Birthday of Dostoevsky Fedor Mikhailovich. Biography and creativity Dostoevsky

He said: "Stay on some bright points in your life, keep them, and then you will have everything well in life." The great-grandfather Dmitry Dostoevsky shared the stories about such "bright points" of his life, and also about the representatives of the famous kind, the power of maternal prayer and a miracle of his healing at the Old Russian icon of the Mother of God.

About the parish to faith and victory over cancer

To faith I was pushed the disease. When I was 25 years old, I found cancer. There was an operation, then for half a year I lay in the oncology center on Tchaikovsky Street in Leningrad, where he passed a course of chemotherapy. I, as I could, fought with this disease.

I was lucky for the operation without any preliminary preparation, and I told the doctors: "Why so? I'm afraid". I'm answered: "In your direction it is written:" Cito ". Do you know what "Cito" is? This is Latin means "immediately", "urgent." We want to save you. " I say: "Well, well, save." That is, at that moment it was about life and death.

Mystically, at this moment, a translator from Japan, who worked on the translation of Dostoevsky was turned out to be a mystical way. Japan was then one of the most advanced countries in the production of cancer drugs. My mother, now the deceased, appealed to him with a letter, in which she asked to save the descendant of Dostoevsky (then I was transferred to the museum to the museum). When I literally a week later (in the Soviet Time!) I brought a box with a medicine of the head of our department, she did not believe that this is possible: "This medicine we ordered through Moscow! You were not listed. And after a week you bring this medicine! " And I am with great pride said: "Well, I am Dostoevsky, descendant Fedor Mikhailovich, who knows all over the world. Therefore, it is natural that the whole world is ready to help me further live. "

According to my mother's prayer, I did not die from cancer, stayed alive

This is on the one hand. And the other is connected with my mom, which after 50 years after her baptism went to the church to extract the life of the Son. I believe that the second reason that I stayed is alive is the prayer of my mother. She forgot everything that he should do in the temple, and just as a mother turned to God: "Lord! Save my son! Leave him alive! " In order for the Lord to help you, I need faith and soul, direct appeal to God. He helped me, and more than once.

Personally, I was able to defeat the cancer twice. Believe me, it's not so afraid of damn it, like his little. It is only necessary to not lower your hands and not be afraid, but to believe that you can win. At the same time, it is necessary not to wait for the symptoms - poor well-being and pain (after all, the tumor itself does not hurt), but to be checked, at least once a year. My victories are based on the fact that I discovered my sores on time.

It is also important not to leave a person one on one with this formidable disease, maintaining in his faith that he will cope. But no less important and most patient to be in a positive tone and it is during this period to do what he likes. My experience says to me that the forces of the organism itself under these conditions work to cure. So I always wish everyone good health!

"God healed me from a peptic ulcer of the Old Russian Icons"

In Staray Russa, "Dostoevsky readings" regularly pass, and many years of their spiritually bumps Metropolitan Novgorod and Old Russian Lion. According to the long-established tradition, older readings begin with Divine Liturgy in the temple, one of the most ancient Staroral temples. Fyodor Mikhailovich was a parishioner of this temple.

I felt that I would need to approach this icon. I go - and suddenly I fill with tears ...

For me, this is a special temple. In Staray Russa, I started terrible pain because local water is completely different than Leningrad. Because of his illness, I suffered scary. And suddenly one day something led me to the St. George Church. Grandmothers prescribed the floor, the service was not. I understood the mind that I came here not on time that there is no one from the praying here, only I am alone. And at that moment, the heart was directed at this moment to the miraculous old-Russian icon of the Mother of God. I felt that I would need to approach her. I fell. There is a certain catharsis. I, an adult man, and suddenly pour into tears ... I'm leaving the church, without understanding what happened to me.

Passed day. And suddenly I discovered that there is no pain that I am absolutely healthy and even feel the rise in the strength. I stay on this day, I listen to reports. The day after the reports, the readings and a banquet occur on which the entire administration of the old Russa is present. All in some perplexity: "Dmitry Andreevich, you finally visited our farewell banquet. It is so pleasant!" Since then, I seemed to be this disease and there was no.

At 45, that is, in a fairly mature age, I was baptized in Staraya Russa, where my 60th anniversary was noted. So it was in Old Rousse that my healing happened, and one of the most important events of my life is baptism. For the blessing of the priests of the St. George Temple, I'm everywhere and everywhere I talk about my healing miracle from peptic ulcer. And I am very happy when people are suitable for me and say: "You know, the same thing happened to me as with you." Not only from diseases they were healed, but other life problems were resolved after prayer from the Old Russian icon of the Mother of God. They try to come to this icon to come all believers who will bring to visit the Old Rousse.

She was brought by Greeks from Olviopol in the first centuries of Christianity in Russia and was in Old Rousse until the XVII century. During the seaside ulcers of 1655, the resident of Tikhvin was a revelation that the MIR ceases if the miraculous old-circuit icon will bring there, and the Tikhvin Icon will be sent to the old RUSSU. After transferring the icons, the MIR ceased, but the Tikhvinians did not return the image and only in the XVIII century were allowed to remove the copy from the old-circuit icon. On May 4, 1768, the copy was brought to the old RUSSU, in honor of which the festival was established. The second holiday date is celebrated on September 18, 1888, when a script was returned to the old RUSSU. This year will be 130 years since this historical event.

Children and grandchildren of Fedor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky

My mother, born until 1917, as all Russian people, was baptized. But she perceived Soviet reality already as some kind of dality in which she had to live, and therefore she tried to protect his life as much as possible and our lives. And due to the fact that she married Andrei Fedorovich, the descendant of the "archskiren Dostoevsky", as Lenin called the writer, she was afraid to baptize us, their children.

In general, Mom did not expect anything to give birth to twins. It was in 1945. According to her, I and my sister Ira were one blanket for two. Like all the "military children", we were weakened and three months after our birth fell ill with the inflammation of the lungs. It so happened that the Lord left me as a successor of the male line, and Iru took. One day, Mom led me to the grave, where Ira was buried, and said: "This is your sister." I don't remember her at all, we were only three months old. And then mom was buried there - in St. Petersburg, at the Skhodnensky cemetery. Now Dostoevsky was added there, because the whole family of Andrei Fedorovich lies there. Six graves of Dostoevsky. I hope that ever and I will return there.

Fedor Mikhailovich had three sisters and three brothers. And all branches stopped, only our little twig remained. When the anniversary of my father was celebrated, I allowed myself to make a report about his life. This, of course, is a very difficult task, because the person who is the name Dostoevsky must live his own life and at the same time always remember that he is a descendant of Fedor Mikhailovich, who told very important words to the whole world.

Having finished the engineering school in 19 years, Fyodor Mikhailovich immediately stated: "I will not do this profession, and I will be a writer." His son Fedor also quickly found himself - all his life was engaged in horse breeding, he was a fairly well-known specialist in this area, published many articles in the imperial connotatory magazine.

When Fyodor Mikhailovich went to Moscow to the opening of the monument to Pushkin, where he uttered his famous "Pushkin speech", Anna Grigorievna wrote to him: "I don't speak in any way with Fedya, he runs away all the time, I will find him with boys on the street, he is interested in horses " And he in response to her: "Buy you a foal to him, there will be something to do, and he will stop running out of the house." What was done. And in the next letter, hoping that the son had already bought a foal, Fyodor Mikhailovich asks to kiss him on a par with everyone. It was an almost prophetic prediction that Fyodor Fedorovich will be hidden all his life. In such a small age, his father completely defined the main interest of the life of his son.

