What are memorable places for? Why is it necessary to preserve cultural monuments? (Unified State Exam in Russian)

Even at the dawn of civilization. Scientists still find the oldest stone statues, created by primitive sculptures and still causing questions and controversy about who or what they are. One thing does not cause controversy - all images of fictional or real creatures had a cult significance. The first monuments were created as objects of worship, they were attributed to magical supernatural powers. Later, deceased leaders and respected members of tribes and ancient communities began to be endowed with magical powers. People began to create monuments for perpetuation and exaltation. This function is saved and. Statues depicting military leaders, rulers of states or great writers can be seen in any country. The grateful pay tribute to the talents or heroism of their great compatriots. But in the history of mankind, monuments were erected not only to the dead, but also to living people. The cult of a living person and his deification were especially pronounced in ancient Egypt. Pharaohs built tombs for themselves and erected theirs next to the statues of their many. This tradition was later taken up by emperors in the ancient world. Monuments to them were erected during their lifetime, and emperors could enjoy divine honors and glorifications of their merits even before their inevitable departure to another world. However, the passion for exaltation of their own person among the greats of this world can be observed even today. Lifetime monuments were erected to Kim Ser In, Stalin, Turkmenbashi Niyazov, Mao, and the full list is not limited to these names. As a rule, the initiative to erect monuments to the glorified person came from that person himself or his faithful associates. Many sociologists consider the presence of monuments to healthy people as one of the proofs of an unhealthy society and a totalitarian system in the country. With the development of society, monuments became more and more diverse. Not only people, but also animals began to receive the honor of being immortalized in bronze and marble. There are monuments to rescue animals who died in the service. For example, in Paris there is a monument to St. Bernard Barry, who saved the lives of people caught in an avalanche. In Japan, you can see a monument to dog loyalty. It was erected in honor of the dog Hachiko, who came daily for several years and waited for the arrival of his deceased master. In many European cities, there has recently been a tendency to erect unusual and funny monuments. In Washington, there is a monument to people standing in line, in Bratislava, you can see a monument to a plumber sticking his head out of a sewer manhole, and in Paris, take a picture next to a monument to a finger. Such structures do not have any important social function, they are made for mood, decoration of the city and attract the attention of tourists. Human memory is short, life goes on as usual and new ones are constantly appearing. Monuments do not allow humanity to forget about the most important milestones in its history, about people and events that we would like to always remember.

Seeing in the news an article about the planned referendum in the capital on the return of the monument to "Iron Felix" to Lubyanka, I decided to speculate with the readers about what monuments we need and why.

This topic is important and relevant, since it is directly related to the preservation of historical memory among the people, and therefore to the national self-identification of a person. And if you look very deeply, then the successes of the future development of our Fatherland are related to how well we are able to learn the lessons of the past.

What is a monument and what role does it play?

If you turn to Yandex and type the word “monument” in the search line, you get the full impression that there are no monuments other than tombstones ... Therefore, before we start reasoning, let's remember what types of monuments there are in general and why monuments are generally needed.

So, the purpose of the monument is rooted in its name. Monuments are needed in order to remember or, as the encyclopedia says, to “perpetuate people, events, objects, sometimes animals, literary and cinematographic characters, etc. In addition to performing an objective historical function, many monuments also carry a political load, being objects of fundamental propaganda. ".

And the monuments can be made not only in the form of sculptures, busts or sculptural groups, but also in the form of abstract compositions, bas-reliefs, commemorative plaques, triumphal arches, obelisks and columns.

Thus, monuments can look very different, and are not always dedicated to a specific person, but their presence does not allow us to forget about something or someone important.

Why a monument? Let's write a book / shoot a movie!

The monument, first of all, takes its visibility.

Yes, if we watch a movie about an event, phenomenon or person of interest to us, then we get stronger impressions. Visual images, put in the correct order, evoke a storm of emotions in us and are imprinted in our minds.

And if we read a book or an article about what interested us, then we get much more information than a sculpture could give us - a three-dimensional picture with a whole heap of nuances, dates, opinions.

