the emperor and its decrees as divine, and tax collectors considered, most likely, robbers (here is where the drama!).
Konstantin Great (Rome, Palazzo Conservative)
A person who does not know how to contain himself and pay taxes, fastened behind the state or another person who took care of him and forced to work and paid taxes for him. People "from forests" and prisoner barbarians did not understand modern life; Slavery was necessary Public measure.
In his imperial business, Diocletian reached outstanding success, he is rightfully listed among the most wonderful sovereigns of his time.
In the Empire began, the war broke out for power, when he voluntarily refused the throne in 305, and he also got Maximian to do the same. He settled in his estate in the Illyrian Salon (now the city is Split in Croatia) and took care of gloomy. When oldcoming colleagues with loud calls come back to him once again and put order - they say, without him the empire dies! - He replied: "But you see what my cabbage was erupted!" And I did not go anywhere.
Maybe he felt too old to sit in the saddle and lead troops into battle? Or disappointed in people surrounding him? Or other spiritual horizons opened him by making uninteresting wealth, honors and endless battles, albeit into the glory of the Lord?
Nikolay Morozov really binds the names of Diocletian and Biblical Moses, believing that this is one face. We tend to think that Moses is a generalized image; In the Bible given in the modern appearance a lot of the events described in it, the traits and biographies of the first leaders of the Roma Empire merged into Moses.
... Some time after Diocletian rules for the constancy of Chlorine, then the son of his comrade Konstantin, also Ilrian (Slavyan); It he suffered the capital of the Empire in Byzantium. Konstantin - the name Latin, meaning solid, permanent; And what the name of his dad and mom - is also unknown.
Vintage Tsargrad, Western City Wall. Outside (restoration)
Since then, the name of Byzantium, attached to the capital, and the whole empire; The official name of the capital - Constantinople - most likely appeared much later; It can be translated from Latino Greek as a "fortified city" ("Polis" - "City" in Greek). In this book, we most often call this city Tsar Grad; The name comes from the Jewish "Koslav", which turned into Greek pronunciation in Kaisar, "Tsar".
Byzantium, which gave the beginning of the Tsaryrad, is considered to be a Greek settlement. Alleged Greeks, living in Greece (with the capital in Athens), colonized the coast of the seas. As you will see later, on the contrary, the "Greeks" encouraged on the shores of the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Islands, making up one of the nations of the Empire, and only from the 2nd century began the colonization of the territory of Greece.
At the place of Byzantium, the capital of the Romary Empire was built, the first Rome - Tsargrad. Italian Rome, the "Ancient" and the greatest, at the time did not have.
Let's think about whether the choice of places for the construction of the capitals? Look at the map. All the capital of Europe and the Mediterranean are located in the mouths of the largest rivers, on their shores and coasts of the seas. If someone thinks that the kings just wanted to live closer to fresh river or sea air, then let these thoughts leave. Rivers are the roads! You can't get lost on the river. On the river it is easy to get into the depths of the mainland, and the sea is access to other countries, this is information, trade and prosperity (in vain, Did Peter I "cut down the window" to Europe through the Baltic Sea? Although, frankly, Russia invalid access to Europe through the Northern Dvina).
Alexandria stands on Nile, the greatest river Africa. Paris on the River Seine, the length of which is 780 km, the pool area is almost 80 thousand square kilometers. London: Thames, Length 332 km on the plain, Width within London reaches 250 meters. And how many capitals on the Danube and his tributaries? The location of Constantinople (modern Istanbul) on the shores of the Bosphorus Strait is strikingly: access to all seas, to all surrounding countries on any shores!
No, in antiquity, the kings were chosen, where to be so much degrades. The capital arose and grew themselves, without asking the rulers.
Why is Rome, city of cities, the capital of the capitals, built on a non-good mountain river, thirty kilometers from the sea? And in order to get into it, I had to face the road in all directions!
The fact is that Rome was not the capital of the empire never, and could not be it. And in later times, when attempts were made to proclaim it with the center of the Empire, anything except Confucus, such attempts did not end. Rome was the residence of the Church, and only. Even he became the capital of Italy only in the XIX century. The cities standing in the political hierarchy are significantly higher than Rome, in Western Roman, that is, the Romance, the Empire, originated in the 9th century, were Naples Naples, Genoa, Venice. The capital of the Empire was generally in Germany - in Aachen.