When learn yut, that was also the third Fedor - the grandson of the writer, who deceased, unfortunately, early, often ask the question: "Why so much Fedorov?" In Russia, according to the tradition of the elderly son, they were often called the name of the father, counting on largeness. But Fyodor Mikhailovich lately started a family, and he couldn't have a lot of children, although three of his four of his children lived a full life.

True, the children of Fyodor Mikhailovich left this world very sadly. Dostoevsky Lyuba daughter died in 1926 in Italy. A few days before his death, Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia was visited, who then helped anyone. A letter was discovered where he wrote: "I have to admit that the daughter of the world famous writer dies in poverty." The son of Fyodor died in the same circumstances in Moscow. He was 60 years old, and she was 62 or 63 years old.

Anna Grigorievna wondered the Son: "Look at the world." And Fedya answered: "I have enough Russia"

Fedya was born in St. Petersburg and, remaining a Russian man, did not want to go abroad at all, although his mother walked: "Go, there is money, see how others live." And he: "No, it is quite enough for me, I am better in the bathhouse." And Lyuba, who was born in the West, took and left Russia forever, saying his mother that rides to be treated for a while. I washed the whole of Europe, then I got sick and died in Italy, in Bolzano, on the border with Austria.

Fyodor Fedorovich died and was buried in Moscow. Unfortunately, his grave is lost, and now we are trying to find it. Here are such different fates of two children Fyodor Mikhailovich ...

In general, Fedor Mikhailovich was very worried because his children had a late thing that he could not grow them. At the end of his life, he again settled in St. Petersburg, where his brother Andrey, whose children were already quite adults. "As if I wanted my little children to look like your own independent children," Fedor Mikhailovich Brother wrote. But he understood that because of the age he could not see his children adults. This, of course, was a big tragedy for him.

FM education system Dostoevsky

In letters about children, Dostoevsky never used the word "raise", but: "Watch", "lead"

This is a completely unique system. Several it took advantage. Unfortunately, the pedagogical science did not go in the footsteps of Dostoevsky. First of all, he never in his letters to Anna Grigorievna did not use the word "educate", and used completely different words: "Watch", "lead".

Its principle was to understand the child, and not tighten it to his adult level, facilitating his own existence. And it brought beautiful fruits. Anna Grigorievna recalled that he could not pass by any child, so as not to start talking to him, putting enough serious thoughts to children's language. Once, I recalled Anna Grigorievna, they drove or from the old Russa, or in the old Russian and barely entered the car, as the child's crying heard, and Fyodor Mikhailovich immediately disappeared. Soon the child was satisfied, and Anna Grigorievna saw him talking about something with Fedor Mikhailovich. True, she was somewhat dissatisfied with the fact that the husband forgot about her and immediately flew to someone else's child, and led him back into his coupe.

I will tell another case. I found a record about a trip to the steamer in Ryazan. There was the Earth, some of which was to inherit Fyodor Mikhailovich. They then were engaged in their inheritance. On the deck of someone's child's scandal, cried and was not in his plate. Although with them there were four-year-old Fedya and six-year-old Lyuba, Fyodor Mikhailovich ran to cut out someone else's child and was engaged in a long time, leaving his children.

Praded Grigory Gomerovich and Prapraded Homer Karlovich

On Dostoevsky readings and symposia devoted to the life and work of Fyodor Mikhailovich, we have heard a lot about various interesting findings related to the history of the genus and the biography of the writer. Even to me, his descendant, previously known such ancestors of Dostoevsky, as his grandmother Anastasia - the wife of the Uniate Priest, great-grandfather Gregory Gomerovich and Prapraded Homer Karlovich. Their names and patronymic sounds somewhat unexpected for the Russian ear.

The secrets of the sudden care of the father of Dostoevsky Mikhail Andreevich is discontinued and the mystery of the house and his gap with the parent family, the circumstances of his participation in the war of 1812. True, recently discovered new investigative documents relating to his mysterious death in 1839, as believing from the hands of serfs of the peasants, still do not allow to unambiguously solve this issue.

Today also documents about the descendants of Dostoevsky repressed in the 1930s are also declassified.

References and References Dostoevsky

I have one son, and I always dreamed of a girl. And now we have three very cute granddaughters who came to me once again in the old Russu on Dostoevsky readings. As a child, I prepared them for understanding that they were not just girls, but girls with Dostoevsky genes - Masha, Vera and Anya. Junior Masha was born on November 23, 2006.

When I summed up Any to the famous 30-Tomny academic collection of works by Fedor Mikhailovich, she looked estimating and said: "No, I don't write so much." In a couple of days, she folded in half a leaf and neat doodles wrote their own work, alas, unreadable. Now this "book" is located in the FM Museum Foundation. Dostoevsky in St. Petersburg.

Of course, we dreamed about the grandson, and when he was born, called him Fedor. So now we have another Fedor Dostoevsky.

About the Museum of Childhood in Giving

In the suburban estate of Dostoevsky, the childhood of the writer passed. In general, it is very important for the formation of a person person, in what conditions and in which environment is his childhood. Therefore, I think, people are interested to see the place where from 10 to 17 years old lived and the future brilliant writer was brought up.

In the estate, the gift needs to create a Museum of Childhood Dostoevsky. This is a unique place

The native brother of the writer Andrei recalled that little Fedya was cheerful, very much loved to play, walk along the lime grove and the forest. His first prayers heard the walls preserved to the day of the holy church temple. It is located in a neighboring village of Montogarovo. Here drove the future writer His Mother. Dostoevsky has a mention of pigeon, which flew from one window to another during the liturgy. If we save these bright points related to the child's childhood, it will very help in the perception of his worldview. Near the temple there is a small graveyard, where, as the father of Fedor Mikhailovich is buried, buried. Now the main task is to establish the exact place of his grave.

At international scientific conferences dedicated to Dostoevsky, reports are heard on the meaning of childhood memories in the work of the writer. In the estate, the gift needs to create a Writer's Childhood Museum. This is a unique place where the historic landscape, grove with 200-year-old lips, ravines, settlements, which are mentioned in the works of Dostoevsky are almost completely preserved.

"From the diamond to the driver tram"

In my employment book indicated 18 professions. I usually say: "I have a profession - from the diamond to the tram driver." Now I am a consultant in the St. Petersburg Museum of Dostoevsky. True, I have no higher education. Sometimes I think that in vain did not go to the university, because I had enough knowledge to quietly pass the exams and go there where I want. But after graduation, it seemed to me that it was more interesting to plunge into the most lifestyle and try himself in different areas, and I did not go anywhere. And when a labor book hit my hands once in a perestroika time (usually lies in the personnel department), it turned out that I had 18 professions. It sometimes helped me a lot in life.

About the German who would like to be born in Russia

In 1990 it was very hard, in stores empty counters. And suddenly they are invited to Germany to open the Society of Dostoevsky. Opening - just one day, and then what? And then I think: "Yeah, I can do a lot. I will find a job here. " And I worked in Germany, helping my family parcels from there. It was such a "parcelling period". The Germans were asked all the time: "What is there in Russia that we send?" I helped, suggesting which products are needed in Russia.

The Germans very much wanted to help someone specifically, it was important for them not only to help, but also to go, exchange letters. When I returned from holiday to Hamburg, one elderly couple asked me to transfer me to the German who helped them, a letter and "thank you very much."

It was so struck me then. I thought: "You came to us as a conqueror, with a gun. What is in Russia, what made you forced such a phrase on the slope of the years to say? " As a patriot of your country, my words, of course, were very pleased.

