100 most famous surnames. Family Russia

Historians every year expand the list of nominal nicknames of Slavic origin. Many would be interested to know their origins. But sometimes it is impossible to determine this by the sound itself, since various suffixes, prefixes and prefixes were added to the derived word for years, distorting its original meaning.

Russian names and surnames

To determine the origin of a person's kind, they use his passport data. The key points are the root of the word, which forms Russian names and surnames. They differ in prevalence. By the sound, one can determine the eminence of the clan or the belonging of the ancestors to different social groups and castes of society: peasants, boyars, clergy. The etymology of some includes archaisms and strange foundations; to determine these yourself, you can use the reference book.

Origin

Derivatives and roots can originate from the nicknames of ancestors, funny nicknames, names, directions of activity. The origin of Russian surnames, in most cases, is unraveled in its etymology. You should be interested in this clue, because through it you can learn about an outstanding ancestor or the eminence of the family. For those who want to determine the origins of their generic nickname, there are alphabetical collections that are replenished and updated annually, on their pages almost everyone can find out the history of their name.

Most popular derivatives:

• On behalf of the ancestor (whose? Whose will you be?) - Ivanov, Sidorov, Kuzmin, Petrov.
• From geographical names - Vyazemsky, Stroganov, Smolensky.
• From the nicknames of the clergy - Rozhdestvensky, Preobrazhensky, Uspensky.
• From the names of plants and animals - Sokolova, Orlova, Zayats, Lebedeva, Golubeva.
• From county and boyar titles - Minin, Tikhomirov, Tikhonravov, Godunov.

Meaning

The etymology and the formation of a name of its own kind are of interest to an increasing number of people. The meaning of Russian surnames is clarified when determining the root part of a word, it indicates the meaning. The meaning of family names like Bondarev, Kovalev, Shevtsov - indicate the craft that someone from the family was engaged in. Muzzle, Stoyan, Brave - on the external or internal characteristics of an individual. All members of the family were named by the nickname of the head of the family, and this was passed down from generation to generation.

When surnames appeared in Russia

The assignment of a generic nickname to identify each genus began to take shape from the 15th century. When surnames appeared in Russia, initially they belonged to representatives of the upper strata of society: boyars and aristocrats, later, in the 18th century, to church ministers. Until the 19th century, peasants and artisans received their nicknames. Their genus names were derived from the nicknames of one of the family members or occupation. In historical scrolls and records, enumerations were found explaining this phenomenon: "Vasily, son of Kuznetsov ... Ivan, son of Khlebnikov"

How many surnames in Russia

The study of this data is still in question. The absolutely correct numerical value has not been deduced, which could answer exactly the question of how many surnames exist in Russia today. Researchers have undertaken such a difficult task only a few times, about 250 thousand values ​​are officially included in the collection, and these lists are constantly updated with new forms of the nicknames that were once given.

Declination of surnames in Russian

The rules of the Russian language strictly define the spelling and pronunciation of passport data. The declension of surnames in the Russian language occurs according to the following basic rules: standard ones are declined as adjectives, and of foreign origin as nouns. They do not incline at the zero ending, or ending in a consonant sound (Bondar, Nitsevich, Ponomar), with the ending in -o (Petrenko, Shevchenko, Kovalenko), foreign in -a, -ya (Barnava, Okidzhava, Zola).

The most common surname in Russia

Boris Ubengaun was the first to start compiling a directory that lists the names of Russia. There are collected various variations due to the process of transformation of popular nicknames. Each position has an explanation (highlighted parts of word formation that interpret the essence of a particular word). There are positions that can be found more often, there are those that are very rare. The data were taken on the basis of the population census of the city of St. Petersburg.

Common surnames in Russia:

• Vladimirov;
• Sergeev;
• Petrov;
• Ivanov.

Beautiful Russian surnames

There are people whose generic nicknames fascinate with their sound. These include derived from place names or long nicknames given to church officials. This etymology is rare, it sounds aristocratic melodic. Many people change the generic data in the passport in order to get a name that is beautiful and stands out from the crowd. Lucky people are considered to be those to whom it was inherited.

The most beautiful surnames in Russia:

• Preobrazhensky;
• Tsezarev;
• Christmas;
• Vyazemsky;
• Uspensky.

Slavic

There are names of the genus that originated from the ancient Slavs. These nicknames are very rare and therefore valuable for historians. Their small number is due to the fact that derivatives originate from the names of pagan gods or Old Church Slavonic names. With the advent of Christianity, such nicknames were categorically banned, people were massively baptized and renamed, because those who have preserved them to this day are a find, a vivid example of pagan culture.

Old Slavic surnames, examples:

• Yarilo;
• Dovbush;
• Confused;
• Lada;
• Pious;
• Dobrynin;
• Peaceful.

Popular

According to the population census conducted in the 80s of the last century, under the former USSR, about 50% of the rural and 35% of the urban population bear generic nicknames formed according to the principle of patronymic with the addition of suffixes. This study is recognized as the highest quality and most detailed up to our times. Popular Russian surnames: Sidorov, Smirnov, Kuzmin, Vasiliev. The second most frequent are nicknames that indicate the type of activity: Kuznetsov, Bondarev, Reznikov, Khlebnikov, etc.

Rare Russian surnames

It is difficult to compile a reliable list that includes all items. But the main ones have been selected. It is not often that you can meet people who wear a family nickname that completely coincides with a geographical name or is formed from a combination of two words. There are few of those who were fortunate enough to become the namesake of famous historical figures and heroes of literary novels.

Rare surnames in Russia:

• Astrakhan;
• Kamchatka;
• Aybogin;
• Cool pepper;
• Crusoe;
• Karenin.

Funny

Sometimes, among friends, there are family nicknames, which involuntarily cause a smile with their comicality. They surprise fellow citizens, and especially foreigners, with their pronunciation, they consist of adding the stems of any nouns or verbs, they can denote a funny or strange action, name objects, the name of which sounds strange in a human name. A person who has to wear them can hardly be called lucky.

Funny Russian surnames:

• Bone gnawing;
• Mozgoedov;
• Popkin;
• Rzhach;
• Login;
• Khachapuri;
• Govnodedov;
• Snot.

Russian noble surnames

Their owners may not doubt the high title of someone of their kind, they were assigned exclusively to nobles, boyars, high-ranking officials. People close to high positions and ruling power. They can also be merchants. The presence of such title nicknames among the peasantry, a worker from the common population or artisans is excluded, their mere presence spoke of the high social status of their owner.

Russian noble surnames:

• Stroganov;
• Godunov;
• Tikhomirov;
• Minin;
• Novgorodtsev;
• Tikhonravov;
• Ventsenossev.

Old Russian

This term denotes not only the Old Slavonic nicknames of the times of paganism, but also those that, in their etymology, designate outdated concepts and words of ancient use, eradicated from modern speech. Interesting to consider are generic nicknames that call old monetary units, household items, crafts that are not found in the modern world. All these signs indicate the age of the genus and the roots that go far.

Old Russian surnames:

• Kunin;
• Altynov;
• Kalita;
• Zlatnikov;
• Pryalkin;
• Kozhemyaka;
• Bandurov.

Rating of surnames in Russia

Top-100 items have been compiled, which can often be found in the passports of fellow citizens. All of them were selected based on the reference book and ordered during the census throughout the year. This information will be especially interesting for girls, because everyone dreams of meeting her man and getting married. Statistics say that 89% of cases, women switch to a male generic nickname during marriage. Such a top will clearly show the most likely options that each one may face. The section includes 10 first positions.

• Ivanov;
• Smirnov;
• Kuznetsov;
• Popov;
• Sokolov;
• Vasiliev;
• Fedorov;
• Novikov;
• Egorov;
• Kozlov.

A couple of centuries ago, the surname was a rarity among ordinary people. The inhabitants of Veliky Novgorod were the first to bear surnames on Russian soil. Princes and boyars received generic names at the turn of the 16th-17th centuries, a little later they appeared among merchants and military men, and by the middle of the 18th century. the clergy also acquired surnames.

The peasants, on the other hand, received an "eternal" addition to their name en masse only after the abolition of serfdom. Their surnames came from nicknames or occupations.

The most common surnames in Russia

There have been many attempts to study "common Russian" family names, and they all show approximately the same results. As a basis, we will take the results of a study by the geneticist Elena Balanovskaya, who in 2005 published the scientific work "Family portraits of five Russian regions" - a list of 257 primordially Russian surnames, sorted according to frequency. You may be interested in reading an article about the most common surnames in the world.

Petrov

The Petrovs round out the top ten most popular Russian surnames. The frequency of the surname is on average 6-7 people per thousand inhabitants. It was based on the Greek name Peter. The offspring of the bearers of this name were called "Petrov's son", "Petrov's daughter", which, as a result, was transformed simply into "Petrov".

About the most popular Russian surnames

Only representatives of the upper strata of society became Petrovs, who were respectfully called by their full name. The peasants had to be content with derivatives: Petrushin, Petkin, Petyunin, Petrishchev, Petrukhin, Petrin.

Among the popular people of Russia, there are many carriers of this historical surname: tennis player Nadezhda Petrova, actor Alexander Petrov, actress Galina Petrova.

Morozov

This surname is also formed from the name, however, unusual for the hearing of a modern person. "Frost" in Russia in the world was called a child who was born on a particularly chilly day. The bearers of the name met among commoners, merchants, and nobility.

Sometimes people began to call a person "Frost" already in adulthood - for composure or cruel prudence. So, the founder of the famous noble family of the Morozovs was Ivan Semenovich, nicknamed Moroz. His five sons, Fedor, Mikhail, Dmitry, Levkei and Firs, have already received the surname Morozov.

This surname is proudly borne by the champion hockey player Alexei Morozov and his namesake, actor Alexei Morozov, the star of the TV series "Mysterious Passion" and the movie "Panfilov's 28".

Novikov

The annals say that the nickname "novik" was received either by recruits in the army, or by young people who began to build an administrative career in the tsarist service.

According to another version, foreigners were called “noviks”. The nickname was firmly attached to the name and did not disappear even after the assimilation of a person in a new place. This is supported by data from old census books, where in front of each person with the nickname Novik there is a note “hallway”.

The famous namesakes of the Novikovs are bard Alexander Novikov and comedian Klara Novikova.

Kozlov

Do not be surprised by the fact that the predecessor of the name Kozlov was the name Kozel. After the baptism of Rus, people began to give the newborns a church, “baptismal” name, but the “worldly” name did not go anywhere. And names given in honor of animals or plants were not uncommon in those days.

Calling a child a Goat, a Squirrel or a Wolf, the parents turned to the forces of nature with a request to endow him with the appropriate qualities - perseverance, dexterity, strength.

The famous Kozlovs are the former "Ranetka" Lera Kozlova and the football player Alexei Kozlov.

Lebedev

Another "natural" name - Swan - was more common among girls. Calling their daughter in this way, the parents wanted to reward her with the beauty and tenderness of a swan.

The linguist-Slavist Boris Unbegaun has a different point of view. In his book Russian Surnames, he mentions the high frequency of the Lebedevs among the Russian clergy. The scientist concluded that the priests artificially took this name for themselves, since the swan has long been a symbol of Christian humility.

But the fairly common Russian surname Lebedinsky originates from the toponyms of the same root to the swan. “I am Lebedinsky” - answered people from the village of Lebedino or Lebedinoe, who had moved to a new place, and this nickname was fixed for them for a long time.

A popular namesake is designer Artemy Lebedev.

Popov

The expression "priest's son" ("priest's son", "priest's son") over time turned into Popov. But not all Popovs or Popkovs are descendants of priests. Sometimes the surname Popov was given to farm laborers who worked for the priest. The worldly name Pop or Popko was common among the peasants.

The surname is especially popular in the north of Russia. In the Arkhangelsk region, there are about twenty Popovs for every thousand people.

This surname was borne by Oleg Popov, another "sunny clown" who left at the end of 2016.

Sokolov

The Russian male name Sokol has become the most common bird surname in Russia - Sokolov. The bird of prey, the hunter's companion, was a symbol of military valor and a noble soul. And the surnames with the same stem, but with the ending "-skiy", are of Polish-Ukrainian origin.

It is known about the untitled noble family of the Sokolovs, which appeared at the end of the 17th century. His descendant, Count Apollinarius Sokolov, who lived at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, was nicknamed "the genius of Russian detectives." Historians believe that it was from him that Vladimir Ulyanov-Lenin was hiding abroad at one time.

The bearers of this noble surname belongs to the actor and director Andrei Sokolov, as well as the participant of the show "The Voice" Lyudmila Sokolova.

Kuznetsov

The surname Kuznetsov comes from the occupation. The blacksmith was an irreplaceable person in any village, therefore the geography of the surname covers the whole of Russia. Most often, the surname was found in the Saratov province, where an entire Kuznechny district existed.

In the south of Russia, the blacksmith was called "the farrier" - hence the name Kovalev. Kovankov and Kovalkov are russified Belarusian and Ukrainian surnames. But Kuznechikhin and Kovalikhin were formed from the nicknames of the blacksmith's wife.

It should be noted that the importance of blacksmithing still makes itself felt in the languages ​​of other peoples. In English-speaking countries, the surname Smith is common, in Germany - Schmidt.

Famous Kuznetsovs include children's ombudsman Anna Kuznetsova and actor Yuri Kuznetsov.

Ivanov

Ivanov is one of the most common surnames in Russia. Ivan, a derivative name, has been in use for several centuries, primarily among the peasantry and clergy.

There are more than a hundred forms of surnames similar to the "Ivanovs". For example, the last name is Ivin. Almost all Ivins received their surname not from the willow tree, but from the diminutive form of Ivan - Iva. Another form of the name is Evesha. Also Ivan's diminutive forms - Ishko and Itsko. The latter is characteristic of the Smolensk dialects or the Belarusian language. Ishko is a South Russian dialect or Ukrainian language. Other ancient forms of the name Ivan are Ishunya and Ishuta. Previously, the surname Ivanov was pronounced with an accent on the letter "a". Nowadays, the emphasis is placed on the last syllable.

There are many Ivanovs among the actors (What surnames are popular in neighboring countries?

Earlier, in a large family, peasant parents sighed with relief if quiet, unclaimed children were born. This is a rather rare quality and was embodied in the name of Smirnaya (with an emphasis on "o"). The Meek ones also met among the merchants and the nobility. The surname Smirnov has less common derivatives: Smirenkin, Smirnitsky, Sminin, Smirensky.

Among the owners of this surname, one can single out the outstanding comedian Alexei Smirnov and the star of Soviet cinema Lidia Smirnova.

Other popular Russian surnames that were not included in the top 10: Volkov, Soloviev, Vasiliev, Zaitsev, Pavlov, Semyonov, Golubev, Vinogradov, Bogdanov, Vorobiev, Fedorov, Mikhailov, Tarasov, Belov. Also, the site has a separate article about the most popular names in Russia.
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Kuznetsov Soloviev Vasiliev Vinogradov Bogdanov Vorobiev Mikhailov Kudryavtsev Alekseev Stepanov 189. Zinoviev 190. Grishin 191. Kononov 192. Dementyev 193. Sitnikov 194. Simonov 196. Fadeev 197. Komissarov 198. Mammoth 200. Gulyaev 202. Ustinov 203. Vishnyakov 204. Evseev

Gerasimov Ponomarev Grigoriev Medvedev Zhuravlev Nikolaev Maximov Belousov Dorofeev Dmitriev Anisimov Timofeev Nikiforov Filippov Bolshakov Alexandrov Konovalov Shestakov 205. Lavrentiev 206. Bragin 207. Konstantinov 208. Kornilov 209. Avdeev 211. Biryukov 212. Sharapov 213. Nikonov 215. Dyachkov 216. Odintsov 217. Sazonov 218. Yakushev 219. Krasilnikov 220. Gordeev

Melnikov Shcherbakov Kolesnikov Afanasiev Gavrilov Rodionov Gorbunov Kudryashov Tretyakov Saveliev Trofimov Martynov Emelyanov Ovchinnikov Seleznev Panfilov Nekrasov 221. Samoilov 222. Knyazev 223. Bespalov 224. Uvarov 225. Checkers 226. Bobylev 227. Doronin 228. Belozerov 229. Rozhkov 230. Samsonov 231. Myasnikov 232. Likhachev 234. Sysoev 235. Fomichev 236. Rusakov

Vorontsov Ignatiev Kapustin Kirillov Gorbachev Evdokimov Kalashnikov Prokhorov Nesterov Kharitonov Agafonov Muravyov Larionov Fedoseev Terentyev Molchanov Vladimirov Artemiev 237. Shooters 239. Teterin 240. Kolobov 241. Subbotin 243. Blokhin 244. Seliverstov 245. Pestov 246. Kondratiev 248. Merkushev 249. Lytkin

Table 3.

