Or a coordinating conjunction. But - union

Unions- an auxiliary part of speech that allows you to connect homogeneous members of a sentence, components of a complex sentence, sentences in one paragraph, as well as several paragraphs in the text.

In the Russian language, a unified classification of conjunctions has been adopted according to several criteria:

• of Education;
• by structure;
• by the nature of syntactic relationships;
• by value.

Types of unions by education

According to the principle of education The following types of unions are distinguished:

• derivative conjunctions;
• non-derivative unions.

Derivative conjunctions, as a rule, are formed from other parts of speech. For example, the conjunction until then is formed by combining a preposition, a demonstrative pronoun and a plural noun.

Non-derivative conjunctions, unlike derivatives, by origin are in no way connected with other parts of speech and exist on their own. Examples: and, or, a, but, yes and etc.

Types of unions by structure

By structure unions are divided into two groups:

• simple conjunctions;
• compound unions.

Simple conjunctions consist of one word: and, or, a, but, while, although, etc.

Compound conjunctions, in turn, consist of two or more words that are written separated by a space: so far, since, while, as if.

Types of conjunctions according to syntactic features

By syntactic role in sentences, conjunctions are divided into:

• coordinating conjunctions;
• subordinating conjunctions.

Coordinating Conjunctions– conjunctions that connect equal elements: homogeneous members of a sentence, simple sentences as part of a compound sentence, sentences and paragraphs in the text. Examples of coordinating conjunctions are the conjunctions and, or, and, but, however, yes.

Subordinating conjunctions- conjunctions that, on the contrary, connect unequal syntactic elements, indicating the dependence of one element on another. They connect homogeneous and heterogeneous members of a sentence, simple sentences as part of a complex sentence, as well as sentences and paragraphs in the text. Examples: because, although, as if, if, in order etc.

Types of conjunctions by meaning

Coordinating conjunctions are divided into several types according to their meaning:

1. Connecting: and, and... and..., yes (meaning "and"), also, not only... but also...
2. Nasty: a, but, although, yes (meaning “but”), however, but.
3. Separating: or, either... or...
4. Explanatory: namely, that is.
5. Gradational: not so much... as..., not only... but also...
6. Connection: and, yes, also, also, and, besides.

Subordinating conjunctions are divided into:

1. Causal: because, since, for.
2. Temporary: while, while, then.
3. Target: so that, for the purpose of, in order to, in order to.
4. Conditional: if, if, if.
5. Investigative: So.
6. Explanatory: what, how, to.
7. Comparative: as if, as if, as if.

One of the important elements of speech in everyday life is conjunctions. In Russian, it is very difficult to communicate without them: after all, they are connecting elements in any text. With them, speech becomes more beautiful and varied.

Let's figure out what is meant by this term in our language. What words can be attributed to them, what are their functions.

Let's look at the types and categories of this part of speech and find out the main features. Let's draw up a plan for analyzing these words as a specific category of speech and do the analysis using a specific example.

Definition and functionality

The Russian language is rich in different types of helper words. One of these basic categories of speech is conjunctions.

The essence of this term is as follows: they can be called words that connect various repeating elements in a passage, its segments, several different sentences.

These are kind of linking words.

It is important to know: words of this category do not change and should not be elements (members) of a sentence!

Types of unions

The classification of such terms occurs, as a rule, in 3 directions. Let's look at each one separately.

According to syntactic features

These words connect fragments of compound or complex sentences. Let's look at each type separately.

Essays

They are also called compound ones. These words can only be used when linking equal fragments of a complex sentence.

Groups of coordinating words are distinguished, some of them are given in the table.

Subordinates

They are used as follows - one fragment of a complex sentence is subordinate to another. These segments are considered subordinate clauses.

The following groups of such words are distinguished.

Sometimes elements of subtype 7 can easily be confused with explanatory and other categories of this service category of speech. To avoid confusion, clarifying questions should be asked.

According to morphological characteristics

They are divided as simply as the previous type into:

• simple (one word) – a, and, but, etc.;
• compound (several words) – not only, but also; and others.

Moreover, the latter are also divided into 2 categories: double and repeating. Most often, the second type is a subtype of the first.

Doubles can be attributed to: if...yes, when...then...; and for repeating ones - this...that, neither...nor...

By word formation

According to how they are formed, they can be divided into:

• non-derivative – occurred independently of other categories;
• derivatives - formed from words of other categories.

The following types of the latter variety of words are distinguished:

• a combination of several words of this category of type 1;
• decree. word ch. sentence member + simple conjunction;
• word of this category + generalizing link;
• historical education.

Algorithm for parsing a conjunction as a part of speech

How to find and determine the nature of conjunctions in any text is written either in a reference book, or in a textbook or collection.

An example of analysis according to the specified plan

We were preparing a scene to perform well at a regional theater competition. In order to there was variety, we included dance, literature, games in the concert program And musical numbers. Hope, What we will perform well.

For clarity, the search terms are highlighted.