As you know, the author of the "Brothers Karamazov" had four children, two of whom - Sonya and Alyosha - died in infancy. The daughter of Lyuba was childless, so all the living heirs are descendants along the Son Fyodor. Fedor Fedorovich Dostoevsky had two sons, one of whom was also Fedor - a very young left life, died of hunger already in the 20s. Until recently, the heirs of the Great Writer in a straight line there were five: Limun Dmitry Andreevich, his son Alexey and three granddaughters - Anna, Vera and Maria. All of them live in St. Petersburg.

Russian researchers of creativity and the life of Dostoevsky experienced that the surname of the Great Writer could disappear over time. Therefore, when a long-awaited heir was born in St. Petersburg in St. Petersburg in the family of a single great-grandfather, it was considered as an event of a huge value. Moreover, I called the boy Fedor. It is curious that the initial parents intended to call the boy Ivan. And this would also be symbolic - the grandfather, father and son would have names, like the main heroes of the novel "Brothers Karamazov." However, everything decided to serve. The boy was born on September 5, and the name Fedor falls on the sacnes.

Writer's wife, Anna Grigorievna, lived until 1918. In April 1917, she decided to go to her little estate near Adler to wait until the riots were going. But the revolutionary storm has come to the Black Sea coast. A former gardener who deserted from the front in the estate of Dostoevskaya declared that he should be a genuine owner of the estate - a proletarian. Anna Grigorievna Beshal in Yalta. In the Yalta Adu of 1918, when the city passed from hand to hand, she held the last months of his life and died of hunger in full solitude and terrible torment in the Yalta hotel. There was even no one to bury her, while six months later, Son Fedor Fedorovich Dostoevsky arrived from Moscow. He some miracle in the midst of the civil war did in the Crimea, but his mother was no longer found. She asked in the will to have buried her in the grave of her husband, but a civil war was going, and it was impossible to do it, buried her in Kripte an auto church. In 1928, the temple blew up, and her grandson Andrei learns from the letter that "her bones are lying on Earth." He rides in Yalta and in the presence of a policeman reboots them in the corner of the cemetery. Only in 1968 he succeeds with the help of the Writers' Union to bury the ashes of Anna Grigorievna in the grave of her husband.

According to the memories of the grandson of the writer, Andrei Fedorovich Dostoevsky, when Fyodor Fedorovich exported the archive of Dostoevsky from Crimea, who remained after the death of Anna Grigorievna, he was hardly shot by Chekists on suspicion of speculation - considered that he was smuggling in baskets.

Anna Digkin with his daughter Love and Son Fedor

Dostoevsky's son, Fedor (1871-1921), graduated from the two faculties of Derptovsky University - legal and natural, became a specialist in horse breeding, a famous connotist, passionately surrendered to his beloved business and reached the same dizzying heights in it, as his father in the field of literature. He was proud and vain, sought to be first everywhere. I tried to express myself and on the literary field, but disappointed in my abilities. He lived and died in Simferopol. I buried him on the money of the historical museum at the Vagankovsky cemetery. "I tried to find his grave in the eighties of the descriptions, but it turned out that it was broken in the thirties," says the great-grandfather.

Favorite daughter of Dostoevsky Love, Lyubochka (1868-1926), according to the memories of contemporaries, "was arrogant, arrogant, and just an unemployed. She did not help the mother to perpetuate the glory of Dostoevsky, creating his image as the daughter of the famous writer, afterwards at all went away with Anna Grigorievna. " In 1913, after another leaving abroad, she remained there forever (it became "Emma" abroad). "I believed that it could become a writer, wrote stories and novels, but no one read it ..." He wrote an unsuccessful book "Dostoevsky in the memoirs of his daughter." Personal life does not work out. She died in 1926 from leukemia in the Italian city of Bolzano. I buried her solemnly, but according to the Catholic rite for the lack of an Orthodox priest. When the old cemetery was closed in Bolzano, then the dust of Dostoevsky was transferred to a new one and put a huge porphy vase over the grave, the Italians collected money for her. Somehow I met the actor Oleg Borisov, and, having learned that he was going to those edges, asked him to sprinkle her grave of the earth from the optical desert, which I took there with Dostoevsky's house.

The nephew of the writer, Andrei Dostoevsky (1863-1933), the son of His younger brother, was an amazingly modest and devoted memory of Fyodor Mikhailovich man. In the example of his father, he became a historist of the genus. Andrei Andreevich was 66 years old when he was sent to his white-toe ... six months after his release he died.

Dmitry Andreevich Dostoevsky.

Himself the great-grandfather Dostoevsky, Dmitry Andreevich, born in 1945, lives in St. Petersburg. In the specialty he is a tram driver, all his life worked on the route number 34. In one of his interviews, he says: "In his youth hid that I was the only direct descendant of Dostoevsky on the male line. Now I'm talking about this with pride. " Grandson Andrei Fedorovich Dostoevsky, Engineer, Frontovik, Creator of the Museum of F.M.Dostoevsky in Leningrad. This is what his son talks about him.

"The famous statement of Lenin on the" Archiver Dostoevsky "was advocated above him. When Dostoevsky was thrown off from the "ship of modernity" at the first congress of Soviet writers, the Father exclaimed: "Well, I'm not the grandson of the Russian classic!" He was born in Simferopol. After the gymnasium, already in Soviet times, entered the Novocherkassian Polytechnic Institute. He was drawn to all sorts of glands, I know that he is almost the first in the south carried away the radio. But from the institute, he was excluded, according to him, for refusing to remove the student cap. Then fought with any classroom. In fact, the reason was another, I managed to figure out it in the archives of the FSB. He was in the House of Professor, who was later arrested.

Alexey Dmitrievich Dostoevsky

Andrei Fedorovich Dostoevsky

After an exception, he travels to Leningrad to his uncle Andrei Andreevich.

Here he finishes the Polytechnic Institute and becomes a forestry specialist. Uncle was soon arrested on the "academic case". This case came up with Chekists themselves. Seven academics were arrested and another 128 more people were addicted to them, forty of which employees of the Pushkin House, where Andrei Andreyevich worked.

He was given five years in prison, and sent to the construction of the Belomoro-Baltic Channel. He was 64 years old, and maybe he influenced the age, maybe the intercession of Lunacharsky, but he was released. He died in two years, having time to release the book memories of his father. Dostoevyov appreciate this book, it describes the children's years of Fyodor Mikhailovich, and this is very important in understanding a person.

Soon after his death, my father is again arrested, "counter-revolutionary" conversations from Professor from Novocherkasska were again incriminated again. His month lasted in a big house and released for insufficient evidence. Mom said that since then he was very afraid ... "

I must say that the grandson, and the great-grandfather of Fedor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky made to open the Writer Museum in St. Petersburg. Our family gave the museum furniture that belonged to the nephew of the writer Andrei. I must say that the citizens very actively answered the call of the museum to give the furniture of that era. But! Listen to the great-grandfather F. M, Dostoevsky: "The museum opened in 1971, after the death of his father I began to take part in his work. Many years have passed and, of course, a lot has changed in the museum. Not all that has changed, I support. The scientific work of the museum went to no scientific work, he became the usual assembly of exhibits. The exposition itself has changed, the last change is upset. The memorial part, the writer's apartment itself, never acquired the spirit of the family that lived in it, and this was, according to the writer himself, the happiest time of his life. "

And again Fedor Dostoevsky - the successor of the Great last name.