The most common surnames of the village of Baturino.

Lukinykh (125)

Golubev (67)

Bulygin (36)

Gorshkov (33)

Medvedev (25)

Lashkov (23)

1. Maslennikov (17)

   Gulyaev (16)

   Butorov (16)

   Sukhanov (15)

Table 4.

The names of the clergymen of the Baturin Spaso-Preobrazhensky Church.

Kapustin V.T. (1765 - 1793)

L.V. Kapustin (1793 - 1816)

Popov A.S. (1817 - 1818)

I. L. Kapustin (1818 - 1857)

Kapustin N.I. (1857 - 1865)

A.I. Kapustin (1865 - 1868)

Troitsky S.G. (1868 - 1871)

Shchapkov N.I. (1871 - 1883)

D.I. Nosilov (1883 - 1905)

Baturin V.D. (1905 - 1906)

Ponomarev V.S. (1906 - 1918)

S.I. Palmov (1918 - 1929)

Lunev (mentioned in 1931)

Golubev I.A. (mentioned in 1934)

Norov I.B. (1999 g.

Appendix 2.

Toponymic dictionary (interpretation of the meanings of the names of local residents).

Abramov-Abram is a folk form of the baptismal name Abraham - the father of nations (ancient Hebrew). Related surnames: Abramkin, Abramochkin, Abrashin, Avraamov, Abramov, Avrasin, Avrashin, Avrashkov - they all came from different diminutive forms of this name.

Avdyushev - The surname could be formed from various names, or their derivative forms. And from the derived forms of names: male - Avdey (Obadiy) - a priest (other Hebrew) and from the rarer Avdon ("servant, slave"), and from the female - Evdokia ("favor" ") through the colloquial form of Avdotya. Or abbreviated forms of the baptismal name Evdokim - glorious (Greek). - Avdonia, Avdosha, Evdonia, etc. There is a whole galaxy of similar surnames for Avd-, Evd-, descended from various folk forms. See also Evdokimov, Avdeev, Avdot'ev Aldonin.

Ageev - From the baptismal name Aggei - festive, having fun (ancient Hebrew) - there are several more surnames: Ageikin, Agishev, Agishin, Agishchev, Agushev. However, it is possible that Agishchev and Agushev may be associated with diminutive versions of the baptismal name Agapy - beloved (Greek).

Aksakov - Aksak in Tatar means "lame".

Akulov - Oddly enough, Akulov has nothing to do with the terrible fish-beast. He is the namesake of Orlov. After all, the form of the Shark was acquired in Russia by the Greek baptismal name Akila - an eagle. Akilina in colloquial speech turned into Akulipa. Both of these names gave birth to such surnames: Akulin, Akulinin, Akulinichev, Akulyshin, Okulov. However, the last surname could arise from the worldly name Okul or from a nickname that meant a rogue, a braggart, a deceiver.

Alexandrov - From the baptismal name, Alexander is the defender of people (Greek). This name, like a mighty trunk of a tree, lifted up into the air many branches and leaves - surnames formed from its diminutive forms: Aleksandrikin, Aleksandrovskiy, Aleksankin, Aleksanov, Aleksakhin, Aleksashin, Aleksin, Aleksov, Alenev and Olenev, Alenikov and Olenikov, Alenin and Olenin, Alenichev and Olenichev, Aleinikov and Oleinikov, Alent'ev, Aleinikov and Oleinikov, Alenshev, Alekov and Olekov; Aleshintsev, Aleshkov, Alegiechkin, Aleshin and Oleshin, Aleshihin, Aleshkin and Oleshkin, Oleshunin; Alekhanov, Alekhov, Olekhov, Alesin, Alekhin; Alyutin, Alyukhin, Alyushin, Olyunin; Leksin, Lelikov, Lel'kin, Lelyakin, Lelyakov, Lelyanov, Lelyashin, Lelyukhin, Lenin, Lenkin, Lenkov, Lennikov, Lenov, Lenov, Lenshin, Lekshin; Lyakin, Lyakishev, Lyalikov, Lyalin, Lyalkin, Lyalakin, Lyashev, Lyagiutin; Sanin, Sanichkin, Sankin, Sankov, Sanov, Sankin, Sankov, Sanyutin, Sakhnin, Sakhnov, Sashenkov, Sashin, Sashkin, Sashkov. The diminutive form of Shura became the basis of the only surname Shurin. It must be remembered that the surnames Alenin and Olenin can be formed on behalf of Alena (baptismal Elena), and the surname Oleinikov could be born from the name of the profession (reindeer - reindeer breeder).

Alferov- From the baptismal name Elefery - free (Greek). except<законной>the names of the Eleferyevs are in the same kindred row: Alfeyev, Alferyev, Luferov, Olferyev.

Andreev- One of the most common Russian surnames comes from the baptismal name Andrei - courageous (Greek). From various forms of the same name, Andrusov, Andryunin, Andryuishn and seminarskaya Andreevsky were formed

Andropov- From the baptismal name Eutropius - well-behaved (Greek). Its colloquial forms: Antrop, Antrokha, Antrusha, Atroshko - gave birth to the names of Andropov and Antropov, Antrokhin, Antrushin, Atroshkov, although their origin from the rare name Atprop is equally likely.

Anisimov - Anisim, Anis - a variety of the baptismal name Onisim widespread in Russia - bringing to the end (Greek). Therefore, Onisimov gets along well with Anisimov in everyday life.

Anikin - This surname is from the derivative forms of the names Ioanniky and Anikita (the first is associated with the Greek word "nike" - victory, the second with the Greek "aniketos" - invincible). The expression "anika-smotrok" means "short-sighted person", "anika-warrior" is a bully and a braggart who suffers defeat. The latter came into use thanks to the popularly translated story of the 16th century "The debate of the belly with death" (that is, "The dispute between Life and Death"), where the ill-fated Anika appears. Anikeev can be a form of the surname Enikeev The surname Anichev could be formed from the female name Anna - Anya, in the Ukrainian language there are surnames from female names formed with the help of male suffixes.

Afanasyev - From the baptismal name Afanasy - immortal (Greek) His vernacular forms gave birth to the names: Afanasov, Afonin, Afonichev, Afonchikov, Afonchin, Afonyushin, Afonyushkin.

Babinov - Babenyshev. Mama's son, sissy.

Bazhutin - Bazhan and Bazhen are extremely common in the old days Russian non-church names. The common meaning of both: welcome, warm-hearted, sweet. The surname Bazhanov is associated with the circumstances of the child's birth: bazhen is a desired child. The worldly names Bazhen and Bazhan were widespread throughout Russia. The surnames Bazhenov and Bazhutin have the same meaning. Dal also has a bazhenny darling, a pampered pet, a bazhutka - a welcome, sweetheart. Bazhanov. Noblemen from the 17th century. From the Turkic-Tatar bazh "brother-in-law, husband of wife's sister". Subsequently, architects, scientists. Surnames Bazhin, Bazhukov from the requests of visitors. Probably have the same basis.

Balandin - Balanda is a kind of food, or chatterbox, chatterbox.

Balashov-Balash - personal name from Turkic., Balash, child, son.

Baleyevskikh - Baley, baliy - medicine man, sorcerer, wizard, as well as a doctor from our ancestors.

Bannikov - Not only a bath attendant and a person who loves to wash in a bath, but also a brownie who lives in a bath.

Basov - A student at a theological seminary. Another meaning is bass - beauty, beauty.

Baturin - Comes from the nickname Batur (stubborn, disobedient), which is formed on the basis of the Ryazan dialect word "baturit" - to be stubborn. According to another version, the surname is associated with the name of Murza Batura - a native of the Big Horde, who served with the Ryazan princes.

Bakharev - Bakhar, Bahir - talker, storyteller.

Belkov - From the nickname blond, white-faced, as well as a neat person.

Berdnikov - Berdnik is a hip master, i.e. combs of weaving looms.

Biryukov is a lone wolf.

Bogachev - the surname comes from the word "rich", as in the old days wealthy people were called.

Boyko - Boyko (boyko) - Transcarpathian Ukrainians - mountaineers.

Borovikov - Borovich is a man living in the forest, engaged in forestry.

Bragin - A person engaged in the manufacture and sale of mash.

Brattsev - Patronymic from the nickname Brother, which arose from the dialectal common noun brother, which in various dialects means "cousin", "half brother", "friend, comrade", "brother". Members of some religious sects of "brotherhoods" were called brothers. In addition to brother, there were other words with the same meanings - brother, brother, brother, brother, which gave the appropriate surnames.

Bryukhov - Bryukhan is a man with a fat belly.

Bulygin - From the nickname "bulyga" (blockhead, rough), cobblestone. In pre-Petrine Russia, it was often used as a personal name of a person.

Bulychev - Bulych - roguish. The word also served as a personal worldly name. Among the "best servants" endowed with land by Ivan the Terrible in 1550, we find Bulych Khirin. (F). At the heart of the Russian word bulych has several meanings in different dialects "rogue, merchant man" (tul.), "Shameless, shameless man, arrogant rogue" (Vladimir, Vyatka) and "stupid" (Vladimir). The word itself is borrowed from Türkic, meaning "weak, unable to have children. The surname comes from the nickname Bulych with one of the above meanings."

Burkov-Burko is a brown horse (a person could be nicknamed by hair color).

Burlakov - Burlak is a peasant who goes to a foreign land to earn money, especially on river ships. This craft made people rude, headstrong, wild. "At home the barge haulers are rams, and in the forest there are brawlers." A related surname is Burlatsky. Burlo is a screamer, a noisy person.

Butorov-Buttora is the one who speaks quickly, loudly, stupidly.

Bychkov - Bykov is one of the most common surnames formed from nicknames from the name of the animal. It is included in the 100 most common, at 82nd place. There are a number of "bullish" surnames with slightly different meanings. Bychatin is a butcher, Bychatnikov is a cattle driver, Bychenev, Bychkov, Bychnikov .. Bykovsky, Bychkovsky, Bychenko are Ukrainian surnames with the same meaning. The related surname Porozov from the obsolete poros is bull.

Vazhenin - 1. Vagan is a resident of the Vagi River, a tributary of the Northern Dvina. In the North, in a broad sense, it was called a simple, uneducated peasant. Also about the surname Vazhenin - from the Vagi river. In the customs books of 1675-1676 according to Ustyug and Totma, merchants from Vaga were called many times: "Vazhenin Grigory Ignatov", "Vazhenin Leontiev Peter". The word vagan appeared later. 2. Vaga is a derivative form of the ancient rare name Evagrius (translated from Greek: happy on the hunt). There are other meanings of the word "vaga" - weight, weight (hence "important", that is, weighty), weight, scales, lever. 3. Vazhenin possibly from the nickname Vazhenya - "spoiled" (Old Russian vogue "to pamper, indulge"). Possible motivation for the nickname Vagan is a word used in dialects: in Yaroslavl, Severo-Dvinsky - "man, vakhlak" " dialects wagons are also called residents of Povazhye (along the river Vaga)

Vasilenko - Patronymic of the canonical masculine personal name Vasily (from the Greek basileus - "ruler, king") and its derivatives. The surname is found everywhere, since the name from the 15th to the 19th centuries. ranked second in frequency among the Russians, second only to Ivan. But the frequency of the surname only in the largest cities was significant (for example, in St. Petersburg in 1910, according to B. Unbegaun's calculations, it took second place). In none of the territories included in Nikonov's calculations did the surname belong to the ten most frequent, since the name was used in many derivative forms, from which different surnames were formed, for example: Bazilevich, Bazylev, Bazylin, Vasin, Vaseikin, Vasenkin, Vasechkin, Vasilevich, Vasilevsky, Vasilenkov, Vasilichev, Vasiliev, Vasilievs, Vasilkov, Vasiltsev, Vasin, Vasinsky, Vasintsev, Vasichev, Vasishchev, Vasnev, Vasnetsov, Vaskin, Vaskov, Vasyukin, Vasyukov, Vasyukov, Vasyunin, Vasyunichev, Vasyutin, Vasyutkin, Vasyunichev Vasyukhin, Vasyuchkov, Vasyushin, Vasyushkin, Vasyagin, Vasyev, Vasyakin, Vasyatkin, Vasyashin, Vakhnev (Russian north-west, Ukrainian, Belarusian - Vakhno, Ukrainian - Vasilenko, Vasilyuk, Vasyuchenko, Belarusian - Vasilenok, Bulgarian - Vasilev, Moldovan and Romanian - Vasiliu, Vasilescu, cargo - Vasilidze). In some cases, it is difficult to decide what name the surname Vashin, Vashutin, Vashurin, Vashurkin and others owe - from Vasily or from Ivan? Vasenya is a diminutive form of the name Vasily. Your colloquial form of names Ivan or Vasily. A Vashin who belongs to the Vash family, your descendants. And already the children of Vasinets began to write the Vashintsevs and: e after w instead of and - a later mistake caused by the fact that the history of the formation of the surname was forgotten. (Wed Vasnetsov.) Vasilets. The suffix -ets is used in the formation of surnames in Ukrainian and less often in Belarusian. The names on Vakh- and Vash- can be formed about the name Bartholomew. Vakhnev.

Vasiliev - Patronymic of the canonical male personal name Vasily (from the Greek basileus - "ruler, king") and its derivatives. The surname is found everywhere, since the name from the 15th to the 19th centuries. ranked second in frequency among the Russians, second only to Ivan. But the frequency of the surname only in the largest cities was significant (for example, in St. Petersburg in 1910, according to B. Unbegaun's calculations, it took second place). In none of the territories included in Nikonov's calculations was the surname among the ten most frequent, since the name was used in many derivative forms from which different surnames were formed, for example: Bazilevich, Bazylev, Bazylin, Vasin, Vaseikin, Vasenkin, Vasechkin, Vasilevich, Vasilevsky, Vasilenkov, Vasilichev, Vasiliev, Vasilievs, Vasilkov, Vasiltsev, Vasin, Vasinsky, Vasintsev, Vasichev, Vasischev, Vasnev, Vasnetsov, Vaskin, Vaskov, Vasyukin, Vasyukov, Vasyukov, Vasyunin, Vasyunichev, Vasyutin, Vasyutkin, Vasyunichev Vasyukhin, Vasyuchkov, Vasyushin, Vasyushkin, Vasyagin, Vasyev, Vasyakin, Vasyatkin, Vasyashin, Vakhnev (Russian north-west, Ukrainian, Belarusian - Vakhno, Ukrainian - Vasilenko, Vasilyuk, Vasyuchenko, Belarusian - Vasilenok, Bulgarian - Vasilev, Moldovan and Romanian - Vasiliu, Vasilescu, cargo - Vasilidze). In some cases, it is difficult to decide what name the surname Vashin, Vashutin, Vashurin, Vashurkin and others owe - from Vasily or from Ivan? Vasenya is a diminutive form of the name Vasily. Your colloquial form of names Ivan or Vasily. A Vashin who belongs to the Vash family, your descendants. And already the children of Vashints began to write the Vashintsevs and: e after w instead of and - a later mistake caused by the fact that the history of the formation of the surname was forgotten. (Wed Vasnetsov.) Vasilets. The suffix -ets is used in the formation of surnames in Ukrainian and less often in Belarusian. The names on Vakh- and Vash- can be formed about the name Bartholomew.

Vdovin - This surname is associated with the word widow, widower. Vdovin is the son of a widow. Vdovtsov, Vdovichev is the son of a widower. Vdovenko, Udovenko, Udovichenko - the Ukrainian version of the surname with one of the meanings.