But the monument is valuable to others. The fact that he is here and now. You must first find out about a good film or book. And the bust of the honored marshal, if we are driving around the city in a bus or walking with friends and suddenly bump into him, immediately makes us remember the war in which he participated, the era in which he lived. Quite often, this encourages us to better study the history of our own country.

Moreover, the monument is a work of art. Thanks to the movements nested by the sculptors and accompanying attributes created by them, we read intelligence, courage and determination in Rurik, and in Pirogov, his philanthropy and readiness for self-sacrifice.

And the monument, as a rule, is much more durable than other elements of culture. A bronze or concrete figure can stand for centuries, and with a favorable coincidence of circumstances, even a millennium.

Who will we remember?

There are several answers to this question. Some people believe that only individuals, events and values ​​that they revered are worthy of perpetuation, and that what they consider to be wrong should be firmly forgotten. Accordingly, if I am a monarchist, we erect a monument to Peter the Great, and we demolish and rent all the leaders of the revolution, and if I am a communist, we destroy the sculptures of the henchmen of tsarism.

Is it correct? I think not! Today there is only one ideology. Tomorrow is different. And forty years later - the fifteenth. And if we, guided by the current moment, will demolish everyone, then it will not be enough to make new memorials for sculptors. It is easier then, as the satirist Zadornov suggested, to make monuments with unscrewing heads ... For the sake of economy.

Who can be raised in such impermanence? Fitters? Ivanov, not remembering kinship? What will society be like? Torn apart into many groups that hate each other?

There are also those who oppose any social conflicts. These people urge to erect monuments to those people whose personalities do not cause heated public debate: defenders of the Motherland, such as Suvorov or Alexander Nevsky, pioneers such as Fedot Popov or Grigory Shelekhov, doctors, scientists, poets.

Not a bad offer in its own way. If you do not take into account the fact that there are not very many such unambiguously indisputable persons in history and that you need to remember not only the good, but also the bad. Otherwise, it will not be possible to draw full-fledged lessons from the past and we will constantly suffer from "hap-handedness."

In addition, by studying the activities of contradictory personalities, we acquire the skill of reasoning, which allows us to take good from them without bad and better navigate the affairs of our powerful contemporaries.

Finally, there is a third position. It is occupied by scientists-historians and those people who observe the general world development. They see that the most successful developing countries today, such as Britain, France, Japan or China, are not at war with the past.

In a situation where the monuments of various past eras peacefully coexist with each other, the inhabitants of these states get an integral idea of ​​the path of their country, begin to respect its multifaceted culture and do not purse their lips in disgust when they hear about "traditions" and "folk".

Probably, this is exactly what we should do. Erect monuments to those to whom they have not yet been erected, leave those that stand and restore those that were destroyed by someone.

Public discussion.

In general, the tradition of recent years, according to which a public discussion of proposed public initiatives is initiated, is good and necessary. Discussion allows taking into account the interests of most of the society and avoiding unnecessary tension in it.

In any case, the people are the suzerain of our state, and it is their opinion about who, where and which one should erect a monument, and in general, whether the person represented is worthy of the monument, should be decisive.

Therefore, the initiative of the Moscow authorities on a local referendum on the possible return of the Dzerzhinsky monument to Lubyanka can only be welcomed. Let the residents of the capital decide whether they need him there or not.

The main thing in perpetuating certain figures is to observe proportion. There are really too many monuments in our country, for example, to Lenin. No offense to the communists.

But instead of dismantling them, as they are doing now in Ukraine, it is better to take a different path and erect a proportional number of monuments to Russian tsars, Stalin, chroniclers, saints, diplomats, first printers, heroes of socialist labor ...

Our country is large enough to provide space for monuments for dozens of future generations.

Which monuments are more important right now?

Naturally, monuments to the founders of the Russian state. This is the answer to any reasonable person if he remembers that the monument is also an instrument for promoting state ideology, as well as the urgent need for some kind of unifying platform right now, when Russia is in a state of serious external pressure.

Of course, you can return Felix Edmundovich to his historical place, if everyone really wants it. Country resources allow.