In this article we will describe the life and creativity of Dostoevsky: we will briefly tell you about the most important events. Fedor Mikhailovich was born on October 30 (according to the old style - 11) of 1821. The essay of Dostoevsky's creativity will introduce you to the main works, the achievements of this person on a literary field. But let's start with the very beginning - from the origin of the future writer, with his biography.

The problems of Dostoevsky's creativity can be deeply understood only by becoming acquainted with the life of this person. After all, fiction always displays the features of the biography of the creator of works. In the case of Dostoevsky, this is especially noticeable.

The origin of Dostoevsky

Father Fedor Mikhailovich was from the branch of Rtishchev, the descendants of Rtischev Daniel Ivanovich, the defender on the south-western Rus of the Orthodox faith. He was given for special successes the village of Dostoevo, located in the Podolsk province. Surname Dostoevsky originates from there.

However, by the beginning of the 19th century, the genus Dostoevsky was heard. Andrei Mikhailovich, grandfather's grandfather, served in the Podolsk province, in the town of Brazlava, the protoerem. Mikhail Andreevich, the Father of the author of interest to us, graduated from the Surgery Academy at one time. During the Patriotic War, in 1812, he fought with others against the French, after which, in 1819, he married Nechava Maria Fedorovna, a merchant daughter from Moscow. Mikhail Andreevich, having retired, received the position of a doctor in open to poor people, which was nicknamed in the people of the Female.

Where did Fedor Mikhailovich born?

The apartment of the family of the future writer was in the right fluege of this hospital. In it, allocated to the state-owned apartment of Lekary, and was born in 1821 Fedor Mikhailovich. His mother, as we mentioned, came from the kind of merchants. Pictures of premature deaths, poverty, diseases, unpleasuries - the first impressions of the boy, under the influence of which a look at the world of the future writer, quite unusual. Creativity Dostoevsky reflects it.

Furnishing in the family of the future writer

Over time, up to 9 people, the family was forced to use only two rooms. Mikhail Andreevich was a changeless and hot-tempered man.

A completely different warehouse was Maria Fedorovna: economic, cheerful, kind. Between parents of the boy, the relationship was built on the subordination of the whims and the will of the Father. Nyanyushka and the mother of the future writer were honored by Holy Religious traditions of the country, raising the future generation in respect for the faith of fathers. Maria Fedorovna died early - aged 36 years. She was buried in Lazarevsky cemetery.

First acquaintance with literature

Education and sciences paid a lot of time in the Dostoevsky family. At an early age, Fyodor Mikhailovich discovered the joy of communicating with a book. The most first works with which he met is the folk tales of Arina Arkhipovna, Nyanyushka. After that were Pushkin and Zhukovsky - Favorite Writers of Mary Fedorovna.

Fyodor Mikhailovich at an early age met the main classics of foreign literature: Hugo, Cervantes and Homer. His father in the evenings arranged a family reading of the work of N. M. Karamzin "History of the Russian State." All this instilled in the future writer early interest in literature. The life and creativity of F. Dostoevsky largely developed under the influence of the environment, from where this writer came out.

Mikhail Andreevich seeks hereditary nobility

Mikhail Andreevich in 1827 for the diligent and excellent service was marked by the Order of the 3rd degree, and another after a year, the rank of college assessor, who gave the right to man to the hereditary nobility at that time. The father of the future writer well understood the value of higher education and sought it therefore seriously prepare for admission to the educational institutions of his children.

Tragedy from childhood Dostoevsky

The future writer in the young years survived the tragedy, who left an indelible mark in his soul for the rest of his life. He loved the children's sincere feeling of a chef's daughter, a nine-year-old girl. One day a cry came in the garden on a summer day. Fedor ran to the street and noticed her lying in a white wasping dress on Earth. Women bent over the girl. From the conversation, their Fedor realized that a drunken trading was the culprit of the tragedy. After that, they went after the Father, but his help was not needed, as the girl had already died.

Education writer

Fyodor Mikhailovich received an initial education in the private board of Moscow. In 1838 he entered the main engineering school in St. Petersburg. He graduated from 1843, becoming a military engineer.

In those years, this school was considered one of the best educational institutions in the country. From there, many famous people came from there. Among the comrades of Dostoevsky on school there were many talents, subsequently turned into famous personalities. This is Dmitry Grigorovich (writer), Konstantin Truitovsky (artist), Ilya Sechenov (physiologist), Eduard Totleben (Organizer of the Defense of Sevastopol), Fyodor Radetsky (Gipka hero). Taught here both humanitarian and special disciplines. For example, world and domestic history, Russian literature, drawing and civil architecture.

Tragedy of "Little Man"

Dostoevsky, the noisy society of students preferred privacy. Reading was his favorite activity. The readiness of the future writer amazed comrades. But the desire for loneliness and solitude in his character was not a congenital feature. The School Fedor Mikhailovich had to go through the tragedy of the so-called "little man." Indeed, in this educational institution, students were mainly children of the bureaucratic and military bureaucracy. Parents gave them teachers without regretting funds. In this environment, Dostoevsky looked a stranger, often underwent insults and ridicule. In his soul, during these years, a feeling of vulnerable pride flared up, which reflected in the future the work of Dostoevsky.

But, despite these difficulties, Fyodor Mikhailovich managed to achieve recognition and comrades, and teachers. Everyone was convinced over time that this is a person of an extraordinary mind and outstanding abilities.

Death of the Father

In 1839, the father of Fedor Mikhailovich died from the apoplexic strike. There were rumors that it was not natural death - he was killed behind the steep gels. The news was shocked by Dostoevsky, and with him for the first time there was a fit, a forerunner of the future epilepsy, from which Fyodor Mikhailovich suffered all his life.

Service in the position of engineer, first works

Dostoevsky in 1843, after graduating, he was enrolled in the engineering corps to serve under the engineering team of St. Petersburg, but not long there he served there. A year later, he decided to engage in literary creativity, the passion for which he was tested for a long time. At first he began to translate the classics, such as Balzac. After some time, the design of the novel appeared in letters called "Poor People". It was the first independent work from which the work of Dostoevsky begins. Then there were stories and stories: "Mr. Prokharchin", "Double", "Non Oboshvan", "White Nights".

Rappation with a circle of Petrashevtsev, tragic consequences

1847 was marked by rapprochement with Butashevich-Petrashevsky, who conducted the famous "Fridays". It was a propagandist and fan of Fourier. At these evenings, the writer met poets Alexei Plescheyev, Alexander Palm, Sergey Durov, and also with Prosaik Saltykov and scientists Vladimir Milyutin and Nikolai Mortrenov. At the congregations of Petrashevtsev, socialist teachings were discussed, the plans of revolutionary coups. Dostoevsky was a supporter of immediate cancellation in Russia of serfdom.

However, the government learned about the circle, and in 1849, 37 participants, including Dostoevsky, were concluded in the Petropavlovsk fortress. They were sentenced to death, but the emperor softened the sentence, and the writer was exiled to Katorga to Siberia.

In Tobolsk, at Katorga

He went to Tobolsk on a terrible frost on open sleigh. Here, Annenkova and Fonvizin, visited Petrashevtsev. The whole country admired the feat of these women. They gave each sentenced to the Gospel in which the money was invested. The fact is that the arrestants did not allow to have their savings, so it softened the harsh living conditions for a while.

At the Katorga, the writer realized how far rationalistic, speculative ideas of "new Christianity" from the feeling of Christ, whose carrier is the people. Fyodor Mikhailovich made a new foundation by his type of Christianity. Subsequently, this reflected the further creativity of Dostoevsky, about which we will tell you a little later.