Vepr - The surnames Veprev, Veprikov, Veprushkin are formed from the word boar - boar, or rather from the name or nickname Vepr. Such "animal" names were common in the old days. Veprintsev. Formed from the word Veprinets, probably the naming of a person at the place of residence, for example, the village of Veprino, Veprevo (in the Vologda region) or from the Veprin family, like Vasin - Vasinets - Vasnetsov. The nickname could be given by the neighbors to a hunter or a person with a fierce, furious disposition.

Verkhoturtsev - Perhaps the nickname Verkhotur, Verkhoturets - who came from Verkhoturye (a city in the Urals, on the Tura river).

Species - SPECIES. The meaning of this name is debatable. Some researchers believe that it originated from the nickname View, given to a respectable, handsome, prominent person. Others claim that the basis of the surname is the first name. View, folk diminutive form of the baptismal name David- favourite (other Heb.).

Vinogradov - The vine has always played a huge role in Christian symbolism. The grape is often mentioned in religious books; bunches of grapes, carved from wood, have long served as an adornment of Orthodox churches. The surname Vinogradov, as a wish for prosperity and prosperity, was often assigned to pupils of theological educational institutions. Meanwhile, many of them did not manage to taste the grapes. In the central regions of Russia, it appeared on wide sale only, with the development of railways, by the end of the 19th century. With the development of viticulture in Russia, the worldly surname Vinogradov also appeared.

Vladimirov - This surname originated from the baptismal name Vladimir (from other Slavic - "owning glory"). Volodya, Volosha, Voloshka is a diminutive form named after Volodimer, Vladimir. Voloshin, in addition, like volokh, is the old name of the Romanians and Moldovans. The suffix -in, denoting belonging to a particular nationality (compare Tatar, Bulgarian), began to be perceived as a family suffix. Volodich is a Belarusian, Volodko is a Ukrainian surname with the same meaning. Vladimirtsev, Vladimirsky - indicates the place of residence or service of the father - the city of Vladimir. Or a village with a similar name. But the surnames in sky in most cases belonged to the nobles. perhaps a seminary origin, there they gave the surnames n-sky from the names of the saints. Voloshinowski (from visitors' requests) - Polish surname, probably from this name or voloshen, volokh.

Volgin, Volozhanin - The surname Volgin is formed from the name of the Volga River, or more precisely from a nickname or non-baptismal name. The surname Volzhsky also has the basis of the Volga, the name of the river, but in the Unbegaun book it is given in the group of artificial surnames formed after 1917. The surnames Volzhanin and Volzhankin indicate a resident of the Volga banks. There is only one peculiarity. Volzhanin is not from Volzhan, and in the old days Volzhan is a resident of the Volga. When forming a surname, it would be more logical to Volzhaninov, but with the strengthening of the suffix - in as one of the main forming Russian surnames, the nickname Volzhanin never changed into a surname. It's just that the -in suffix was adopted as a family one (compare Kostroma - Kostromin). But Volzhankin is a metronymic (female) surname, from the mother's nickname - Volzhanka.

Volkov - The name Wolf actually existed in the pre-Christian era. In ancient times, it was believed that, having received a name consonant with the name of some animal or element, a person became related to him. Later on, a surname with the suffix –ov was formed on behalf of Volk. Worldly name Wolf was extremely popular in Russia, for it symbolized daring strength, courage, cunning. By the way, the names Wolf among the Germans, Vuk among the Balkans, Gurd among the Turks were just as used, and all these are the namesakes of the Wolf.

Voronin - From a worldly name Crow, very popular in the old days. Calling the child that way, they wanted to convey to him the prophetic power and longevity of this bird: the raven, according to legend, lives for three hundred years.

Vyatkin - The surname is associated with the name of the Vyatka river and belongs to the descendants of settlers from this river, from the Vyatka region. But in the "Onomasticon" of Veselovsky Vyatka, Vyatkins: Kuzma Yakovlevich Vyatka Sakharusov, Metropolitan butler, 1491-1504; from him - the Vyatkins. Vyatka-1) a gang, a crowd (smolen.), 2) a wedge of the earth (Ryazan.) (Dal)

Gavrilyuk - On behalf of Gabriel (from ancient Hebrew "divine warrior"). Gavrik, Gavsha, Ganya, Gansha, Ganka are diminutive forms of this name. Ganichev (Belozero., Vozhegod., Kaduys., Ustyuzhen. Districts). The patronymic "second degree" from the patronymic Ganich and from the diminutive form of Ganya of the canonical male names Agafon, Gabriel, etc. The surname is frequent in Belozerye, like other surnames in -ichev. The name Gabriel (in the common folk form of Gabriel) was very popular in Russia. Many diminutive forms came from him - Gavrya, Gavrik, Gavryusha, Gavrilka, Gavsha, Ganya, etc. They gave rise to a wide variety of surnames. But other explanations are also possible. Gavrikov from Gavrik - on the Don and a cunning, and a little boy, and in the Oryol region - a simpleton, a simpleton, a gaping. In the case of the chicken, gabble, do it somehow, and in the northern dialects gabble - dirty. In the south of Russia, gan is to shame, to shame. Gavrilikhin. Gavrilikha is Garila's wife. The village of Gavshino near Moscow; in the XV-XVI centuries. very common in the Novgorod region and in general in Western Russia Gavsha - Gabriel. Names in Gan can be derived from other names. In the dictionary of Petrovsky Gan is a derivative form of such names as Agap, Agafya, etc.

Gaev - 1. Guy, a grove in Ukrainian. 2. Guy is a Russian name (born by the earth).

Gilev - Gil in some dialects is a bullfinch bird. In ancient times, gtlju was called strife, rebellion. However, there are other explanations as well. For example, in the Kostroma region there is a crowd of gil, as well as nonsense, nonsense. In the north of Russia, gil is a joker, a joker, while in the south, gil is to serve, to serve according to the condition of the game, for example, with a ball or a svayka.

Glazunov - Glazun - big-eyed, who has bulging eyes, as well as one who loves to stare: rotozy, onlooker. Variants of nicknames could be: Eyes, Eyes, Eyes, etc. - hence the other names for Glaz- (E). In Dahl's dictionary, you can find other meanings of words with the root of the eyes, which could become nicknames and give the basis of the surname: an eye - a leaf bud, a pebble, a pearl (about a ring), a network cell. Surnames and nicknames are repeatedly mentioned in Veselovsky's "Onomasticon": Glaz, Glazovs, Moscow Glazun is a rotozei, a bum; fried eggs - scrambled eggs.

Glazov is the same as Glazunov.

Rotten Ears - Many nicknames were given to a person by his appearance, by physical disabilities.

Goncharov - The surname comes from the name of the father's profession - potter - "master making pottery". Goncharuk, Goncharenko are Ukrainian, and the surnames in -enko are typical for the eastern regions and are found in the south of Russia, - uk - for the western regions. Surnames without special suffixes -Gonchar- are more common in Ukraine, but there are also in Russia. Goncharik is Belarusian.

Grigoriev - From the derived forms of the name Grigory (from the Greek - "awake"). Grinkov - Patronymic from the diminutive form Grinko from the canonical masculine personal name Grigory (through the intermediate form of Grin). The Gritskikh surname is an interesting evidence of the resettlement processes in Russia. The derivative form Gritsko is typical for Ukrainians, and surnames with an ending - they are considered northern, were brought to Siberia and became typical Siberian surnames. Perhaps the ancestor of the owner of such a surname was a migrant from Ukraine to Siberia.

Gryazev - The surname is derived from a nickname or a non-church name Gryaz, Gryazny.

Golovin - Golovan, the bighead is a big-headed man. Nickname Golovan - "big-headed", recorded in the Vologda dialects. Obviously, the main advantage of the founders of these surnames was their head - either its size, or unsurpassed sharpness of mind. In addition, in the old days, the head was called the head. There were heads of riflemen, carts, customs, written, etc. Variants of surnames: Golovarev, most likely, is based on the word “ringleader” in the full Old Church Slavonic version - “ringleader”. Golovnev, possibly from the word smut - smoldering coal. Golovshchikov, from the golfer - the choirmaster - the head - in the monastery. In Dahl's vocabulary, the bailiff is also a trader in a whipped one, selling food; head, criminal, criminal. There you can also find quite a few words with the root head, which could become the basis of nicknames and surnames. For example, the surnames Golovyashkin, golovyashka - part of the bast shoes where the fingers are.

Golubev - Dove, pigeon, dove - the naming of the same bird, and the surname is formed from a nickname or a worldly name. The surname Golubev can also be associated with color. Dal's Dovecote lover is a lover of keeping pigeons and at the same time a dovecote hawk. Golubinsky, Golubovsky, Golubitsky may have a geographical basis.

Golubchikov- Golubtsov - cabbage roll, a forgotten affectionate word, from the modern darling.

Gorbunov - The surname comes from the nickname hunchback, hunchback. Humpbacked - petting from Hunchback. The surname is understandable - they are based on the word hump. This handicap gave rise to other surnames with the same stem. The surname Gorbenko, Gorban, Gorbatko, Gorbach, Gorbachenko of Ukrainian origin with the same meaning. Gorbanevsky and Gorbachevsky can be derived from place names, and probably of Ukrainian or Polish origin. Each surname is individual and the final answer can only be given by the study of its roots.

Gorshkov - The nickname Pot could be given for various reasons. In the story "Alyosha Pot" L. N. Tolstoy cites one of them: "Alyosha was the younger brother. They called him Pot because his mother sent him to take down a pot of milk to the deaconess, he stumbled and broke it. Mother beat him, and the guys began to tease him with "Pot". Alyoshka Pot - that's how his nickname went. " Gorshkalev is a Belarusian surname.

Grankin-Gran is an old name. From the Latin word "granum" - grain. Grana is a diminutive form of the names Gran and Evgraf (from the Greek "written handsome"). We also encounter a curious phenomenon in Russian phonetics: the appearance of an additional sound at the beginning of a word (with a prosthesis, that is, an extension). But for the convenience of pronouncing the surname Granov, a: Agran was sometimes added. This is where the Agranovs came from. (F).

Gryazev - The surname is derived from a nickname or a non-church name Dirt, Dirty

Gulyaev - Gulyai is an old Russian name. The common meaning of the word "walk": boisterous, riotous. In the same row Pogulyaev, Podgulyaev, Razgulyev, Zagulyaev. Take a walk, take a walk, take a walk - a very eloquent nickname - a boisterous, riotous, cheerful person.

Gusev - Surname, formed from a non-church name or nickname Gus, Gusak. "Bird" names were not rare in Russian villages. Dahl has a goose dealer or a goose shepherd.

Davydov - From the Orthodox baptismal name David - Davyd and comes from the male name from ancient Hebrews. "beloved" and its derivatives.

Denisov - From the Greek name Denis (Dionysius - "the god of the vital forces of nature, the god of winemaking"). Denisy, old. Dionysius. All surnames are from the baptismal name Denis and its derivatives. The main surname Denisov takes 97th place in the list of the most common Russian surnames. Dionisov, a seminarian could have received such a surname. In seminaries, there was a tradition of giving students surnames after the names of mythological characters. Denisenko, Denisyuk of the suffixes in Ukrainian onomastics, two are especially common: -enko in the east of Ukraine and -uk, -yuk in the west. Denisyonko and Denisyuk originally meant "little Denis", and then "Denis's son", and, finally, they turned into hereditary surnames. ) and can be formed from the full or diminutive form of the baptismal name. Surnames in -ich, however, more likely refer to the Belarusian than to the Ukrainian area. ... Dzeniskevich. The surname with c or dz should be read Belarusian if it comes from an Orthodox baptismal name, which is hardly used in the Polish environment associated with the Catholic tradition, for example: Dzeniskiewicz Dzyanis (Ukrainian Denis, Polish Dyonizy).

Deryabin - Deryaba in the Vladimir province was called a crybaby, a roar, in Ryazan - a fighter, a bully. In the Middle Urals, a restless child is still called a madman. The surname is originally a patronymic from the church male name (or nickname) Deryaba, which is based on the common noun misery, common with different meanings over a vast territory: "crybaby", "fighter", "bully", "arrogant", "arrogant", " fake singing "," drinking vodka "(compare to fool -" drink vodka "(Sl. Russian. Gov.). With such a variety of meanings, it is impossible to establish which of them served in this or that case as the source of the surname. Deryaba (or Deryaga) in addition, it may have another meaning, a missel bird or a field thrush. - 1) field thrush, 2) screamer, roar, 3) fighter

Dmitriev - Surname Dmitriev formed from the full form of the male name Dmitry (church. Demetrius Greek. demetrios - subject to Demeter, the goddess of fertility and agriculture), by adding the patronymic suffix -ev. But, perhaps, the surname Dmitriev was formed from the surname Dimitriev, tk. in Russian, an unstressed vowel can drop out in the middle of a word. Such surnames, dating back to the full forms of male names, are most common among Russian surnames. All these surnames could be formed from various derivative forms on behalf of Dmitry - Dima, Dmitro, Mitya, Mityai, Mityunya, etc. A small number of Russian surnames of Bulgarian origin are the names of Bulgarian emigrants who came to Russia mainly in the 19th century (for example, Dmitrov) ... Some colonies of Bulgarian peasants in Bessarabia and Ukraine, apparently, did not have much influence on Russian onomastics. Most of them are now completely assimilated and are no longer considered surnames of Bulgarian origin. In the surname Dimitrov, this origin is indicated by the suffix -ov and the final stress (in Russian there will be Dimitriev). Dmitrienko, Dmyterko, Dmytro, Dmytruk - as a rule, Ukrainian surnames. Some of the surnames could come from the forms of other church names, for example, Dimy (Dim, the Greek name Demios from demios - national, chosen by the people), Mitrofan (Mitya, Greek mithir, meter + fayno - mother + show, present), Vladimir ( truncated Dima, from Old German Valdemar from Valdan + Mar - to own + glory; Old Russian. Rethought from the foundations of the words to own + the world). Dima- toponym (geographical name), Greek city. Dimitrovo, Dmitriev, Dmitrievka, Dmitrov, Dmitrovka, Dmitrovsk- toponyms (geographical names). Michura- art-slav. name; in some dialects, a gloomy, laconic, obese person. Mitusit- to look with one eye, squint at one eye; fuss.

Dmitrievskikh - see - Dmitriev.

Dolgans - Tall people were called Dolgans and Dolgus in Russia.

Dunaev - Everyone will remember the Danube River, but the matter is not so simple. The Danube flowed far from the ancient Russian inhabited territories. The word "Danube" has long been held in high esteem among the Eastern Slavs both as a personal name and as an element of song refrains. The riddle is still unsolved, it is believed that the Eastern Slavs-pagans called any fast and full-flowing river Danube, and the name Danube was given to children in honor of such a river, or rather, in honor of the spirit of such a river. In Russian epics, there are heroes named Danube and Stream. But Dunaevsky, Dunaisky, Dunaevtsev most likely from the name of the river, and indicate the homeland or place of service of the ancestor of the surname.

Dyakov - Deacon - assistant priest (minister of the Orthodox Church).

Evdokimov - On behalf of Evdokim (from Greek - "glorious, surrounded by honor"). Evdosha, Evdak is a derivative form of this name. There is a whole galaxy of similar surnames, derived from various folk and diminutive forms of the baptismal name Evdokim - glorious (Greek): Avdonia, Avdosha, Evdonia, etc. - Avdonin, Avdonkin, Aldakov, Aldonin, Aldoshin, Evdakov, Evdonin, Evdoshin, Eldonin. By ear it seems that the surname Evdokimov (Ovdokimov) is very far from them, but in fact - here it is in capital.

Evseev - Yevsey, Ovsey, Avsey - derived forms of the name Eusebius, which translated from Greek means "pious". Patronymic from the everyday form Yevsey from the canonical male name Eusebius (ancient Greek eusebes - "pious"). From the same name - other derived forms, of different degrees, also formed patronymics, which became surnames: Avseev, Avseenko, Avseikin, Avsyukov, Evseichev, Evseikin, Evsyutin, Evsyutkin, Evsyukhin, Evsyushin, Evsyushkin, Ovseev, etc. Evseichev. Patronymic of the 2nd degree "son of Yevseich", i.e. in turn, from the patronymic "son of Yevsey", thus, Evseichev - "grandson of Yevsey".