Does it surprise you? But why? After all, if "Geermania" began in the West, "Jamani" began to sound, then she is still pronounced: Artikl and the name of He-Romania - Germany. And it is clear that it was the name of the basic state of the Empire, which gave him the surrounding peoples. After all, the Germans themselves are not called their country to Germany, but they say: Doychland.
Licinis Valery Licinian Licinium. Adopted by Diocletian Son of the Dafa peasant. Caesar, co-guide of Constantine Great. Fought with Konstantin and was defeated by them
So what kind of need was Romulus with Rem, fascinated by one Wolf in the VIII century before n. er, as the legend asserts, with pomp and noise to start the construction of the Rome capital? No. When starting construction, we note, Romulus killed Rem, and the example of this, what was the contagious? The Western Romanesque Empire, in turn, "killed" the eastern Romary Empire, having assisted her story.
Here we return to the Byzantine Emperor Konstantin to compare his story with the stories of Romulus and the Biblical Tsar Jerovoam I. There are too many coincidences in them! All three founded new capitals: Rome, Shem and Constantinople. Rome and Constantinople are named after their founders. After the "Romula era", the era of Jerovoama and the era of Constantine I had no other foundations of the capitals.
Each of them had a co-armor: Romulus - Brother Rem, Konstantin - Licinia, and Jerobaam - Rowama. Romula coitters and Konstantin died as a result of the fight against their kings; Jerovoam and Roveam were constantly fought.
With Romule and at Jerobaama, due to the lack of women, there was a threat of stopping the genus. And in that, in another case, to solve the problem of women, kidnapped by the neighbors. In the history of Rome, it was the famous "abduction of Sabineanok." The Bible describes the "abduction of the girls of Silsky" under Jerovoama. There are no messages about anything like in Constantine, but it is known that the army of the emperor when booking the city was completely male, and this abduction could well be.
Romulus was deified during his lifetime; Jeroboam - the founder of the largest religious movement; Konstantin, like Romulus, was deified during his lifetime (ranked holy) and, like Jeroboam, founded a major religious movement - Arianism.
With Konstantin, Vasily Great is born, the legends of which are identical to the legends about Jesus Christ - the Son of God. At Jerovoama, it begins to edit "King Asa", which is surprisingly reminding Vasily of the Great and Jesus.
Konstantin I closer than all to us by reign. We believe that two others are "written off" from it - Romulus Chronist Titus Libyam, and Jerovoam - the authors of the Bible.
Mitra and other gods
Traditionally it is believed that Diocletian was a tary supporter of God Mithra and a persecutor of early Christians. Is it contrary to the look that the empire was based on the idea of \u200b\u200bthe monotheism? No, it does not contradict, just as Christianity does not contradict the idea of \u200b\u200bthe monotheism.
Mithra - a man sent by the god-father to fight evil, having completed his feats on earth, crawling on the sky to his father to return to Earth on her last day. The cult has a rite of abamination from past sins when taking a convert, as well as the rite of sacred meal, when mitrants eat bread with wine diluted with water, remembering the last meal of his teacher with students and communicating to the Divine. Reacted asceticism, equality and fraternity.
The bas-relief, found in the underground grotto of the Capitol in Rome, called otherwise bas-relief Villa Borghese. He shows that Mitraism and Arianism is the same faith. Mitronese (Mithras) sacrifice the burnt constellation of the Taurus. At the top rushing in the chariots: the moon, in front of which the Bulletin carries an omitous torch of the night, and the Sun preceded by a messenger with a raised trigger of the day. Before sacrificing, the Taurus stands with the torches of the evening and morning dawn. Blood calves licks the dog - Sirius, at the bottom of the constellation Hydra, because of which the cancer peeks. Next - Crow Corvetse. Trees at the top represent the milky path. The Metronese himself represents Orion (Biblical "Arian", that is, "Arianan"). This is the usual view of the sky immediately after sunset in the summer solstice
The chronology of religions is confused at no less chronology of real history. For example, it is believed that Mitraism is ancient cult, as it is contained in the teaching of Zarathustra, and he allegedly lived during the fall of the biblical goggle kingdom. Meanwhile, the iconic inscriptions and the drawings of this religion indicate that the invincible miter, the God-sun, wins the bull (Taurus), that is, the astral meaning of the legend lies in the struggle of the Sun with the constellation of the Taurus. This allows you to unambiguously assert that the cult arose at the beginning of N. e. ONLY since then on the day of the spring equinox, the constellation of the Taurus "burns" in the rays of the evening dawn.