But the monuments to Prince Vladimir, who baptized Russia and determined its civilizational choice for millennia, to the princes Rurik and Oleg, who united the disparate lands of the Slavs into a single state, are now much more priority and relevant.

In recent years, many monuments to saints, war heroes, Christian and patriotic symbols have been erected. Monuments are installed by the people. This means that Christianity and patriotism are the values ​​that are closest to him. The state must take into account and respect this choice.

Already in ancient times, the rulers were well aware of the influence of monumental structures on the consciousness and psyche of people. Monuments with their grandeur give an emotional charge, inspire respect for the history of their country, help preserve a significant past. They are designed to instill in citizens a sense of pride in their ancestors. Sometimes monuments are erected to living people who have distinguished themselves with something good. Very little time will pass, and eyewitnesses of the Great Patriotic War will not survive. The presence of the monument, which tells about the feat of the Russian people, will allow the descendants not to forget about these years. In any locality in our country, you can find stone evidence of this cruel pore. There is an invisible connection between monuments and society. The historical and cultural environment, of which the monuments are a part, influence the formation of the world outlook of each inhabitant. In addition, historical and cultural monuments are information that is needed to predict future processes. Science, using such archaeological material as monuments, not only reconstructs what happened in the past, but also makes predictions. Architecturally, monuments help to organize the space, play the role of a visual center of public space. For an objective understanding of cultural and historical processes in society, it is important to preserve monuments. The attitude towards them is determined by the position of society towards its past and can be manifested by ignorance, care and deliberate destruction. It depends on many factors - on the level of education and culture of the population, the dominant ideology, the position of the state towards its cultural heritage, the political structure, and the economic state of the country. The higher the education, culture, economy of a society, the more humane its ideology, the more consciously it relates to its historical and cultural heritage.

There are so many monuments in the world! Grateful humanity has erected magnificent structures in honor of the deceased just rulers, brilliant musicians and poets. In the prehistoric era, the heads of state did not want to wait for their own death and erected monuments to themselves during their lifetime. Monuments are erected in cemeteries and in the center of city squares. Why do people in all countries and at all times do this?

Humanity began to bet at the dawn of civilization. Scientists still find the oldest stone statues, created by primitive sculptures and still causing questions and controversy about who or what they are. One thing does not cause controversy - all images of fictional or real creatures had a cult significance. The first monuments were created as objects of worship, they were attributed to magical supernatural powers. Later, deceased leaders and respected members of tribes and ancient communities began to be endowed with magical powers. People began to create monuments for perpetuation and exaltation. This function is saved and. Statues depicting military leaders, rulers of states or great writers can be seen in any country. The grateful pay tribute to the talents or heroism of their great compatriots. But in the history of mankind, monuments were erected not only to the dead, but also to living people. The cult of a living person and his deification were especially pronounced in ancient Egypt. Pharaohs built tombs for themselves and erected theirs next to the statues of their many. This tradition was later taken up by emperors in the ancient world. Monuments to them were erected during their lifetime, and emperors could enjoy divine honors and glorifications of their merits even before their inevitable departure to another world. However, the passion for exaltation of their own person among the greats of this world can be observed even today. Lifetime monuments were erected to Kim Ser In, Stalin, Turkmenbashi Niyazov, Mao, and the full list is not limited to these names. As a rule, the initiative to erect monuments to the glorified person came from that person himself or his faithful associates. Many sociologists consider the presence of monuments to healthy people as one of the proofs of an unhealthy society and a totalitarian system in the country. With the development of society, monuments became more and more diverse. Not only people, but also animals began to receive the honor of being immortalized in bronze and marble. There are monuments to rescue animals who died in the service. For example, in Paris there is a monument to St. Bernard Barry, who saved the lives of people caught in an avalanche. In Japan, you can see a monument to dog loyalty. It was erected in honor of the dog Hachiko, who for several years came daily to

Every person should know about the place where he was born, lives. In a large country, every person has a small corner - a village, a street, a house where he was born. This is his little homeland. And our common great homeland consists of many such small native corners.

We live in a small town, but do we know our city? How do we relate to its cultural heritage?