Egorov -In Russian, the anonic name Georgy (Georgy - from the Greek. "Farmer) was fixed in three forms of the church - Georgy, Scandinavian, who came with the Varangians, - Yuri, and the Russian colloquial - Egor (Egoriy). Egoshin - Patronymic from the form Egosh , which could arise from the vernacular form Yegor (the canonical masculine personal name Georgiy) or from the dialectal verb it can be found in the Ural dialects "fidget, sit restlessly". Yegorikhin from Yegorikh is Yegor's wife.

Elantsev - Elan - a large meadow open place.

Elizarov - Patronymic on behalf of Elizar, Russian version of the baptismal name Eleazar (from Old Hebrew - "God has mercy").

Epanchintsev- Wide, sleeveless cloak; Epanchinnik is a tailor who sews boots.

Eremin - The surname is formed from the folk form of Yerem or the calendar name Yermiy, Yermey.

Ermakov - On behalf of Ermalay, Yermey.

Ershov - Patronymic from the non-church name Ersh. "Fish" nicknames were common in the old days and became names in parallel with the church ones. Ershikha is the wife of the one whose name is Ruff.

Zhidelev - This surname was given in a Tatar family, reflected the account of the children. Russian version - Semerikov.

Zhikharev - Zhikhar: 1) well-to-do old-timer; 2) daredevil, daredevil, dancer. It is not for nothing that the proverb says: "The fat is such that it dances everyone." The Zhikharevs are a noble family. Their ancestor, Inozem Zhikharev, was a clerk in Pskov in 1577. Stepan Danilovich Zhikharev was the ruler of the Vyatka Viceroyalty in 1780. Sergei Stepanovich Zhikharev, who lived in the 19th century, was a senator.

Zhukov - Surnames derived from the names of insects are quite common. Insects have always been in the field of human sight, and the variety of their species and characteristics has caused the choice of some for nicknames. Two surnames from the names of insects are included in the hundred most common Russian surnames: these are Zhukov (61st place) and Komarov (80th). Related surnames: Zhukovsky, Zhuchkov and Komarovsky are more rare.

Zavyalov - 1. Wilted, wilted - lethargic, sleepy, so slow that in winter it can wilt with snow on the move. They made fun of the late winter guests: "We thought, they got sick, but with a cart to the yard." 2. Wicked - a common non-church name in the old days. The dictionaries have two meanings of the words wilted: "blizzard, blizzard" (Kaluga, Onega) and "sluggish, slow" (Vladimir, Nizhny Novgorod). The first could give a child born during a blizzard, the second could also become a nickname. The suffix -ov indicates the existence of a nickname in the form of Zavyal or Zavyalo. The surname is found in Vladimirsky poochie, the Middle Volga region, Transbaikalia and with a record high frequency in the Tobol region.

Zamyatin- Hush up- blizzard, blizzard, but also noise, scream, indignation. In ancient times, there was a "protective" name Jams: screamer, screamer. Already from the XV century. it can be traced as a surname, taking on the form Zamyatnin. A little later, it became an independent surname and Zamyatin.

Zakharov - The surname is formed from the baptismal name Zakhariy (I) (from ancient Hebrew - "joy; the memory of God"), in common parlance Zakhar. The name was used by both Ukrainians (surnames Zakharchuk, Zakharchuk, Zakharenko) and Belarusians (surnames Zakharchenok, Zakharchenya).

Zuev - Zui, plover is the regional name of some wading birds from the genus of waders. Figuratively: the nickname of a living, mobile person. There is a saying: "Twirl like a zuy." The surname is widespread. Zui is an old male name. Found in documents from the 15th - 17th centuries. Veselovsky's Onomasticon notes: "Zui, Zuiko, Zuev is found everywhere." Another meaning is also given there: a boy-cook in an artel.

Zyryanov - At the heart of the surname is the ethnonym Zyryane, which in the past was erroneously called the Komi people. The nickname Zyryan, Zyryan, Zyryan could get just not a representative of this people, but 1. or a person similar in features to the Zyryan, 2. or who lived for a long time among the Zyryans and then settled in a Russian village.

Ivanov - The most common surname in Russia comes from the baptismal name John - the mercy of God (ancient Hebrew) - in its secular form Ivan. Over the centuries, several dozen surnames have arisen from the colloquial forms of this name. Ivakin, Ivanaev, Ivanishin, Ivanishchev, Ivankin, Ivanusyev, Ivanushkin, Ivaniev, Ivankov, Ivanshin, Ivakhnov, Ivachev, Ivashishin, Ivashkin, Ivashkov, Ivashnev, Ivashnikov, Ivashov and many others, there and then Ioannov.

Ivkov - Iva, Ivka - can be a derivative form on behalf of Ivan, or an independent name or nickname. In Veselovsky's Onomasticon: Iva Ivan Borisovich Galitsky, second half of the 15th century; from him - Ivina.

Ivlev - Ivliy - a variant of the old Russian name Ioliy (Joel), in Hebrew - Lord God. In Ertel's novel The Gardenins, a headman named Ivliy is introduced. The diminutive form of Ivlya gave rise to the name Ivlichev. Surnames that include two patronymics: Ievl, Iovl, Ivl, i.e. svn Job (Ieva).

Izotov - the surname comes from the Russian name Izot.

Inyutin - on behalf of Innokenty.

Isakov - the surname is found both among the Jews and the Slavs, it was formed on behalf of Isaac.

Istomin - Patronymic from the non-ecclesiastical male personal name Istom, common among Russians until the 17th century. More than a hundred examples contains Sl. Tupikov, mainly from the northern half of European Russia; some researchers suggest the southern origin of this surname. The basis of the name is Istoma; perhaps the name is associated with difficult childbirth (like Tomilo).

Kazakov - A lively, daring person, as well as a farm laborer who was hired for a year.

Kazantsev - from the word Kazan - a resident of the city of Kazan. Similar surnames were common among merchants traveling to different places.

Kamyshev - The basis is the word Kamysh, and not a common noun, but a proper name. In the old days, there were popular names and nicknames from the names of plants or animals. Reed is one such name.

Kapustin - Patronymic of the non-ecclesiastical male personal name Kapusta, which was not uncommon among Russians in the 15th-16th centuries.

Karataev - Karatai (low), Karatai - ethnic group (Tataria).

Karelin - Perhaps (Karenin) short from the nickname.

Karpov - Patronymic of the canonical male personal name Karp (Greek karpos - "fruit"), the fish carp has nothing to do with it. Many derivative forms of this name have developed in Russian use; patronymics from them also became surnames. Ukrainian - Karpenko, Karpushenko, Karpovich, Karpun, etc. (N) The common surname Karpov can come from both the baptismal name Karp and the name of the fish carp. The relatively high frequency of this surname (73rd place in the frequency list) suggests that it comes rather from the baptismal name. From some derivative forms of the name Karp, the following surnames were formed Karputkin Karputka, Karpyshev Karpysh, Karpukhin Karpukha, Karpsev Karpets, Karpunichev Karpunya Karpushkin Karpushka Karpeev Karpöy, the form is formed by adding -s to the full name Karp. Karpovtsev. The surnames on -ovtsev do not go back to the baptismal names directly, but through the toponyms -ob, or -ovo, formed from them. Karpishin. Some Ukrainian surnames are formed from the mother's name, which itself is an andronym, that is, derived from the husband's name. If, for example, the husband's name was Karp, then his wife was called Karpikha, and then the andrometronymic surname will end in -ishin. Karpenya. Although the type of surnames is -en-, -yonya. and is found in Ukrainian, but it is more typical of Belarusian onomastics. Karpets. Surnames with the diminutive suffix -ёts are rare in Belarusian onomastics. The surname Karpinsky comes from the name of the settlement Karpin, which in its

Kataev - To roll, live without looking back, twist, from here roll is a reckless, riotous person.

Kaurov-Kaury - a horse with light chestnut reddish hair, hence the nickname

a person with the same hair color.

Kirillov - Patronymic of various forms of the canonical male personal name Cyril (the name is supposed to be from ancient Greek kyrios - "lord, lord"); the suffixes -ov and -in are equivalent, form possessive adjectives (whose son is), but -in is added to stems in a, therefore Kirilin is from the form of Kiril, and Kirilov is from Kiril and Kirilo. In both cases, the spelling fluctuated - with one l or with two. Modern Russian spelling, having eliminated the doubling of consonants in many common nouns, allows (but does not oblige, since names, patronymics and surnames are written not according to the rules, but according to documents) to simplify the spelling of proper names. Other surnames arose from diminutive forms. In some dialects, the initial Kir- was replaced by Kur-, which in turn gave a number of surnames, Kirilov - Kurilov, Kirilin - Kurilin, etc. Kirilyuk, Kirilenko, Kirichenko are Ukrainian surnames of similar origin.

Knyazev - the surname is derived from the nickname Prince, which is very common among Novgorod peasants. A prince could be called a person who was in the service (military or civil) of a real prince. In an ancient wedding ceremony, the groom on the wedding day was called a prince. In different parts of Russia, every Tatar was jokingly or as a sign of respect called a prince.

Kovalev - From the word "koval" - a blacksmith. The most common surname among the Poles is Kovalevsky, among the South Slavs there are numerous carriers of surnames from the word "kovac" - blacksmith, the same meaning is for the German surname Schmidt, among the English-speaking peoples - Smith.

Kokorin is a stooped, bow-legged man.

Kolesnikov - Possibly Russian surname Kolesnikov was formed from the name or nickname Kolesnik, by adding the Russian patronymic suffix -s. The complex suffix -nik is typical for surnames derived from occupational names ending in -nik. In the nickname Kolesnik, the suffix -ik indicates the profession itself, and the suffix -н- acts as an adjective suffix. Those. Kolesnik is a wheel master (compare Shaposhnikov, Reshetnikov, Myasnikov, etc.). Therefore, the nickname Kolesnik rather belonged to a man who makes wheels than to a madman or a bespectacled man. The surname Kolesnikov may be of Ukrainian origin and sounded like Kolesnik (compare with the Ukrainian surnames Berdnik, Melnik, Miroshnik, etc.), and then it was Russified. Kolesnik- a wheel-maker who makes sled or carriage wheels; in some dialects, a playful nickname for a person wearing glasses (especially pince-nez); naughty, madcap (talk nonsense).

Kolchin - Kolcha is the one with one leg shorter than the other.

Komarov - Surnames derived from the names of insects, through the corresponding nicknames, are not numerous in comparison with the "bird" and "animal" surnames. Nevertheless, two of them were included in the first hundred used Russian surnames - Komarov (80) and Zhukov (61). A short or annoying person could get the nickname mosquito. In some dialects, instead of "mosquito" they say "kumar". Komarovsky, Komarevsky Ukrainian or Polish surnames from the name of the type Komarovo, Komar.

Horse meat - 1. Nickname Horse, 2. A man caring for horses.

Konnov - Kononov - from Konon; it was a very common name in the old days, borrowed from the Greeks. Konnov - constricted form from Kononov; the rest of the surnames are from various derivative forms of the name Konon.

Konovalov- Konoval is a man who heals horses.

Kopylov - The surname from the nickname for household items, "kopyl" is a part of a spinning wheel.

Korobitsin - Shipman, owner, chief. A shipman is an attendant on a ship.

Korotovskikh, Korotaev, Korotkov - Korotaev. 1) Karatay is a representative of an ethnic group living in several villages of Tatarstan. 2) Short - short, that is, a short person. In Cherepovets dialects, short out - "low". The rest of the surnames are also from the nicknames characterizing the growth of a person. Karataev may also have a Turkic origin.

Koryakin - From the colloquial form of Koryak. The snag is the one that squirms. 2 Stubborn intractable.

Krivonogov - Kokora is a tree upturned by the roots, or its lower part. Nickname for the stooped, bow-legged man. They said about this: "When I was young, I was a kokor, when I was old." Patronymic from the nickname Kokora, documented back in the 15th century. The surname Kokorin is widespread in the Southern Trans-Urals. The common noun kokora, common in the north of European Russia, the Urals and Siberia, had many meanings, of which the basis of the nickname could be "stump", "crooked tree"; kokory - "stubborn, wayward, stingy" Kokora, kokory - a bar with a rhizome or with a knee for building ships

Krivykh - Krivets is a crooked, one-eyed person.

Kruglikov - A round person was called Kruglik. But that could also be the name of the person who baked puff pies for sale - round slices.

Krylov - The surname was often assigned to students of theological seminaries. She, as it were, symbolized the rise up to the heavens. It is no coincidence that angels have always been depicted with wings.

Kudin - Various forms of the church name Akindin (from Greek "safe") gave many surnames. Kudimov, Udimov can also be the form of the name Nikodim (from the Greek "conquering people"). Kadimov - possibly a variant of the Kudimov; Kinyashev ot Kinyash iz Kin, a short form of this name. Kudinovs. From Kudinov Kadysh (Kadyr), who switched to the Russian service, probably from Kazan and a former service Tatar, ambassador in 1554-1556. The surname, possibly from the distorted Kazan-Tatar Kudai - Khudai "God, Allah" (Gafurov 1987, p. 154).

Kuznetsov, Kovalenko - Patronymic from the naming of the father by occupation. Since the blacksmith was the most necessary and well-known person in the village, the naming on this basis was ubiquitous. Therefore, the surname Kuznetsov is one of the most common in Russia; in Moscow (1964) lived 78 thousand Kuznetsovs (second in number only to the Ivanovs, of whom 90 thousand). In some localities the surname Kuznetsov ranked first in frequency (for example, in 17 volosts of the Kerensky and Chembarsky districts of the Penza province in 1917, out of 69 thousand Russians covered by the calculations, 1031 people were Kuznetsov). Throughout the country as a whole, the spread of the Kuznetsov surname is somewhat limited by the use of the Ukrainian, Belarusian and Russian dialect word koval in the same meaning "blacksmith", therefore surnames with this stem were spread from the west and southwest. Other peoples also have very frequent surnames with a stem meaning "blacksmith", for example, the most common English surname is Smith, and the German surname is Schmidt. Kovalev is one of the most widespread Russians; surnames, although there is no word "koval" in the Russian literary language. In the south of Russia and Ukraine, a blacksmith is called a farrier. “If it’s not forging, so don’t trash your hands” (that is, don’t get dirty) - popular wisdom advises; do not take on a business that you do not know. Kovalenya. One of the suffixes forming the Belarusian surnames is me. Kowalski is a Polish or Ukrainian surname. Kovalikhin and Kuznechikhin, metronymic surnames, are formed from the naming of a woman, the wife of a blacksmith. Kovalkov, Kovankov - Russified Ukrainian or Belarusian surnames.

Kuzmin - the surname comes from the male name Kuzma.

Kulikov - Surnames with bird stems are widespread in the Russian environment. Veselovsky has Ivan Ivanovich Kulik Samarin; Kulikovs. landowners, late 15th century, Novgorod. Surnames in ----- are usually Ukrainian or Polish, in-them - are typical for the North and Siberia.

Kutikov - From the nickname of the churchmen: a hint of their attachment to the memorial food.

Lebedev - The names of animals and birds were the sources of nicknames from which many "bird" surnames were later formed. The Lebedevs are in 2nd place among them, and in the frequency list of all Russian surnames at 13. This surname is widespread among the Russian clergy and may have an artificial origin, as well as surnames in -sky. Another variant of origin has the same-rooted surnames Lebedintsev, Lebezheninov, Lebedinsky and Lebedyansky from the names of cities - Lebedin (Sumy region) and Lebedyan (Lipetsk region) (F). The Lebedintsy Turkic people are also known in the former Biysk and Kuznets districts, in Siberia. However, Lebedinsky may also have seminary warney, in honor of a noble bird. A winch (Lebedkin) in some dialects.

Ledenev - Ice - ice floe, ice. Obviously the nickname for a cold, impassive person.

Litvinov - Litvin: Russians and Belarusians who lived in the Lithuanian and Polish-Lithuanian states before the reunification of Russia.