Military service in Omsk

For the writer, a four-year cortex changed after a while military service. He was accompanied from Omsk under convoy to the city of Semipalatinsk. Here, the life and work of Dostoevsky continued. The writer served as an ordinary, receiving the rank of officer then. He returned to St. Petersburg only at the end of 1859.

Edition of magazines

At that time, the spiritual search for Fedor Mikhailovich began, which in the 60s ended with the formation of the compulsive beliefs of the writer. Dostoevsky's biography and creativity at this time are marked by the following events. The writer since 1861, together with Mikhail, his brother, began to publish a magazine called "Time", and after prohibiting it - "Epoch". Working on new books and magazines, Fyodor Mikhailovich developed his gaze on the tasks of a public figure and a writer in our country - Russian, a kind of variant of the Socialism of Christian.

The first works of the writer after the cortic

The life and work of Dostoevsky after Tobolsk has changed much. In 1861, the first novel of this writer appeared, which he created after the cattle. In this work ("humiliated and offended") reflected the sympathy of Fyodor Mikhailovich to "Little People", which are subjected to the strengths of this inhibited humiliation. They also acquired a lot of social significance "Notes from the Dead Home" (the years of creation - 1861-1863), which were launched by the writer still at Katorga. In the magazine "Time" in 1863, "winter notes on summer impressions" appeared. In them, Fyodor Mikhailovich criticized the Systems of Western European political beliefs. In 1864, "Notes from the underground" took place. This is a kind of confession Fedor Mikhailovich. In the work, he denied his former ideals.

Further creativity Dostoevsky

Briefly describe and other works of this writer. In 1866, a novel called "Crime and Punishment", which is considered one of the most significant in his work. In 1868, Idiot was published, the novel, where an attempt was made to create a positive hero who opposes the predatory, cruel world. In the 70s, creativity F.M. Dostoevsky continues. A wide fame acquired such novels as "demons" (year of publication - 1871) and "Teenager", which appeared in 1879. "The Karamazov Brothers" is a novel who became the last work. He summarized Dostoevsky's creativity. The years of release of the novel - 1879-1880. In this work, the main character, Alyosha Karamazov, helping others in the troubles and facilitating suffering, is convinced that the most important thing in our life is a feeling of forgiveness and love. In 1881, February 9, Dostoevsky Fedor Mikhailovich died in St. Petersburg.

The life and work of Dostoevsky was briefly described in our article. It is impossible not to say that the writer has always been interested in most of all the rest of the human problem. We will write about this important feature that the work of Dostoevsky had, briefly.

Man in the work of the writer

Fedor Mikhailovich, throughout his creative path, reflected over the main problem of humanity - how to overcome the pride, which is the main source of people's disconnection. Of course, there are other topics of Dostoevsky's creativity, but it is largely based on this. The writer believed that any of us had the ability to create. And he should do it while he lives, it is necessary to express himself. The theme of the person the writer devoted his whole life. The biography and creativity of Dostoevsky confirm this.

Fedor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (1821-1881) Born in Moscow in the family of nobles. In 1837 his mother died, and he was sent by the Father to St. Petersburg, where he entered the main engineering school. In 1842, Dostoevsky graduated from the school and was enrolled by the sub-operator engineer in the St. Petersburg engineering team, but at the beginning of the summer, 1844, deciding to devote himself to literature, resigned.
In 1845, Dostoevsky, as equal, is accepted in the Belinsky circle. In 1846, his first work "Poor people" is published, highly appreciated by other members of the circle. However, in the winter of 1847, the writer finally sorted up with Belinsky and began to visit the "Friday" Petrashevsky. At these meetings who were political, the problems of the liberation of peasants, the reforms of the court and censorship were addressed, the treatises of the French socialists were read. Soon after the publication of the "White Nights" in 1849, Dostoevsky was arrested in connection with the "Delo Petrashevsky". The court recognized him guilty. On December 22, a sentence of the death penalty was announced at Semenovsky Place Petrashevtsy, but at the last moment they were convicted of pardon, appointing punishment in the form of hard labor. On the way to Katorga in Tobolsk, a secret date of Dostoevsky and other prisoners with the wives of the Decembrists, who blessed everyone in a new path and everyone gave each gospel to everyone. This is the gospel, accompanied by a writer everywhere, played a decisive role in the spiritual coup, which occurred with him at Katorga.
The period of concluding and military service was swivel in the life of Dostoevsky: from the "seeker of the truth in man who has not yet defined in the life of the" seeker in the man ", he turned into a deeply religious person, the only ideal of which Christ became the only subsequent life. The goal of the writer's work was primarily a missionary, the preaching of Christianity among their unbelievers of contemporaries. During the reference in 1857, Dostoevsky was married to Maria Isaaya, a vyshva official A.I. Isaev. In December 1859, he, together with his family came to Petersburg and, together with Brother Mikhail, began to publish the magazines "Time", then "Epoch", combining editorial work with the author. In September 1860, the printing of "Notes from the Dead House" began, in early 1861 the novel "Juice and insult" is printed. On April 15, 1864, Dostoevsky's wife died from Chakhotka, and although they were not happy in marriage, he hardly survived his loss.
Due to the heavy financial situation, the writer was forced to stop the publication of the magazine "Epoch". In 1866, he wrote two novels at once - "Player" and "Crime and Punishment." In the same year, he married Anna Diekkina, who took her husband's publication of her husband. They had four children, two of whom were died in early childhood. In 1867-1868 Dostoevsky worked on the novel "Idiot".
The last 8 years, the writer lived in the city of Old Russa Novgorod province. These years of life were very fruitful: 1872 - "Demons", 1873 - the beginning of the "Diary of the Writer" (Series of Fakenov, Essays, Polemical Notes and Personal Publicistic Notes on the Evil of the Day), 1875 - "Teenager", 1876 - "Krotkaya", 1879 -1880 - "The Karamazov Brothers", the final novel of the writer, in which the artistic incarnation received many ideas of his creativity.
January 28, 1881 F.M. Dostoevsky died. A writer is buried in the Alexander Nevsky Laurel in St. Petersburg.

Fedor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky's life was overflowing with events. A special feature of his character was self-dedication. This affected all the spheres of his life. Brightly pronounced political views (changed several times), the history of love, gambling, and most importantly - literature is the list of the main passions of the Great Writer. Its high popularity in the lifetime and conditions of tough poverty, the glory of the preacher of the brightest human began and awareness of his own imperfection, the unique writer talent and the need to conclude inhuman contracts with publishers - all this causes interest to readers to Dostoevsky's fate.

On January 14, 1820, Mikhail Andreevich Dostoevsky and Maria Fedorovna Nechayev entered into marriage. He was the son of a priest, she is a daughter of merchant III Guild. Both of youth received a good education.

Mikhail Andreevich, Dostoevsky's father, graduated from the Moscow Branch of the Medical and Surgical Academy and became a doctor, despite the fact that several previous generations were chosen by the path of clergy. Nevertheless, the young man gave a tribute to the family tradition, who had previously studied in the spiritual seminary, and although he chose a different professional path, Mikhail Andreevich remained a deeply incendant man. It was he who instilled his children high religiosity. He began as a military medic, but in January 1821 he resigned from the service and opened his practice in the Mariinsky hospital for low-income groups of the population. A young family settled here, in the fegel on the territory of the hospital. And on October 30 (November 11), 1821, the second child of this couple was born here, Fedor. The birth of Dostoevsky occurred in a very symbolic place, where he spied many interesting types for their work.