There are many monuments in our city, but people know little about their history, that not all monuments are known to the inhabitants of our city and they know even less about the events in honor of which these monuments were erected. Why?Why are monuments erected in cities?What is the significance of the monument in our life?

People pass by, rush on business. It's just that the townspeople do not notice things that seem common to them, but in fact are fraught with tremendous cultural and historical value. Our city is associated with many great events and interesting people. There are many structures that keep the memory of these events and people. These include sculptural monuments, busts, pedestals, memorial plaques and steles that immortalize the heroic efforts and sacrifices of soldiers on the fronts and home front workers in the years of past wars, and theirwe have a considerable amount.

People should know and remember the history and heroes of their city in order tolearn to respect ancestors and remember what, in turn, will be needed for their descendants. Everyone begins to learn responsibility - moral responsibility to the people of the past and at the same time to the people of the future. "

All these objects can have a category of federal, regional or local historical and cultural significance.

Our monuments

There are many historical buildings in our city that are attraction his.

http://www.timerime.com/en/timeline/3258748/+/

Output. During the work, we learned that our city has a large cultural heritage, represented by architectural monuments. They give a special look and historical flavor to the city.

Only by learning a little more about the city, architecture and society, we will be able to form a competent society capable of taking responsibility for the urban space and by joint efforts will preserve our cultural heritage.

Without knowing the past or neglecting it, one can live life without becoming a real person, conscious of responsibility for the past and future of the Earth.

As paradoxical as it sounds, it is precisely by meeting with the culture of the past that we can feel the breath of the future. That future, when the value of art and humanity will be clear and undoubted for everyone.

Why are monuments needed? Probably, to understand and appreciate your country, its history, to respect yourself for being a part of something big, important, to value and protect our common achievements.

Why are monuments needed? In order to educate citizens, especially young people, a sense of pride in their ancestors, for their state, the willingness to defend it with arms in hand in the event of an enemy attack. Monuments should give rise to pride in ancestors ...

The Romans said that art is eternal and life is short. Fortunately, this is not entirely true, because immortal art is created by people. And it is in our power to preserve the immortality of mankind.

It must be remembered thatwaste of cultural property is irreplaceable and irreversible.

Useinova Zemfira

WHY PLACE MONUMENTS

¨Monument - what does this word mean ?! In it, the main part is memory, that is, it is a figure, a tile that helps us remember a person, an animal or an event in the future.

¨ Monuments were invented in Ancient Rome in order not to forget a person after death, to preserve his memory for "years", for "centuries."

¨ Monuments are different, for example, monuments of medieval architecture, landscape gardening, natural monuments, cultural heritage, people who distinguished themselves in something good, accomplished a feat; monuments to writers, artists, composers, military leaders, statesmen; the first steam locomotive, tram, traffic light, water supply, sparrow, movie stars, movie heroes. There are technical monuments - these are tanks, cannons, machine guns, airplanes ...

¨ I think the most significant monuments were erected to people who saved our ancestors: grandmothers, grandfathers, mothers and fathers during the war, thanks to which we can breathe freely, walk, study - just live and grow ...

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The work was prepared by: student of BOSH # 2, 3rd grade Useinova Zemfira, scientific supervisor: Osmanova G.R.

prepare an informational material and a presentation on the topic "Why are monuments erected", which can be used in history lessons and in class hours. Why are monuments erected? Monument - what does this word mean ?! In it, the main part is memory, that is, it is a figure, a tile that helps us remember a person, an animal or an event in the future. Monuments were invented in Ancient Rome so as not to forget a person after death, to preserve his memory for "years", for "centuries." Monuments are different, for example, monuments of medieval architecture, landscape gardening, natural monuments, cultural heritage, people who distinguished themselves in something good, accomplished a feat .; monuments to writers, artists, composers, military leaders, statesmen; the first steam locomotive, tram, traffic light, water supply, sparrow, movie stars, movie heroes. There are technical monuments - these are tanks, cannons, machine guns, airplanes ... I think the most significant monuments were erected to people who saved our ancestors: grandmothers, grandfathers, mothers and fathers during the war, thanks to which we can breathe freely, walk, study - simply live and grow ... To preserve the memory of people - heroes, important events in the life of the country, the people, to know its history, we must protect the monuments: lay flowers on them, and most importantly, we must remember and be worthy of them. To preserve the memory of people - heroes, important events in the life of the country, the people, to know its history, we must protect the monuments: lay flowers at them, and most importantly, we must remember and be worthy of them ourselves.