Litovko - Not all Litvinovs are descendants of Lithuanians. The Russians also called the Belarusians Litvin, who, prior to reunification with Russia (the end of the 18th century), for a long time lived in the Lithuanian and then Polish-Lithuanian state. In the Belarusian language, instead of the Russian soft d, dz is pronounced. There was a proverb about a Belarusian: "No matter how you repent of Litvin, he dzeknet" (when he starts to speak Russian). Litvinets is one of the forms of the nickname of a Lithuanian, like a Ukrainian. Litvinenko, Litvinonko - Ukrainian surnames of the same origin.

Lobanov - 1. All surnames - from the words denoting a large-faced, forehead person.

2. In some places a large, strong person is called a striped mullet. Loban, forehead - so in Russia they called a savvy, quick-witted, and sometimes distrustful, secretive man, it is not for nothing that they say: "squint from under the forehead." Related surnames: Lobarev, Lobastov, Lobachev, Lobashkov, Lobashov, Lobashev. SN Lobanov (Donetsk) recalls the common family name of the Lobanov-Rostovsky princes, whose ancestor - a foreigner Vauban - passed at the end of the 15th century. in the service of the Moscow Tsar and became the ancestor of the Lobanovs. This is recorded in the pedigrees. But it should be borne in mind that many genealogies of noble surnames are falsified (in order to hide their common origin, they invented, for example, an ancestor for themselves - a foreigner). In addition, many branches of the Lobanovs are older than the named, for example, the branch coming from the Ryapolovsky prince Andrei Loban, the beginning of the 15th century. Finally, the very transformation of Vauban into Loban is due precisely to the rethinking of the familiar Russian name Loban. But the main thing is that there are many Lobanovs, the author of the letter himself indicates that his ancestors were serfs. At the heart of the surname, undoubtedly, is the patronymic of the Russian non-church name Loban from the common noun loban - "forehead (with a large forehead)", in some dialects - "tall".

Lukinykh - This surname is formed from the names Luke (from Lat. - "luminous") and Lukyan (from Lat. - "Luke's son, bright"). Lukonya, Lukuta, Lutonya, Lutokha - diminutive forms of the names Luka, Lukian. Luksha from the canonical male name Lucian (everyday - Lukyan) with the suffix -ш- (a), like Vansha, Niksha and other vernacular formations. The combination-kshin is typical for the super-western regions. (see. Akinshin) Last name Lunchenkov from visitors' requests. The faithful basis is her name Luncha Lunya Lukain. The suffix -enkov is typical either for Russified Ukrainian surnames (Lunchenko), or for Russians, spread in the south of Russia, in the regions bordering with Ukraine. The surname Lukmanov may have another origin.

Lytkin - The surname is associated with the old Russian word lytka, which signified a leg and its parts, the verb lytat - "to run away, to wander, to keep out of business." The nickname Lytka was recorded in Novgorod in 1478, repeatedly in the scribe book of Yaroslavl in 1671; Probably, Novgorodians brought it into the Permian lands, where by the end of the 19th century. the surname Lytkin is not uncommon. The All-Russian census of 1897 documented this surname in the Trans-Urals in the forms Lydkin and Lytkin (Yurginskaya Vol. : in the North Russian dialects the word lydy is "legs" or "long legs" (according to Dal - east-Russian and Vologda).

Lyapunov - Lyapa, lyapun - one who does everything somehow, tyap-blooper, hastily and badly; speaks rudely and inappropriately, "blurts out". Despite such negative meanings, Lyapa and Lyapun as personal names (non-church) were very common in the old days. Perhaps they have become so used to them that they have ceased to be associated with the original common sense of both words. Lyapa - so in the old days they called a blow with a palm, a slap, a slap in the face and a proper nickname was given to those prone to assault. Lyapun is a lousy master or painter. Arkhangelsk residents have a gaffe - a beater for jamming fish. In addition, these are words, as well as a blooper, it matters - a moth. From these nicknames, surnames could come from.

Lyakhov - Initially, the patronymic from the naming of his father Lyakh, as the Poles were called for a long time, from the name of the Slavic tribe Lyakh (Lech). In the Muscovite state, this was the name not only of the Poles proper, but also of other subjects of the Polish state; The nickname Lyakh was also given to those who visited Poland or adopted some Polish trait, for example, in clothes - during the closest communication with Poland in the 16th-17th centuries. it was not uncommon.

Makarov - Patronymic on behalf of Makar (from the Greek "Makarios" - happy). Makasha are diminutive forms. Makarenko Ukrainian, Makarevich Belarusian forms of this surname. Makarikha is the wife of Makar. Makarychev is the grandson of Makar. Makarovsky - either from a geographical name, or from a name. Makarenkov - or Russified Ukrainian, or South Russian, from the regions bordering with Ukraine.

Maksimovskikh -All surnames are formed on behalf of Maksim (from Greek - "the greatest, huge") and derivatives of the colloquial forms of this name - Maksak, Maksyuta, Maksha.

The surname Maksakov may also be of Mordovian origin: Erzyan. maksak - "mole". (N) Less often from other canonical names: Maksimian (t Latin - belonging to Maxim), Maksian, Maksmilian (from the addition of the names Maxim + Emilian). The Ukrainian surname Maksimonko is an affectionate form of the name; Ukrainian surname Maksimyat actually means "one of the Masimyat family", originally - "son of Maksim".

Malyshev - the surname came from Old Russian, non-church names and affectionate nicknames that were given to children.

Markov - Mark are derived forms of the name Mark.

Maslennikov - The Maslennik is an oil trader. But Maslov (from the requests of visitors) from the non-baptismal name or nickname Oil. Such names, from the names of products, were known in Russia. Maslovsky, possibly a Ukrainian surname, from the geographical name Moaslovo, Masvlok, etc. In Dahl's dictionary, from the word butter, buttered, there are many derivative words with different meanings. Butter is a goat mushroom, butter is also a mushroom, butter is a pet, a darling.

Makhnev - Makhno is a derivative form of the name Matvey and Epimakh. "Epimakh" - provides medical assistance.

Medvedev - in Russia, the leaders of a tamed bear were called bears.

Medvedkov - see Medvedev.

Mezentsev-Mezen is a resident of the banks of the Mezen River, which flows into the White Sea.

Meluzov - from the nickname of a small, puny person.

Moiseev - From the baptismal name Moses - rescued from water (other Hebrews) and its forms: Monya - Monin, colloquial Mosei - Moseev, etc.

Mokrousov - From nicknames going back to the word wet - raw. Mokrousov - someone who drinks a lot, not necessarily alcohol. Mokrusha can be someone who often walked wet in childhood, or lived in a wet place, near a swamp. Mokrotovarov is a merchant of soaked goods, or maybe he once drowned the goods, but the nickname has been preserved and stuck in the names of the children. The replacement of o - a Macroses could have happened either due to a clerk's mistake or because of the accentuated dialect.

Mokritsky is a Ukrainian surname from a geographical name with the same root. Mokryakov may be from the nickname crybaby.

Mochalov - From the worldly name Mochalo (the use of a “fake” name in order to protect oneself from “evil forces”).

Mylnikov - Mylnik is a person engaged in the manufacture and sale of soap.

Nazarov - From the baptismal name Nazar - dedicated to God (Hebrew) - there are also surnames. Nazartsev, Nazariev, Nazariev ..

Nemchinov-Nemchin, German - not necessarily a resident of Germany, as we call them now. In the old days, any foreigner, a stranger, was a German for a Russian person, because he did not speak Russian, he was, as it were, dumb. The German is dumb. Options: Nemtsov, Nemchinin, Nemushkin.

Nesterov - Patronymic of the canonical male personal names Nester, Nestor and Nestorius. Nesterenkov is a Russified form of the Ukrainian surname with the same stem. Nesterenko, Nesteruk are Ukrainian.

Novikov - One of the most common surnames could be formed in several ways: Novik - 1) prince's servant, page; 2) rookie, newbie; newly entered into office, into service, accepted into share, artel, society, brotherhood. Novik is a young month. By virtue of ancestral traditions, the nobles primordially put stress in this (and some other surnames) on the last syllable - Novikov. Consonant - Novichikhin, Novichkov, relatives - Novozhilov, Novoseltsev

Nosov - The surname is so familiar that it is difficult to even imagine that it was formed not at all from the word sock - a short stocking. It appears in documents in the 15th-16th centuries. - Well, what kind of socks are there. There was a nickname or worldly name Nosko, but actually a sock is just a nose. Freckled, short, long, snub-nosed, aquiline, hooked, beautiful - in a word, some special sock became the basis for a nickname and surname. Related: Nosov, Nosakin, Nosachev, Nosenkov, Nosyrev. Well, in a way, since the nose is given to us for smelling: Nyukhalov and Nyukhachev.

Nurpiisov - Surname of Turkic origin. Formed on behalf of Nurbek (Nurbek). This name is compound nur - light and bek - master, master. There are several mixed surnames in which the element Hyp-Arab comes first. Nur "light", Nuraliev, Nurgaliev "light of Ali" Nurmukhamedov - Muhammad is the name of the prophet Nurpeisov Kazakh, pejis / bejis Pers. behist / bihiSt "paradise" Nurberdyev berdy Turk. berdi "he gave", the perfect form of bermek "to give". Nurumkhanov Khan "Sovereign".

Butt - Butt - the part of the ax opposite to the blade. And in a figurative sense - deaf, inaudible.

Ovsyannikov - Ovsyanik - seller of oats, oatmeal bread. The saying "Do not break the oatmeal, do not be a roll for you."

Opletaev - Patronymic of the nickname Opletai from the dialect verb to entwine - "to deceive".

Osipov- The surname of our great poet refers to the whole<гнезду>surnames derived from the baptismal name Esip (Joseph) are God's reward (Hebrew). These are: Yessenev, Yesinin, Yesinov, Yesipov, Yesichev, Yeskin, Yeskov. The surnames Osipov, Osichev were formed from the form Osip. However, there are two more possibilities to explain the name Yesenin. Firstly, in the Ryazan region, the homeland of Sergei Yesenin, yesenya means autumn, and in the fall the poet was born. Secondly, in Russia there was a nickname Yesien, first documented in 1590, the Esipovs - noble families. The founder of the oldest of them, Esip Vasilievich, was a Novgorod mayor in 1435, his sons: Vasily - tysyatsky, Bogdan and Dimitri - mayor.

Osokin - There are several explanations for the surname, noted back in the 16th century. Kalgan is a capricious, restive, wayward person. The same word means in Tver, Ryazan and Tambov dialects a simple wooden cup, roughly hewn with an ax: a ladle, a bucket, a calf feeder. There is also a plant called galangal: its spicy root is used for food, it is not for nothing that they say: galangal vodka, galangal gingerbread. Among the related surnames that arose from the names of plants are: Bad'yanov, Buryanov, Veresov, Diaghilev, Kamyshev, Konoplin and Konoplev, Krapivin, Kronov (type of flax), Lozin, Mokhov, Osokin, Plushov, Polynov, Pshenitsyn, Travin (Travkin), Khvoshchev, Khmelev, Shalfeev, Yachmenev.

Okhapkin - the surname comes from the word "armful".

Pavlenko - On behalf of Pavel (from Latin - "small") and his diminutive forms - Pavsha, Pashka, Pashunya, Pashan and others. The ancestor of the Pavshins is a warrior who has not fallen into battle at all, and Pavel, nicknamed Pavsha by the diminutive. Diminutive forms of names with -sha were finally characteristic of the north-west of Russia, Pskov and Novgorod dialects. There was also the female baptismal name of Paul (derived from the male), which could also become the basis of some surnames. Pavlikhin - from Pavlich - Paul's wife. Pavlenko, Pavlyuchenko, Pavlutsky, Pavlyuk, - Ukrainian surnames, and the -enko is typical for the eastern regions of Ukraine, and the -uk is for the backward ones .. Pava (Pavin) is a short form of several names for Pav- Pavel, Pavlin, Pavsikakiy (from the Greek. to remove evil), Pavsilip (Greek. suffering).

Pavlov - One of the most common surnames comes from the baptismal name Paul - small (Greek). From this name, like a seed, a powerful "family tree" has grown. Pavelyev, Pavkin, Pavlenkov, Pavlenov, Pavlikov, Pavlinin, Pavlinov, Pavlikhin, Pavlishentsev, Pavlischev, Pavlovtsev. Pavlukhin, Pavlukhov, Pavlushin, Pavlushkin, Pavlushkov, Pavlychev, Pavlychin, Pavlyukov, Pavlyuchikov, Pavshin, Pavshukov, Pashaev, Pagianin, Pashenkov, Pashetkin, Pashin, Pashinin, Pashinkin, Pashinov, Pashintsev, Pashikhin, Pashkinov, Pashinov, Pashintsev, Pashikhin, Pashkin Pashunin, Pashutin. Surnames formed from the diminutive forms of the name Pavel could also be formed from the names Pankraty and Panteleimon: Panayev, Panin, Panichkin, Pankeyev, Pankin, Pankov, Panchishin, Panchurin, Panshin, Pankov.

Palmov - The surname by the name of an exotic tree, which did not grow in Russia, was sometimes given to seminary students. But there was also a female baptismal Orthodox name Palmyra, and a derivative form of Palma is known for him.

Panov - Resident - a position at the court in Ancient Russia for the protection and execution of urgent orders. Later, already in the 19th century, laborers who lived in the master's house were called tenants. Other similar surnames are known that denote social status: Barchukov, Bogachev, Boyarinov, Gentlemen, Grafov, Noblemen and Dvoryankin, Breeders, Korolev, Peasants, Meshchanins, Millions, Panov, Princes, Raskolnikov, Starostin, Fabricants, Hosts, Kholopov, Tsarev.

Pankov - formed on behalf of Pankraty, Panteleimon.

Pakhomov - One of three: either at the heart of this surname is the verb churn - whip milk, sour cream; or a distorted halibut, paluhi - fish; or the colloquial form that has taken on such a bizarre appearance on behalf of Pakhom, Pachomius is broad-shouldered (Greek). This name and its folk forms also gave rise to surnames: Pafomov, Pakhomychev, Pakhomiev, Pakhmutov. However, it may be that the latter is based on the distorted surname Bakhmutov from bakhmat - a small horse (Turkic).

Pechenkin - From the name of the organ of the human body of the liver. More correctly from the nickname Liver, perhaps a person similar to the liver of an animal. Probably burnt, burnt, whose skin is caked. The connection with the verb oven is unambiguous. In Dahl's dictionary, a stove is a cook, a cook, an oven is a kitchen. But also a liver - a bruise, a bruise, a liver - a mushroom, a liver (hard) - dear, dear. And there are also the words pecha (from him sadness) - care, joy, from which nicknames on the oven could be formed.

Piskunov - The archaic Russian word bibik meant either bad food or a person with some kind of flaw. There are, by the way, many surnames that characterize the founder of the surname by his moral or physical handicaps: Govorunov, Gorlachev and Gorlokhatov (the one who achieves everything by screaming), Zhmurov (unfriendly), Zashein, Kuksin (sulking - sulking, whining), Merzlyakov, Mokryakov (either a crybaby, or ..), Molchanov, Morgalev and Morgunov, Piskunov, Plaksin, Puzanovp Pugachev, Revin, Slepakov, Tikhohodov, Khrapachev, Khripunov, etc. The Bibikovs are one of the most famous noble families in Russia, originating from a native of the Blue Horde of Zhidimir.

Plekhanov - Patronymic from the Old Russian non-church male name Plekhan from the common noun plekhan - "bald". In Suzdal Russia, Plekhan is a pagan deity, remnants of his cult have been preserved for several centuries, and yet not until the time of the appearance of surnames.

Plotnikov - Carpenter is one of the most ancient occupations in Russia. At first it was associated with the word raft - zaplot, wattle.

Polev - From the word, the field of surnames is formed a little: Polev, Polevoy, Zapolsky, Polevykh. The latter is one of the ancient polysyllabic surnames in the -s: Arzhany and Rye, Berezhnykh, Blue, Ninth, Wooden, Yellow (covered with abscesses), Gold, Burnt, Kovryzhny, Unknown, Impossible, Pleasing, Memorable, Cook, Jealous, Angry, Supine , Mustache, Cheremnykh.