Childhood

Little Dostoevsky most loved the society of Brother Mikhail. Andrei Mikhailovich (younger brother) in his memoirs wrote about how many older brothers were friendly from the earliest years. They carried these relationships through all the tests and sorrow of adult life. Boys grew up and raised side by side with each other. The first mentor was a father. Holding them in the necessary strictness, Mikhail Andreevich never applied to children of corporal punishment and did not hide his strong fatherly love. It was he who taught the eldest children of Latin and medicine. Later, Nikolai Ivanovich Durshus, who worked in Ekaterininsky and Alexander schools was headed by their education. They studied French, mathematics and literature. In 1834, the eldest sons left the house for training in the Moscow boarding house. Crama.

In 1837, the mother of the family, Maria Fedorovna, was seriously ill and died from a caring disease. The death of this wonderful woman, love and tenderness of which was enough for all offspring, relatives were very hard. Before death, coming to himself, she wished to bless children and her husband. This sad, but deeply touching scene was remembered to everyone who came to say goodbye to Maria Fedorovna.

Almost immediately after that, the Father has equipped with older sons on the road. The formation of Dostoevsky was technical and demanded abolisses from the house. They went to St. Petersburg Cottomarov Filippovich's St. Petersburg boarding house, where they were to prepare for introductory tests in the main engineering school. By this time, Mikhail, and Fyodor had already decided that their calling was to work on a literary field, so this perspective was a lot of them grief, but Mikhail Andreevich considered her the most reasonable. Young people conquered the will of the parent.

Youth

Entering the engineering school, Dostoevsky did not leave a dream about writing activities. Free time, he was entirely devoted to acquaintance with the domestic and foreign literature, and also performed the first samples of the pen. In 1838, thanks to the interest in comrades, a literary circle was created in comrades to this field of arts.

1839 made a new shock in the life of the young man: his father died. According to the official version, he was struck by an apoplexy strike, but she had the news to her sons that he fell victim to the peasants who were avenged for the "ill-treatment". It deeply struck Fedor, he will never forget this grief mixed with shame.

Dostoevsky studied in 1843, and immediately received the post of the pole engineer of the companion. Nevertheless, the dream of devoting himself to art did not leave a young man, so he served no more than a year. After the resignation, Fyodor Mikhailovich decided to try to arrange his debut work in the press.

Student days Dostoevsky tried to dilute with works on the plays and stories of his own essay, as well as translations of foreign authors. The first experiments were lost, the second were often illegal. So his debut became "poor people" (1845). The work was so significant in his fate that we recommend that you read. The manuscript was highly appreciated by even the motley sharks of Feather Nekrasov and Belinsky. The famous and honorable critic saw in the author of the "New Gogol". The novel was published in the Nekrasov "Petersburg Collection" of 1846.

The further creative path of the author was in due time they do not understand contemporaries. The next novel "Double" (1845-1846) Many found a very weak job. Open Dostoevsky type of "underground person" was not immediately recognized. Belinsky was disappointed in the talent of a young writer. The newly acquired glory temporarily fed up, and some were even a messenger.

Arrest and Katorga

In the salon Nikolai Apollonovich Majkova, where Dostoevsky was very warmly accepted, the writer met Alexey Nikolayevich Plescheyev. It was he who brought the writer with Mikhail Vasilyevich Petrashevsky. From January 1847, a young man began to attend a mug meeting, gathered around this thinker. The secret society has been actively reflected over the future of Russia, the possibility and necessity of the overthrow of the revolution. Here in the go was various forbidden literature. At that time, a special resonance in society caused the famous "Letter of Belinsky Gogol". Reading it in this circle partly served as a reason for further sad events. In 1849, Petrashevtsi became victims of the repressive struggle of the government with dissent and were concluded in the Petropavlovsk fortress, and then, after consideration of their case, sentenced to civil (deprivation of the noble rank) and the death (after execution) of the execution. Subsequently, it was decided to change the sentence due to softening circumstances. On December 22, 1849 (January 3, 1850), convicts were brought to the Semenov Platz and read the sentence. Then announced the replacement of cardinal measures to compromise - reference and cortuga. About tested horror and shock in the course of this procedure, the mouth of their hero - Prince Myshkin - Dostoevsky told in the novel "Idiot" (1867-1869).

December 24, 1849 convicts were sent from St. Petersburg. In mid-January, they conducted shipment in Tobolsk. There were punished some Decembrists. Their notable and rich spouses were able to achieve a date with new martyrs for the freedom of beliefs and transfer them to the Bible with shy money. Dostoevsky kept the book all his life in memory of the experience.

In Omsk, Dostoevsky arrived at the departure of Kathers on January 23, 1850. Aggressive and coarse relationships between prisoners and inhuman conditions for the detention of prisoners were reflected on the worldview of a young man. "Those 4 years I consider me for the time I was buried alive and buried in a coffin" - Fedor brother Andrei frankly reported.

In 1854, the writer left Omsk Ostrog and headed for Semipalatinsk, where he settled on a military field. There was a familiarity with the future first wife Maria Dmitrievna Isaeva. She saved Dostoevsky from unbearable loneliness. Fedor sought to return to past life and writing activities. August 26, 1856, on the day of his coronation, Alexander II announced the pardon of Petrashevtsev. But, as usual, a secret police officer was installed for every person involved in the aim of making sure the defendance (he was removed only in 1875). In 1857, Dostoevsky returned the noble title and received the right to be printed. These and other freedoms he was able to get largely due to the help of friends.

Maturity

"New" life Dostoevsky began in the summer of 1859 in Tver. This city is an intermediate point before returning to Petersburg, where the family was able to move in December. In 1860, Fyodor Mikhailovich issued a meeting of his works, consisting of 2 volumes, and "repeated debut" and the return on the estate of the literary capital were "notes from the Dead House" (1861), published in 1861-1862 in the magazine "Time", belonging to his brother Dostoevsky. The description of the life and soul of the cortica caused a wide resonance among readers.

In 1861, Fyodor began to help Mikhail in the publishing craft. Under his leadership, the literary and critical departments were. The magazine adhered to Slavophilic and solard (the term appeared later) views. They were promoted to the masses and developed the most robust employees of Apollo Grigoriev and Nikolai Strakhov. The publication actively eleged with the "contemporary". In 1863, the article of insurance "fatal question" appeared on the pages of the media (about the Polish uprising). The magazine was closed.

In early 1864, Dostoevsky brothers managed to get permission to produce a new magazine. So the "era" appeared. The first chapters of the "notes from the underground" came out on her pages. Contrary to expectations, the magazine was not so popular as "time", and Mikhail's death, Apollo Grigoriev and financial difficulties served as the occasion to the closure.

In the summer of 1862, Dostoevsky went on a trip to Europe, wanted to fix the undermined health. It was not fully realized to fully managed, in Baden-Baden, they took a painful inclination - a roulette game, which clearly did not contribute to improving the state. Smiling lucky luck quickly changed to a series of permanent losers, which led to serious need for money. Passion for the cards tortured Dostoevsky for nine years. The last time he sat for the game in Wiesbaden in the spring of 1871, and after another defeat, finally, was able to overcome the passion for gambling entertainment.

Mikhail died in July 1864. It became a second strike for this year for a writer for this year, because he buried and hotly beloved spouse. Fedor very much wanted to support his brother's family. He took upon himself the duty to deal with his debts, even more close to the widow and orphans, in every way comforting them in this difficult period.