In Alupka, on one of the park alleys, there is a monument to the twice Hero of the Soviet Union Ametkhan Sultan, a fighter pilot and a cruise missile tester. Flowers grow at the foot of the monument. The flow of people does not end here: many honor the memory of an outstanding person. In appearance, he, Ametkhan, is no different from others, but legends were made about him during his lifetime, he was unusually gifted by nature, flew like God. They say he felt the plane, was very brave and brave. Even a planet is named in honor of this ace pilot. We owe life and peace to people like Ametkhan Sultan. This monument instills in us some kind of strength, the confidence that everything will be fine if we grow up even a little bit like those who defended our peaceful clear blue sky. The hero city of Sevastopol is itself as a monument to all those who died in its defense. Here, every inch of the earth is watered with the blood of its defenders. Brigu "Mercury" There are many monuments in the city. For example, the brig "Mercury" glorifying the feat in the name of the Fatherland Monument to Nakhimov Admiral Nakhimov, Admiral Ushakov Monuments to the 1st - 4 bastions, the steamer "Vesta", Suvorov - the great Russian commander, Memorial of the heroic defense of the city of Sevastopol Memorial of the heroic defense of the city of Sevastopol in 1941-1942 ... These monuments tell us about people who stood to death, not allowing the enemy to enter their native land.

The memory of people who have passed away must find a corner in the heart of each of us, we, grandchildren and great-grandchildren, must know about those who will never come ... My grandmother often talks about my grandfather's father, Rejepov Usein, he is my great-grandfather, participant of the Great Patriotic War, was drafted to the front from Simferopol, participated in the defense of the hero city of Sevastopol. He, an ordinary soldier under enemy fire, brought shells to the defensive bastions. No one thought about heroism in the war, everyone felt with his heart that he would die, but he would not surrender to the enemy, he would stand to the end, with his body he would cover the path to the enemy. Such was my great-grandfather, he was wounded in battle, crawling and dragging a box with shells. He was seriously wounded, was treated for a long time in hospitals, and was declared unfit for military service. My great-grandfather never recovered from his wounds, he was awarded the Order of Glory of the 3rd degree, the Jubilee Victory medals. Our family remembers the sergeant of the Great Patriotic War, Rejepov Usein, this is my great-grandfather, we are proud of him, the memory of him will be passed on from generation to generation. “Tell your children about them so that they will remember! Tell the children of children about them so that they will also remember! ... ". because "... It is not necessary for the dead. It is necessary for the living!"

In Crimea, there are many churches, cathedrals, temples - these are all monuments that have come down to us from time immemorial, but we must protect them so that the next generations could admire their beauty, study their history.

I am interested in the monuments of the cultural heritage of the Crimean Tatars. In every city, village, you can get to know them - this is the Genoese fortress in Sudak, the Swallow's Nest, the Livadia Palace, the Chembala fortress in Balaklava and, of course, the historical sights of my hometown of Bakhchisarai, which is flooded with outstanding antiquities. Khan's Palace You cannot pass by the beautiful Khan's palace, immersed in greenery. It is full of secrets and mysteries. Here, within the walls of the palace, in its courtyard, we can learn about the history of the life of the Crimean khans Gireyev. Zyndzhirli Madrasah And next to the tomb of the Crimean khans, the Muslim school "Zyndzhirli madrasah" was built 5 centuries ago. Everyone who entered bent down under a chain hanging over the door - he, as it were, bowed his knees before science and knowledge, showing reverence and respect for this temple of knowledge. Young men who graduated from school were admitted to this university. They studied mathematics, Arabic and Turkish languages, learned to compose poems, studied the Koran. The madrasah trained priests, teachers, statesmen. This monument of antiquity can tell us how children from the villages were drawn to knowledge, and, of course, it is a monument as a reproach, a reproach to those who do not need knowledge.