Poluyanov - The surname from the predominant form in Russia Poluyan from the canonical male name Polien with a partial rethinking of an incomprehensible name, as in the surnames of Poluektov, Polukarpov.

Ponomarev - Surname from the name of his father by position: sexton - the lowest rank of the Orthodox Church.

Popov - Popov, Protopopov - senior priest.

Pospelov - To be in time, to keep up means and<созреть>, and<угодить>... One of the most capacious and mysterious proverbs of the Russian people is associated with the word ripe.<Умирает не старый, а поспелый (т. е. готовый для загробной жизни)>... In the old days, there was a worldly name Pospel, meaning a young man who had grown to military service or marriage (pospelka is a maiden of marriageable age). And in seminaries, Pospel could be called an over-aged student.

Potekhin - Surname from the non-church male name Fun, not uncommon in Russia in the 15th-17th centuries. The surname from his diminutive form Nursery became the surname Poteshkin. According to the 1897 census. several families with this surname are recorded in the village of Chindyanovo (now Dubensky district of Mordovia).

Prakhov - The surname, most likely, is not from the usual meanings of the word "ashes". In the dialects, dust is a huckster, a dealer, as well as a mot, a reveler.

Pronin - From the folk version of Pronya - Prokhor.

Prokhorov - From the baptismal name Prokhor - sang, cheerleader (Greek) - there were other surnames. Surnames in Prosh- can also be from derivative forms of the name Prokofy.

Poultry - Many "birds" are formed from nicknames that do not go back to the name of a particular bird, but to the generalizing name Bird, Ptakha (Ptukha), Pichuga. Mobile, nimble, short people could get such nicknames. And their descendants became Pichugins, Birdies, Ptakhinmi, etc.

Pyryev - Wheatgrass is a common herbaceous plant. At the end of the 15th century, Pyrey Osokin, son of Travin, lived (a curious example of homogeneous, in this case "plant" names in the same family). The Pyryevs went from him.

Raspopov - Neither the monk nor the abbot - the abbot of the monastery - could marry. So the names of Monks, Igumnov could have been born from nicknames (possibly ironic) or from benefactors who sent someone else's talented child, for example, to study in the city. Option - Nun. Other Orthodox priests got married, and then surnames arose naturally: Popov, Protopopov (senior priest), Dyakonov (assistant priest), Protodyakonov, Ponomarev (clerk, lighting candles and ringing bells), Raspopov (priest deprived of dignity), Razdyakonov.

Rudakov, Rudnov - Rudak, ore - ore (Rudov), that is, red. Rudakov - patronymic from the nickname or non-church male name Rudak. The common Slavic and Old Russian word ore is "blood", from which rudak is "red, red". In the North, the surname Rudakov was very common, here ore - "mud, stain" and rudak - "dirty, soiled".

Rumyantsev - RUMYANTSEV Rumyantsev was the name of not only the very complexion, but also a ruddy person ..

Russians - The first who was called Russian may have lived in a village where most of the inhabitants were not Russians (for example, Komi-Zyryans or Permians). Then he could move, but the nickname (or already the surname) remained. And the endings -their are typical for the names of those regions - north, north-east of Russia .. Such surnames were formed from the appeal "whose will you be?" - Russians. This appeal can still be heard in the villages. It reminds of the tradition of large families, when 5-7 generations lived in the same yard.

Rybin, Rybnikov - The family of "fish" surnames in Russia is quite extensive. These surnames could be formed from nicknames or non-baptismal names such as Fish, Rybka, Rybushka.

Rykunov - Roar - growl. So they could call a loud child or an adult with a loud voice. Rykach, Rykun - the one who growls. All these words are common Old Russian names. Rychko is a diminutive form of the name Ryk

Ryumin - Representatives of this family can be proud of their ancestors, information about which is contained in various documents confirming the trace they left in the history of Russia. The surname Ryumin originated from the northeastern regions of the ancient Russian state and has been known since the 17th century. Of course, over time, representatives of this surname can live in other historical areas.

The surname Ryumin belongs to a rare and unusual group of Russian surnames formed from intra-family names. The child received the intra-family name only from the parents, and this is the only sign by which the intra-family names differ from the nicknames that were usually assigned by neighbors. Of course, not all children had a family name in addition to the official one.

Savintsev - Surname from various forms of diminutive forms of the name Savva (translated from Aramaic - "elder", "grandfather"), as well as other Christian names beginning with the syllable sav: Savvaty (ancient Hebrew - Saturday), Savely (other. Hebrew - requested from God), Saverius, Savin (Latin - Sabine). Saushkin - the same as Savushkin, only dropped out between the vowels; a phenomenon not uncommon in Russian phonetics (deushka from girl, Lyoshka from Lyovushka). Initially, the surname of the Savinykh is the genitive case of the plural adjectives: whose child? - Savinykh. The form of surnames with -their (s) is characteristic of the Russian North and the central black earth regions, from these territories it came to Siberia. Savanin may be from Savan, a form derived from one of these names. Surnames on -enko, -uk, -uk - Ukrainian, -enok - Belarusian. Savvinsky - - seminary surname, on behalf of the saint or the church named after him.

Savrasov - Savrasy - light red with a black tail and mane, horse color. Probably, the hair color of the ancestors of the surname was somewhat reminiscent of those around the horse. The patronymic of a nickname from the common noun Savrasy or Savras is "grayish, grayish" (in a figurative meaning it became a nickname for a horse in color, and then received an estimated value with a shade of condemnation - "worn like a savras without a bridle").

Salamatov, Salamatin - Salamata, or salomata, is a folk dish: jelly or liquid porridge made from flour with lard or butter. That was how the lover of this dish could be called. It is based on the common noun salamata - "liquid food made from cereals or flour with fat and salt" (it is assumed that the word is borrowed from the Turkic languages, but this raises objections: there it is borrowed from Russian). It is possible that the surname owes its origin not to this meaning, but to a secondary, derivative one: in some Russian dialects of the Salamat - "chatterbox, chatterbox", the patronymic of this nickname could become a surname. The surname is often found in the form Solomatin. Straw is the same as straw. Strawberry is a trader or manufacturer of straw. In Dahl's dictionary, salamah is a sweet and drunken drink, as well as a sluggish, sluggish woman.

Samsonov - From the Orthodox baptismal name Samson (from Old Hebrew - solar).

Shoemaker - Shoemaker - the one who makes boots, shoes, shoemakers - the son of a shoemaker. And here is Sapozhkov from the non-baptismal name Sapozhok. Such names from the name of clothing were common in Russia in the old days.

Sergeev - The surname is formed from the patronymic of the name Sergei (from Latin - "highly esteemed, high") and from derivatives of this name. Sergiev, Sergievsky - a surname that was not formed in Russian traditions, this form, close to the canonical, was characteristic of the clergy. Sergevnin is a metronymic surname, formed from the mother's naming by the name of her father Sergeevna is the daughter of Sergei. The actual Sergeevnin is Sergei's grandson on the mother's side.

Sidorov - From the name Sidor, common in the old days (Isidor, from the Greek - "servant of the goddess Isis"). Sidorenko, Sidochuk is a Ukrainian surname by origin, Sidorenkov is a Russified form of this surname. Sidorovnin has a slightly different origin, but with the same root. From the female Sidorovna - the daughter or wife of Sidor.

Simakov - From various diminutive forms of the names Simeon / Semyon, Sim, Seraphim.

Skvortsov - Perhaps a Russian surname Skvortsov formed from the name or nickname Starling, by adding the Russian patronymic suffix -s. Parents could call a child a starling (before, generic names or nicknames from the names of food, household items, animals were popular), or they could nickname an adult for their ability to whistle beautifully or sing like a starling. In any case, the first bearer of the nickname Starling probably evoked associations with this bird in those around him. The prevalence of this surname probably speaks of its appearance in the second half of the 19th century. - during the period of "officialization" of the Russian population. At the same time, along with the surname Skvortsov, other "bird" surnames such as Sorokin, Voronin, Grachev, Vorobiev, etc. appeared. Other surnames could be formed from other forms of nicknames Skvarko, Skvorets, Skvorko and its various forms.

Sour cream - The surname comes from a nickname or non-church name of a person: Sour cream - Sour cream. The use of the name of a food product as a name was not uncommon in Russian villages. This surname is found everywhere. Sour cream is a Ukrainian version. But a sour cream maker, a sour cream maker is a trader or sour cream manufacturer.

Smirnov - Smirnov is one of the most common Russian surnames. In Moscow alone, there are seventy thousand Smirnovs. Why? In a large peasant family, quiet, unclaimed children were a great relief for their parents. This quality, rare for young children, was imprinted in the worldly name of Smirnaya, it often became the main name of a person for life (the church name was forgotten by those around him). The Smirnovs went from the Smirns.

Soloviev - Surnames of this type did not come from the name of the bird, but from the nickname (or non-church name) of the person: Nightingale - Soloviev.

Solomin - The surname is formed from the non-baptismal name or nickname Straw. Such "vegetable" ones were widespread in Russia. In the Dal dictionary, straw is also a pipe, a straw is a shed for storing straw, a straw maker, a straw maker is a straw merchant. ... Or from the baptismal name Solomon through the form of Straw or or Solomey.

Solonin - Salt has nothing to do with it, but the biblical sage King Solomon will have to be remembered! Salt, Salt - diminutive forms of the Christian name Solomon (from ancient Hebrew - "well-being, prosperous"). And in Pskov dialects, salty is a slob.

Spirin, Sviridov, Spiridonov - On behalf of Spiridon (presumably from the Greek "gift of the soul" or from the Latin personal name, meaning: born out of wedlock; food basket). Spirya, Svirya is a diminutive form of this name. Svirid is a variant of the name Spiridon.

Stepanov - Patronymic names from the diminutive forms Stepun, Stepukh, Stepush - derived from the canonical male name Stefan (ancient Greek stefane - "wreath"). Since the sound [f] was not peculiar to the Old Russian language, this name was pronounced in everyday speech as Stepan. By the way, these names have nothing to do with the steppe. Stepurin is a patronymic from the affectionate or ironic form of Stepur of this name. Stenin - of course, not from "wall", but from the name of Sten - a diminutive form of the name Stepan. The rest of the surnames are from derivative forms of the same name. Moreover, the names on -enko (Stepanenko, Stepchenko), -uk / -yuk (Stepanyuk, Stepuk) are most likely Ukrainian, because. the suffix -enko is common in eastern Ukraine, and -uk / -yu in western Ukraine.

Shooters - In the Old Russian language, strelnik meant the same as shooter. Strelchenko is a Ukrainian surname.

Strunin - The surname Strunshev could have arisen as a patronymic Strunyashev (ie, "son of Strunyash") from the nickname Strunyash, which is based on the verb string with the meaning "strum, strum on a string instrument" or "tie, tie" (compare to restrain) ... However, strings are not recorded anywhere, so the proposed interpretation of the nickname Strunyash remains only an assumption. Strunin, Strunnikov obviously have the same explanation.

Stupin - Patronymic of the nickname Stupa from a dialect stupa - "thick, clumsy". Stupisha is a derivative form from Stupa.

Suzdalov - From the name of his father at the place of his former residence, a Suzdal man - from the city of the ancient Russian Suzdal. One of the variants of the explanation of the name of the city refers to the ancient male name Suzdal. Hence the names of Suzdalov. Suzdal can go back to the ancient verb szdati (modern to create) which originally meant "to make from clay" (from Old Russian sd - clay). Maybe it was the name of a potter or brick-maker.

Surovtsev - Surovets is a stern person. A noun formed from an adjective, as well as "lucky" "arrogant" ...

Suslov - Wort is a fresh, unfermented beer. There is a proverb: "Where the wort is good, there the beer will not be bad either." Or a sweetish drink made from malt and flour, popular in old Russia. An ancient non-church name. Suslopar is the one who steams (prepares) the wort.

Sutormin - from the word sutora - vanity, disorder.

Sukhanov - Surnames from nicknames or names that go back to the adjective dry - meaning thin or callous, insensitive. Sukhan - skinny, dry. Sukhomlya is a dry, thin person. Dryness - sick or excessively thin. And there are still Sukhorebrov, Sukhorebry, Sukhobokov, Sukhoparov. Redkorebrov is also here.

Sukhonosov - The size and shape of the nose was reflected in many surnames: Gorbonosov, Dolgonosov, Kolbonosov, Karnonosov (i.e. snub-nosed), Dubonos (with a large nose), Krivonos, Perebeinos (with a broken nose bridge), Shilonosov, Sukhonosik (with a small pointed nose) , Kurnosov, Mokronosov, Kapinosov. Dubonos is a bird with a massive beak, hence a man with a large nose. Shilonosov - patronymic from shilonos, i.e. "sharp-nosed".

Sukhorukov - the surname reflected the size and shape of the hands, a man with small, slender hands.

Takmakov - Tokmak, tokmach - wooden hammer, mallet. Perhaps such a nickname was given to stubborn, persistent people who "hammered the same thing" until they got their way. The surname Takmakov obviously has the same meaning, only the "akushi" variant.

Talanov - Talan “should not be confused with“ talent. ”A person may have talent, but there may not be enough talent - good luck, luck -. he will be the ataman. "Sayings about a loser:" Our Ivan has no talent in anything "," My talan was eaten by a ram. " could be colloquial forms of this surname ..

Cockroaches - It happened in ancient times, although not often, that a person received a nickname from the name of an insect. This is how the surnames that exist in our time appeared: Blokhin, Botkin, Zhukov, Klopov, Komarov, Kuznechikov, Motylev, Moshkin, Mukhin, Muravyov and Muravlev, Murashkin, Murashkov, Murashov, Paukov, Pautov (pautov - gadfly), Pchelin and Pchelkin , Saranchin and Saranchev, Sverchkov, Slepnev (horsefly - gadfly), Tarakanov, Trutnev (drone - male bee), Khrushchev (Khrushchev - bumblebee), Shershnev, Shmelev. Of these, the most common are Zhukov and Komarov.

Tarasov - From various forms of the baptismal name Taras (troublemaker, rebel - Greek). Tarasov / Taranov Taras / Taran, i.e. Battering ram form the name of Taras. Taran, Tarasyuk, Tarasenko are Ukrainian surnames, Tarasenkov is already Russified Ukrainian from Tarasenko. Tarasenya, Tarasik, Tarasenok, Tarasevich are Belarusian.

Tebenkov - The surname from the naming of the father from the Turkic word tebenek - "undersized". The surname was recorded in Perm - 1972.

Temnyakov - In ancient times, a temnik was a military leader over a large army: darkness - a thousand (old). However, there was also another meaning - foundling, foundling; besides, the dark one in the old way is blind. Related surnames: Dark, Temnyaev.

Titov- Surname from the canonical male name Titus (presumably from Latin titulus - "honor, inscription").

Tokarev - 1. This is a professional surname, just not from the modern concept of the term turner. In the old days, in the villages there were grinders, turners who either sharpened knives, scythes and other tools, or grinded wooden dishes. In Dahl's dictionary there is a phrase "The entire Semyonovsky district turns, sharpens wooden dishes." 2. These are the "Bird" surnames: turner, tokuy - the popular name for black grouse.

Trefilov - From the baptismal name Trefiliy - clover (Greek) - also arose: Trefilov, Trefiliev, Trifilov, Trifin, Filyushin.

Troitsky - In the 17th-19th centuries. Orthodox clergy were named mainly by the name of the church. In official documents, the Trinity priest Ivan and others are common. This tradition also prevailed in the distribution of surnames to students of church educational institutions.