Soon Dostoevsky met and tied relations with Anna Dieknown, crowned with marriage. She was stenographer and printed the Roman "Player" (1866): For one month, he came up with the whole novel, and she scored the text jammed.

The latter and most significant in the work of the writer are not just works, but practically the projects of the "Writer's Diary" and "Great Pentagine". "Diary" was essentially a monthly magazine of philosophical and literary journalism. He went out in 1876-1877 and 1880-1881. It was distinguished by multi-seasyness, as well as the wide variability of the topically affected topics. "Pentateuch" is 5 large-scale works of the author:

• "Crime and Punishment" (1866),
• "Idiot" (1868),
• "Demons" (1871-1872),
• "Teenager" (1875),
• "The Karamazov Brothers" (1879-1880).

They are characterized by ideological and thematic and poetic-structural unity, so the data of the novels are combined into a kind of cycle. In the choice of title, there is a roll call with "Pentateuch Moses" (five of the first books of the Bible Jews and Christians: Genesis, Exodus, Levit, Numbers and Deuteronomy). It is known that the author envied the success of the epic of Tolstoy, so I decided to write something that surpasses a large-scale design of the graph, but the rigid framework of the contract and needed in the money forced him to produce novels separately, and not a single spirit.

Characteristic

Contemporaries noted the inconsistency of the writer's nature, he had an outstanding psychochip. Softness and kindness mixed with quick-tempered and self-criticality. It is noteworthy that the first impression of a meeting with Dostoevsky almost always became disappointing: provided his nonsense appearance, all the interesting qualities and the properties of the personality of this Creator began to manifest themselves later, with the advent of some degree of confidential attitude towards the interlocutor. On the controversivity of the infertility and soul of the writer Vsevolod Sergeevich Soloviev:

Before me was a man with ugly and at first glance as a simple face. But it was only the first and instant impression - this face immediately and forever imprinted in memory, it looked at himself an imprint of exclusive, spiritual life.

Our hero gave himself a kind of characteristic, speaking, as a man "with a gentle heart, but not able to express their feelings." All his life, he strictly judged herself for his shortcomings, compiled on hot-tempered temper. It is best to pour feelings from him on paper, namely in his works.

Dostoevsky's friend Dr. Risenkampf so spoke about the writer: "Fyodor Mikhailovich belonged to those personalities, about whom everyone lives well, but who themselves constantly need." Incredible kindness, as well as inability to handle the money constantly pushed the writer to unforeseen expenses as a result of the desire to help all the oncoming poor women, employees, to ensure the best service providers.

The softness and lovingness of the heart was most manifested in Dostoevsky in relation to the children he adored. Before the appearance in the family of their own offsprings, all the attention of the writer was drawn to nephews. Anna Grigorievna talked about the unique ability of a husband instantly calm the child, the ability to communicate with them, enter into trust, divide the interests. The birth of Sofia (the first daughter from the second marriage) has a beneficial effect on the atmosphere in the Dostoevsky family. Fyodor Mikhailovich always arrived in the best location of the Spirit, being close to the girl, and was extremely ready to give all the surrounding care and caress, which is generally difficult to attribute him to a permanent state. Relationships with women were built with him not always smoothly. His passion was celebrated periodic mood shifts and frequent criticism to their address.

Interesting and high demands against people from the circle of his communication were also writer friends. This and pushed him all his life to seek the relationships close to ideal to create a family with the parent, which will be the stronghold of their harmonious existence.

Relations

As a rule, biographers argue that there are three Dostoevsky women: Maria Isaeva, Apollinaria Suslov and Anna Digkin.

In Omsk, yesterday's convicts met Beauty Maria Isaev. The feeling broke out between them, but it was bound by a marriage with a drunkard and a wicked man A.I. Isaev. Their pair served as a prototype of the spouses of marmalades from "Crime and Punishment." In May 1855, the official got a job in Kuznetsk, where he moved with his family. In August of the same year, he died. Dostoevsky immediately made a sentence of his beloved, but she was hesitable, there was a distinguished state of the bride and lack of hope for a quick correction. Hasively trying to straighten your position, the man in love was able to convince the woman in his consistency. On February 6, 1857, Fedor and Maria marched in Kuznetsk.

This union did not bring happiness to him or her. The spouses had almost no consent, live almost all the time apart. Maria refused to accompany her husband in his first ride abroad. Upon returning home in September 1862, he found a wife in a very painful condition: a woman fell ill with CHAKHOTKA.

And thus, in the summer of 1863 (during the second trip to Europe), Dostoevsky became acquainted with the Apolionaria Prokofievna Suslova and passionately fell in love with her. It is difficult to present people less similar in the views than this couple: she is a feminist, a niclelfire, he is a believer conservative, adhered to patriarchal views. Nevertheless, they were fascinated by each other. He printed several of its works in the "time" and "epoch". They dreamed of a new trip to Europe, but some difficulties with the magazine, and most importantly, the serious state of Mary Dmitrievna forced them to abandon the initial plans. Polina went to Paris alone, Fyodor returned to Petersburg in need. They wrote to him letters, called to themselves, but completely unexpectedly for the Writer Izvestia from Polina came to come. He agitated to Paris, where she learned that she met the Spanish Student Salvador and became a victim of unrequited love. So their novel ended, and the history of these complex relationships received a literary interpretation in the "player". At the same time, the wife of his wife progressed. In the autumn of 1863, Dostoevsky moved to Moscow, it was more convenient to create acceptable conditions for the patient and care for her. On April 14, 1864, Mary Dmitrievna had a fit. 15 numbers she died.

Although their seven-year-old union can not be called successful, the widower continued to love his spouse and very painfully worried her death. He recalled an exceptionally kind and warm words, at least some evil tongues argued that Maria was mentally healthy all his life, so I could not make my husbands happy. The only thing that Dostoevsky was infinitely sorry, was that marriage with Isaeva turned out to be childless. The love of this woman writer imprinted in his works, the wife served as a prototype for many of his heroines.

The concent of his wife and the death of his brother's death with a heavy cargo lay on the shoulders of Dostoevsky. He could only forget in the work, besides, the writer sharply needed money. At this time, the publisher Fyodor Timofeevich Stellovsky proposed a monetary contract for the publication of his writings full at that time. Despite the bible conditions, namely, the extremely strict time frame and requirement in a short time will also provide a new, previously not published novel, the writer agreed. In the same period, work on the "crime and punishment" began. This Roman Dostoevsky proposed to be printed by the editor of the "Russian Bulletin" Mikhail Nikiforovich Katkov. In connection with all that happened by the beginning of October 1866, the promised Stellovsky material was not ready, but remained only a month. The writer would not cope with the operational work if it were not for the stenograph of Anna Grigorievna Dnikkin. Joint work very close to Dostoevsky with this girlfriend. In February 1867, they married.

Fyodor Mikhailovich finally gained long-awaited happiness and serene existence in the library of the family. For Anna, this period of life began not so wonderful, she fell on themselves the strongest hostility from the step of her husband Peter Isaev, who had long lived at the expense of the stepfather. To change the oppressive atmosphere, Diekin persuaded the spouse to go abroad, where they subsequently spent four years. It was then that the second period of tape measure began (he ended with gambling). The family needed again. The cases corrected the arrival in St. Petersburg in 1897, because the writer again actively engaged in writing.

Four children were born in this marriage. Survived two: love and Fedor. The eldest daughter of Sophia died, being just a few months, the Junior Son Alexey lived less than three years.