• To

1. Union – connects members of the SPP;
2. Subordinating, simple, derivative.

• In order to

1. Union – connects members of the SPP;
2. Subordinating, compound, derivative.

1. Union - connects one. SPP members;
2. Cogent, simple, non-derivative.

1. Union – connects members of the SPP;
2. Subordinating, simple, non-derivative.

Conclusion

We learned what types of conjunctions are divided into, how coordinating and subordinating conjunctions differ, and what subtypes they are divided into. The result will be a table characterizing this part of speech.

Unions

Conjunctions are function words that express syntactic relationships between members of a sentence, parts of a complex sentence and individual sentences:

The stars are fading And go out.

The coachmen tied up the bells, to the ringing did not attract the attention of the guards.

The intention to find his son did not leave him. But it ripened in fits and starts—then the heart would ache, then it would quiet down and be forgotten.

Unions occupy a strictly defined place in a sentence, but are not members of the sentence.

In the semantics of conjunctions, as in the semantics of prepositions, lexical and grammatical meanings are combined.

Civil Law of Unions- this is their general indication of the connection between syntactic units, the nature of the syntactic connection between them. According to civil law, conjunctions are divided into coordinating and subordinating.

LZ unions– this is an indication of specific types of syntactic relations (adjunctive, adversative, etc.).

Among the unions there are also those that have only one LZ, i.e. single digit ( So - relations of consequence), and those that have several LPs, i.e. multi-valued. For example, union Yes may have the following meanings:

connecting ( Day and night - a day away);

Connection ( I was walking alone, and at night);

Opposite ( The eye sees, but the tooth numbs).

I. Coordinating conjunctions by meaning are divided into:

Connecting ( and, yes, and...and, neither...nor, also, also);

Nasty ( but, ah, yes, but, nevertheless, nevertheless, however);

Dividing ( either, or, or... either, or... or, then... then, not that... not that, either... or);

Comparative ( both... and, not only... but also);

Connecting ( and, yes and, yes and then);

Explanatory ( that is, somehow, or, namely).

II. Subordinating conjunctions by value are divided into:

Temporary ( until, barely, only, only, after, since, before);

Explanatory ( what, to, as if);

Target ( in order to);

Causal ( because, since, for, in view of the fact that, due to the fact that);

Conditional ( if, if, once, if only, when, how soon);

Concessive ( although, let, let, otherwise, for nothing, meanwhile, despite the fact that);

Comparative ( as if, as if, as if, exactly);

Consequences ( so, to the point that).

Types of unions by structure

(Russian grammar, vol. 1)

§ 1673. According to their structure, all unions are divided into simple(single word) and composite(non-verbal).

Simple conjunctions: A, anyhow(simple) as much(simple) en(outdated and simple), good(colloquial), will(outdated and simple), as if, like, Yes, so that(obsolete), even, barely, if(outdated and simple), If, same, And, for(book), or, So, if only(simple) How, How­ That, When, if And stake(simple and outdated), whether, or, than(book), But, Bye, for now(simple) as long as(simple) because the, let him(colloquial), let, once, isn't it, smooth(simple) that is to say(old) as if, So, Also, Same, exactly, though, Although, how, purely(simple) What, so that, to, a little(colloquial), supposedly(book and outdated).

This also includes a group of words that act as analogues of conjunctions in a sentence: in addition(in addition), (besides) (colloquial), after all, or rather, however, comes out(hence)(colloquial), Further, further, more(Besides), then(further), (in addition), but, Means, exactly, otherwise, By the way, only, finally, vice versa, For example, against, however, especially, Then(in addition)(colloquial), That's why, That's why, Truth, besides, and, Just, quicker(or rather), (more precisely) hence, actually(exactly), Now(further), (in addition)(colloquial), Then(in that case), only, more precisely.

§ 1676. Compound (non-word) conjunctions in their structure they represent incompletely formed compounds of two or more elements, each of which simultaneously exists in the language and as a separate word.

A) The formation of most compound conjunctions involves simple polysemantic conjunctions ( And, What, how, How, When, to, If, only).

All parts of speech are usually divided into independent and auxiliary. The first ones are the most important.

They represent the basis of linguistic diversity. The latter perform an auxiliary function. This includes unions. In Russian, they serve as connectives. There are also special rules for their use. In addition, such parts of speech can be divided into types. What are conjunctions in Russian? You will find the answer to this question below.

What are unions?

In the Russian language, this part of speech is intended to connect as well as parts and at the same time express semantic relationships between them.

Unlike related prepositions, conjunctions are not assigned to any case. All of them are classified on different grounds. Thus, according to their structure, unions are divided into two types: simple and compound. The first ones consist of one word (or, too), while the second ones consist of several words since).

Main classification

There is one more reason on which conjunctions in the Russian language are divided into types. The table fully reveals the essence of this classification.

In addition, all conjunctions can be divided into non-derivative (and, as) and derivatives, that is, formed from other parts of speech (despite).

Punctuation points

There are special rules according to which it is determined whether any punctuation mark needs to be applied or not. As a rule, we are most often talking about a comma. It is always placed before the conjunction, but never after.