And it is at the beginning of N. e. Mitraism appeared in Europe, but did not come from the East, as historians say now, and only since then began to spread on the East.
Apparently, the name comes from the Jewish MTP, which means "irrigated", that is, "curated water." Thus, the ancient Mitreums scattered throughout Europe are simply baptized, similar to Catholic Baptisters.
Mitra's birthday - December 25 for the Julian account, a festive day - Sunday, called the Day of the Sun. "Mitraism was almost universal religion of Western Europe in the first centuries of the Christian era" (J. Robertson. "Pagan Christs"). It is necessary to believe the legend of the Mitre and the ritual of this cult, connecting with the real biography of Vasily the Great (about it - in the following chapters), and gave humanity the idea of \u200b\u200bChristianity.
Headdress of the Mitraist Supreme Priest - Tiara, or Mithra. This name has a headdress of Pope of Roman; Like the priests of Mithra, there is a Pope in red shoes and also heads the keys of "God-Rock", Peter.
"Treating" of mitraism from the ancient East to the early Middle Ages in Europe gives us another proof that the biblical goggle kingdom is nothing more than an analogue of the Romary Empire, shifted into the past chronologists.
This is confirmed by the Koran, which says that Aron, the brother of Bible Moses (Musa) - Uncle Jesus Christ, for his mother, Maria (Maryam) - their sister.
"That was said Angels:" Oh, Maryam! So, Allah pleases you the news of the word from him, whose name is Messiah - Yas, Son Maryam, Nice in the Middle and the last world and from the approximate "" (Sura 3/40).
"Oh, Maria, you made a deal unheard! Oh, sister Haruna ... "(Sura 19/28-29).
We still talk about the history of religion and its chronology in the chapter "Tree of Faith", here we will limit ourselves to some analogies.
So, with a Christian cult, the "Ancient Egyptian" cult of the goddess of Isisgue, whose fans have had their utilities, lunch, evening, strikingly reminiscent of the corresponding Catholic, and often Orthodox services. Here we are "... Resurrection of Oziris from the dead after a three-day stay of him in the coffin. He is depicted at the time of the resurrection, the uprising from the coffin ... Nearby, his wife and sister of Isis are standing with him. "
The gods of the "Ancient" Egypt. Left - Isis. Rights - gods with birds and animal heads. Down on the right - mountains. All in the hands of crosses. Egypt is considered a classic country country
A description of the five Egyptian bas-reliefs, traditionally dating from 1500 a year BC. e. (before the birth of Jesus):
"In the first picture, the Divine Bulletin is standing in front of the queen-Virgin meth-ve and gnawing that she will give birth to a son. On the second, there is someone who will be the father of the latter: the named Virgo and the Supreme Sunny God Ammon squeezes each other in love arms. The third picture complements and discloses the meaning of the previous one: immaculate conception from Divine Seed. The fourth picture shows the scene of the birth of the royal Godhead, and finally the fifth draws us a worship of a baby. Three cranked human figures welcome and bring her gifts "(N. Rumyantsev).
Not only in Egypt, but also in ancient India, Mesopotamia, the Christian crosses are widespread. Dionysis and Vakh - dying and resurrecting the Savior of Ancient Greece. In Buddha's biography, the mass of coincidences with the main evangelical myths.
"... who hopes to prove the difference between the death of Jesus from the kind of death of his low-depth relatives, who in Mary Magdaline and other Marys standing at the Cross and Coffin of the Savior can not learn the Indian, Maiami, Mariamma, Marital, Marianna, Mandanu, Marita - Mother "Messiah" Kira, "Great Mother" Pessinunt, Sorrow Semiramide, Mariam, Merrida, Merru, Mizhu (Merra) ... That albeit does not fall into religious and historical issues "(A. Tree).
Many and many cults distinguish it would be simply impossible - they are distinguished by dating, and coincidences explain borrowing. Probably, it is necessary to stop these children's "grooves" and finally the truth: traditional chronology is not true.
Notes:
Moral - Established on the experience of mankind rules serving the measure of the behavior of people and groups. Moral laws are valid laws. Ethics - Study of the general nature of morality and specific elections of moral solutions taken by a person in his relationship with other people. Human ethics is his personal matter. These are the moral solutions that a person chooses himself, without coercion (L. Ron Hubbard).