Anna he dedicated his exceptional work "The Brothers of the Karamazov", and she, already being a widow, published her memoirs about Fyodor Mikhailovic. Dostoevsky's wives are found in all his works, except, except, early. Rock passion, the fate and difficult character of Mary lay on the basis of the image of Katerina Ivanovna, Grushenka, Nastasya Filippovna, and Anna Grigorievna - Announced Sonechka Marmaladov, Evdokia Skolnikova, Dasha Shatova -angel of salvation and martyrdom.

Philosophy

The worldview of Dostoevsky has undergone major changes throughout the life of the writer. For example, political orientation was revised and was formed gradually. Only religiosity, descended in the writer, still in childhood, was fixed and developed, in faith he never doubted. It can be said that Dostoevsky's philosophy is based on Orthodoxy.

Socialist illusions are debunked by Dostoevsky himself in the 60s, he had a critical attitude towards them, perhaps because they were the cause of his arrest. Traveling in Europe inspired him reflections on the bourgeois revolution. He saw that she did not help with a simple people, and as a result he had an irreconcilable enmendment to the possibility of an accomplishment of her in Russia. The solar ideas, as well as in the period working with Apollo Grigoriev in magazines, partly served as the basis of the late worldview of Dostoevsky. Awareness of the need to merge the elite with a simple people, attributing the last mission to save the world from disastrous ideas, returning to the Lono of Nature and Religion - all these ideas have impressed the writer. He felt his epoch as a turning point. The country was preparing for shocks and reproduction of reality. The writer sincerely hoped that people would go along the path of self-improvement, and the new time would be marked by the rebirth of the Company.

It was a process for the elimination of the very essence, the quintessence of the Russian National Consciousness, the "Russian idea" - the name proposed by the author himself. Dostoevsky, it is closely related to religious philosophy. Arseny Vladimirovich Gulga (Soviet philosopher, historian of philosophy and literary critic) So explained the solarness of Dostoevsky: This is a call for returning to the national, this is patriotism based on moral values.

For Dostoevsky, this idea of \u200b\u200bfreedom of will, inseparally connected with unshakable moral law, has become the main in creativity, especially in late works. Human writer considered a secret, he tried to penetrate his spiritual nature, throughout his life sought to find the path of his moral formation.

On June 8, 1880, at a meeting of the Society of Russian Literature, the author read the "Pushkin speech", which opens his true views and judgments to the reader, as well as the essence of life, for Dostoevsky. It was this poet that the author considered a true national character. In the poetry of Alexander Sergeevich, the writer saw the prophetically outlined path of the debris and Russian people. Then he brought his own idea: the transformation should be carried out not through the change in external factors and conditions, but through internal self-improvement.

Of course, the main help, on Dostoevsky, there is a religion on this path. Mikhail Mikhailovich Bakhtin said that the "noise" created by the multi-chart of characters in the novels of the writer is overlapped by one voice - belonging to God whose word goes out of the author's soul. At the end of Pushkin Speech, it is said that being Russian means ...

To seek to reconcile in European contradictions, it is already finally, to point out the outcome of the European longing in its Russian soul, all-in-law and reuniting, to accommodate in it with a briefly love of all of our brothers, and in the end maybe it may be the final word of the Great, General Harmony, Bratsk The final consent of all tribes in Christ the Gospel law!

Interesting facts from the life of the writer

• In 1837, Pushkin was tragically left - favorite author of Dostoevsky. The death of the poet Fedor Mikhailovich perceived as a personal tragedy. He later recalled that if it were not for the death of a mother, he would ask his relatives to wear mourning through the writer.
• It should be noted that the dreams of older sons about the literary field at all were not perceived by their parents as Blazh, but in a situation of need, in which the family was gradually lowered, forced Mikhail Andreevich to insist on obtaining engineering education boys capable of providing them with a materially reliable and sustainable future.
• The first completed work of the writer in the field of translation was "Eugene Grande" Balzak. He was inspired by a visit to Russia by the author of this work. The work is printed in the publishing house "Repertoire and Pantheon" in 1844, but the name of the translator did not indicate there.
• In 1869, he became a father. Interesting of the writer's personal life describes his spouse in his memoirs: "Fedor Mikhailovich was unusually gentle by his daughter, having fallen with her, I myself, I walked, I wore it, I fished and felt so happy that I wrote a criticism of insurance:" Oh, why do you Not married, and why you do not have a child, a multi-level Nikolai Nikolayevich. I swear to you that in this 3/4 of the happiness of life, but the rest is one quarter. "

Death

For the first time, the diagnosis of Paducha (epilepsy) was raised by the author even during his stay at Katorga. The disease was tormented by a writer, but irregularity and relatively low frequency of seizures have little influenced his mental abilities (only some worsening memory was observed), allowing him to create until the end of days.

Over time, Dostoevsky developed the pulmonary disease - emphysema. There is an assumption that its exacerbation is obliged to explain to the sister V. M. Ivanova on January 26 (February 7) of 1881. The woman persistently persuaded from him to give way to the share of the aunt Alexandra Fedorovna Kumanin Ryazan estate by his native sisters. Nervous atmosphere, conversation with a sister on elevated colors, the complexity of the situation - all this has adversely affected the physical state of the writer. He had a seizure: the blood went to the throat.

Even in the morning of January 28 (February 9), hemorrhages did not pass. Dostoevsky spent all day in bed. He rushed several times with loved ones, feeling the approach of death. By evening, the writer died. He was 59 years old.

Many wished to say goodbye to Dostoevsky. Relatives arrived, friends, but much more there were unfamiliar people - those who are already immensely read the stunning talent of Fyodor Mikhailovich, who bowed to his gift. Among those who came was the artist V. G. Perov, he painted the famous posthumous portrait of the author.

Dostoevsky, and later and his second spouse were buried at the Tikhvin cemetery of Alexander Nevsky Lavra in St. Petersburg.

Dostoevsky places

Dostoevsky's manor was in the Kashirsk district of the Tula province. The village of Green and the village of Cheremoshn, of which the estate was, Father Fedor bought back in 1831. Here, as a rule, the family spent the summer. A year after the purchase, there was a fire that destroyed the house, after that a wooden fluegel was rebuilt, where the family lived. Inherited the manor younger brother Andrei.

The house in Staraya Russa was the only real estate property of Dostoevsky. For the first time a writer with his family came here in 1882. The most serene days of his life are connected with this place. The atmosphere of this corner was the most favorable for the coexistence of the entire family in harmony and for the work of the writer. Here they were written "Brothers Karamazov", "demons" and many other works.

Value

Dostoevsky did not study philosophy and did not consider his works by the conductors of the relevant ideas. But after decades after the end of his creative activity, the researchers began to talk about the formulation of universal issues and on the complexity of the affected materials in the text of the writer who came out from under the pen. The fame of the preacher, connoisseur of the human soul, really secured behind the writer. Therefore, his novels are still in the lists of the most popular and demanded works worldwide. For the modern writer, a huge merit is considered to earn a comparison with this Russian genius. The reading of such literature is part of affiliates to intelligent circles, because Dostoevsky became a certain degree of a brand, meaning the exclusivity of the taste of the one who prefers him. Especially the creativity of Fyodor Mikhailovich likes the Japanese: and Cobo Abe, and Yukio Misima, and Haruki Murakakov recognized him with their favorite writer.

Famous psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud celebrated the phenomenal depth of the works of the Russian author and their value for science. He also sought to look deep into the consciousness of the person, study the patterns and features of his work. They both revealed and prepared the inner world of a person comprehensively: with all its noble thoughts and low-lying desires.

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