Trunov - Patronymic of the canonical male personal name Tryphon (ancient Greek tryphon - "gentle"). Trishechkin - originally - patronymic from the affectionate (probably with a touch of irony) form Trishechka from the canonical male name Trifon (Trifon Trisha Trishka Trishechka). Surnames in this form (in -echkin, -ichkin, -ochkin with an emphasis on the base, and not on the suffix) are most common in the Upper Poochye, especially in the Khvastovichsky district of the Kaluga region, the Belevsky and Bolkhovsky districts of the Oryol region and adjacent districts. Trishkin is a patronymic from the derogatory form Trishka from the canonical male personal name Tryphon through the intermediate diminutive form of Trish. Trunov is possibly from the nickname from the dialect (Vologda) word trun - "rags, rags". The surname is recorded in Kursk, Orel, Tula. Trufanov. The surname is not uncommon in the North (Shenkur., Pinezh. Districts of Arkhang. Region), in the Trans-Urals, in the central black earth regions (Gorshechensk district, Kursk region, in Kursk, Lipetsk, Orel, Tambov). In the study of V.A. Nikon's surname is associated with the northern word trufni (a type of shoe). In Moscow, the surname is pronounced - Trufanov. But nevertheless, a trip to the North in 1980 convinced Nikonov that only Trufanov from the male name Trufan was correct. This etymology was also indicated by G.Ya. Simina. The author in vain asserts that this name is a trace of the Novgorod colonization; in Kursk and adjacent regions, as reported by I.G. Dobrodomov, Trufan's uniform is common, but the Novgorodians have never been there. The change and - y (Tryfon - Trufan) came along with the name from Byzantium: graphically, the Greek letter epsilon could be transmitted by the letter y. (N) Trunya, Trun - diminutive forms of the names Trufan (Trifon) or Fortun. Trukhan is a variant of the name Tryphon. (F) The dialect word trun is also known - rags, rags and mock - joke, nicknames and then surnames could be formed from both meanings.

Trusov - the surname comes from the word "coward".

Trufanov - The surname is not uncommon in the North, in the Trans-Urals, in the central black earth regions. In the study of V.A. Nikonov "Northern surnames" the surname is associated with the northern word trufni (a type of shoe). In Moscow, the surname is pronounced - Trufanov. But still a trip to the North in 1980. convinced Nikonov that only Trufanov from the male name Trufan was correct. This etymology was also indicated by G.Ya.Simina. The author in vain asserts that this name is a trace of the Novgorod colonization; in the Kursk and adjacent regions, the Trufan uniform is common, but the Novgorodians have not been there. The change and - y (Tryphon - Trufan) came along with the name from Byzantium: graphically, the Greek letter epsilon could be transmitted by the letter y.

Uvarov - 1. "The cabbage soup is well boiled", - says the hostess, but the surname of a completely different root - from the name Uar, in common parlance Uvar, Uva. The name is of Greek origin, its meaning is unclear. 2. From the Latin word "uva" - a bunch of grapes; in the latter case, the seminar surname.

Ufimtsev - Originally - a patronymic from the nickname Ufimets, that is, "who came from Ufa", the capital of Bashkiria. The surname of Ufimtsev is considered one of the most common among many other "geographical" surnames of the clergy.

Fatkin - Fatei -from Photius (first Fatey, then, in accentuated dialects, Fatey began to be pronounced and written). The name Photius has the same root as "photo", "photon" (from the Greek "phos", genus. Case "photos", - light). Fatya, Fat, Fatyan - diminutive forms of the names Photius, Photin, Josaphat, Bonifatius. Fatian could also be formed from the name Favstian. Fatyanov Patronymic of the Russian everyday form Fatyan from the church male name Photius (ancient Greek fos - "light") The surname Fatkin probably has the same basis, from the short form Fatya - Fatka.

Fedorov - Patronymic from the male church name Theodor (ancient Greek. Theodoros - "gift of the gods"), in the XVI-XVII centuries. one of the most common names among Russians, which was second only to Ivan and Vasily in frequency. In everyday pronunciation, the combination of vowels [eo], which is not characteristic of the Russian language, has disappeared. Most often the surname Fedorov is found in the Novgorod and Pskov regions, where it ranks fourth among others, and, for example, in the Middle Volga region - much less often. Other forms of surnames arose from the derived dialect forms of the name. In other forms this name came into Russian from other languages, for example: Polish Teodor, Bulgarian Todor. The sound [f], alien to the Old Russian language, was transmitted as [x] or [xv] - Khodor, Khvedor, from them dozens of surnames arose: Fedin, Fedonin, Fedoreev, Fedykin, Fed'kin, Fedkunov, Fedyunin, Fedyaev, Fedyakin, Fedyanin, Fedyakhin, Fedyakin , Fedyashkin, Khodorov, Todorov and many others. Feodrov. Surnames from full forms of the name can also have seminary origin. Fedorov, Fedorovsky. You can read about surnames with -their / s here. In Siberia, Fedorovsky could have a pack of Fedorovsky. Fedorovsky, Fedoriv, ​​Fedchenko, Fedorenko, Fedchun, Fedorosyuk, Fedorozyuk, Fedko, Fedoruk - - Ukrainian surnames of the same name. The most common suffix in Ukrainian surnames is Yenko, the suffix -iv, -ovych are found very pedko, the suffisk -uk / yuk are typical for the western regions of Ukraine. Fedorovich, Fedorkevich, Fedchenok, Fedrinchik are Belarusian. (U). Fedorovskikh, Federyakin Fedeshov, Fedoriv, ​​Fedorosyuk, Fedorozyuk, Fedoryaka, Fedko, Fedyunov, Fedyainov, Fedyna - from visitors' requests. Surnames on -enko, -iv, -uk, -yna are Ukrainian.

Filimonov - Patronymic of the church male name Filimon (ancient Greek phileo - "to love"). Philemonicha - wife or widow of Philemon .

Firsenko - Firsak on behalf of Firs.

Frolov - Folk version of Flor (many names).

Kharin - The surname from various forms of the church male name Khariton (ancient Greek. Hariton - "generous") The surname Kharin to the rough word "kharya", that is, muzzle, mug, the surname Kharin is hardly relevant. Kharya is a diminutive of Khariton (Greek for "generous"). Let me remind you that the city of Kharkov, as it is supposed, owes its name to the first settler - the Cossack Khariton, nicknamed Kharko. Patronymic from the short form Kharya from the church male name Khariton (ancient Greek hariton - "generous"). Kharchenko is a Ukrainian surname. Kharko, Kharchko, Kharyuk are derived forms of the name Khariton.

Kharlov - From the baptismal name Khariton - generous (Greek) - there were also surnames: Kharin, Kharinov, Kharitoshin, Kharichkov, Kharlov, Kharchikov. And Kharkov, Kharisov, Kharyukov could also have formed from the baptismal Harisim. - pleasant (Greek).

Khokhlov - Khokhlach - the one who has a forelock, a crest on his head. From a non-church name or nickname Khokhol, Khokholok, about a person wearing a forelock, a crest. In Dahl's dictionary, khokhol, khakhal is a lover, friend, khakhal (Vologda).

Khudyakov - Patronymic from the non-church personal name Khudyak. A thin man, a thin man is not necessarily skinny, but above all a poor man. A thin man, a thin man is a poor man; The townspeople were divided into the best, average and thin.

Chashkin - One of the surnames derived from the names of kitchen utensils. Cups, maybe from Cups. Cup, Chalice.

Chebykin - In the Urals, people are called chevyks who pronounce “ch” instead of “ts”: chyplenok, chvetok, chely.

Cherdyntsev - From the city of Cherdyn, Perm region. Cherdyn - in sowing. parts of the Perm region. It was first mentioned in 1472. It could have been based on the word cherda, now preserved in the Mari language in the meaning of "forest", but it was not found either in the Permian or in the Ugric languages.

Cheremisin - At the heart of the surnames Cheremis, Cheremis - this is how the Mari were called in the old days. Cheremiskin is the son of Cheremiska.

Cherepanov - Skull in the old days - a potter, a potter. The inhabitants of the city of Cherepovets were also called skulls.

Chernavin - Surnames in -sky 1. or from rivers and settlements by the name Chernyava, Chernyavka - there are such in Minsk, Mogilev, Vinnitsa and Zhytomyr regions; 2. either from a dark-skinned man - a dark-skinned, black-haired person. "The damsel chernyava" is mentioned in epics. Chernavka is a servant, a servant for the dirtiest, blackest jobs, in the old days there was such a worldly name. Hence the black names Chernavin, Chernavkin, Chernavsky.

Chernotinsky - From the family name Chernysh, reflecting the external features of the named (dark hair, skin or eyes.

Chesnokov - The surname refers to the nest of "gardeners", such as Onions, Ogurtsov. However, there is another meaning of the word garlic - palisade, palisade. In the main surname is the worldly name Garlic, known in antiquity -1) garden plant, 2) palisade, palisade

Chingin - The surname is nothing more than an old pre-Muslim name associated with the memory of the famous conqueror (Tatar prince Chingin).

Chudinov - Chukhnaya, Chukhonts were called in the old days representatives of the Baltic Finnish peoples: Finns, Ingrian, Estonians, etc. From the ancient name of the Chud people (Chukhna). There is also the surname Chukhnov and Chudinov.

Miracles - Miracle - the wife of the one whose nickname is Miracle, Miracle. If a woman raised a child alone, then he became Chugdikhin. Surnames of this kind were not rare in the old days, Chugun - Chugunkha - Chugunikhin .. A connection with the ethnonym Chud is possible.

Churikov - Chura in ancient times was called a slave, at a later time - a servant-squire. The Eastern Slavs called their children the names of Chur, Chura, probably in honor of Chur, a Slavic pagan deity of the hearth. Chursa - from the root chur and the old suffix sa. Churik is a diminutive of Chur. The surnames are associated with the old Russian name Chur, or Chura, with which the Eastern Slavs called their children, probably in honor of Chur, a Slavic pagan deity of the hearth. The form of the name Chursa was formed from the root chur- and the ancient suffix -с (a). Surnames are widespread in different localities.

Chusovitin - The surname is based on the Chusovaya river in the Urals. It can be added that such surnames have two forms: in -Yanin and -Yanov. The first is formed from the naming in the singular: Chusovlyanin - Chusovlyaninov. The second - from the naming in the plural: Chusovlyans (a family or group of people who came from the Chusovaya river) - Chusovlyanov. Plural naming is typical for the Russian North and Siberia. Another suffix that forms vamili from geographical names is itin: Chusovitin, Chasovitin is just a variant of the same surname. Chusovaya - r. in the Urals, the left tributary of the river. Kama. The etymology is unknown. It is assumed from the Komi language - Chuosi "patroness, sacred", but this needs serious proof. An opinion was expressed about the word "river" chu-su-va, repeated three times in different languages ​​(the first two are Türkic, the third is Permian), but this is very artificial and strained, for this territory it is unusual to chu, unjustifiably with, instead of su. Chusovaya, lion. tributary of the Kama (Sverdlovsk and Perm regions, sources - in Chelyabinsk). There have been many attempts to explain the name of Chusovoy. The popular Russian rethinking owes the opinion that Chusovaya used to be called Sentry: supposedly its level changes rapidly, and it turns from poor water into a raging stream. The traveler of the 18th century adheres to this interpretation. I. I. Lepekhin: "It may happen that the name of the sowing river is somewhat spoiled, and it should be called the Clock River, not the Chusovaya: for one must wait for a certain time or hour at which the ships can be released." The modern form of the name Chusovaya speaks against this view, as well as the existence of the Severny and Poludenny Chus rivers in the Komi-Permyatsky AO, the Chusovskoye lake near Sverdlovsk and the Chusovskoye lake in the Kolva basin in the north of the Perm region. It is ridiculous that the toponym Chusovaya consists of four words meaning "river": chu (Tibetan), su (Turkic), va (Permian Komi), I (Mansi), that is, "River-river-river-river". The point of view that the Komi hydronym is based on the word chuosi or chauso, supposedly meaning "patroness", "sacred river", is also unfounded. It is possible that this name was adopted by the Russians from some Perm language, where it sounded like Chusva. True, in the modern Permian Komi language there is no such word, but the Udmurt chus means "lively", "agile". It is difficult to find a river in the Middle Urals that is "more boisterous" than Chusovoy, so the meaning of the word chus is very suitable. It can be assumed that the word chus was forgotten in the Permian Komi language, but remained in its related Udmurt language. Therefore, chus is "lively", va is "water"? But there are objections to this version: in particular, the name of the lake Chusovskoe in the Perm region. Nevertheless, already in the 19th century, the view was widespread that Chusovaya was "Fast water". He dominates at the present time. The secondary names of Lake Chusovskoe southwest of Sverdlovsk, which is located on the right side of Chusovaya, the city of Chusovaya in the Perm region, founded as a settlement at the Chusovoy metallurgical plant in 1879 and received the rank of a city in 1933, a working village of Verkhne-Chusovskie Gorodki in Perm Region, which arose as a settlement of salt workers back in 1616, as well as the village of Chusovoye in the Shalinsky District of the Sverdlovsk Region. (the former Staroshay-tan plant, built in 1727 by Nikita Demidov at the mouth of the Shaitanka River, the left tributary of the Chusovaya). Matveev Geographical names of the Urals.

Shabalin - Shabala - rags, rags, chatterbox. Initially - a patronymic from a nickname from a common noun shabala, in which two different words are probably mixed: in the southern Russian dialects of shabala - "chatterbox" (as well as in a number of Siberian ones), and in the northern and Volga dialects - "rags, rags". (N) If the surname came from the southern Russian regions, then here the nickname Shabala, Shabalda was given to an empty talker, a chatterbox, or an idler. No wonder there was an expression: "To beat Shabala" - to wander around, sharpen the fringes. In the Ryazan, Tambov and Nizhny Novgorod regions of shabala - castoffs, worn out clothes. And among the people of Kostroma and Perm, the same word means an aspen block, from which they make dishes. This word could also mean - scraps. Such a nickname could be given to a small person - either by species or morals. Same names: Shabaldin, Shebolaev, Shebalin.

Shadrin - The surname originated in the Russian North: here Shadra is the nickname of the pockmarked, covered with natural pockmarks. Same names: Shadrunov, Shchedrin, Shchedrinin.

Shalamov - Shalim is a Turkic name; from the "crazy" handful. It was given to babies to emphasize their diminutiveness: they say, so small that you can fit in a handful. Even in antiquity, this name was used by Russians as an additional to the church, secular. The surname Shalimov dates from the Herbovnik in 1741. It comes from the Turkic proper name SalimSah "alim" "king, ruler and" scholar, enlightened "+ suffix -s> Shalimov. No less probable is the origin of the surname Shalimov from Turkic (Kazakh., Karakalpak.) salym "a handful", salymly kisi "an efficient, strong, strong man." (B) Distorted Shalam, from Shalim, could have given the surname Shalamov ..

Shamonin - Shama, Shamonya, Shamsha - the one who murmurs, speaks whispering. The surname Shamin dates from the Herbovnik in 1741. The origin of this surname seems to be controversial. It is possible that it is based on the Russian nickname Shama ~ Shamonya "the one who speaks with shamming, shambles" (Dal). Its structure, therefore, can be very simple: Shama + the suffix of the formation of the surname -in> Shamin. It is less legitimate to build this surname on the basis of sham "sor, rubbish" (Fasmer). However, it is possible that the surname Shamin has an oriental origin and goes back to the meaning "originating from Damascus" or, less likely, to Tur. Sama "a lamp, a lamp" and, finally, to cama ~ saina "to be able, the power that is necessary for the execution of something; assessment by the eye"> "the one who evaluates by the eye" (Radlov) - with the same structure - with by adding the suffix -in> Shamin. Shamin can also mean "shuffling, dragging feet." Shamov. From the prince of Kazan Shamov Shabas, the butler of Shah Ali, in 1550 - 1552. accompanying his suzerain to Kazan, Moscow, and, obviously, taking Russian citizenship with him.

1) large bran, 2) fluff, liar (Dal) Shamshit-speak indistinctly, shamku-chew

Shamaev - see Shamonin. Shama - the one who speaks with shamming, shambles.

Sharkunov - A person whose outer gloss and sophistication of manners covers the inner emptiness (literally, the one who shuffles his foot, shuffle).