It should be noted that, despite the similarity of some parts of speech, the same rules cannot be applied to them. Thus, the conjunctions and prepositions that pepper the Russian language, although they have much in common, are still characterized differently. Let's return to the rules established directly for the part of speech that interests us. So, a comma before conjunctions is needed if they are adversative (“She didn’t get angry, but even screamed”), paired (“It will either snow or rain”) or subordinate (“I will come if you you will call"). In addition, this punctuation mark is needed if it separates parts of a complex sentence (“Spring has come and the starlings have arrived”). If the conjunction connects homogeneous members, then a comma is not required (“Green and blue balls rushed into the sky”). These are the general rules for using this part of speech in writing. If, when writing, there is a comma before the conjunction, then a pause should be made at this point in the speech.

According to their syntactic function, i.e., depending on whether they formalize coordinating or subordinating relationships, conjunctions are either coordinating or subordinating.

Essays conjunctions serve to connect syntactically equal units (homogeneous members of a sentence, parts of a complex sentence).

By value, i.e. According to the nature of the relationships they express, coordinating conjunctions are divided into:

1) connecting, expressing the enumeration relation: and, yes(in meaning And), and... and, neither... nor, too, also: The farm was spread out far to the side, and near the pier there was such silence as happens in deserted places only in the dead of autumn and at the very beginning of spring;

2) adversative, expressing relations of opposition, inconsistency, difference: a, but, yes, however, same, but, otherwise: Birches are all more were burning, but they too crumbled, quietly dropping the last leaves in their sleep, of which there were many lying around each birch;

3) dividing, expressing relations of mutual exclusion, alternation of actions, phenomena, signs: or, or, whether... or, then... then, or... or, not that... not that: In the evenings Taras Semenovich either read aloud some book or told fairy tales;

4) explanatory, expressing explanatory relations: exactly, namely, that is, or(in meaning that is)like that and etc.: Recognizing oneself is usually a slow process, sometimes stretching over decades, connected and even to a certain extent conditioned by recognition of others, that is, life experience that does not come soon;

5) connecting, expressing relations of addition, i.e., serving to attach words, phrases and sentences containing additional remarks not provided for in the original plan of the statement: yes and, also, and also, too etc. (other coordinating conjunctions are also used in the connecting meaning): Over tea, my uncle ordered me to sort out my warehouse in the hay, and also go to the janitor so that she could clean the dishes, wash the floor and put the apartment in order..

Subordinates conjunctions serve to connect syntactically unequal units (the main and subordinate parts of a complex sentence, less often - members of a simple sentence) and to express certain semantic relationships between them.

According to semantic criteria, subordinating conjunctions are divided into:

1) temporary: when, as soon as, as soon as, barely, barely, just, only, before, since then, until, until, after and etc.: They had barely set sail when water began to flow like a fountain from the rotten bottom in different places.;

2) explanatory: what, in order, how: The forest was still packed with people, and no matter how many of them were sent under command in different directions, it seemed that they would never disperse;

3) causal: since, because, because, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, in view of the fact that, because, in connection with the fact that, due to the fact that and etc.: I mumbled something and quickly disappeared, because Vaska’s case was partly my fault.;

4) consequences: so: Two arshins of snow fell, so the horse drowned in it;

5) comparative: as, as if, as if, exactly, just like and etc.: A moment later we were racing as fast as if the car had a jet engine installed.;

6) concessionary: although, let it be, let it be, despite the fact that and etc.: No, he was not thinking now about being with his division there, in the very center of the earthquake shaking the plains of southern Russia, but, although his mind was intractable to such thoughts, his heart felt the solemn and terrible tremors coming from there;

7) conditional: if, if, if, if only, once and etc.: If you love, you are crazy, if you threaten, you are serious, if you argue, then you are bold.;

8) targeted: so that, in order to, then in order to and etc.: Sasha pinned an agricultural exhibition badge on his jacket so that everyone could see that he had visited Moscow.

Particles

The class of particles combines unchangeable non-nominal (functional) words, which, firstly, participate in the formation of morphological forms of words and sentence forms with different meanings of unreality (motivation, convention); secondly, they express a wide variety of subjective-modal characteristics and assessments of the message or its individual parts; thirdly, they participate in expressing the purpose of the message (interrogativeness), as well as in expressing affirmation or negation; fourthly, they characterize an action or state by its course over time, by the completeness or incompleteness, effectiveness or ineffectiveness of its implementation. The listed functions of particles are grouped, on the one hand, into functions of shape formation, and on the other hand, into functions of various communicative characteristics of a message. What all these functions have in common is that in all cases they contain the meaning of a relationship: either the relationship (relatedness) of an action, a state, or a whole message to reality, or the relationship of the speaker to the communicated, and both of these types of relationships are very often combined in the meaning of one particle . The meaning of a particle as a separate word is the relationship that it expresses in a sentence.

A characteristic feature of many particles is that in their structure and functions they are close to adverbs, conjunctions or interjections and cannot always be strictly opposed to them; in many cases the particles also come close to the parent words.