Shakhov - From the Persian shah (sovereign), who penetrated into the Russian language not only as a common noun, but also as a personal name. The first of the Shakhovsky princes bore the loud nickname Shah. The surname Shakhovskoy is based on the word of Iranian origin, Shah Persian, borrowed through the Turkic language. "" shah, tsar, monarch "" This word, added to common nouns, "as L. Budagov notes," determines the superiority of the objects they mean in comparison with others. " could serve as the name of a property that belonged to a person who had the nickname shah, the surname Shakhovskoy took shape through the suffix -skoy.The origin of this surname from the nickname is confirmed by the absence of heraldic signs usually found in the coats of arms of families genetically related to the East. from the terms associated with fishing: shah - a stake for drying the net, also formed from the nickname Shah.

Shepelev- The word "lisp" is lost by the tongue; it probably meant lisping. In the dialects, "lisp" is preserved in this meaning. Shepel, cap - an iron spatula for cleaning the hemp from the fire (Dal).

Shirobokov - Patronymic from the nickname Shiroboky, the meaning of which, perhaps, is not related to appearance ("thick"), it could indicate the character, lifestyle of a person. The surname was frequent in Siberia, other centers of her - the village of Dolzhanka, Cheremisinovsky district, Kursk region, the village of Semenovskoye, Ankovsky district, Ivanovo region.

Shulgin - Shulga - left-handed. Shulgin. A frequent surname of early origin, found almost everywhere. It emerged as a patronymic ("son of Shulga") from shulga - an old Russian word still preserved in some dialects with the meaning "left hand" and "left-handed". Shulgin. The surname of secondary origin - from the surname; means belonging to the Shulgin family, recorded early - in 1669, in the documents on Verkhoturye in the Urals, the peasant I. Shulgin (V.I. Shunkov) is mentioned. Like other surnames in-them, -s, Shulgin is found in the Kursk region, in the North, the Urals, in Siberia. Shulzhenkov. The surname is also associated with the word shulga - "left-handed", but further shaping took place not with the help of the Russian suffix -enok, but with the Belarusian or Ukrainian -enko: Shulzhenko, which also means "son of Shulga"; the phonetic change r -> w is natural (compare: snow - snowy, salaga - salazhonok, etc.). The surname is recorded in the Elninsky district of the Smolensk region, in the south of the Pskov, in the Bryansk, Smolensk regions. A related surname is Shuleikin.

Shumilov - Shumilo is a screamer, one who constantly makes noise, screams. Surnames are common throughout as one of the very early ones. These are the former patronymics from the most frequent Russian non-church male names of the 16th-17th centuries, i.e. the period of the formation of Russian surnames, on the eve of their widespread distribution. It is based on the verb to make noise: Shumilo - this was the name of a noisy, noisy child. The suffix -il (o) formed the "name of the doer" (cf .: cramps, thugs, chisels, sharpeners, etc.), respectively, personal names - Tomilo, Yarilo. Patronymic names from them arose in the form of possessive adjectives formed by the suffix -s or, if the stem ended in -а (Shumila, Tomila), the suffix -in. From the derogatory form Shumilka is the name of Shumilkina.

Shupletsov - At V.I. Dahl gives the Pskov (and Novgorod) word shopel - "medicine man, sorcerer", the Smolensk verb to shop - "to know, to know", but all meanings are given with a question mark. Shupletsov. The patronymic of the nickname shuplets, the basis of which could be associated with the archaic dialect word shupel - "rubbish, rubbish of no value," the suffix -ets indicated the person who was engaged in this rubbish.

Shchipachev - 1. Pinch - the one who pinches tow, bast, fluff, etc., or pinches. 2. The poet Stepan Shchipachev received his surname from his native Siberian village Shchipachi. Shchipunov. The nickname tweeter stuck not only to the tweeter, but also to the lover of bribes and extortions.

Scientists managed to compile a complete list of truly Russian surnames by region of the country: Kuban turned out to be Russian
Unfortunately, the interpretations of the family analysis that appeared in the media this summer (after the first publication of the data in a specialized scientific journal) could create the wrong impression about the goals and results of the enormous work of scientists, the main thing was not that the surname Smirnov turned out to be more common among Russian people. than Ivanov, but the fact that for the first time a complete list of truly Russian surnames was compiled by regions of the country. At the same time, scientists had to spend a lot of time collecting Russian surnames on their own.

The Central Election Commission and local election commissions flatly refused to cooperate with scientists, arguing that only if the voter lists are kept secret, they can guarantee the objectivity and fairness of elections to federal and local authorities. The criterion for inclusion in the list of a surname was very mild: it was included if at least five carriers of this surname lived in the region for three generations.

First, lists were compiled for five conditional regions - North, Central, Central-West, Central-East and South. In total, there were about 15 thousand Russian surnames in all regions, most of which were found only in one of the regions and were absent in others. When regional lists were superimposed on each other, scientists identified only 257 so-called "all-Russian surnames".

Interestingly, at the final stage of the study, they decided to add the surnames of the residents of Krasnodar Territory to the list of the Southern Region, expecting that the predominance of Ukrainian surnames of the descendants of the Zaporozhye Cossacks, evicted here by Catherine II, would significantly reduce the all-Russian list. But this additional restriction reduced the list of all-Russian surnames by only 7 units - to 250. From which the obvious and not for everyone's pleasant conclusion followed that the Kuban was inhabited mainly by Russian people. And where did the Ukrainians go and were there any Ukrainians at all - a big question.

An analysis of Russian surnames generally gives food for thought. Even the simplest action - searching in it for the names of all the leaders of the country - gave an unexpected result. Only one of them entered the list of carriers of 250 top all-Russian surnames - Mikhail Gorbachev (158th place). The surname Brezhnev takes 3767th place in the general list (found only in the Belgorod region of the southern region). The surname Khrushchev is in 4248th place (found only in the Northern region, Arkhangelsk region). Chernenko took 4749th place (only the Southern region). Andropov is in 8939th place (only the Southern region). Putin ranked 14250 (South Region only). And Yeltsin was not included in the general list at all. Stalin's surname - Dzhugashvili - was not considered for obvious reasons. But on the other hand, the pseudonym Lenin was included in the regional lists under the number 1421, losing only to the first president of the USSR, Mikhail Gorbachev.

250 MOST RUSSIAN SURNAMES

1 Smirnov; 2 Ivanov; 3 Kuznetsov; 4 Popov; 5 Falcons; 6 Lebedev; 7 Kozlov; 8 Novikov; 9 Morozov; 10 Petrov; 11 Volkov; 12 Soloviev; 13 Vasiliev; 14 Zaitsev; 15 Pavlov; 16 Semenov; 17 Golubev; 18 Vinogradov; 19 Bogdanov; 20 Vorobiev; 21 Fedorov; 22 Mikhailov; 23 Belyaev; 24 Tarasov; 25 Belov; 26 Komarov; 27 Orlov; 28 Kiselev; 29 Makarov; 30 Andreev; 31 Kovalev; 32 Ilyin; 33 Gusev; 34 Titov; 35 Kuzmin; 36 Kudryavtsev; 37 Baranov; 38 Kulikov; 39 Alekseev; 40 Stepanov; 41 Yakovlev; 42 Sorokin; 43 Sergeev; 44 Romanov; 45 Zakharov; 46 Borisov; 47 Korolev; 48 Gerasimov; 49 Ponomarev; 50 Grigoriev; 51 Lazarev; 52 Medvedev; 53 Ershov; 54 Nikitin; 55 Sobolev; 56 Ryabov; 57 Poles; 58 Tsvetkov; 59 Danilov; 60 Zhukov; 61 Frolov; 62 Zhuravlev; 63 Nikolaev; 64 Krylov; 65 Maximov; 66 Sidorov; 67 Osipov; 68 Belousov; 69 Fedotov; 70 Dorofeev; 71 Egorov; 72 Matveev; 73 Bobrov; 74 Dmitriev; 75 Kalinin; 76 Anisimov; 77 Roosters; 78 Antonov; 79 Timofeev; 80 Nikiforov; 81 Veselov; 82 Filippov; 83 Markov; 84 Bolshakov; 85 Sukhanov; 86 Mironov; 87 Shiryaev; 88 Alexandrov; 89 Konovalov; 90 Shestakov; 91 Cossacks; 92 Efimov; 93 Denisov; 94 Thunders; 95 Fomin; 96 Davydov; 97 Melnikov; 98 Shcherbakov; 99 Pancakes; 100 Kolesnikov; 101 Karpov; 102 Afanasyev; 103 Vlasov; 104 Maslov; 105 Isakov; 106 Tikhonov; 107 Aksenov; 108 Gavrilov; 109 Rodionov; 110 cats; 111 Gorbunov; 112 Kudryashov; 113 Bulls; 114 Zuev; 115 Tretyakov; 116 Saveliev; 117 Panov; 118 Rybakov; 119 Suvorov; 120 Abramov 121 Ravens; 122 Mukhin; 123 Arkhipov; 124 Trofimov; 125 Martynov; 126 Emelyanov; 127 Pots; 128 Chernov; 129 Ovchinnikov; 130 Seleznev; 131 Panfilov; 132 Kopylov; 133 Mikheev; 134 Galkin; 135 Nazarov; 136 Lobanov; 137 Lukin; 138 Belyakov; 139 Potapov; 140 Nekrasov; 141 Khokhlov; 142 Zhdanov; 143 Naumov; 144 Shilov; 145 Vorontsov; 146 Ermakov; 147 Drozdov; 148 Ignatiev; 149 Savin; 150 Loginov; 151 Safonov; 152 Kapustin; 153 Kirillov; 154 Moiseev; 155 Eliseev; 156 Koshelev; 157 Kostin; 158 Gorbachev; 159 Nuts; 160 Efremov; 161 Isaev; 162 Evdokimov; 163 Kalashnikov; 164 Boars; 165 Socks; 166 Yudin; 167 Kulagin; 168 Lapin; 169 Prokhorov; 170 Nesterov; 171 Kharitonov; 172 Agafonov; 173 Ants; 174 Larionov; 175 Fedoseev; 176 Zimin; 177 Pakhomov; 178 Shubin; 179 Ignatov; 180 Filatov; 181 Kryukov; 182 Horns; 183 Fists; 184 Terentyev; 185 Molchanov; 186 Vladimirov; 187 Artemiev; 188 Guriev; 189 Zinoviev; 190 Grishin; 191 Kononov; 192 Dementyev; 193 Sitnikov; 194 Simonov; 195 Mishin; 196 Fadeev; 197 Commissars; 198 Mammoths; 199 Noses; 200 Gulyaev; 201 Balls; 202 Ustinov; 203 Vishnyakov; 204 Evseev; 205 Lavrentyev; 206 Bragin; 207 Konstantinov; 208 Kornilov; 209 Avdeev; 210 Zykov; 211 Biryukov; 212 Sharapov; 213 Nikonov; 214 Shchukin; 215 Dyachkov; 216 Odintsov; 217 Sazonov; 218 Yakushev; 219 Krasilnikov; 220 Gordeev; 221 Samoilov; 222 Knyazev; 223 Bespalov; 224 Uvarov; 225 Checkers; 226 Bobylev; 227 Doronin; 228 Belozerov; 229 Rozhkov; 230 Samsonov; 231 Myasnikov; 232 Likhachev; 233 Drills; 234 Sysoev; 235 Fomichev; 236 Rusakov; 237 Shooters; 238 Gushchin; 239 Teterin; 240 Kolobov; 241 Subbotin; 242 Fokine; 243 Blokhin; 244 Seliverstov; 245 Pests; 246 Kondratyev; 247 Silin; 248 Merkushev; 249 Lytkin; 250 Tours.

In Russia, the first people who began to assign each other not only names, but also surnames were the Novgorodians, who adopted this custom from the Lithuanians. The chronicles mention the names of Lugotinits, Pineschinich and Nizdylov.

Russia without surname

The habits of the Novgorodians did not have a significant impact on the whole of Russia; individual surnames began to come into use only two centuries later, when they appeared among the boyars and governors. Basically, the people received surnames only after the abolition of serfdom, until that moment everyone was practically nameless, dispensing with nicknames or named after their fathers and grandfathers (Ivanovs and Alekseevs), and the surname could change from generation to generation.

Even the surname of the royal family of the Romanovs came from the name Roman, which was worn by the early deceased father of the first wife of Ivan the Terrible, Anastasia, voivode Roman Yuryevich Zakharyin-Koshkin. His father had the surname Koshkin, and the surname Romanovs was fixed for the children - two daughters and three sons. One of the sons - Nikita became the grandfather of the first tsar from the dynasty - Mikhail Fedorovich.

In 1888, by a decree of the Senate, every resident of Russia was obliged to have a surname, but according to the 1897 census, it turned out that 75% of the empire's population lived without a surname. True, most of the nameless people were found by scribes on the outskirts of the country, where people of other nationalities lived; only the Bolsheviks managed to give surnames to the entire population of the country in the 1930s.

Degrading surnames

There were many funny and funny, and sometimes humiliating, surnames in Russia - there were also the Koshkins, the noblemen Trusovs and Durasovs, peasants with the surnames Bosyak, Obedkin, Pakoctin, Lentyaev or Pakydin, and even Cossacks with the surnames Drystunov, Mokhozkhata, Perdyaev S. Kopyagin in his work "Genealogy and family history of the Don order").

Why did people take such names

It turns out that the custom originated in pagan superstitions, according to which a person should wear such an insignificant name that evil spirits would not pay attention to him. This custom among Russians is not unique - similar customs existed in Central Asia, and still exist in China.

In addition, in the old days they feared envy, the evil eye, and therefore hoped that few people would envy the “lucky one” with the surname Mochalo or Trifle.

In the peasant environment, there was also a kind of prevention of sins through surnames - the parents hoped that Lazyev would be hardworking, fornication would become a faithful and loving spouse, and the Fool would show remarkable mental abilities.

They tried to fight against humiliating surnames in the Russian Empire legislatively - the tsar's decree of 1825 "On the replacement of inappropriate surnames of lower ranks" was obligatory for those who served in the army, but he never saved the position - and after him many Pukins remained in Russia, Nits, Pysey and Sruchkins.

However, it is known for certain that once in the history of Russia there was also a reverse episode, when, by a decree of Catherine, everyone who bore the surname Pugachevs had to become Fools, and it was forbidden to change the surname from now on. It was, as you probably already understood, after the suppression of the Pugachev uprising.

Later, Orthodox priests acquired the surname - they were awarded surnames at the end of the seminary, and the higher the academic performance, the more euphonious the surname was given: Uspensky, Troitsky, Nikolsky, Blagoveshchensky.

They could ennoble the "old" surname, altering it in the Latin manner. So, the Bobrovs became Kastorsky (castor - "beaver"), the Orlovs took the name of Aquileva, and the Skvortsov became Sturnitsky.

The most common surname

Studies of Russian scientists, which were conducted in 2005 under the leadership of Elena Balanovskaya, revealed that the most common surname in Russia is the surname Smirnov, followed by Ivanovna, who held absolute primacy in the 19th century, followed by the Kuznetsovs, Sokolovs, Popovs, Lebedevs, Kozlovs, Novikovs, Morozovs, Petrovs, Volkovs and Solovyovs.

However, the head. Department of Etymology and Onomastics of the Institute of the Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences Anatoly Zhuravlev still believes that the most common surname in Russia is Ivanov. There is no information about the number of its data carriers, but the scientists of the Russian Academy of Sciences operate with such a concept as frequency and indicate that only 750 Smirnovs, 700 Kuznetsovs and 500 Popovs are found in Russia for 1,000 Ivanovs. Nevertheless, some linguists claim that at least 2,500,000 people with the surname Smirnov live in Russia, which puts this surname in 9th place in the world in terms of prevalence.

We just don't know something

If the surname seems funny to us, it may mean that we do not know something about its origin. For example, linguists found out that the "funny surname" Vagina came from the Danube tributary Vag, and Blyablin got his nickname because he was a bully (the word "fucking fucking") meant a slap in the face. Zhirnosek's ancestors made (flogged) millstones, and Kretinin's grandfather was notable for stinginess, because the surname came from the word "cret", which in the south of Russia meant "mole".

The surname Pupkin comes from the word "navel", which meant the bud of a plant; there is a version about the origin of this surname on behalf of Pupko (V.O. Vasiliev, "Explanatory Dictionary of Russian Surnames"). And the famous surname Gagarin - from the Old Russian verb "gagarit", which meant - a lot and not on the case to laugh.